Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Steve Biko'

The complexity and dynamism of society provides the sociologist with interesting challenges. The methods and instruments we use to study and understand society have to evolve with the same dynamism. This minor dissertation investigates sociological theory in South Africa. The primary aim of this dissertation is to determine if one can produce or derive sociological theory from the work of black South Africans, specifically Steve Biko. To this end one has to disseminate the idea of sociological theory and consider how it is constructed. It is also important to highlight the contextual and progressive nature of theory. To illustrate this, I briefly outline the development of sociology as an academic discipline. In addition I consider the implications of macro and micro theory, paying particular attention to Marxism and Weberianism. This is exemplary in terms of showing the contextual relevance and the progressive thinking which inform social theory. It is widely acknowledged that Comte, Marx, Durkheim and Weber were the founding fathers of sociology. I consider the contributions of Ntsikana, Tiyo Soga, Anton Lembede, Pixley Seme and finally Steve Biko as a means of demonstrating the potential local intellectual to inform a new social theory The nature of this research dictated the use of a qualitative research design. The review of literature and biographical accounts were used to construct the lineage of South African intellectuals. The key intellectual considered in this paper is Steve Biko. The source of the data was his salient work: "I Write What I Like". Thematic analysis was used to analyse the relevant texts, mainly the Miles Huberman approach. This allowed me to identify the key analytical constructs of Steve Biko's work. These analytical constructs would be the foundation of a possible sociological theory.

Bibliography: leaves 129-135.
The topic is "Steve Bantu Biko: Politician, 'Historian' and 'Proponent' of African Traditional Religion". It is known by everybody that Steve Bantu Biko was a politician. This has been revealed by his teachings, what his contemporaries have written and by his commitment to the course of the struggle. He displayed a commitment to the struggle for freedom of the oppressed blacks in South Africa. His ideology was 'Black Consciousness' which was a threat to the regime and an affirmation and a creation of true humanity for the oppressed. What became clear is the fact that there is a difference between a politician and a freedom fighter. To describe him as a freedom fighter is more appropriate than a politician. He was denied free political activity by the apartheid regime which clamped down on all opponents labelling them as 'un-Christian', 'heretic', 'rebels', 'agitators' and 'terrorists'. The 'Black Consciousness' ideology was viewed by the state as subversive. The question arises, how could a person who encouraged black community programmes and black unity be regarded as a terrorist? Fear from the whites of a black majority government is the cause for such an attitude. He was indeed a man of peace, an activist and not a terrorist. It has been noticeable that politics, history and religion are inseparable. This is a response to those who wonder what politics has to do with religion.

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Our objective with this work is to make known Instituto Cultural Steve Biko (ICSB) of the city of Salvador, appeared in 1992 with an educative proposal that presents among others objectives to favor the entrance of the biggest possible number of young afro-Brazilians from the periphery of the related city in the public and private universities. The study of this institute becomes pertinent for being this institution the pioneer, in Brazil, directed toward the afro-descendant population and also belonging to a group of institutions that exceed 1500 units in Brazil. We place our attention on the influence of the religion in this institute, once this influence is in the foundation of the traditions of African origin. Then, our reflections will be directed to perceive which is the parcel of participation of the religion while motivation for the search of the citizenship in the educative proposal of the ICSB. In order to make this discovery we will appraise religion, citizenship, negritude, ethnic identity, black conscience and collective memory. These itens and its respective relations with the afro-Brazilian community and its concrete situations will help us in the rework of an afro-Brazilian identity, while possibility of resistance in the fight against the racial discrimination.
