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Journal articles on the topic 'Steroids Microorganisms'
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Maser, Edmund, and Tea Lanišnik Rižner. "Steroids and microorganisms." Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 129, no. 1-2 (March 2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.01.002.
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Donova, Marina. "Microbiotechnologies for steroid production." Microbiology Australia 39, no. 3 (2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma18039.
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Structural modification of steroids by microorganisms, known since the 1950s, is nowadays a base for industrial production of many steroid hormones and their high-value precursors. Phytosterols, renewable biomaterials of plant origin, are recognised now as most attractive, low-cost and available raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry.
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Voishvillo, N. E., A. M. Turuta, and A. V. Kamernitsky. "Microorganisms as reagents for transformations of 5?-steroids." Russian Chemical Bulletin 43, no. 4 (April 1994): 515–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00699817.
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Masendra, Masendra, Brandon Arsito Verick Purba, and Ganis Lukmandaru. "Antifungal Activity of Triterpenoids and Steroids Isolated from Pinus merkusii Bark Against Phanerochaete chrysosporium." Wood Research Journal 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2020.11.2.65-71.
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The outer part of a tree, known as the bark, protects the internal tissues from external conditions and attacks from microorganisms. Its antifungal activities are due to the presence of chemicals in this bark. This study aimed at evaluating the toxicity of triterpenoids and steroids from the bark of Pinus merkusii against Phanerochaete chrysosporium (white-rot). The triterpenoids and steroids were isolated from n-hexane extract of the bark through column chromatography. Then, the antifungal activity was evaluated by measuring the growth rate of the fungus on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium in a Petri dish. The isolation resulted in three triterpenoids (3β- methoxyserratt-14-en-21-one, serrate-14-en-3β,21β –diol, 3α,21β- dimethoxy-D14-serratene) and two steroids (β-sitosterol, Stigmast-4-en-3-one). There was more of antifungal activity with β-sitosterol and serrate-14-en-3β,21β –diol, due to presence of hydroxyl bond and their hydrophobicity.
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Ogidi, Odangowei Inetiminebi, Lilian Maureen Oluchi Oguoma, Patrick Chukwudi Adigwe, and Blessing Bumein Anthony. "Phytochemical Properties and In-vitro Antimicrobial Potency of Wild Edible Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) obtained from Yenagoa, Nigeria." Journal of Phytopharmacology 10, no. 3 (May 24, 2021): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2021.10306.
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Microorganism resistance to synthetic antibiotics is an increasing public health challenge, therefore, new antimicrobial agents from different plant and biological sources are sought-after. This research was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical properties and antimicrobial potency of wild edible mushrooms. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis was done using the standard method of Association of Official Analytical Chemist and agar well diffusion method was used for antimicrobial analysis. Phytochemical results of wild edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus obtained from Yenagoa, shows varying quantities of tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides and steroids. The methanol and aqueous extracts of the samples reveals different degree of inhibition on both bacteria and fungi (Shigella sp., Staphylococcus sp., Vibrio sp., Escherichia coli, Penicillium sp., Yeast and Moulds). Aqueous extracts were more effective on the test organisms when compared to methanol extracts. P. ostreatus showed good antimicrobial potency against all the microorganisms tested. The findings from this study show the efficacy of wild edible mushroom as a potent antimicrobial agent
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Krueger, Karen, and Lauren M. Guggina. "Mycobacterium mucogenicum skin and soft tissue infection of the breast mimicking idiopathic granulomatous mastitis." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 12 (December 2019): e231900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-231900.
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We present a case of a 28-year-old woman who came to medical attention after noticing a breast mass associated with an overlying eroded plaque of the skin. A core biopsy of the breast mass was negative for malignancy but demonstrated granulomatous inflammatory changes. Acid-fast bacilli and Gomori methenamine-silver stains were negative for microorganisms. The patient was diagnosed with presumptive idiopathic granulomatous mastitis and started on oral steroids. Her symptoms progressed. Tissue culture from a repeat biopsy grew Mycobacterium mucogenicum. The patient responded well to combination oral antimicrobial therapy.
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Rajani Chowdary Akkina, Payala Vijayalakshmi, and Raaththika R. "Evaluation of Anti-microbial activity of methanolic extract of Costus igneus plant against multidrug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (July 21, 2020): 3796–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2552.
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Costus igneus plants are highly active against the majority of Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms. The purpose of the current study was intended to evaluate the anti-microbial potential of methanolic extract of Costus igneus over multidrug-resistant bacteria, specifically to methicillin, vancomycin, carbapenems, colistin. The study also focused on the antifungal activity of the plant extract against Candida species. Phytochemical analysis was conducted to identify the presence of the active chemicals such as steroids, alkaloid, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, saponin, tannin, glycosides, quinones, coumarins and phenolic compounds using standard protocols. Anti-microbial activity of C. igneus was assessed through agar well diffusion technique and Minimum inhibitory concentration method (MIC) by using multidrug-resistant Gram-positive microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis) and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative microorganisms (E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter species) and also Candida albicans. At 120mg/ml C.igneus plant extract concentration, maximum zone of inhibition was obtained with all the nine tested microorganisms and however the zone of inhibition was slighter with regular standard potential antibiotics like colistin, imipenem etc. Anti-microbials of plant origin possesses tremendous therapeutic potential as they can accomplish the requirements with fewer sideeffects that are routinely associated with synthetic anti-microbials. In this investigation, it was established that C. igneus leaf extract possesses excellent anti-microbial activity which can be attributed to the occurrence of phytochemicals. Further discovery of plant-derived anti-microbials should be continued to trim down the usage of powerful drugs which pose bad side effects.
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Razmavar, Somayeh, Mahmood Ameen Abdulla, Salmah Binti Ismail, and Pouya Hassandarvish. "Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Extracts ofBaeckea frutescensagainst Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/521287.
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This study was based on screening antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract ofBaeckea frutescensL. against MRSA clinical isolates, analyzes the potential antibacterial compound, and assesses the cytotoxicity effect of the extract in tissue culture. Leaves ofBaeckea frutescensL. were shade dried, powdered, and extracted using solvent ethanol. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the crude extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, phenols, and carbohydrates. The presence of these bioactive constituents is related to the antibacterial activity of the plant. Disc diffusion method revealed a high degree of activity against microorganisms. The results confirm thatBaeckea frutescensL. can be used as a source of drugs to fight infections caused by susceptible bacteria.
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de Araújo Navas, EAF, EI Sato, DFA Pereira, GN Back-Brito, JA Ishikawa, AOC Jorge, FL Brighenti, and CY Koga-Ito. "Oral microbial colonization in patients with systemic lupus erythematous: correlation with treatment and disease activity." Lupus 21, no. 9 (March 27, 2012): 969–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961203312443420.
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Treating patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with steroids and immunosuppressive drugs may interfere in the presence of potentially opportunistic microorganisms in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Candida spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacteria and Pseudomonas spp. in the oral cavity of SLE patients, compared with healthy controls. A group of 40 patients who had received therapy for at least 60 days was selected (19–53 years). For the control group, 40 healthy individuals matched for age, gender and use of partial prosthesis were selected. Oral rinse samples were collected and plated on specific culture media. After incubation, the number of colony forming units (CFU) was obtained and the isolates were identified at species level. Microbial counts were compared between SLE and control by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann–Whitney ( p < 0.05 significant). Microorganism counts in patients with and without immunosuppressive drugs, as well with active and inactive disease (according to SLEDAI score) were also compared. No significant differences in CFU/mL between SLE and control patients were observed (yeasts, p = 0.55; Staphylococci, p = 0.24; Enterobacteria/ Pseudomonas spp., p = 0.26). No differences in microbial counts were observed regarding clinical parameters tested. The most frequent species isolated in the SLE group were Candida albicans, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Klebsiella oxytoca. In conclusion, no differences in frequency and microorganism levels were found between SLE patients and healthy individuals.
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Eboma, Rachael Nkechi, Clement Olusola Ogidi, and Bamidele Juliet Akinyele. "Bioactive compounds and antimicrobial activity of extracts from fermented African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa ) against pathogenic microorganisms." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 4, no. 08 (January 1, 2021): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.08.343-350.
