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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Steroid contraception

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Academic literature on the topic 'Steroid contraception'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Steroid contraception"

1

Sech, Laura A., and Daniel R. Mishell. "Oral Steroid Contraception." Women's Health 11, no. 6 (November 2015): 743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/whe.15.82.

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Moodley, M., J. Moodley, R. Chetty, and C. S. Herrington. "The role of steroid contraceptive hormones in the pathogenesis of invasive cervical cancer: A review." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 13, no. 2 (February 2003): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200303000-00001.

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Invasive cervical cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among women in the developing world where screening is either deficient or absent. Of all agents linked to the causation of this disease, high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) appears to be the strongest factor. However, not all women with HPV develop cervical cancer. Steroid contraception has been postulated to be one mechanism whereby HPV exerts its tumorigenic effect on cervical tissue. Steroids are thought to bind to specific DNA sequences within transcriptional regulatory regions on the HPV DNA to either increase or suppress transcription of various genes. Although some earlier studies were reassuring as no increased incidence of cervical cancer was observed, subsequent research has shown a causative association, especially among long-term users. The role of steroids was further enhanced by the discovery of hormone receptors in cervical tissue. Some earlier studies of oral contraceptive steroids found no increased risk, even after controlling for other risk factors, including smoking and number of partners. However, prospective studies have shown a greater progression of dysplasia to carcinoma-in-situ with more than 6 years of oral steroid contraceptive use. Similar findings were also evident from other work, including the Royal College of General Practitioners Oral Contraception Study. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives showed a relative risk of 1.2 for invasive cancer in users of the long-acting progestational contraceptive, depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate. However, in users of more than 5 years duration, an estimate of 2.4 was reported. The upstream regulatory region (URR) of the HPV type 16 viral genome, mediates transcriptional control of the HPV genome and is thought to contain enhancer elements that are activated by steroid hormones. It has been shown that steroid hormones bind to specific glucorticoid-response elements within HPV-DNA. Experimental evidence has revealed that high–risk type HPV 16 are able to stimulate the development of vaginal and cervical squamous cell carcinomas in transgenic mice exposed to slow-release pellets of 17 β-estradiol in the presence of human keratin-14 promoter. Squamous cell carcinomas developed in a multi-stage pathway only in transgenic mice and not in nontransgenic mice. The E6 oncoprotein of HPV 16 has been shown to bind to the p53 tumor suppressor gene and stimulate its degradation by a ubiquitin-dependent protease system. Steroid hormones are thought to increase the expression of the E6 and E7 HPV 16 oncogenes, which in turn bind to and degrade the p53 gene product, leading to apoptotic failure and carcinogenesis. However, the molecular basis of this remains to be proven.

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Thorogood, Margaret. "Stroke and Steroid Hormonal Contraception." Contraception 57, no. 3 (March 1998): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-7824(98)00015-8.

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van Heusden, A. M. "Residual ovarian activity during oral steroid contraception." Human Reproduction Update 8, no. 4 (July 1, 2002): 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/8.4.345.

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PETITTI, D. B., G. PIAGGIO, S. MEHTA, M. C. CRAVIOTO, and O. MEIRIK. "Steroid Hormone Contraception and Bone Mineral Density." Obstetrics & Gynecology 95, no. 5 (May 2000): 736–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200005000-00021.

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Sitruk-Ware, Régine. "Transdermal application of steroid hormones for contraception." Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 53, no. 1-6 (June 1995): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-0760(95)00055-5.

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Reddy, D. Samba. "Recent Advances in Hormonal Contraceptives for Women." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 1, no. 3 (November 30, 2008): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2008.1.3.1.

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Currently, Contraceptive agents play a key role in family planning in India. Hormonal contraception is the marketed most common birth control option in women. An estimated 100 million women throughout the world use hormonal contraceptives for prevention of pregnancy. This article briefly describes the recent advances in hormonal contraceptive strategies that may minimize side effects while optimizing effective contraception. There are four types of hormonal contraceptive agents available for birth control. They include oral contraceptives pills (combined and mini-pills), contraceptive patches, hormonal implants, intrauterine devices and hormone injection agents. Oral contraceptives (OCs) are among the most widely used agents because they are highly effective when used properly. Generally, OCs are designed to simulate the 28 days of the menstrual cycle by daily intake of steroid hormones consisting of an estrogen and/or a progesterone. The primary mechanism underlying OC action is inhibition of ovulation. This action is achieved using a variety of OCs with substantially different components, doses, and side effect profile. Two types of OC pills are widely available: combination pills; and progesterone only pills. The combined daily OC pill is composed of low dose of synthetic estrogen and progesterone. They are usually taken for 21 days with a 7 day gap during which menstruation-like bleeding occurs. Recently, there are several new OCs that have been approved to minimize the frequency and/or extent of breakthrough bleeding while achieving reliable means of contraception for the avoidance of unplanned pregnancies.