O nosso objetivo com este trabalho é fazer conhecido o Instituto Cultural Steve Biko (ICSB) da cidade de Salvador, surgido em 1992 com uma proposta educativa que apresenta entre outros objetivos favorecer a entrada do maior número possível de jovens afro-brasileiros da periferia da referida cidade nas universidades públicas e privadas. O estudo deste instituto se torna pertinente por ser esta instituição a pioneira, no Brasil, voltada para a população afrodescendente e também pertencer a um grupo de instituições que passam de 1500 unidades em todo o Brasil. A nossa atenção se volta para a influência da religião neste instituto, uma vez que a mesma está no alicerce das tradições de origem africana. Então, nossas reflexões serão direcionadas para percebermos qual a parcela de participação da religião enquanto motivação para a busca da cidadania na proposta educativa do ICSB. A fim de fazermos esta descoberta procuraremos conceituar religião, cidadania, negritude, identidade étnica, consciência negra e memória coletiva. Estes itens e suas respectivas relações com a comunidade afrobrasileira e suas situações concretas deverão nos ajudar na reelaboração de uma identidade afro-brasileira, enquanto possibilidade de resistência na luta contra a discriminação racial.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis explores the ways in which the censors during the apartheid era responded to the works of three black liberation theorists; namely Frantz Fanon, Amilcar Cabral and Steve Biko. Although other studies of apartheid‐era censorship have been published, this is the first to examine the censors’ reactions to the work of key African liberation writers. Apartheid in South Africa brought with it a stringent system of governance, which included a board of censors who would decide, according their interpretation of the laws of the time, whether a publication was considered to be “desirable” or “not undesirable.” One of the major themes examined in the thesis is the interface and tension between the specific and the transnational. As we shall see, all three liberation theorists put forward Pan‐African ideas of liberation, but often explicated upon the specificities of their particular liberation struggles. In a strange act of mirroring, while upholding the idea of South Africa as “a special case” (exempt from the norms of international human rights law), the apartheid‐era censors were concerned about the spread of Pan‐African theories of liberation. Beginning with Fanon, I speculate on the reason why Black Skin White Masks was not banned in South Africa, though Fanon’s later works to enter the country were banned. I also examine Gillo Pontecorvo’s film The Battle of Algiers, which was influenced by Fanon’s theories, and censorship, arguing that the “likely readers” or “likely viewers” of revolutionary material included not only possible revolutionaries, but also paranoid networks of counterinsurgency. I then move on to examine the apartheid censors’ responses to the works of Amilcar Cabral, outlining the interface and tension between local and continental as described above. The final chapter, which deals with the censors’ responses to Steve “Bantu” Biko’s I Write What I Like as well as Donald Wood’s Biko, the film Cry Freedom and other Biko related texts and memorabilia, has some surprises about the supposedly “liberal” censors’ responses to what they deemed to be “undesirable” and “not undesirable” literature.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis verken die manier waarop die sensuurraad tydens die apartheidera gereageer het op die werk van drie swart bevrydingsteoretici, by name Frantz Fanon, Amilcar Cabral en Steve Biko. Hoewel daar wel ander studies oor apartheidera‐sensuur die gepubliseer is, is hierdie die eerste studie wat die sensuurraad se reaksie op die werk van sleutel‐Afrikabevrydingskrywers verken. Apartheid het ‘n streng beheerstelsel in Suid‐Afrika tot gevolg gehad wat ‘n sensuurraad ingesluit het wat volgens sy interpretasie van die toenmalige wette kon besluit of ‘n publikasie “wenslik” of “nie‐wenslik” was. Een van die hooftemas wat in hierdie tesis ondersoek word is die interaksie en spanning tussen die spesifieke en die transnasionale. Soos sal blyk, het al drie bevrydingsteoretici Pan‐Afrikanistiese idees van bevryding ondersteun, maar dikwels die besondere van hul spesifieke bevrydingstryd uiteengesit. Die apartheidera‐sensors se kommer oor die verspreiding van die Pan‐ Afrikanistiese bevrydingsteorië, terwyl hulle die idee van Suid‐Afrika as “’n spesiale geval” (vrygestel van die norme van internasionale menseregtewetgewing) voorgehou het, was ‘n ironiese spieëlbeeld hiervan. Ek begin by Fanon en bespiegel oor die redes waarom Black Skin White Masks nooit in Suid‐Afrika verbied was nie hoewel Fanon se latere werk wat die land binnegekom het, wel verbied was. Ek ondersoek ook Gillo Pontecorvo se film The Battle of Algiers wat deur Fanon se teorië beïnvloed is, en argumenteer dat die “waarskynlike lesers” en “waarskynlike kykers” van revolusionêre materiaal nie slegs moontlike revolusionêre ingesluit het nie, maar ook paranoïede netwerke van teeninsurgensie. Ek gaan voort deur die reaksie van die apartheidera‐sensors op die werke van Amilcar Cabral te ondersoek en die interaksie en spanning tussen die plaaslike en die kontinentale, soos hierbo beskryf, uit te lig. Die slothoofstuk, wat handel oor die sensuurraad se reaksie op Steve “Bantu” Biko se I Write What I Like, asook Donald Woods se Biko, die film Cry Freedom en ander Biko‐verwante tekste en memorabilia, bevat verrassings omtrent die sogenaamde “liberale” sensors se reaksies op wat hulle as “wenslike” en “nie‐wenslike” literatuur beskou het.