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Background: The challenges of multiple antibiotic resistance by pathogenic microorganisms has necessitated the need for a continuous search for new and effective antimicrobial bioactive compounds. Objectives: In this study, the antimicrobial activity of extracts from fermented condiment from Parkia biglobosa was investigated against some pathogenic microorganisms. Materials and Methods: Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify bioactive compounds in n-hexane extract (oil). Aqueous and n-hexane extracts of locust beans were tested against clinical isolates; viz., Klebsiella spp., Aeromonas hydrophilia, Citrobacter braakii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Aspergillus spp. and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion method. Results: The study revealed the phytochemicals in oil as phenols (41.8 mg/100g), flavonoids of 19.37 mg/100g, saponins (16.7 mg/100g), alkaloids (22.9 mg/100g), steroids (6.9 mg/100g), terpenoids (10.0 mg/100g) and cardiac glycosides (3.3 mg/100g). The aqueous extract contains phenols (33.7 mg/100g), flavonoids (12.3 mg/100g), alkaloids (17.6 mg/100g), saponins (5.0 mg/100g) and cardiac glycosides (1.2 mg/100g). The bioactive compounds in the n-hexane extract were ricinoleic acid, p-cymene, octadecanoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid and others. Oil from fermented locust bean exhibited zones of inhibition ranging from 5 mm to 14 mm against the tested isolates at 10 mg/mL, while the aqueous extract displayed inhibition zones of 4 mm to 10 mm at 10.0 mg/mL. Conclusion: The chemical constituents in locally fermented condiment (locust bean) are responsible for pronounced antimicrobial properties. Hence, the condiment can be exploited for medicinal purposes. Keywords: Fermented food, condiment, n-hexane, phytochemicals and antimicrobials.
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Papamanoli, Aikaterini, Jeanwoo Yoo, Azad Mojahedi, Robin Jacob, Prabhjot Grewal, Simrat Dhaliwal, Alexandra Coritsidis, et al. "53. Incidence of Bloodstream Infections and Outcomes in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S156—S157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.363.
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Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome is associated with need for intensive care (IC), mechanical ventilation (MV), and prolonged recovery. These patients are thus predisposed to blood stream infections which can worsen outcomes. This risk may be aggravated by adjunctive therapies. Methods We reviewed the medical records of all adults admitted to Stony Brook University Hospital, NY, from March 1 to April 15, 2020 with severe COVID-19 pneumonia (requiring high-flow O2). Patients who received MV or died within 24h were excluded. Patients were followed until death or hospital discharge. We reviewed positive blood cultures (PBC) for pathogenic microorganisms, and calculated the incidence of bacteremia, rates of infective endocarditis (IE), and impact on mortality. Microbes isolated only once and belonging to groups defined as commensal skin microbiota were labelled as contaminants. We also examined the impact of adjunctive therapies with immunosuppressive potential (steroids and tocilizumab), on bacteremia. Results A total of 469 patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included (Table 1). Of these, 199 (42.4%) required IC and 172 (36.7%) MV. Median length of stay was 13 days (8–22) and 94 (20.0%) had PBC. Of these, 43 were considered true pathogens (bacteremia), with predominance of E. faecalis and S. epidermidis, and 51 were considered contaminants (Table 2). The incidence of bacteremia (43/469, 9.2%) was 5.1 per 1000 patient-days (95%CI 3.8–6.4). An echocardiogram was performed in 21 patients, 1 had an aortic valve vegetation (IE) by methicillin sensitive S. aureus. Bacteremia rates were nonsignificantly higher with steroids (5.9 vs 3.7 per 1000 patient-days; P=0.057). Use of tocilizumab was not associated with bacteremia (5.8 vs 4.8 per 1000 patient-days; P=0.28). Mortality was nonsignificantly higher in patients with (15/43, 34.9%) vs. without (108/426, 25.4%) bacteremia (P=0.20). Length of stay was the strongest predictor of bacteremia, with risk increasing by 7% (95%CI 6%-9%, P< 0.001) per additional day. Cohort Characteristics of Patients with Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia on High-Flow O2 (N= 469) All Microorganisms Isolated from Blood Cultures Conclusion The incidence of bacteremia was relatively low and IE was uncommon in this study of severe COVID-19 patients. Risk of bacteremia increased with longer hospital stay and with steroids use, but not with tocilizumab. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Njimoh, Dieudonné Lemuh, Jules Clement N. Assob, Seraphine Ebenye Mokake, Dinga Jerome Nyhalah, Claude Kwe Yinda, and Bertrand Sandjon. "Antimicrobial Activities of a Plethora of Medicinal Plant Extracts and Hydrolates against Human Pathogens and Their Potential to Reverse Antibiotic Resistance." International Journal of Microbiology 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/547156.
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Microbial infections till date remain a scourge of humanity due to lack of vaccine against some infections, emergence of drug resistant phenotypes, and the resurgence of infections amongst others. Continuous quest for novel therapeutic approaches remains imperative. Here we (i) assessed the effects of extracts/hydrolates of some medicinal plants on pathogenic microorganisms and (ii) evaluated the inhibitory potential of the most active ones in combination with antibiotics. Extract E03 had the highest DZI (25 mm). Extracts E05 and E06 were active against all microorganisms tested. The MICs and MBCs of the methanol extracts ranged from 16.667 × 103 μg/mL to 2 μg/mL and hydrolates from 0.028 to 333333 ppm. Extract E30 had the highest activity especially againstS. saprophyticus(MIC of 6 ppm) andE. coli(MIC of 17 ppm). Combination with conventional antibiotics was shown to overcome resistance especially with E30. Analyses of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes, steroids, phenols, and saponins. These results justify the use of these plants in traditional medicine and the practice of supplementing decoctions/concoctions with conventional antibiotics.Nauclea pobeguinii (E30), the most active and synergistic of all these extracts, and some hydrolates with antimicrobial activity need further exploration for the development of novel antimicrobials.
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Carvalho, Claudemir de, Wesley Henrique Cabral Fernandes, Thays Barreto Freitas Mouttinho, Daniela Martins de Souza, Maria Cristina Marcucci, and Paulo Henrique Perlatti D’Alpino. "Evidence-Based Studies and Perspectives of the Use of Brazilian Green and Red Propolis in Dentistry." European Journal of Dentistry 13, no. 03 (July 2019): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700598.
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AbstractThis review analyzes the evidence and perspectives of dental use of the green and red propolis produced in Brazil by Apis mellifera L. Multiple applications of propolis were found considering its antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, and healing properties. Its therapeutic effects are mainly due to the presence of alcohols, aldehydes, aliphatic acids, aliphatic esters, amino acids, aromatic acids, aromatic esters, flavonoids, hydrocarbyl esters, ethers, fatty acids, ketones, terpenes, steroids, and sugars. Propolis has been mainly used in dentistry in the composition of dentifrices and mouthwashes. Studies have also demonstrated promising use against dentin hypersensitivity, root canal treatment, Candida albicans, and other microorganisms. Overall review of the literature presented here demonstrated that both Brazilian green and red propolis are effective for the problems of multiple etiologies that affect the oral cavity in different dental specialties.
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Walcott, Brian P., Navid Redjal, and Jean-Valery C. E. Coumans. "Infection following operations on the central nervous system: deconstructing the myth of the sterile field." Neurosurgical Focus 33, no. 5 (November 2012): E8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.8.focus12245.
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Neurosurgical patients are at a high risk for infectious sequelae following operations. For neurosurgery in particular, the risk of surgical site infection has a unique implication given the proximity of the CSF and the CNS. Patient factors contribute to some degree; for example, cancer and trauma are often associated with impaired nutritional status, known risk factors for infection. Additionally, care-based factors for infection must also be considered, such as the length of surgery, the administration of steroids, and tissue devascularization (such as a craniotomy bone flap). When postoperative infection does occur, attention is commonly focused on potential lapses in surgical “sterility.” Evidence suggests that the surgical field is not free of microorganisms. The authors propose a paradigm shift in the nomenclature of the surgical field from “sterile” to “clean.” Continued efforts aimed at optimizing immune capacity and host defenses to combat potential infection are warranted.
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Anhwange, B. A., I. G. Agbidye, B. A. Kyenge, and P. O. Ngbede. "Phytochemical Screening, Antimicrobial Activities and Nutritional content of Jatropha Tanjorensis Leaves." NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 1 (December 31, 2019): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.114.
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The leaves of Jatropha tanjarensis were collected and assessed for their phytochemical compositions and antimicrobial activities using methanolic and hexane extracts as to determine the bioactive components and their effects on microorganisms. Also, the nutritional potential was investigated through the determination of proximate composition using standard procedures. The result of phytochemical screening indicated the presence of saponins, cardiac glycosides, reducing sugars, steroids, alkaloids and flavonoids in methanolic extract, the same observation was recorded in n-hexane extract except that reducing sugars were absent and phlobotannins were present. The antimicrobial activities of the leaves extract show that it have some antimicrobial properties. Results of the proximate composition and mineral analysis revealed that the plant is a good source of fiber and minerals. Therefore, leaves of Jatropha tanjarensisapart from being used as antimicrobial agents, can serve as good sources of fiber and minerals when used as vegetables.
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Akuodor, Godwin C., Augustine D. Essien, Jemilat A. Ibrahim, Augustine Bassey, Joseph L. Akpan, Nwakaego C. Ikoro, and Simon C. Onyewenjo. "Phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of the methanolic extracts of Bombax buonopozense leaf and root." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2, no. 3 (April 24, 2012): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v2i3.4222.