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Moodley, M., S. Sewart, C. S. Herrington, R. Chetty, R. Pegoraro, and J. Moodley. "The interaction between steroid hormones, human papillomavirus type 16, E6 oncogene expression, and cervical cancer." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 13, no. 6 (2003): 834–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200311000-00015.

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Various risk factors have been implicated in the causation of cervical cancer including human papillomavirus (HPV), the early genes (E6 and E7) of which encode the main transforming proteins. Studies have suggested that steroid hormones may enhance the expression of these genes leading to loss of p53 gene-mediated cell apoptosis. A total of 120 cervical tissue samples were obtained from patients with proven cervical cancer. Patients who used depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate steroid contraception were recruited as part of the steroid arm. Only HPV DNA type 16 samples were used for the study. Controls included three cell lines (CaSki, SiHa, & C33A) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as an internal housekeeping gene. Of 120 patients, there were 111 patients with HPV type 16 identified. Of this number, RNA was present in 63 samples. There were 30 women (30/63) who used steroid contraception. In relation to patients who used contraception, HPV 16 E6 gene expression was present in 79% (n = 23) and 88% (n = 30) of steroid users compared to nonusers, respectively. In total there were 25 patients (40%) with expression of the HPV 16 E6*I gene and 30 patients with expression of the E6*II gene. There were 57% of steroid users (n = 17) who had expression of the E6*I/E6*II gene, compared to 52% (n = 17) of nonusers (P = 0.800). From a molecular level, this study does not confirm the role of injectable progesterones in cervical carcinogenesis.

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Whaley, Natalie S., Sophie Lanzkron, and Anne Burke. "Contraceptive in Women with Sickle Cell Disease: A Survey Study." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 3263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.3263.3263.

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Abstract Objectives: Despite recognized maternal and neonatal morbidity associated with unplanned pregnancy in women with sickle cell disease (SCD), unmet need for contraception in this population remains high. While low uptake of contraception in women with chronic disease is not unique to SCD, the impact of provider counseling and patient knowledge and attitudes on contraceptive use is unknown. Guidance on contraception for women with SCD is complicated by concerns about the safety of estrogen-containing methods due to increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE),[1-3] the potential non-contraceptive benefits of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) on pain[4-6] and the complex relationship between menses and sickle cell crises.[7] The objective of this study was to evaluate contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, and experiences in a sample of women with SCD. Study Design: A convenience sample of women from the adult and pediatric sickle cell clinics at an urban, academic institution in Baltimore completed a self-administered electronic survey. The survey instrument collected comprehensive medical and reproductive health history, explored participant experience with contraception and tested knowledge and attitudes about efficacy and safety of contraceptive methods. Results: 54 women completed surveys. The median age of respondents was 35 years. Over 40% reported they were disabled or unemployed. Seventy percent of women reported a hospital admission for SCD in the past year and 74% reported at least monthly utilization of urgent services for pain crises. Fifty-five percent reported a history of unintended pregnancy, 77% had a history of at least one pregnancy and 74% reported a desire for no further pregnancies. One third of women at risk for pregnancy did not use a birth control method at last intercourse. The most common contraceptive methods were surgical sterilization (30%) and condoms (30%) followed by DMPA (9%). Women were more likely to use estrogen-containing methods (6%) than highly effective long-acting methods like intrauterine devices or contraceptive implants (3%). While the majority of women (83%) were told they had a high-risk pregnancy in the past and 50% were told by a physician they should not be pregnant for their own health in the future, only 23% reported knowledge of safety concerns with some contraceptive methods for women with SCD. Women primarily received contraceptive counseling from gynecologic providers and only 30% reported a provider other than a gynecologist had ever discussed birth control with them. Conclusions: Women with SCD have unmet contraceptive needs. Women with SCD have some knowledge about their obstetric risks, and this knowledge appears to come from their lived experience and provider counseling. Women with SCD were less knowledgeable about the benefits and risks associated with contraceptive use. Implications: Efforts to increase provision of contraception through coordination of care between hematologists, primary care and gynecologic providers has the potential to improve family planning services for women with SCD resulting in improvements in quality of life and a decrease in unintended pregnancy. [1] Haddad L, Curtis K, Legardy-Williams J, Cwiak C, Jamieson D. Contraception for individuals with sickle cell disease: a systematic review of the literature. Contraception 2012;85:527-537. [2] Manchikanti A, Grimes DA, Lopez LM, Schulz KF. Steroid hormones for contraception in women with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Systemic Review. 2007 Apr 18;(2):CD006261. Review. [3] Naik R, Streiff M, Haywood C, Nelson J, Lanzkron S. Venous thromboembolism in adults with sickle cell disease: a serious and under-recognized complication. The American Journal of Medicine 2013;126:443-9. [4] Abood M, de Castillo Z, Guerrero F, Espino M, Austin KL. Effect of Depo-Provera or Microgynon on the painful crises of sickle cell anemia patients. Contraception 1997;56:313-6. [5] De Ceulaer K, Gruber C, Hayes R, Serjeant G. Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and homozygous sickle-cell disease. The Lancet 1982;2:229-31. [6] ACOG practice bulletin No. 73: Use of hormonal contraception in women with coexisting medical conditions. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006;107:1453-72. [7] Yoong WC, Tuck M. Menstrual pattern in women with sickle cell anemia and its association with sickling crises. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2002;22(4):399-401. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Leridon, Henri. "Demographic effects of the introduction of steroid contraception in developed countries." Human Reproduction Update 12, no. 5 (June 14, 2006): 603–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dml025.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Steroid contraception"