This study contemplates the development of a South African critical race theory (CRT) with reference to the thought of Steve Biko. From a long view, the aim of this research is to bring the insights of the Black Radical Tradition to bear on the study of law and jurisprudence with particular focus on the problem of “post-­apartheid South Africa”. Working from the scene of the “afterlife” of colonial-­apartheid and situated at the intersection of critical race theory (CRT) and Black Consciousness (BC), this study aims to develop an alternative approach to law and jurisprudence that could respond to the persistence of race and racism as the deep and fundamental fault-­lines of post-­1994 South Africa. The transition to a “new” South Africa, undergirded by the discourses of human rights, nation-­building and reconciliation and underwritten by a liberal and Western constitution followed a path of change and transformation which has resulted in the reproduction of colonial-­apartheid power relations. Settler-­colonial white supremacy as both a structure of power and a symbolic order continues to determine, shape and organise the South African socio-­economic, cultural, political, psychic and juridical landscape. This foregoing problem has remained largely unthought in the South African legal academy and therefore this research takes up the task of recalling the thought, memory and politics of Steve Biko in search of a critical and liberatory perspective that could counter dominant theoretical and jurisprudential accounts of the past and present. The study therefore explores Biko’s historical interpretation of the South African reality and his theorisation of concepts such race, identity and liberation and retrieves these in order to critique and contest both post-­1994 law, society and jurisprudence as well as the faulty epistemological, historical, and ideological terms on which they are based. In the end, the study proposes to read Biko’s thought as standing in the guise of a jurisprudence of liberation or post-­conquest jurisprudence which unsettles the very foundations of “post”-­apartheid law and reason.
Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Jurisprudence
DPhil
Unrestricted

The research presented in “Creating Identity” investigates Black identity formation within the Steve Biko Cultural Institute (Biko) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, a pre-vestibular – or college entrance exam preparation course – for Afro-Brazilian high school and aspiring college students. The curriculum, Cidadania e Consciência Negra (Black Consciousness and Citizenship; abbreviated CCN) serves as a vital pillar to the institutional approach to Black identity. In a Eurocentric society like Brazil and a world where Black identity is largely discriminated against including in educational spaces, Biko represents a movement to combat the exclusion of Afro-descendant youth from university, improve self-esteem and perceptions of the value of Black identity, and change who graduates from Bahia state universities. Over the course of nine months, in 2015 and 2016, field data were collected in the city of Salvador, Brazil and at the Biko institute. Since the research was cross-linguistic, cross-cultural, and hosted internationally, I assumed a methodologically narrative approach. The research design incorporated a survey, interviews, observations, and document analysis. Forty-two students completed surveys, twenty-six Biko students, staff and alumni participated in interviews, and well over 400 hours of participatory field observation were completed. Policy, demographic and curricular documents were also analyzed. CCN heavily influenced participants’ identity development through student and teacher discourse. The institution is a center of critical activism in the community. Aside from being a major part of the instructional approach to preparation for the college entrance exam, CCN heavily influenced the relationships between participants and their families and friends over newly affirmed Black identities. Although Biko students and alumni became more socially alert to the racial issues in their communities, they remain at risk of being racially profiled. Additionally, understanding blackness through the eyes of participants required an understanding of class and gender structures in Brazil. One major implication of the research for the participants is: blackness is CCN is Biko. Thereby, knowledge production and interaction with universities by Biko students are heavily influenced by Biko tenets and ideologies discussing race and racism, prejudice, discrimination, women’s rights, and economic development.

Anaemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) mostly results from a decrease in the production of erythropoietin (EPO) by the failing kidney. CKD progression requires treatment with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and iron supplementation to ensure sufficient erythrocyte production. Best clinical practice guidelines should be adhered to in managing CKD to reduce morbidity and mortality related to anaemia associated cardiovascular disease. Likewise, guideline deviations create an increased strain on the resources of the treatment facility. It is uncertain to which extent these guidelines are followed by Nephrology Units in the public healthcare sector, or whether the documented international trends are prevalent locally due to the paucity of local data, and therefore further investigation is warranted. This study aimed to assess treatment trends in managing anaemia in CKD patients at the Steve Biko Academic Hospital (SBAH). Files of patients receiving treatment at the SBAH Nephrology Unit between 2 January 2018 - 31 August 2018 were reviewed. Only individuals with stage 5 CKD receiving either haemodialysis, or peritoneal dialysis were included, while those with less than three months’ treatment were excluded. Measured variables included demographical information, current EPO treatment and/or iron supplementation regimens versus serum haemoglobin/iron levels and quantity of administered blood products. Ninety-seven patients met the inclusion criteria. Haemodialysis accounted for 43% (n = 42), and peritoneal dialysis 57% (n = 55). Intergroup comparison between the number of results where both haemoglobin and iron were within the target range versus the number of results where both parameters fell outside the target range yielded a significant difference (p = 0.0031). Patients receiving peritoneal dialysis reached serum haemoglobin and iron levels closer to normal target values compared to those receiving haemodialysis. Managing anaemia in CKD is a complex process. More stringent iron control, especially for patients receiving haemodialysis, including the administration of long-acting EPO preparations once a month, is proposed. The latter will contribute to the improvement of clinical outcomes of patients with CKD. Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, anaemia, erythropoiesis stimulating agent, haemoglobin, iron
Dissertation (MSc (Pharmacology))--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Pharmacology
MSc (Pharmacology)
Unrestricted

Thesis (MSc ( Med In Pharmacy)) -- University of Limpopo (Medunsa
Summary Summary Summary The words “researcher” and “pharmacist” are used interchangeably. In the last two decades, the role of the pharmacist has been expanding beyond product orientated functions, such as procurement, stock control and dispensing, towards patient centered functions, in which the pharmacist assumes responsibility for treatment outcomes as part of the health care team. This research aimed to assess the need for the provision of pharmaceutical care from the pharmacist to the surgical wards of Steve Biko Academic Hospital. The objectives of the study were to determine the role of the pharmacist in the general surgical wards, to assist in the design of an antimicrobial ward protocol for the surgical wards, to record and assess antimicrobial patterns in the surgical wards, to describe and categorize the interventions performed by a pharmacist during the provision of pharmaceutical care, to identify factors which limited the provision of pharmaceutical care and provide recommendations for future undertakings, to calculate the cost implications of pharmaceutical care interventions made, to assess the time spent on interventions performed by a pharmacist during the provision of pharmaceutical care and to determine if the medical staff members in the surgical unit feel there is a need for the pharmacist providing pharmaceutical services to the wards. The study was conducted in the surgical wards of Steve Biko Academic Hospital. The study design was a cross-sectional operational study in which 62 patients were recruited over the eight week period. A pilot study was conducted to validate the data collection instruments. The data was analyzed with the assistance of a statistician using various statistical methods for the different variables in the study. ix Of the 62 study patients, 33 were female and 29 were male. The female-to-male ratio of the study patients was thus 1:0.88. The average age of the patient population, was 52.5 ± 17.2 years, with a range of 15 to 88 years. The mean duration of stay for the study patients was 8.9 days, with a range 1 to 111 days. A total of 120 diagnoses were made for the 62 study patients. Conditions diagnosed most frequently included conditions affecting the gastro-intestinal tract (38 patients), conditions affecting the cardiovascular system (28 patients), conditions affecting the endocrine system (14 patients) and infections (12 patients). The five medicines used most frequently in terms of numbers of patients and duration of therapy were paracetamol (53 patients, 277 patient-days), morphine/papaverine/codeine (41 patients, 155 patient-days), enoxaparin sodium (24 patients, 113 patient-days), co-amoxiclav (21 patients, 101 patient-days) and metoclopramide (22 patients, 90 patient-days). A total 188 interventions were made and documented during the study period and 153 (81.4%) interventions were accepted. The number of interventions suggested ranged from 0 to 10, with an average of three interventions per patient and a median of one intervention per patient. The most frequent interventions were made due to system error or non-compliance (29.3% of all interventions), on patient or nursing staffs’ knowledge of the medication (18.6%), untreated medical conditions (11.2%), therapeutic duplications (9.0%) and on prescribed doses and dosing frequency (5.9%). The total time spent providing pharmaceutical care services within the surgical wards over the study period was 32 days (227.9 hours) with an average time of 7.1 hours per day. Of the total time in the ward, 48% was spent on providing pharmaceutical care to the patients, 26% to record and access the total antibiotic usage in the ward, 9% on administration and 6% on meetings. Other functions comprising of 3% and less of the time was information to patients, x communication with doctors, educational sessions with nursing staff, communication with the pharmacy and stock control procedures. Questionnaires were completed by the doctors and nursing staff before and after the study period to determine if they felt there was a need for a pharmacist in the surgical ward. The doctors felt that there was a need for a pharmacist in the ward in terms of providing information and assisting in the rational use of medication. All of the nursing staff felt that there was a need for a pharmacist to visit the surgical ward and specifically to assist with the legal aspects of the prescriptions and with the education of the nursing staff. The pharmacist played an important role in the design of an antimicrobial ward protocol and in order to do so the pharmacist recorded and assessed the antimicrobial prescribing patterns of the surgical wards. In conclusion, the pharmacist present in the ward functioned as a gateway between the nursing staff and the doctors. The interventions that require the most attention was made due to system error and non-compliance. Important interventions were made on the patients’ and nursing staffs’ knowledge of the prescribed medication. The pharmacist played an important role in the education of nursing staff to discuss relevant topics and problems often encountered. Educational sessions with the patients involved giving them advice on home medication and the medication prescribed to them to take home. The amount of patients seen per week increased with time and the average time spent per patient consultation decreased with time. This is a clear indication that the researcher gained confidence and became more familiar with the pharmaceutical care process as the time passed. From the questionnaires completed by the doctors and nursing staff it was clear that they felt that there was a need for a pharmacist in the ward in terms of xi providing information, assisting in the rational use of medication, to assist with the legal aspects of the prescriptions and with the education of the nursing staff.