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Objective: The leaf and root of Bombax buonopozense which have some ethnomedicinal applications were subjected to phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity against some disease causing microorganisms. Material & Methods: The phytochemical composition was evaluated using standard procedures. Susceptibility of these clinical isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonae, Proteus spp. and Escherichia coli) to the extracts was determined using the agar diffusion method. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, phlobatannins, anthraquinones and carbohydrates (mostly in root). The root extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against all the organisms tested, while the leaf extract had activity on S. aureus and B. subtilis only. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the root extract contain the most active components which may be used to source antibiotic substances for possible treatment of bacterial infections. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v2i3.4222 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2 (2011) 190-194
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Nur'aeny, Nanan, Wahyu Hidayat, Tenny Setiana Dewi, Erna Herawati, and Indah Suasani Wahyuni. "Profil oral candidiasis di bagian ilmu penyakit mulut RSHS Bandung periode 2010-2014." Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia 3, no. 1 (October 31, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/majkedgiind.11320.
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Oral candidiasis prole in oral medicine department of RSHS Bandung in the period of 2010 – 2014 C. albicans is the primary causative agent in oral candidiasis. Candida species are commensal microorganisms as normal ora in the mouth, without causing any symptoms. Oral candidiasis may be caused by systemic condition, autoimmune disease and poor oral hygiene.Candida spp can become pathogenic in the decline of the condition of the immune system, especially in autoimmune disease conditions given with steroids drug as the steroids in nature could deteriorate the immune systems or long term of systemic drugs therapy. Study related to oral candidiasis in Indonesia is still lacking. The aim of the study is to know the description of oral candidiasis of RSHS Bandung, Indonesia at 2010 – 2014, descriptively in the oral medicine clinic. The results showed during the period of 2010 to 2014, 49 patients oral candidiasis were found. The most prevalent was 34 males (69.3%) and 15 women (30.7%) in which the most predisposing factor is systemic factor about 40.2%. The whitish pseudomembran plaque is commonly found in the dorsal area of the tongue. The prole of oral candidiasis in patients visiting the oral medicine clinic at RSHS generally is caused by systemic conditions, autoimmune diseases and poor oral hygiene, the use of nystatin is still effective to be used to treat candidiasis.ABSTRAKCandida. albicans (C.albicans) merupakan agen penyebab primer pada oral candidiasis. Candida spp merupakan mikroorganisme komensal atau ora normal dalam mulut dengan tanpa menimbulkan gejala. Candida spp dapat menjadi patogen saat kondisi daya tahan tubuh menurun terutama dalam kondisi penyakit autoimun yang diberikan terapi steroid karena steroid bersifat menurunkan sistem imun atau terapi obat-obatan secara sistemik dalam jangka waktu lama. Penelitian oral candidiasis di Indonesia masih belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prol oral candidiasis pada pasien-pasien yang ditangani di Bagian Penyakit Mulut di Rumah Sakit dr. Hasan Sadikin (RSHS), Bandung, Indonesia periode tahun 2010 – 2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan selama periode 2010 hingga 2014 sebanyak 49 orang pasien yang datang ke klinik ilmu penyakit mulut ditemukan oral candidiasis. Prevalensi terbanyak adalah pria sebesar 34 orang (69,3%) dan wanita 15 orang (30,7%), dengan faktor predisposisi terbanyak adalah keterlibatan penyakit sistemik sebesar 40,2%. Lokasi paling sering ditemukan lesi plak pseudomembran putih dan terdapat di daerah dorsal lidah. Prol kandidiasis pada pasien yang berkunjung ke klinik ilmu penyakit mulut RSHS secara garis besar umumnya disebabkan oleh kondisi sistemik, penyakit autoimun dan kebersihan rongga mulut yang buruk sedangkan untuk terapi kandidiasis, penggunaan nystatin masih efektif untuk digunakan mengobati kandidiasis.
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Sah, Sadhana, Ranjita Shrestha, Sadikchya Koirala, and Keshab Bhattarai. "Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Assessment of Five Medicinal Plants Found in Terai Region." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 2 (March 8, 2013): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i2.7718.
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Crude petroleum ether and methanol extracts of different parts of five medicinal plants collected from Terai region, namely, Asparagus racemosus, Catharanthus roseus, Hedychium coronarium, Mimosa pudica and Terminalia chebula were examined for their antimicrobial activity against different pathogenic microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsella spp., Salmonella paratyphi, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. From the obtained growth curves of methanol extract of Terminalia chebula and petroleum ether and methanol extracts of Hedychium coronarium, it can be said these extracts have relatively high bacteriostatic property than other plant extracts. Similarly, the zone of inhibitions observed during antifungal assay by methanol extract of Terminalia chebula against Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. are comparable to that of Itraconazole (antifungal drug). It shows that Terminalia chebula has fungistatic property. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and glycosides. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 13, No. 2 (2012) 79-86 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i2.7718
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Papamanoli, Aikaterini, Jacquelyn Nakamura, Jenny Fung, Joshua Abata, Nikitha Karkala, Stella T. Tsui, Jeanwoo Yoo, et al. "382. Incidence of Hospital-Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Patients with Severe COVID 19 on High Flow Oxygen." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S260—S261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.577.
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Abstract Background Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) can be serious complications of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Co-infections may worsen outcomes and prolong hospitalization. This risk may be exacerbated by systemic corticosteroids (steroids) and other adjunctive therapies. Methods We reviewed the records of all adults admitted to Stony Brook University Hospital, NY, from 3/1 to 4/15, 2020 with severe COVID-19 pneumonia, requiring high-flow O2 (non-rebreather mask, Venturi mask with FiO2 >50%, or high-flow nasal cannula). We excluded patients who received mechanical ventilation (MV) or died within 24h. Patients were followed until death or hospital discharge. We reviewed positive sputum cultures (PSC) for pathogenic microorganisms and calculated the incidence of HAP and VAP (nosocomial pneumonia, [NP]), rates of MV and impact on mortality. Fungi isolated from sputum, were considered colonization unless associated with fungemia. We also examined the impact of adjunctive therapies with immunosuppressive potential (steroids and tocilizumab), on HAP or VAP. Results A total of 469 patients were included (Table 1). Of these, 199 (42.4%) required intensive care and 172 (36.7%) MV. Median length of stay was 13 days (8–22) and 105 (22.4%) had PSC. Of these, 59 were considered true pathogens (HAP: 11, VAP: 48), with predominance of S. aureus (MSSA) 38.9%, Enterobacteriaceae 33.8% and Pseudomonas species 18.6%. 39 isolates were considered colonization (Table 2); Patients with PSC < 48h (N=7) from admission, were not considered NP. The incidence of NP was 7.0 per 1000 patient-days (95%CI 5.5–8.5). Of 11 patients with HAP, 9 needed MV. NP was more frequent among patients receiving steroids (9.0 vs 5.7 per 1000 patient-days; P=0.023). Use of tocilizumab was not associated with NP (6.2 vs 8.4 per 1000 patient-days; P=0.11). Mortality was nonsignificantly higher in patients with (20/59, 33.9%) vs. without (103/410, 25.1%) NP (P=0.16). Intubation and length of stay were the strongest predictors of NP in multivariable models. Cohort Characteristics of Patients with Severe COVID -19 Pneumonia on High Flow Oxygen (N= 469) All Microbes Isolated from Sputum Cultures Conclusion Among high risk COVID-19 patients, NP is a common complication. MSSA and Enterobacteriaceae were the most frequent isolates. The risk increases with intubation, longer hospital stay and use of steroids but not tocilizumab. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Eboma, Rachael Nkechi, Clement Olusola Ogidi, and Bamidele Juliet Akinyele. "Bioactive compounds and antimicrobial activity of extracts from fermented African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) against pathogenic microorganisms." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 4, no. 8 (January 1, 2021): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.8.343-350.
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Background: The challenges of multiple antibiotic resistance by pathogenic microorganisms has necessitated the need for a continuous searching for new and effective antimicrobial bioactive compounds. Objectives: In this study, antimicrobial activity of extracts from fermented condiment from Parkia biglobosa was investigated against some pathogenic microorganisms. Materials and Methods: Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify bioactive compounds in n-hexane extract (oil). Aqueous and n-hexane extracts of locust beans were tested against clinical isolates; viz., Klebsiella spp., Aeromonas hydrophilia, Citrobacter braakii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Aspergillus spp. and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion method. Results: The study revealed the phytochemicals in oil as phenols (41.8 mg/100g), flavonoids of 19.37 mg/100g, saponins (16.7 mg/100g), alkaloids (22.9 mg/100g), steroids (6.9 mg/100g), terpenoids (10.0 mg/100g) and cardiac glycosides (3.3 mg/100g). The aqueous extract contains phenols (33.7 mg/100g), flavonoids (12.3 mg/100g), alkaloids (17.6 mg/100g), saponins (5.0 mg/100g) and cardiac glycosides (1.2 mg/100g). The bioactive compounds in the n-hexane extract were ricinoleic acid, p-cymene, octadecanoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid and others. Oil from fermented locust bean exhibited zones of inhibition ranging from 5 mm to 14 mm against the tested isolates at 10 mg/mL, while the aqueous extract displayed inhibition zones of 4 mm to 10 mm at 10.0 mg/mL. Conclusion: The chemical constituents in locally fermented condiment (locust bean) are responsible for pronounced antimicrobial properties. Hence, the condiment can be exploited for medicinal purposes. Keywords: Fermented food, condiment, n-hexane, phytochemicals and antimicrobials.