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Du, Yong. "Use of steroid hormones for contraception and for estrogen replacement therapy in Germany consideration of co- and multi-medications ; results of pharmacoepidemiological surveys of BGA and RKI from 1984 to 1999 /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2005/2/index.html.

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Ildgruben, Anna. "Human vaginal epithelial immunity and influences of hormonal contraceptive usage." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Klinisk mikrobiologi, enh. för Immunologi och Klin. vetenskap, obstetrik och gynekologi, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-595.

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Wild, Martin James. "Target organ metabolism of oral contraceptive steroids." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317327.

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Haziza, Katia. "Principes actifs utilisés en contraception, contragestion et interruption volontaire de grossesse : conséquences en pratique officinale." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05P031.

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McNeill, Erin Talbot. "Variations in subjective state over the oral contraceptive pill cycle : the influence of endogenous steroids and temporal manipulations." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20013.

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Many biological systems vary rhythmically in response to changes in both the external and internal environment. Some rhythms, such as the menstrual cycle in women, are built into the organism and repeat themselves over time without any support from external factors. It has been acknowledged for a long time that in addition to the predictable changes in steroid hormones that occur over the menstrual cycle, many women also experience concomitant changes in their physical and emotional well being. Most of the literature concentrates on the fact that negative moods and physical changes seem to occur predominantly before and during menstruation. Given the close temporal relationship of these changes to the timing of the steroid cycle, causal mechanisms have traditionally been sought in the hormonal changes themselves. Yet the literature reveals that no causal role has consistently been found for any of a large number of hormonal parameters that change over the menstrual cycle. Further, there is good evidence that variations in well being of a similar magnitude, and with similar timing occur during the combined oral contraceptive pill cycle. This thesis is concerned with exploring the aetiology of cycle-related change in emotional and physical well being during oral contraceptive use. Its two fundamental objectives are 1) to clarify why women taking the pill have similar experiences to women with hormonally distinct, menstrual cycles, and 2) to test a novel aetiological hypothesis with women taking the pill that there exists an endogenous rhythm of well being that is coupled to, but not caused by cyclical hormones. This knowledge may help us to understand better the phenomenology of the 'normal' cycle. The role of social factors in the expression of cycle-related change is just as poorly understood as the complex influence of biological factors. Thus a third portion of this thesis is devoted to exploring the nature of women's beliefs about their cycles, and investigating how they may 'translate' in their experience and reporting.

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Samir, Raghad. "Tissue tumor marker expression in normal cervical tissue and in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, for women who are at high risk of human papilloma virus infection, are smokers, contraceptive users or in fertile age." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Obstetrik & gynekologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-262889.