Thesis (MSc(Med)(Pharmacy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2012.
The role of the pharmacist has evolved over the last two decades beyond the traditional functions of dispensing and stock control. The focus has shifted toward patient-oriented functions, in which the pharmacist assumes responsibility for the patient’s drug- and healthcare needs as well as the outcome of treatment. The aim of this research was to assess the need for pharmaceutical care to the Surgical Intensive Care Unit of Steve Biko Hospital. The surgical and trauma ICU is a 12 bed unit to which the researcher rendered pharmaceutical care over an eight week period, from 14 February to 26 March 2011. Interventions to assess drug therapy and achieve definite outcomes to improve patients’ quality of life were documented for 51 study patients according to the system developed by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (1992). Of the 51 patients, 35 were male and 16 were female. The age of the patients ranged from 12 years to 86 years, with most patients admitted to the unit in the age groups 21 to 30 years, and 51 to 60 years. The patients’ estimated weights ranged from 40kg to 120kg with older patients, from age 41 upwards, weighing more. The average stay in the unit was 8.7 days, with the minimum stay for one patient being only one day, and the maximum stay for one patient was 26 days. In the study, the HIV status of only 13 of the 51 patients was tested. Of the 13 patients, six were HIV positive, while seven tested negative. All the patients admitted to the unit were not tested for HIV, because they were not admitted to the unit for HIV-related causes, and test results would not have had an effect on their outcome. Diagnoses encountered most frequently in the unit were trauma (21 patients), skeletal involvement or fractures (16 patients), infections or sepsis (15 patients) and gastro-intestinal bleeds (14 patients). In most cases more than one diagnosis applied to the same patient, since patients admitted with trauma also had skeletal or gastro-intestinal involvement. An Assessment of the need of Pharmaceutical Services in the Intensive Care Unit and High Care Unit of Steve Biko Academic Hospital viii The medications prescribed most frequently were enoxaparin (49 patients), sucralfate (41 patients) and multivitamin syrup (47 patients); in accordance with the standard ward protocol for prophylactic regimens. The drug class most often used was the anti-infectiveshaving124 items prescribed during the study period. Of these, the broad spectrum antibiotics were used most frequently, e.g. piperacillin/tazobactam (22 patients), meropenem (11 patients) and imipenem (11 patients). An average of 12 medications was prescribed for each patient in the ward. A total of 181 interventions were suggested for the 51 patients during the study period, of which 127 (70%) were accepted and implemented by the medical and nursing staff. The average number of interventions per patient ranged from 0 to 13 with a median of 3.5 interventions per patient. The four most frequent problem types were untreated medical conditions (15.5%), length or course of therapy inappropriate (13.8%), investigations indicated or outstanding (12.2%) and prescribed doses and dosing frequency appropriate (11%). Interventions were also made regularly to address system errors or non-compliance and factors hindering achievement of therapeutic effect. The perceived need for pharmaceutical care by healthcare professionals in the SICU was measured by questionnaires before and after the study period. The feedback by staff regarding the pharmacist working in the ward was very positive. They appreciated the researchers input on ward rounds, as well as assistance with problems encountered with the pharmacy. Of the total time spent in the ward, the researcher spent 28% of her time on patient evaluation. Ward rounds also took up a great deal of time (21.7%), since ward rounds were done with different members of the multidisciplinary team. Most interventions were suggested during ward rounds. The costs saved during the study period were enough to justify the appointment of a pharmacist to the ward on a permanent basis, albeit for limited hours daily. The researcher designed an antibiotic protocol for the unit. The protocol was designed according to international standards, and after discussion with the microbiologists, adapted for use in the specific unit. An Assessment of the need of Pharmaceutical Services in the Intensive Care Unit and High Care Unit of Steve Biko Academic Hospital ix In conclusion, the study results have demonstrated that a pharmacist’s contribution to patient care at ward level in a surgical ICU resulted in clinical outcomes that improved the patient’s quality of life. Drug-related problems were identified and addressed. Medical staff in the S-ICU accepted the pharmacist’s interventions and even welcomed her contribution to other ward functions, for instance managing medication and providing education. Pharmaceutical care should be rendered on a permanent basis to the Surgical ICU and the pharmacist should increasingly become a key part of the multidisciplinary team, taking responsibility for patients’ medication needs.