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BAMIGBOYE, Mercy O., and Adeyinka E. AJIBOYE. "Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of a metallic oxide nanoparticle complex of Moringa oleifera leaves extracts against selected microorganisms." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 12, no. 3 (September 29, 2020): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb12310780.
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This research work aimed at synthesizing and investigating the antimicrobial activities of a metallic oxide nanoparticle complex of Moringa oleifera leaves extracts against some microorganisms. Moringa oleifera leaves were washed, dried and blended. They were extracted with distilled water and ethanol using standard methods. The nanoparticle was synthesized by coordinating with manganese oxide. The physicochemical properties were determined following standard procedures. The phytochemical screening was carried out by standard methods. The antibacterial activities were done using agar well diffusion method. Antifungal activity was carried out following the plate technique. The leaves extract had a 75% yield and melting point of 116 °C while the nanoparticle had a yield of 60% and melted at 78 °C with pH of 3.46. The molar conductance of the nanoparticle revealed at 10.6 Ω−1cm2mol−1. The ethanolic extract of the leaves showed the presence of alkaloids, tannin, steroids and saponins. The ethanolic extract of M. oleifera exhibited the highest antibacterial activity of 33.05±0.10 mm against Bacillus subtilis while its antifungal activity revealed the highest inhibition of 48.40±0.53 mm at 30 mg/mL against Aspergillus niger. Staphylococcus aureus had a zone of inhibition of 19.00±0.16a using the aqueous extract. The ethanolic extract of M. oleifera nanoparticles showed antibacterial and antifungal activity against B. megaterium and A. niger with a zone of inhibition of 49.21±0.32 mm and 50.35±0.29 mm respectively while the aqueous extract showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus with a zone of 26.00±0.38mm. As it was concluded ethanolic extract in both leaves extract and its nanoparticle, possessed higher antibacterial and antifungal activities than the aqueous extract.
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Hasanah, Uswatun, Desi Rosdiana, and Syaefudin Syaefudin. "Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract from Stem Bark and Leaves of Berenuk (Crescentia cujete L.)." Current Biochemistry 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/cb.4.1.1-14.
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Crescentia cujete L. (C. cujete) has been known as a medicine for various diseases that caused by microorganisms. This research was aimed to identify the phytochemical compounds and to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from stem bark and leaves of C. cujete. The phytochemical compounds in both extracts were identified by Harborne method, while antibacterial activity assay was performed by disc diffusion method with the concentration of bacteria 106 cfu/mL. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were used in antibacterial assay. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was obtained by using contact method. The phytochemical compounds analysis showed that ethanol extracts of C. cujete stem bark and leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. The results of antibacterial activity test showed that both extracts have antibacterial activity with the highest inhibition showed by extracts with concentration of 100 %(w/v). The decreased percentage in the number of bacterial colonies on the extracts was less than 90 % so that the MIC value of both extracts against S. aureus could not be determined.
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LAGUDU, Mutyala Naidu, and Aniel Kumar OWK. "Litsea glutinosa (Lauraceae): Evaluation of its Foliar Phytochemical Constituents for Antimicrobial Activity." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 10, no. 1 (March 27, 2018): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb10110180.
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The phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Litsea glutinosa revealed the presence of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, volatile compounds, amino acids and carbohiydrates. The antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibition concentration values were determined for these phytochemical constituents as crude extracts using the agar well diffusion and two-fold serial dilution methods. The results indicated that Bacillus subtilis was the most susceptible bacterium with high inhibition zones for the methanol and chloroform extracts of 31 mm and 26 mm, respectively. The MIC values indicated that extracts possess good antimicrobial activity with significant MIC value against Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus pneumoniae at 31.2 µg/ml concentrations. The extracts showed marked antimicrobial activity against both bacteria and fungi. Among the bacterial strains, gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible than the gram-negative. All the 13 microorganisms tested showed dose dependent susceptibility towards the phytochemicals present in the foliar extracts. The study suggests that Litsea glutinosa leaves possess potent antimicrobial activity and can be a good source for the development of new antibiotics.
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BOAES, T. S., G. L. ARRUDA, T. P. S. FERREIRA, A. F. CHAGAS JUNIOR, and V. M. CHAPLA. "VARIATION OF THE METABOLIC PRODUCTION OF THE ENDOPHYTIC FUNGUS DIAPORTHE SP. OF CLITORIA GUIANENSIS BENTH USING OSMAC." Periódico Tchê Química 16, no. 32 (August 20, 2019): 870–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n32.2019.888_periodico32_pgs_870_877.pdf.
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The increasing number of sequenced genomes of fungi has revealed a large number of biosynthetic clusters of secondary metabolites that are still unknown, which reveals the real and vast biosynthetic capacity not yet explored and allows to understand new routes of synthesis, substances and biological properties in silenced genetic clusters. The objective of this work was to detect new natural products from the cultivation of microorganisms under different fermentation conditions using strategies as OSMAC. Three crude extracts (A, B and C) obtained from the endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp. isolated from Clitoria guianensis, were submitted to HPLC-DAD and 1H-NMR analyses. The analyzes showed differences in the production of secondary metabolites in the different culture media. Extract C led to a higher number of secondary metabolites. The crude extracts were submitted to antioxidant and allelochemical activity, the three crude extracts presented positive activity for both assays. Flavones, flavonols and xanthones were identified in all crude extracts, alkaloids in extracts A and C, and steroids and triterpenoids in extract C.
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Ortega, Humberto, Daniel Torres-Mendoza, Zuleima Caballero E., and Luis Cubilla-Rios. "Structurally Uncommon Secondary Metabolites Derived from Endophytic Fungi." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7 (July 17, 2021): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070570.
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Among microorganisms, endophytic fungi are the least studied, but they have attracted attention due to their high biological diversity and ability to produce novel and bioactive secondary metabolites to protect their host plant against biotic and abiotic stress. These compounds belong to different structural classes, such as alkaloids, peptides, terpenoids, polyketides, and steroids, which could present significant biological activities that are useful for pharmacological or medical applications. Recent reviews on endophytic fungi have mainly focused on the production of novel bioactive compounds. Here, we focus on compounds produced by endophytic fungi, reported with uncommon bioactive structures, establishing the neighbor net and diversity of endophytic fungi. The review includes compounds published from January 2015 to December 2020 that were catalogued as unprecedented, rare, uncommon, or possessing novel structural skeletons from more than 39 different genera, with Aspergillus and Penicillium being the most mentioned. They were reported as displaying cytotoxic, antitumor, antimicrobial, antiviral, or anti-inflammatory activity. The solid culture, using rice as a carbon source, was the most common medium utilized in the fermentation process when this type of compound was isolated.
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Haslina, Haslina, and Sri Untari. "Pengaruh Waktu Ekstraksi dan Konsentrasi Ekstrak Rambut Jagung (Corn Silk) Terhadap pH, Total Fenol Dan Aktivitas Antibakteri." Jurnal Pengembangan Rekayasa dan Teknologi 13, no. 2 (October 16, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/jprt.v13i2.933.
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<p>The growth of microorganisms in foodstuffs can lead to profitable changes such as nutritional improvements in food, digestibility or storage. In addition, the growth of microorganisms in food can also lead to undesirable physical and chemical changes, so the food is not worth consuming. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are the bacteria that often cause infection in humans. To prevent this it is necessary to have bioactive components that can inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Active compounds such as saponins, triterpenoids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids are known to have antibacterial activity. Several studies have reported the chemical content found in corn hair. Corn hair is part of a corn plant that has not been used effectively because it is considered as waste. Based on research, corn hair contains proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates, calcium salts, potassium, magnesium, and sodium, essential oils, steroids such as sitosterol and stigmasterol, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids. So presumably corn hair extract has antibacterial activity.</p><p>This study aims to determine the effect of extraction time and concentration of corn hair extract on pH, total phenol and antibacterial activity.</p><p>The experimental design used in this study was Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 replications. The treatments used were Extraction Time A1 = 30 minutes, A2 = 40 minutes, A3 = 50 minutes and Concentration Extract (material: solvent) K1 = 75% (w / v), K2 = 50% (w / v), K3 = 25% (w / v). Furthermore, the data obtained were analyzed variant and if there was any difference between treatments followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) test at 5% level. The results showed that all treatments produced bioactive compounds and formed inhibit zone of each test bacteria. The best time to obtain an antibacterial antibacterial extract on corn hair is 50 minutes. This was supported by the lowest pH average of 5.1 and the highest mean total phenol obtained from treatment A3 (50 minutes) was 7288,64 μgGAE / g and at 75% concentration formed the largest bacterial inhibition zone in each test bacteria.</p>
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Halbhavi, Subhash N., Ramachandra Reddy, E. B. Kalburgi, Arunima Poulose, and Y. C. Veerabhadra Gowd. "Clinical and microbiological profile of necrotizing fasciitis." International Surgery Journal 5, no. 6 (May 24, 2018): 2119. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20182056.