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The aim of this research was to study the correlation between tissue tumor marker expression and HR-HPV infection, smoking, hormonal contraceptive use and sex steroids in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or normal epithelium. The study investigated the expression of 11 tumor markers in cervical biopsies obtained from 228 women with different diagnoses ranging from normal cervical epithelium to various stages of CIN. 188 women were recruited at our colposcopy clinic (out-patient surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Falun Hospital) for laser cervical conization or a directed punch biopsy, either because of a vaginal smear (Pap smear) that showed cytological findings suggesting CIN, or because of repeated findings showing atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS). For 40 volunteers, punch biopsies were taken from the normal cervical epithelium. The time period for this study was 2005-2007. Study I : 228 women, of whom 116 were tested, 64 were positive to HR-HPV. The results showed that Ki67 tumor cell proliferation index was the only marker that independently correlated to both the presence of HR-HPV and the severity of cervical lesions. Study II: 228 women, of whom 83 were smokers (36, 9%). Smokers showed lower expression of p53, FHIT (tumor suppressor markers) and interleukin-10 .Higher expression of Cox-2 and Ki-67 (tumor proliferation markers). Study III: 195 women who were premenopausal. There was increased p53 expression (tumor suppressor) in the progestin-IUD users compared to non-users. Decreased IL-10 expression (immunological marker) was observed in both COC users and any progestin-only users. Study IV: Serum from 80 premenopausal women was available. The main finding was that the increased levels of serum progesterone and estradiol were associated with increased Cox-2 expression (proliferation marker). Serum progesterone and estradiol levels influence cellular and extracellular proteins which have been associated with neoplastic development in normal epithelium and CIN. Conclusion: The results of these studies support previous epidemiological findings on the role of smoking, contraceptive use and sex steroids as co-factors in development of CIN and that tumor marker expression varies in different grades of CIN.

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Segebladh, Birgitta. "Is it Just the Hormones? : Sex Steroids, Chronic Stress and Violence in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-145384.

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Premenstrual depressive symptoms and mood swings affect 3-8% of women in fertile age. The female hormones are believed to be the cause. Progesterone is well studied, but estrogen is not, and either are other causes such as intimate partner violence and chronic stress. The aim in this thesis was to investigate the influence of hormones as well as psychological aspects on the most common problems among women seeking care for premenstrual symptoms. In a cross-sectional study, four groups of women were included: ongoing users of oral contraceptives, with or without adverse mood symptoms and previous users, with or without experience of adverse mood. Depression and anxiety were significantly more common in both groups with reported adverse mood, in comparison with their control groups with no adverse mood. Self-reported PMS was significantly more common in those women who reported adverse mood, however, there was no difference in prospectively defined PMS or PMDD between the two groups of previous users. In a RCT with 25 women completing the study, GnRH treatment were tested in combination with two different HRT add-back doses of estradiol, in combination with progesterone and placebo. The higher dose of estrogen 1.5 mg in combination with progesterone induced significantly more pronounced symptoms than in combination with placebo. The lower dose, 0.5 mg gave less symptom recurrence in combination with progesterone. Exposure to violence was investigated among PMDD patients, healthy controls and gynecological patients. Among the participating women, gynecological patients, reported physical and/or emotional abuse significantly more often than did PMDD patients, as well as healthy controls. Chronic stress was investigated with diurnal cortisol, and low-dose dexamethasone test. There was no difference in diurnal secretion of cortisol between PMDD patients and controls. No difference in the degree of dexamethasone suppression was found between PMDD patients and controls. According to the results from these studies, the main symptom provoking factor in women with PMDD appears to be the estradiol and progesterone fluctuations across the menstrual cycle, whereas chronic stress and intimate partner violence appears to be less relevant.

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Thiart, Leani. "Evaluation of micro RNA expression profiles during BCG infection in the presence and absence of endogenous and synthetic steroids and possible implications on the host immune response to the pathogen." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86756.