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis discusses ethical dilemmas faced by district surgeons in South Africa. District surgeons render clinical forensic services, which means that they deal mainly with detainees and victims of crime. The main functions of district surgeons are the collection of forensic evidence from patients and the care of detainees. So the focus is to assist in the administration of justice rather than improvement of patient wellbeing. The district surgeon may therefore find himself in a situation where patients’ interests are in conflict with those of law enforcement agencies. Being a medical practitioner in clinical forensic medicine, the district surgeon has an obligation to assist in the administration of justice, as opposed to the traditional obligation to care for patients and put patient’s interests first. This allegiance to both administration of justice as well as patient wellbeing lead to an ethical dilemma of dual loyalties. A dual obligations presents an ethical dilemma for the district surgeon, especially if they are in conflict and mutually exclusive. I discuss the detention and subsequent death of Steve Biko to illustrate how dual obligations can lead to serious human rights violations and even death. Dual obligations are however not limited to detainees and police custody settings, and I demonstrate this by discussing three other scenarios commonly encountered by district surgeons. There is a lack clear guidance for district surgeons who are faced with a conflict of obligations. I explore several ethical theories including consequentialism, deontology and virtue ethics, in search of an ethical framework suitable for resolving conflicts in clinical forensic medicine. I therefore argue that a duty based ethical framework is central to clinical forensic medicine and the resolution of loyalty conflicts. I recommend the resolution of conflicts by using an approach developed by Benjamin (2006). This approach involves weighing -up the different duties in conflict, applying philosophical reasoning and then amelioration. By adopting a structured and wellreasoned ethical framework, district surgeons will be able to deal with conflicts of obligations better.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis bespreek etiese dilemmas wat in die gesig gestaar word deur distriksgeneeshere in Suid-Afrika. Distriksgeneeshere lewer kliniese forensiese dienste, wat beteken dat hulle handel hoofsaaklik oor die gevangenes en slagoffers van misdaad. Die belangrikste funksies van distriksgeneeshere is die insameling van forensiese getuienis van pasiënte, en die sorg van gevangenes. Met hierdie benadering is die fokus om te help met die administratiewe doeleindes van geregtigheid, eerder as die verbetering van die pasiënt se welstand. Die distriksgeneesheer kan hom dus in 'n situasie vind waarby die pasiënte se belange in konflik is met dié van wetstoepassingsagentskappe. As 'n geneesheer in kliniese forensiese geneeskunde, het die distriksgeneesheer 'n verpligting om te help met die administrasie van geregtigheid, in teenstelling met die tradisionele verpligting om te sorg vir hul pasiënte, en hul welstand eerste te plaas. Hierdie getrouheid gaan gepaard met beide regspleging, sowel as die welstand van die pasiënt, wat kan lei tot 'n etiese dilemma van dubbele lojaliteit. Dubbele verpligtinge bied 'n etiese dilemma vir die distriksgeneesheer, veral as hulle in konflik en wedersyds uitsluitend is. Ek bespreek die aanhouding en die daaropvolgende dood van Steve Biko om te illustreer hoe dubbele verpligtinge kan lei tot ernstige skending van menseregte en selfs die dood. Dubbele verpligtinge is egter nie beperk tot die gevangenes en polisie-aanhouding instellings nie, en ek demonstreer dit deur die bespreking van drie ander “scenario's” wat oor die algemeen eervaar word deur distriksgeneeshere. Daar is 'n gebrek aan duidelike riglyne vir distriksgeneeshere wat 'n botsing van verpligtinge in die gesig staar. Ek verken verskeie etiese teorieë insluitende konsekwensialisme, deontologie en deugde-etiek, op soek na 'n etiese raamwerk geskik vir die oplossing van konflikte in kliniese geregtelike geneeskunde. Ek argumenteer dus dat 'n pligsgebaseerde etiese raamwerk sentraal is tot kliniese forensiese geneeskunde, en die resolusie van lojaliteit konflikte. Ek beveel die oplossing van konflikte deur die gebruik van 'n benadering wat ontwikkel is deur Benjamin (2006). Hierdie benadering behels 'n gewigsoorweging tussen die verskillende pligte in konflik, die toepassing van filosofiese redenasie en verbetering. Deur die aanneming van 'n gestruktureerde en beredeneerde etiese raamwerk, sal distriksgeneeshere dus in staat wees om konflikte van verpligtinge beter te hanteer.