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Background: Necrotizing fasciitis, is a spectrum of diseases where necrosis of deeper soft tissue is by an infective microorganism. It is a life-threatening infectious disease with mortality rate ranging from 17% to 34%. Understanding patho-physiology plays an important role in providing better medical or surgical care. Aim of the present study was to find out the most common microorganisms causing Necrotizing Fasciitis, sensitivity pattern of the isolated organisms and effective antibiotic therapy.Methods: This is a prospective observational study done in HSK Hospital, Bagalkot comprising 150 patients for a period of 8 months. The study group consisted of the patients admitted with clinical diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis by different surgeons during this period.Results: Out of 150 patients with necrotizing fasciitis, 121 (80.67%) were male and 29 (19.33%) were females. The maximum number of patients 45 (30%) were found in the age group of 61 to 70 years. 62 patients had Type II Diabetes Mellitus,13 patients were on steroids, 7 patients had liver disease. The culture and sensitivity reports from these 150 patients was positive for growth in 136(90.66 %). The most common Gram positive bacterial isolate was Staphylococcus aureus 48 (45.28 %) and Gram negative bacterial isolate was Pseudomonas aeruginosa 46 (38.33%). The antibiotic administration was a combination of Cefperazone-sulbactum (or), piprecallin-tazobactum (or), aminoglycosides for gram negative coverage and clindamycin (or) trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole for gram positive coverage. Anaerobic coverage was with metronidazole/tinidazole. The mortality rate was 11.33% and the common isolate in these patients from wound swab was Acetinobacter with sensitivity only to colistin and tigicycline followed by klebsiella.Conclusions: Males with age more than 60 years having diabetes mellitus were more prone to necrotizing fasciitis. Most common Gram positive bacterial isolate was Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative bacterial isolate was Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Hristich, T. N., and D. O. Hontsariuk. "Comorbidity of chronic pancreatitis and metabolic syndrome: mechanisms of development." Herald of Pancreatic Club 43, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33149/vkp.2019.02.02.
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In this article, the authors analyze a number of known and probable mechanisms involved in the formation of metabolic disorders upon chronic pancreatitis in comorbidity with metabolic syndrome. The issue of involvement of pancreatic endocrine apparatus in development of insulin resistance upon chronic pancreatitis, namely, the role of such a hormone as insulin, is highlighted. The role of this hormone in development of disorders of fat metabolism, obesity and arterial hypertension is presented. The authors emphasize the role of adrenal hormones, estrogen in the pathogenesis of both diseases. The issue of effect of endocrine function disorders on the state of external pancreatic secretion with subsequent development of disorders in the microbiota composition is considered (which also contributes to the progression of both diseases).
The data on presence of a possible relationship between the composition, functional activity of the intestinal microbiota and development of metabolic syndrome, chronic pancreatitis are given. The significance of intestinal microbiota in the maintenance of various vital processes of a healthy person, food digestion, as well as synthesis, metabolism, recycling, utilization of various biologically active substances (vitamins, hormones, steroids, immunoglobulins) and elimination of toxins is revealed. The role of microorganisms in the formation of feeding behavior via axis “intestinal microbiome — intestine — brain” is analyzed. Modern ideas on the ability of microorganisms to provoke formation of metabolic disorders upon chronic pancreatitis are presented. The data confirming connection of certain dysbiotic changes (increased ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, reduced number of Bacteroidetes and increased number of Firmicutes) with development of obesity, overweight, type 2 diabetes mellitus (known risk factors of metabolic syndrome) is given. It is suggested to prevent formation of metabolic syndrome in chronic pancreatitis by increasing the number of specimens of Bifidobacterium genus and Faecalibacteriumprausnitzii strains in the intestine.
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Crha, Karel, Pavel Ventruba, Jana Žáková, Michal Ješeta, Radovan Pilka, Jan Vodička, and Igor Crha. "The role of uterine microbiome and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in endometrial function." Medical Journal of Cell Biology 7, no. 3 (November 8, 2019): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acb-2019-0020.
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AbstractReproductive period in woman is characterized by cyclic changes of endometrium and its regeneration. The factors important for proper function of the endometrium are anatomical structure, hormonal control and signalling pathways on molecular-genetic level. New knowledge on uterine microbiome, mutual epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) of endometrial cells refine our conception of changes on cellular level, endometrial receptivity and possible causes of endometrial dysfunction. Substantial information on bacterial colonisation of endometrium were discovered by new diagnostic methods using analysis of ribosomal RNA in 16S subunit which are able to detect and exactly identify bacteria that are not detectable by classic cultivation methods. Endometrial microbiome prevents development of pathogenous microorganisms and modulates function of endometrial cells. It has been proven that stromal cells contribute to regeneration of not only the endometrial stroma, but also of the epithelium. Activity of ovarian steroids and other factors leads to EMT/MET, which ensures different functions of endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. The endometrial microbiome and mutual transition of stromal and epithelial endometrial cells are necessary for physiological functions of uterine mucosa including implantation and development of an embryo.Running title: Microbiome and cells transition in endometrial function
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Akharaiyi, Fred Coolborn, and Obehi Betsy Ugberase. "Preservative Effects of Gmelina arborea Fruits and Nauclea latifolia Stem Bark Extracts on Fruit Juice in Comparison with a Known Chemical Preservative." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aucft-2017-0017.
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AbstractFruit juices are liable to spoilage as a result of fermentation by microorganisms. This study is intended to provide information on preservative of fruit juices with plant extracts. The preservative effects ofGmelina arboreafruit andNauclea latifoliastem bark extracts in apple and pineapple juices were assessed in comparison to chemical preservative (sodium benzoate) as a positive control and refrigeration at 4 °C as a negative control measures. Decrease in microbial load during storage was observed in the prepared juice samples.G. arboreafruit extract in microbial inhibition was more potent followed by sodium benzoate andN. latifoliastem bark extract.G. arboreapreserved juices were of better choice in sensory evaluation for acceptability thanN. latifoliaand sodium benzoate preserved juices. Phytochemical screened from the extracts are saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and steroids. The titratable acidity of the prepared juices evaluatedG. arboreaof lower titratable acidity value thanN. latifolia. The results has provided a partial support for the use ofG. arboreafruits andN. latifoliastem bark extracts for preservation of fruit juices. The use ofN. latifoliaandG. arboreaas preservative agents have not been documented and could be potential sources of natural preservative agents for future use in preservation of alcoholic and non alcoholic beverages.
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Guo, Rixin, Ting Wang, Guohong Zhou, Mengying Xu, Xiankuo Yu, Xiao Zhang, Feng Sui, Chun Li, Liying Tang, and Zhuju Wang. "Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicity of Strychnos nux-vomica L.: A Review." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 46, no. 01 (January 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x18500015.
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Strychnos nux-vomica L. belongs to the genus Strychnos of the family Loganiaceae and grows in Sri Lanka, India and Australia. The traditional medicinal component is its seed, called Nux vomica. This study provides a relevant and comprehensive review of S. nux-vomica L., including its botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology, thus providing a foundation for future studies. Up to the present day, over 84 compounds, including alkaloids, iridoid glycosides, flavonoid glycosides, triterpenoids, steroids and organic acids, among others, have been isolated and identified from S. nux-vomica. These compounds possess an array of biological activities, including effects on the nervous system, analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions, antitumor effects, inhibition of the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and regulation of immune function. Furthermore, toxicity and detoxification methods are preliminarily discussed toward the end of this review. In further research on S. nux-vomica, bioactivity-guided isolation strategies should be emphasized. Its antitumor effects should be investigated further and in vivo animal experiments should be performed alongside in vitro testing. The pharmacological activity and toxicology of strychnine [Formula: see text]-oxide and brucine [Formula: see text]-oxide should be studied to explore the detoxification mechanism associated with processing more deeply.
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Yunus, Reni, Muhammad Hilam, and Satya Darmayani. "INHIBITION OF JUICE KOMBA-KOMBA (Chromolaenaodorata) LEAF AGAINST GROWTH OF BACTERIA Staphylococcus aureus." International Journal of Applied Biology 3, no. 1 (June 29, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ijab.v3i1.6062.