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Thesis (MScMedSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Individuals latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) contain the infection without showing signs of illness. Steroid hormones such as glucocorticoids (GCs) however can lead to reactivation of TB. Currently two different injectable contraceptives are available in South Africa, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and norethisterone enanthate (NET). MPA is able to bind to and activate the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and possesses selective GC activity, a pharmacological characteristic absent in NET. The aim of this study was to investigate the immune modulatory effects of the two contraceptives MPA and NET on immune responses to mycobacteria in vitro and in vivo. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were infected with BCG (M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin) and treated with MPA, NET, progesterone or cortisol and cytokine expression was measured in order to determine whether the synthetic progestins mimic endogenous progesterone or the GC cortisol. MPA, but not NET suppressed the expression of IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-12p40 and IL-13 similarly to cortisol. Furthermore expression of miRNAs, small double stranded RNA molecules that bind to complementary sequences in mRNAs of target genes and cause their degradation, was determined under the different experimental conditions. The expression of several miRNAs including miR-30c, miR-222, miR-454 and miR-331-3p were differentially influenced by MPA, cortisol and/or NET in PBMCs stimulated with BCG. For example, BCG induced the expression of miR-454 (p=0.003) which was then inhibited to basal levels by cortisol (p=0.008), MPA (p=0.002) and NET (p=0.002). These results demonstrate that steroid hormones including the contraceptives MPA and NET can modulate immune responses to mycobacteria at the miRNA level. To determine the effect of MPA and NET on BCG-induced expression of miRNAs in vivo a mouse model was used. C57BL/6 mice were injected weekly with either MPA or NET using a dose equivalent to humans and then infected with BCG. Mice treated with MPA had a higher spleen bacterial load 21 days after infection compared to both NET treated and control mice (p=0.023). In whole blood, MPA and NET treatment suppressed the BCG-induced production of miR-100 and miR-509-3p to basal levels. In contrast to NET, MPA induced expression of miR-99a expression independent of BCG infection. In the lung, the site of disease, a total number of 22 out of 377 miRNAs tested were differentially expressed 21 days after infection. The results of this study indicate that both synthetic progestins altered the immune response to BCG at the level of cytokine expression as well as the miRNA level. MPA was found to mimic cortisol by inhibiting secretion of inflammatory cytokines whereas NET appeared to have more progestogenic properties. Each of the steroid hormones was observed to induce a characteristic miRNA expression profile, both in vitro as well as in vivo, although not identical. These results highlight that the two contraceptives – although used interchangeably by women in developing countries - are pharmacologically unique and differentially modulate immune responses to mycobacteria. These data support the urgent need for further research into the link between hormonal contraceptives and susceptibility to infectious diseases.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Individue wat latent met Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M.tb ) geïnfekteer is, onderdruk die infeksie en wys geen simptome van die siekte nie. Steroïed hormone soos glukokortikoïede (GKe) kan egter tot die heraktivering van TB lei. Daar is tans twee verskillende inspuitbare voorbehoedmiddels beskikbaar in Suid-Afrika, medroksiprogesteroon-asetaat (MPA) en noretisteroon enantaat (NET). MPA is staat om aan die glukokortikoïed reseptor (GR) te bind en dit te aktiveer. MPA beskik ook selektiewe GK aktiwiteit, 'n farmakologiese eienskap wat afwesig is in NET. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die immuun-regulerende effekte van die twee voorbehoedmiddels, MPA en NET, op immuunresponse teen mikobakterieë in vitro en in vivo te ondersoek. Menslike perifêre bloed mononukleêre selle (PBMSe) is met BCG geïnfekteer en met MPA, NET, progesteroon of kortisol behandel. Sitokien uitdrukking was gemeet om vas te stel of die sintetiese progestiene, endogene progesteroon of die GK kortisol naboots. MPA, maar nie NET, onderdruk die produksie van IFN-γ, IL- 1α, IL- 1β, IL- 2, IL- 12p40 en IL- 13 soortgelyk aan kortisol. Verder is uitdrukking van miRNAs, klein dubbelstring RNS molekules wat aan komplimentêre volgorde in mRNAs van teiken gene bind en wat hul degradering veroorsaak, bepaal in elk van die verskillende eksperimentele toestande. Die uitdrukking van verskeie miRNAs insluitende miR-30c, miR-222, miR-454 en miR-331-3p is differensieël beïnvloed deur MPA, kortisol en/of NET in PBMSe wat met BCG gestimuleer is. Byvoorbeeld, BCG veroorsaak die uitdrukking van miR-454 wat dan geïnhibeer word tot agtergrondvlakke deur kortisol, MPA en NET. Hierdie resultate toon dat steroïed hormone, insluitend die voorbehoedmiddels MPA en NET, die immuunrespons teen mikobakterieë op miRNA-vlak affekteer. Om die effek van MPA en NET op BCG-geïnduseerde uitdrukking van miRNAs in vivo te bepaal, is ŉ muismodel gebruik. C57BL/6 muise is weekliks met 'n dosis van MPA of NET, ekwivalent aan dosisse gebruik in die mens, ingespuit en met BCG geïnfekteer. Muise wat met MPA behandel is, het 'n hoër bakteriële lading in die milt 21 dae na infeksie in vergelyking met NET-behandelde muise en kontrole muise. In hul bloed, onderdruk MPA en NET behandeling die BCG-geïnduseerde produksie van miR-100 en miR-509-3p tot basale vlakke. In teenstelling met NET, induseer MPA die uitdrukking van miR-99a onafhanklik van BCG infeksie. In die long is 'n totaal van 23 miRNAs differensieël uitgedruk 21 dae na die infeksie. Die resultate van hierdie studie dui daarop dat beide sintetiese progestien die immuunrespons teen BCG verander op sitokien sowel as miRNA vlak. MPA boots hoofsaaklik kortisol na deur inhibering van sitokien-produksie terwyl NET meer progesterone eienskappe het. Op miRNA vlak veroorsaak elk van die steroïed hormone 'n kenmerkende miRNA uitdrukkingsprofiel, beide in vitro asook in vivo. Hierdie resultate beklemtoon dat die twee voorbehoedmiddels - alhoewel hulle afwisselend gebruik word deur vroue in ontwikkelende lande - farmakologies uniek is en differensieël die immuunrespons reguleer teen Mycobacterium. Hierdie data ondersteun die dringende behoefte aan verdere navorsing in verband met hormonale voorbehoedmiddels en vatbaarheid vir aansteeklike siektes.