Joint appointments in the health sector in South Africa are made to serve both service and academic functions in one post. Typically the employing organisations are unequal, as one of them is the paying organisation while the other is the academic employer. This practice has been in existence for decades, and is ruled by expediency rather than being based on values. Joint employees experience role confusion, job confusion, dual loyalty confusion and being managed according to the rules of two organisations. This suboptimal situation leads to lower-than-expected performance in the eyes of both employing organisations. In this study the knowledge and problem areas of joint appointments were explored. The first part of the study consisted of a questionnaire analysis of the knowledge and view of problems as expressed by joint staff as well as by human resources (HR) practitioners. Group discussions, as well as the major part of the study, namely, interviews with senior management staff of both organisations were then conducted. In order to complete the study, an analysis was made of values that might inform on the problem. Joint staff members were found to have limited knowledge of the work requirements of a joint employee, and expressed concern about loyalty and role confusion. When the values were discussed with senior management staff, some values were identified as informing on possible solutions such as joint establishment of vision, joint objectives, respect for all components of the job, as well as generic values, including honesty, transparency, fairness, diversity and others. A framework is suggested commenting on the potential place for a values-based approach. From this a model is proposed by means of which a values-based process can be initiated by a top-level agreement meeting (“meeting of the minds”) of both employers that may lead to a single joint vision and set of objectives. From this agreement a policymaking joint body can establish the rules, while application and implementation are monitored by local joint management committees.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Human Resource Management
unrestricted

The presence of human destitution, impoverishment and degradation in the midst of plenty has puzzled social thinkers for millennia. One of the oldest and grandest of theories: the theory of ideology attempts to provide an answer to the puzzle of domination in society. Michael Rosen, in his book On Voluntary Servitude (1996), argues that the solution provided by the theory of ideology is problematic. Furthermore, on the basis of his critique, Rosen argues that we should abandon the theory of ideology and consider alternatives to it. Even though many contemporary academics have turned away from the theory of ideology, because they view it as an imprisoning meta-theory, this study explores the possibility of there being a meta-theory that could help us to make sense of the world. Through an examination of Rosen's critique this thesis shows that Rosen is too quick in his dismissal of the theory of ideology because he fails to consider that a revised functionalist theory of ideology can be expanded to account for the mechanism(s) that ensure that, over time, the society in question acquires ideological consciousness to further its welfare. This thesis shows that Rosen is correct in his criticism of the theory of ideology's explanation of domination because the content, history and social effects of ideological consciousness cannot be fully explained in terms of their role in promoting or stabilising relations of domination. In light of Rosen's criticism the thesis shows that if one provides both an explanation of the psychological motivations of individuals and of the nature of the oppressive society in which they find themselves then what I call an integrated theory of ideology can be developed. In order to illustrate the importance of an integrated theory of ideology the study moves away from high-level theoretical abstraction to concrete social analyses, focusing on the work of Frantz Fanon and Steve Biko and their explanations of domination. The reason this study focuses on their work is because in their role as social scientists, Fanon and Biko provided a powerful critique of colonial, post-colonial and neo-colonial society. It will be argued that Fanon and Biko were able to provide a lasting critique of colonial reality because they offered their critique within the framework of such an integrated theory. Consequently, this study argues that, as Fanon and Biko's work illustrate, an integrated theory of ideology qua critical theory ought not to be abandoned because it is crucial for understanding and resisting forms of oppression that exist in the world today.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of MSc (Med) in Bioethics and Health Law, Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics, University of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg, 25 January 2015
Since his death at the hands of the South African security police on 12 September 1977, much has been written in medical, legal and other literature about Steve Biko. This dissertation explores the medical literature and finds that the vast majority of authors, when writing about Biko, refer primarily to his death, the role of the medical profession in the events leading up to his death, and the ethical issues regarding dual loyalties that arise from studying those issues. In my research question I ask: Does Steve Biko have more to offer medical ethics than his death? In exploring Steve Biko’s writings as collected together in I Write What I Like, I find an underlying thinking which guided Biko’s philosophy. I show that this underlying philosophy is nothing other than the philosophy which underlies ubuntu and I explore how ubuntu should influence our medical ethical thinking and suggest that this could be Biko’s real contribution to medical ethics, namely an ethic that takes seriously the contribution that African moral thinking has to make in the field of medical ethics, a contribution that does nothing less than give to medical ethics a more human face, a contribution which Biko himself believed was what Africa was still to give to the world, a more human face. I critically review the writings and philosophy of Steve Biko and identify key notions or conceptions that are of relevance to medical ethics and then explore the impact and relevance of these key notions and conceptions to the fundamental bioethical issues of autonomy, dignity and confidentiality. I defend the normative claim that integrating Biko’s and other salient African ethical conceptions into our predominantly Western bioethical thinking is a moral requirement.