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Nowadays many plants can be used as traditional medicines to overcome various diseases including infections, because the use of traditional medicines is relatively safer compared to drugs derived from chemicals. One of the local plants in Southeast Sulawesi that has been empirically used as a medicine for wounds is a race of plants. Komba-komba leaves (Chromolaena odorata) containcompounds alkaloid, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, triterpenoids, saponins and steroids which have their respective functions in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms or antibacterial. This study aims to determine the inhibition of komba-komba leaf extract (Chromolaena odorata) on the growth ofbacteria Staphylococcus aureus. This type of research is experimental laboratories. The method used was agar diffusion with 5 treatment concentrations, namely komba-sheep leaf extract concentration (Chromolaena odorata) 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%, positive control (tetracycline) and negative control (aquadest) and repetition . The results showed that there was a inhibition zone of komba-komba leaf extract (Chromolaena odorata) on the growth ofbacteria Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 20% at 2 mm, a concentration of 40% at 3.7 mm, a concentration of 60% at 4.7 mm, a concentration of 80% 6.2 mm and a concentration of 100% by 8 mm.
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Salvador, Marcos J., Paulo S. Pereira, Suzelei C. França, Regina C. Candido, Izabel Y. Ito, and Diones A. Dias. "Bioactive Chemical Constituents and Comparative Antimicrobial Activity of Callus Culture and Adult Plant Extracts from Alternanthera tenella." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 64, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2009): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2009-5-612.
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Crude extracts of a callus culture (two culture media) and adult plants (two collections) from Alternanthera tenella Colla (Amaranthaceae) were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity, in order to investigate the maintenance of antimicrobial activity of the extracts obtained from plants in vivo and in vitro. The antibacterial and antifungal activity was determined against thirty strains of microorganisms including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and dermatophytes. Ethanolic and hexanic extracts of adult plants collected during the same period of the years 1997 and 2002 [Ribeirão Preto (SP), collections 1 and 2] and obtained from plant cell callus culture in two different hormonal media (AtT43 and AtT11) inhibited the growth of bacteria, yeasts and dermatophytes with inhibition halos between 6 and 20 mm. For the crude extracts of adult plants bioassay-guided fractionation, purification, and isolation were performed by chromatographic methods, and the structures of the isolated compounds were established by analysis of chemical and spectral evidences (UV, IR, NMR and ES-MS). Steroids, saponins and flavonoids (aglycones and C-glycosides) were isolated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the isolated compounds varied from 50 to 500 μg/mL
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Brunetti, Andrés E., Mariana L. Lyra, Weilan G. P. Melo, Laura E. Andrade, Pablo Palacios-Rodríguez, Bárbara M. Prado, Célio F. B. Haddad, Mônica T. Pupo, and Norberto P. Lopes. "Symbiotic skin bacteria as a source for sex-specific scents in frogs." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 6 (January 22, 2019): 2124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1806834116.
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Amphibians are known to possess a wide variety of compounds stored in their skin glands. While significant progress has been made in understanding the chemical diversity and biological relevance of alkaloids, amines, steroids, and peptides, most aspects of the odorous secretions are completely unknown. In this study, we examined sexual variations in the volatile profile from the skin of the tree frogBoana prasinaand combined culture and culture-independent methods to investigate if microorganisms might be a source of these compounds. We found that sesquiterpenes, thioethers, and methoxypyrazines are major contributors to the observed sex differences. We also observed that each sex has a distinct profile of methoxypyrazines, and that the chemical origin of these compounds can be traced to aPseudomonassp. strain isolated from the frog’s skin. This symbiotic bacterium was present in almost all individuals examined from different sites and was maintained in captive conditions, supporting its significance as the source of methoxypyrazines in these frogs. Our results highlight the potential relevance of bacteria as a source of chemical signals in amphibians and contribute to increasing our understanding of the role that symbiotic associations have in animals.
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Reyad-ul-Ferdous, Md, Ridwan Bin Rashid, Md Al Amin Sikder, Fahima Aktar, and Mohammad A. Rashid. "Preliminary In Vitro Biological and Phytochemical Screenings of Parmentiera cereifera Seem." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 15, no. 2 (November 12, 2012): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v15i2.12572.
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In this present study, the leaf extracts of Parmentiera cereifera were subjected to a comparative evaluation of the antioxidant capacities, phenol and polyphenols content, membrane stabilization, thrombolytic, antimicrobial activities and cytotoxicity to brine shrimps (Artemia salina). When the DPPH (1,1- Diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging effect was determined spectrophotometrically significant radical scavenging property was observed in crude methanol extract (ME) with IC50 of 21.95 ?g/ml. Here, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid (ASA) were used as standard antioxidants. The phenol and polyphenol content of the extractives varied between 56.84 to 89.58 mg of GAE/gm of dried extract. The thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities were assessed by using human erythrocyte and the results were compared with standard streptokinase (SK) and standard anti-inflammatory drug, acetyl salicylic acid (ASA), respectively. The extracts demonstrated significant toxicity to A. salina with LC50 values ranging from 6.07 to 7.83 ?g/ml as compared to standard Vincristine sulphate (VS, LC50 value 0.45 ?g/ml). On the other hand, the chloroform soluble fraction (CSF) of methanol extract revealed moderate antibacterial activity against some microorganisms used in the screening. Preliminary phytochemical investigation suggested the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids and steroids. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v15i2.12572 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 15(2): 103-106, 2012
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Youssef, Fadia S., Mohamed L. Ashour, Abdel Nasser B. Singab, and Michael Wink. "A Comprehensive Review of Bioactive Peptides from Marine Fungi and Their Biological Significance." Marine Drugs 17, no. 10 (September 29, 2019): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17100559.
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Fungal marine microorganisms are a valuable source of bioactive natural products. Fungal secondary metabolites mainly comprise alkaloids, terpenoids, peptides, polyketides, steroids, and lactones. Proteins and peptides from marine fungi show minimal human toxicity and less adverse effects comparable to synthetic drugs. This review summarizes the chemistry and the biological activities of peptides that were isolated and structurally elucidated from marine fungi. Relevant fungal genera including Acremonium, Ascotricha, Aspergillus, Asteromyces, Ceratodictyon, Clonostachys, Emericella, Exserohilum, Microsporum, Metarrhizium, Penicillium, Scytalidium, Simplicillium, Stachylidium, Talaromyces, Trichoderma, as well as Zygosporium were extensively reviewed. About 131 peptides were reported from these 17 genera and their structures were unambiguously determined using 1D and 2D NMR (one and two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance) techniques in addition to HRMS (high resolution mass spectrometry). Marfey and Mosher reactions were used to confirm the identity of these compounds. About 53% of the isolated peptides exhibited cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and antiviral activity, meanwhile, few of them showed antidiabetic, lipid lowering, and anti-inflammatory activity. However 47% of the isolated peptides showed no activity with respect to the examined biological activity and thus required further in depth biological assessment. In conclusion, when searching for bioactive natural products, it is worth exploring more peptides of fungal origin and assessing their biological activities.
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Usman, Abdulrasheed Halliru, T. Ali, and A. G. Danjani. "PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES OF STEM-BARK EXTRACTS OF ANOGEISSUSLEIOCARPUS FOUND IN DUTSIN-MA, KATSINA - NIGERIA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-209.
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Preliminary characterization of phytocompounds from stem bark of Anogeissusleiocarpus and its antimicrobial effects was carried out in this study. Concentrated and dried extracts obtained, after extraction of the plant material, were subjected to phytochemical screening and FT-IR analysis. Part of extracts obtained were used for antimicrobial studies on eleven pathogenic clinical isolates namely Methicillin resistant Staphylococcusaureus, Vancomycin resistant enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Candida krusei, Candida albicans and Candida stellatoidea using standard protocols. Phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and reducing sugars. FT-IR's spectroscopic analysis showed characteristic peaks of alcohols, ethers, esters, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones and amines groups matching with some of the metabolites’ functionalities already reported in literature. The plant extracts were active against all the test organisms (MIC ranged from 5.0 mg / ml to 1.25 mg / ml; MBC/MFC ranged from 10 mg / ml to 2.5 mg / ml) except Methicillin resistant Staphylococcusaureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Candida krusei. It can be concluded that the stem-bark of Anogeissusleiocarpus contains phytochemicals that have potentials to be developed into antimicrobial drugs useful for the treatment of diseases caused by those microorganisms the plant indicated activity against it.
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Ogidi, Olusola Clement, Victor Olusegun Oyetayo, and Bamidele Juliet Akinyele. "In VitroEvaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Extracts Obtained from Raw and Fermented Wild Macrofungus,Lenzites quercina." International Journal of Microbiology 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/106308.