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Schlüter, Amelie. "Veränderungen des Kohlenhydratstoffwechsels im Leben einer Frau und seine Bedeutung für den Frauenarzt." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15238.

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Ziel dieser vorliegenden, vergleichenden Literaturarbeit ist es, den heutigen Wissensstand in Bezug auf den Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel einer Frau darzustellen. Hierbei werden die physiologischen Veränderungen des Metabolismus zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten im Leben einer Frau, begonnen mit der Kindheit und Pubertät, über Menstruation und Schwangerschaft bis hin zur Menopause, betrachtet und es werden die Ursachen und möglichen Mechanismen aufgezeigt, die zu Abweichungen der Insulinresistenz und der Insulinsekretion und damit möglicherweise zu einer Glukoseintoleranz bzw. einem Typ-2 Diabetes mellitus führen können. Der Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel wird nicht nur bezüglich der physiologischen, sondern auch in bezug auf die iatrogen verursachten Veränderungen, d.h. unter oraler hormonaler Kontrazeption, unter Hormonersatztherapie im Klimakterium, sowie hinsichtlich bestimmter Pathologien, wie dem zur Infertilität führenden polyzystischem Ovarsyndrom oder dem Gestationsdiabetes, untersucht. Ergebnis: Es scheint eine starke Verknüpfung zwischen dem weiblichen Reproduktionssystem und dem Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel zu geben, deren Interaktion von den unterschiedlichsten Faktoren beeinflusst wird. Der Frauenarzt sollte sich bei der Verschreibung hormoneller Kontrazeptiva, der Hormonersatztherapie und im Besonderen bei der Therapie des polyzystischen Ovarsyndroms sowie bei der Untersuchung seiner Patientinnen bewusst sein, dass verschiedene Lebensphasen, wie Pubertät, Schwangerschaft und Klimakterium und die damit verknüpften Veränderungen des Reproduktionssystems und der Sexualhormone auch deutliche metabolische Veränderungen nach sich ziehen können. Besonders eine erhöhte Insulinresistenz, die mit einer gesteigerten Insulinsekretion einhergeht, muss bedacht werden. Nicht nur das Syndrom X, eine Zusammenfassung von metabolischen Abnormitäten (Dyslipidämie, Insulinresistenz, Adipositas, Hypertonie), die mit einem deutlich erhöhten Risiko kardiovaskulärer Krankheiten und besonders der Atherosklerose einhergehen, sondern die daraus folgende steigende Prävalenz von Typ-2 Diabetes mellitus und das stark vermehrte Auftreten von Adipositas verlangen nach einer fachübergreifenden Zusammenarbeit zwischen Frauenärzten und Internisten.
The aim of this comparative review is to reveal the current standard of knowledge concerning carbohydrate metabolism in women. The study demonstrates the physiological changes in metabolism at various stages in a female life, from childhood and puberty, through menstruation and pregnancy and ending with the menopause, whilst also evaluating different causes and possible mechanisms that lead to aberrance in insulin resistance and insulin secretion and thereby potentially to glucose intolerance and/or type 2 Diabetes mellitus. In addition to presenting physiological alterations in glucose metabolism, this work also analyses changes generated by iatrogenic treatment such as oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, as well as those caused by different pathologies like polycystic ovary syndrome or gestational diabetes. The results indicate a strong correlation between the female reproduction system and the carbohydrate metabolism. The interaction is influenced by the many very different factors. Before prescribing oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy in climacteric (especially during the treatment of infertility in PCOS), or examining patients, the gynaecologist needs to be aware of the fact that different phases in life along with sex steroids and connected changes in the reproductive system, might lead to severe metabolic diversifications. Special attention should be paid to an increased insulin resistance, associated with an augmentation in insulin secretion. Not only the metabolic syndrome, the simultaneous appearance of metabolic abnormalities (dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, adiposity, hypertonia), which holds a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, especially arteriosclerosis, but also the consequential increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the highly increased prevalence of adiposity, demand for a multidisciplinary collaboration between gynaecologists and internists.