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In recent time, there is a major concern about antibiotic resistance displayed by some pathogenic microorganisms and this had involved a continuous search for natural antimicrobial products. The phytochemistry as well as antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained fromLenzites quercinawas investigated. The extracts and purified fractions were, respectively, tested against indicator organisms using agar well diffusion and disc diffusion methods. The quantity of phytochemicals found in the extracts ofL. quercinaranged from 14.4 to 20.7 mg/g for alkaloids, 6.1 to 12.8 mg/g for steroids, 4.5 to 10.6 mg/g for saponins, 2.8 to 17.2 mg/g for terpenoids, and 0.41 to 17.1 mg/g for flavonoids. The gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GCMS) analysis of the extract reveals the presence of caprylic acid, stearic acid, tetradecanoic acid, methyl-11-octadecenoate, oleic acid, and 4-methyl-2-propyl-1-pentanol. Extracts ofL. quercinaand its purified fractions exhibited wider range of inhibition (4 mm to 26 mm) onStaphylococcus aureus(ATCC 29213),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(ATCC 27853),Escherichia coli(ATCC 35218), Methicillin ResistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA),Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, andAspergillus niger. The antimicrobial effects ofL. quercinaextracts indicate that this wild macrofungus contains significant amount of pharmacological agents, which could be extracted to curb the menace of antibiotic resistances by pathogenic organisms.
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Nzeako, J., G. I. Ndukwe, J. D. Habila, E. A. Oluwabukola, and I. Owoicho. "Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Analysis of Fadogia andersonii Robyn Plant Extrac." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 2 (April 15, 2021): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i2.13.
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Medicinal plants extracts are now generally considered as effective medicines that play a major role in modern pharmacy. The plant Fadogia andersonii belonging to the Family Rubiaceae, which is used in ethno-medicine was studied. Preliminary phytochemical analyses of the whole plant revealed the presence of the following metabolites: Saponins, terpenes, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides and carbohydrates. Anthraquinones was found to be absent. Antimicrobial screening of the methanol plant’s extract carried out (in vitro) on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albican and Aspergillus flavus showed that the extract has activity on the tested microorganisms. However, it showed no inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli. The extract was found to inhibit the growth of S. aureus, B. cereus, S. pyogenes and C. albican at 25mg/ml with a corresponding MBC at 50mg/ml. S.typhi and S. pneumonia were inhibited at 50mg/ml with a corresponding MBC at 100mg/ml. It also inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia and A. flavus at 100mg/ml with a corresponding MBC at 200mg/ml. The observed antimicrobial effects were believed to be due to the presence of active principles which were detected in the phytochemical screening.
Keywords: Phytochemicals, Antimicrobials, Fadogia andersonii Robyn
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El-Saber Batiha, Gaber, Luay M. Alkazmi, Lamiaa G. Wasef, Amany Magdy Beshbishy, Eman H. Nadwa, and Eman K. Rashwan. "Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae): Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities." Biomolecules 10, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10020202.
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Herbal medicinal products have been documented as a significant source for discovering new pharmaceutical molecules that have been used to treat serious diseases. Many plant species have been reported to have pharmacological activities attributable to their phytoconstituents such are glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenes, etc. Syzygium aromaticum (clove) is a traditional spice that has been used for food preservation and possesses various pharmacological activities. S. aromaticum is rich in many phytochemicals as follows: sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, hydrocarbon, and phenolic compounds. Eugenyl acetate, eugenol, and β-caryophyllene are the most significant phytochemicals in clove oil. Pharmacologically, S. aromaticum has been examined toward various pathogenic parasites and microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria, Plasmodium, Babesia, Theileria parasites, Herpes simplex, and hepatitis C viruses. Several reports documented the analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antiseptic, anti-depressant, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial activity of eugenol against several pathogenic bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus. Moreover, eugenol was found to protect against CCl4−induced hepatotoxicity and showed a potential lethal efficacy against the multiplication of various parasites including Giardia lamblia, Fasciola gigantica, Haemonchus contortus, and Schistosoma mansoni. This review examines the phytochemical composition and biological activities of clove extracts along with clove essential oil and the main active compound, eugenol, and implicates new findings from gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis.
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Antu Kurrey, Lata Sharma, and Shishir Tiwari. "Evaluation of the Phytochemical and Antibacterial characteristics of leaf extracts of Xanthium strumarium L. against Bacteria." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 725–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1885.
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Plants are one of the large sources of herbal medicines. Many plants have the capability to produce some bioactive constituents which give defense against microorganisms like bacteria and fungi and also from insects. Xanthium strumarium L. is a wild plant that grows like a weed. Leaves of Xanthium strumarium L. were subjected for extraction in 4 different solvents viz. methanol, chloroform, aqueous, and ethanol. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of methanol, chloroform, aqueous, and ethanol extracts prepared from leaves of Xanthium strumarium L. The antibacterial activity was assessed by using the agar well diffusion assay against tested bacterial strain, Escherichia coli (CGSC 4312) and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 9634). Phytochemical analysis has revealed that Xanthium strumarium L. has most of the significant phytoconstituents like Saponins, Terpenoids, Flavanoids, Phenol, steroids, Anthraquinones, Tannins, Alkaloids, Glycosides, and Carbohydrate. The zone of inhibition was measured and compared by standard antibiotic streptomycin. The outcome of the present work showed that chloroform extract (400µg/ml) showed maximum inhibition against E. Coli (23mm), and Ethanol extract(400µg/ml) showed maximum inhibition against Bacillus subtilis (24mm). The result divulged the presence of antibacterial activity of different extracts of Xanthium strumarium L.against human pathogenic bacteria. Thus, this plant has many active compounds that can be used for the development of various potent drugs.
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Khannoon, Eraqi R., Kamar K. H. Mohammed, and Ahmed I. Dakrory. "Skin-derived semiochemicals of the lacertid lizard Acanthodactylus boskianus." Amphibia-Reptilia 37, no. 4 (2016): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003074.
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Skin lipids impede transcutaneous water loss in several species of squamate reptiles and act as a barrier to harmful microorganisms; they play an additional role as chemical cues involved in chemical communication eliciting behavioral responses in intra- and interspecific interactions. While studies till now give little detailed information on the nature of skin slough, the femoral gland secretions of the lacertid lizardAcanthodactylus boskianushave been analyzed and the chemical profile is known for the species. In the present study we use GC-MS analysis of skin slough to focus on the chemical composition of skin in the xeric-adapted lacertid lizardA. boskianusand compare this to its femoral secretions. In the shed skin we detected steroids, alcohols, carboxylic acids, alkanes, aldehydes, carboxylic acid esters, squalene, monoglycerides of fatty acids, glycerol monoethers of long chain alcohols, and 1,3 alkanediol, which are the same chemical groups already found in the femoral secretions of this species. However, the relative percentages of these compounds in skin slough differ from those known for femoral secretions. While the compounds characterizing skin slough are qualitatively similar to femoral secretions, they could represent an adaptation to hot and dry habitats ofA. boskianus. With regard to the characteristic chemical profiles for different sexes, there is not enough evidence to support their possible role as chemosignals, and behavioral experiments should be performed to test the possible use of skin shedding in intraspecific communication.
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Shittu, AO, A. Aliyu, MS David, NS Njinga, and HI Ishaq. "Potential Antibacterial Activity of Two Important Local Chewing Sticks “Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus” along with Antioxidant Capacities." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 18, no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v18i2.44462.
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In order to authenticate and ascertain the various claim by the rural dwellers that depend on chewing sticks for their oral hygiene and protection against innumerable diseases, the antibacterial activity of the roots of Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus were evaluated. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. In-vitro antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts of both plants was also carried out using the agar well diffusion method against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhii ATCC 14028, Citrobacter freundii ATCC 8090 and also some clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis at different concentrations and ratios. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the extracts contained alkaloids, saponin, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and phenol. All the test microorganisms were susceptible to the inhibitory effect of the extracts at concentrations of 200 mg/ml and 500 mg/ml. F. zanthoxyloides had better antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 21.0 to 26.0 mm at 200 mg/ml and 24.3 to 29.3 mm at 500 mg/ml while D. benthamianus had zones of inhibition ranging from 17.7 to 26.7 mm at 200 mg/mL and 19.0 to 26.7 mm at 500 mg/mL. Some of the test microorganisms were resistant to the standard antibiotics (cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin). Combinations of the extracts in ratios 50:50 and 75:25 yielded no increase in activity. The MIC and MBC for D. benthamianus ranged from 6.25 mg/ml to 100 mg/mL and 25 to 200 mg/ml, respectively while that of F. zanthoxyloides ranged from 1.56 mg/ml to 12.5 mg/mL and 50 to 200 mg/ml, respectively. The antimicrobial activity demonstrated by F. zanthoxyloides and D. benthamianus indicates that they would be valuable in the management of urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts infections while at the same time helping to mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Phenolic compounds of plants, among them flavonoids are the chief constituents, which have potent antioxidant activities
Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 18(2): 223-232, 2019 (December)
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Fartyal, Meenakshi. "ALLAMANDA CATHARTICA LINN.: EXTRACTION AND PHARMACEUTICAL EVALUATION OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF LEAVES AND FLOWERS." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 8, no. 4 (October 18, 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2016v8i4.15272.
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Objective: Extraction and evaluation of the antifungal activity of extracts from leaves and flowers of Allamanda cathartica (Apocynaceae) Linn.Methods: Leaves and flowers of A. cathartica were collected, dried and extracted by using well-established methods for alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and crude extracts in polar and non-polar solvents. Extracts were screened for antifungal activity using ‘Disc Diffusion Assay’ against Candida albicans (Yeast), Aspergillus flavus and Tricophyton mentagrophyte (fungi). Inhibition zone (IZ), Activity index (AI), Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and Total activity (TA) were studied. Mean and standard deviation has also been calculated.Results: C. albicans found to be the most susceptible organism while T. mentagrophyte found to be resistant. Alkaloid of leaf (IZ= 22 mm, AI= 0.65±0.02, MIC= 0.156 mg/ml, MFC= 0.078 mg/ml, TA= 278.85 ml/g) showed the best activity against C. albicans. Pet ether extract (IZ= 12 mm, AI= 0.40±0.02, MIC= 0.312 mg/ml, MFC= 0.156 mg/ml, TA= 57.24 ml/g) and water extract (IZ= 13 mm, AI= 0.43±0.02, MIC= 0.312 mg/ml, MFC= 0.156 mg/ml, TA= 49.68 ml/g) of flower also showed very good activities against C. albicans. The range of MIC and MFC found to be 1.25-0.156 mg/ml and 0.625-0.078 mg/ml, respectively.Conclusion: Results indicate the good antifungal potency of extracts against tested microorganisms. Hence, may be explored for the formation of new antifungal drugs.
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Chowdhury, Tanmay, Goutam Kumar Basak, Putchen Dakshinamoorthy Deepalakshmi, Soumen Saha, and Amitava Mandal. "Metabolomics using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and antibacterial activity of nine Ocimum taxa of Dakshin Dinajpur district, West Bengal, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2508.
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Ocimum traditionally known as Holy Basil or Tulsi is an available herb plenty across the country. Traditionally, it is used against a number of human diseases. In this present study, the metabolites present in the ethanolic extracts of nine Ocimum taxa, O. tenuiflorum L. (Green and purple type) two morphotypes of O. basilicum L., (Babu and Marua tulsi) two morphotypes of O. gratissimum L. (Ram and Ajowan tulsi) and each one from O. americanum L. (Bon tulsi), O. × africanum Lour. (Lebu tulsi), and O. kilimandscharicum Guerke.grown naturally in Dakshin Dinajpur district, West Bengal, India were identified using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among the identified metabolites, carbohydrates, aliphatic alcohols, aliphatic acids, fused ring aromatic hydrocarbon, amino acids, phenolic compounds, quinone, steroids, terpenoids and vitamin E were the chief constituents. The occurrence of these metabolites describes the high biological activity of Ocimum species. Furthermore, in vitro antibacterial activities were also identified against four bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Bacillus cereus (MTCC 1305), Proteus vulgaris (MTCC 1771) and Escherichia coli (MTCC 2939). Tested bacterial strains were taken from the Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India The results indicated that the ethanolic extracts of all the nine Ocimum taxa have satisfactory minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against the tested microorganisms. O. tenuiflorum has the highest (91.03 %) metabolic content whereas O. × africanum has the minimum. This would definitely serve as a scientific basis of the traditional use of basil against human ailments.
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Mahato, Shashi B., and Sukdeb Banerjee. "Steroid transformations by microorganisms—II." Phytochemistry 24, no. 7 (January 1985): 1403–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)81035-3.
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Groh, Helmut, Karin Schade, and Cläre Hörhold-Schubert. "Steroid metabolism with intestinal microorganisms." Journal of Basic Microbiology 33, no. 1 (1993): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jobm.3620330115.
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Mahato, Shashi B., Sukdeb Banerjee, and Sankar Podder. "Steroid transformations by microorganisms-III." Phytochemistry 28, no. 1 (1989): 7–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)85002-2.
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Norris, Nicholas, Bruce Schlomer, and Bhaskar Gurram. "URINARY BLADDER NECROSIS - AN EXTRAINTESTINAL MANIFESTATION OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE IN A PEDIATRIC PATIENT." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 27, Supplement_1 (January 1, 2021): S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izaa347.042.
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Abstract Extraintestinal manifestations are common in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and genitourinary complications are known, including nephrolithiasis, fistulas, and ureteral obstruction. Bladder involvement is less common, and limited to cystitis including xanthogranulomatous cystitis. Bladder necrosis has not been previously described in association with IBD. Here, we describe an unusual case of IBD associated with total bladder necrosis at the time of initial diagnosis. An 8-year-old female with a history of chronic microcytic anemia presented with 1 week of hematochezia, hematuria, and fever with associated abdominal pain. Her exam was significant for mild lower quadrant abdominal tenderness including the suprapubic area, but was otherwise unremarkable. Blood work showed microcytic anemia and mild thrombocytopenia, elevated inflammatory markers, and hypoalbuminemia. Infectious workup was unremarkable. Upon admission, she developed oliguria and hypertension and rapidly progressed to renal failure requiring dialysis catheter placement and renal replacement therapy. A kidney biopsy revealed acute tubular injury but showed no glomerular involvement and had no evidence of hemolytic uremic syndrome or vasculitis. Imaging obtained including CT of her abdomen showed a thickened transverse colon and a thickened bladder wall with dilation of the renal collecting system, worse on the left. Bladder biopsy showed full-thickness necrosis of unclear etiology and had negative staining for microorganisms. She had bilateral nephrostomy tubes placed for drainage of her kidneys and her renal function subsequently returned to normal. MR imaging also revealed necrosis and confirmed complete bladder involvement. Her renal failure was presumed to be a secondary to ureterovesical junction obstruction from the bladder necrosis. She underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy due to persistent hematochezia. The EGD was unremarkable. Her colonoscopy was grossly abnormal with evidence of colitis from the cecum to the rectum. Biopsies revealed both active and chronic inflammation with sparing of the terminal ileum, and immunohistochemical staining for infection was negative. Capsule endoscopy was largely unremarkable. She was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis and started on steroids and sulfasalazine. Her abdominal pain and stool consistency improved and her bloody stools resolved. Steroids were tapered and she continued sulfasalazine as maintenance therapy. This case presents a novel association of IBD and bladder necrosis. Vascular obstruction secondary to a hypercoagulable state might explain such an event, but this seems less likely given the diffuse nature of bladder involvement. A clinical index of suspicion for bladder involvement and/or necrosis is warranted in patients with IBD who present with obstructive urinary symptoms or hematuria.
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FALANA, Mansurat B., and Quadri O. NURUDEEN. "Analysis of secondary metabolites and in vitro evaluation of extracts of Carica papaya and Azadirachta indica leaves on selected human pathogens." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb12110541.
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Extraction of the leaves of Carica papaya (family Caricaceae) and Azadirachta indica (family Meliacea) were done using solvents with varying polarities (acetone, hexane and ethylacetate). The crude extracts were screened for phytoconstituents using the preliminary method and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for separation and quantification of the constituents. Susceptibility of three medically important microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida alblicans) to the solvent extracts was tested at 100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL concentrations the disc diffusion technique. Tannins, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids and anthraquinone were present in all the solvent extracts of A. indica and C. papaya. Protein was present in all the solvent extracts of A. indica but absent in all the solvent extracts of C. papaya. Terpenoid was only present in hexane extract of A. indica but absent in other solvent extracts of A. indica and C. papaya. Flavonoid was present in all but only absent in ethylacetate extract of A. indica. Glycoside was present in all but absent in hexane extract of A. indica. Coumarin was only present in acetone extracts of both plants and absent in other solvent extracts of the two plants. Extracts of Carica papaya and Azadirachta indica displayed varying inhibitory activities (between 5.00-15.00 mm) against the organisms at all the tested concentrations. Acetone extract of A. indica produced zones of inhibition ranging from 5.00-14.00 mm while acetone extract of C. papaya produces a range of 4.00-10.00 mm. Also, hexane extract of A. indica produced inhibition range of 7.00-10.00 mm whereas hexane extract of C. papaya produces a range of 5.00-15.00 mm. However, ethylacetate extract of A. indica produced inhibition range of 5.00-13.67 mm, while ethylacetate extract of C. papaya produce a range of 5.00-15.00 mm. Different compounds quantified as different peaks by HPLC in the different solvent extracts of Carica papaya are acacic acid, genistein, protodioscin, betulinic acid, phorbolester, creptolepinone, brusatol and alpha ionone while the fractions from the solvent extracts of Azadirachta indica are myricetin, azadirachtol, azadirachtin a, pentadecane, phytol, azadirachnol, quercetin, b caryophyllen, alpha ionone, ascaridole, trams.b.farnes. Results obtained in this work indicated that all the solvent extracts of Carica papaya and Azadirachta indica contained active phytoconstituents and the extracts displayed good potentials at preventing diseases associated with the microorganisms tested in this work.