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10

Moodley, Manivasan. "An investigation cervical cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and steroid contraception." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28878.

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PROJECT ONE Introduction HPV is detected in about 99.7% of cervical cancers. However, the HPV type distribution in South African women is unknown. Objectives To determine HPV-type distribution among women with cervical dysplasia in relation to oral contraceptive usage. Methods Prospective cross-sectional study of four groups of patients according to oral contraceptive usage: non-users, users of less than five years duration, users of between five years and ten years and users of more than ten years duration. Swabs of the cervix were analysed for HPV DNA using polymerase chain reaction method. Results A total of 124 women were recruited for the study. There were 75 HIV-infected patients (seroprevalence 61%). Of the 102(82%) HPV-positive patients, 79 patients had high-risk HPV DNA (78%). In terms of the four oral contraceptive groups, high-risk HPV DNA was detected in 70% (n=21), 79% (n=22), 90% (n=21) and 71% (n=15) of patients, respectively. The odds of having HPV DNA was six times higher for the combination of contraceptive users of less than 5 years duration/non-users (OR 5.9, 95% CI: 1.87 - 18.77). There was no change when adjustment was made for age (OR 6.1, 95% CI: 1.9 - 19.4). HPV DNA types 16 and or 18 was present in a total of 21 patients (49%) (non-contraceptive users and users < 5years duration) versus 15 patients (42%) who used oral contraceptives of more than 5 years duration (p=0.524). HPV type 16 was the commonest HPV type detected (20.2%) and HPV type 58 was the next commonest high-risk HPV type (16.1%). HPV types 58 and 33 was detected in a much greater percentage of our population and HPV 16 in a much smaller percentage of our population compared with a non-South African population. Conclusion The findings of this study demonstrate an interesting distribution of HPV types in a South African population. PROJECT TWO Introduction Various risk factors have been implicated in the causation of cervical cancer including human papillomavirus (HPV), the early genes (E6 and E7) of which encode the main transforming proteins. Studies have suggested that steroid hormones may enhance the expression of these genes leading to loss of p53 gene-mediated cell apoptosis. Methods A total of 120 cervical tissue samples were obtained from patients with proven cervical cancer. Patients who used depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate steroid contraception were recruited as part of the study arm. Only HPV DNA type 16 samples were used for the study. Controls included three cell lines (CaSki, SiHa,&C33A) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as an internal housekeeping gene. Of 120 patients, there were 111 patients with HPV type 16 identified. Of this number, RNA was present in 63 samples. There were 30 women (30/63) who used steroid contraception. In relation to patients who used contraception, HPV 16 E6 gene expression was present in 79% (n = 23) and 88% (n = 30) of steroid users compared to nonusers, respectively. In total there were 25 patients (40%) with expression of the HPV 16 E6*I gene and 30 patients with expression of the E6*II gene. There were 57% of steroid users (n = 17) who had expression of the E6*I/E6*II gene, compared to 52% (n = 17) of nonusers (P = 0.800). Conclusion From a molecular level, this study reflects almost similar distribution of the HPV 16 E6/E6*1 and E6*11 and does not confirm the role of injectable progesterones in cervical carcinogenesis. Further studies with larger patient numbers are needed.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
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Books on the topic "Steroid contraception"

1

World Health Organization. Scientific Group on Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Cardiovascular disease and steroid contraception: Report of a WHO Scientific Group. Geneva: WHO, 1998.

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Gregoire, A. T., and Richard P. Blye, eds. Contraceptive Steroids. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2241-2.

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3

Symposium on Improving Safety Requirements for Contraceptive Steroids (1987 Geneva, Switzwerland). Safety requirements for contraceptive steroids. Edited by Michal F and WHO Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. Cambridge: Published on behalf of the World Health Organization by Cambridge University Press, 1989.

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Frank, Michal, Special Programme of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction (World Health Organization), and World Health Organization, eds. Safety requirements for contraceptive steroids: Proceedings of a Symposium on Improving Safety Requirements for Contraceptive Steroids, convened by the WHO Special Programme of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva, February 1987. Cambridge: Published on behalf of the World Health Organization by Cambridge University Press, 1989.

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Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. World Health Organization, 1998.

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Cardiovascular disease and steroid hormone contraception: Report of a WHO Scientific Group. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998.

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Chang, Ching-Fong. The regulation of reproduction in cattle by an antiestrogen, or active immunization against prostaglandin F₂Ü and ovarian steroids. 1986.

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T, Gregoire A., Blye Richard P, United States. Food and Drug Administration. Fertility and Maternal Health Drugs Advisory Committee., and Workshop on Animal Testing Requirements for New Generation Steroidal Contraceptives (1983 : National Institutes of Health), eds. Contraceptive steroids: Pharmacology and safety. New York: Plenum Press, 1986.

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1919-, Goldzieher Joseph W., and Fotherby K. 1927-, eds. Pharmacology of the contraceptive steroids. New York: Raven Press, 1994.

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Contraceptive Steroids : Pharmacology and Safety (Reproductive Biology). Springer, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Steroid contraception"

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Kopera, H. "Steroid-induced side-effects of oral contraceptives." In Future Aspects in Contraception, 49–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4916-4_5.

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Segal, Sheldon J. "Steroid Implants for Long-Term Contraception." In Contraception Research for Today and the Nineties, 29–35. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3746-4_4.

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Belsey, Elizabeth M. "Regional and Individual Variation in Bleeding Patterns Associated with Steroid Contraception." In Steroid Contraceptives and Women’s Response, 27–53. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2445-8_4.

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Hoskinson, R. M., R. J. Scaramuzzi, B. K. Campbell, J. A. Downing, R. J. Welch, and B. E. Harrison. "Effects of Antibodies to Steroid Hormones on Reproductive Events of Sheep and Cattle." In Immunological Approaches to Contraception and Promotion of Fertility, 351–66. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5140-5_38.

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Lipsett, Mortimer B. "Steroids and Carcinogenesis." In Contraceptive Steroids, 215–29. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2241-2_12.

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Sobel, Solomon, and William Andrews. "Opening Remarks." In Contraceptive Steroids, 1–2. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2241-2_1.

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Zbinden, Gerhard. "New Steroidal Contraceptives, Implications for Toxicological Models." In Contraceptive Steroids, 203–10. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2241-2_10.

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Diczfalusy, Egon. "Summary." In Contraceptive Steroids, 211–12. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2241-2_11.

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Heywood, Ralph. "An Assessment of the Toxicological and Carcinogenic Hazards of Contraceptive Steroids." In Contraceptive Steroids, 231–45. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2241-2_13.

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Katzenellenbogen, Benita S. "Estrogens and Carcinogenicity: An Overview of Information from Studies in Experimental Animal Systems." In Contraceptive Steroids, 247–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2241-2_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Steroid contraception"

1

Michels, Kara A., Sally B. Coburn, Garnet Anderson, Louise A. Brinton, Chu Chen, Roni T. Falk, Margery L. Gass, et al. "Abstract PO029: Oral contraceptive use and postmenopausal sex steroid hormone metabolism." In Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Endometrial Cancer: New Biology Driving Research and Treatment; November 9-10, 2020. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1557-3265.endomet20-po029.

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