Steve Biko returns and continues to illuminate the postapartheid social order. His contestation by various claimants for different reasons shows his continuing and lasting legacy. However he finds a special niche among a disenfranchised and frustrated township youth who are trapped in township struggles where they attempt to derive a meaning. More important is why these youth who neither saw nor participated in the struggle against apartheid are turning to an age old idea like Black Consciousness in a context of the pervasive influence of non-racialism, rainbowism and triumphalism of neo-liberalism. The realisation is that a human-centred society with a human face which Black Consciousness practitioners advocated and strove for is yet to be realised. This shows the anomalies and maladies of a postcolonial dispensation where ideals, principles and teleology of the liberation struggle are yet to be consummated. Thus Black Consciousness as a node in a long thread of black political thought in the country; and as a spirit, will always be both an emotion, and a motion that finds a new meaning with each generation.

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes severe infections in humans. An estimated two billion people carry S. aureus worldwide, of which fifty-three million harbour MRSA strains. The ability of MRSA to become multiresistant poses tremendous challenges to the healthcare system and has emerged as a major concern in the community setting worldwide. Consequently, it is important to distinguish MRSA infections because infections caused by different strains of MRSA, such as healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) and community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) require different antibiotic regimens. Another concern in the hospital setting is the emergence of some of the CA-MRSA strains, which are more virulent than HA-MRSA due to the expression of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene, which causes severe skin infections, sepsis and necrotising pneumonia. These current situations indicate a need for continued surveillance and infection control programmes using molecular methods to monitor MRSA strains in hospital settings so that appropriate therapy may be initiated and MRSA outbreaks may be prevented. The relatedness of MRSA isolates, using various molecular methods, has been reported in a previous study conducted in the department. However, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), which is the gold standard for MRSA typing, was not included. A total of 194 clinical MRSA isolates were collected from the Steve Biko Academic Hospital in the Gauteng province (South Africa) from April 2010 to August 2011 and analysed using six multiplex-PCR (M-PCR) assays. Following identification, detection and characterisation using the M-PCR assays, PFGE was used to determine the genetic relatedness of these MRSA isolates. The first M-PCR assay showed a prevalence of 100% for the 16S rRNA and mecA genes. A single isolate (0.5%) carried the PVL gene. Five staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing M-PCR assays were used to distinguish between HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA isolates. Inconclusive results were obtained for 26.3% (51/194) of the MRSA isolates, which showed bands for either SCCmec type II or SCCmercury. The remaining 143 MRSA isolates showed a prevalence of 64.3% (92/143) for HA-MRSA and 35.7% (51/143) for CA-MRSA. The SCCmec types for the HA-MRSA isolates were: SCCmercury [74% (68/92)], SCCmec type II [19.5% (18/92)] and SCCmec type I [6.5% (6/92)]; while the SCCmec types and subtypes belonging to the CA-MRSA isolates were: subtypes IVd [92.1% (47/51)], IVa [3.9% (2/51)], IVb [2% (1/51)] and SCCmec type V [2% (1/51)]. No SCCmec type III or VIII was detected in the MRSA isolates. The PFGE typing method clustered the 191 MRSA isolates into eleven pulsotypes designated pulsotype A to K. Pulsotype A was the dominant pulsotype, including 66% (127/191) of the HA-MRSA and 19% (36/191) of the CA-MRSA isolates. Fifteen percent (28/191) of the MRSA isolates were unrelated to pulsotype A, which included 7% (13/191) of the HA-MRSA and 8% (15/191) of the CAMRSA isolates. Multiplex-PCR SCCmec typing assays and PFGE typing remain important tools for the characterisation of MRSA strains. A standardised SCCmec M-PCR assay can provide more accurate and reliable results. The results indicated that the HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA strains analysed in this study were closely related in this hospital setting, which necessitates continuous monitoring and surveillance to ensure and guide infection control policies.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Medical Microbiology
MSc
Unrestricted

Objectives: Intracranial subdural empyema (ICSDE) can be a devastating condition, with a sequelae ranging from epilepsy, focal deficits to death. Factors affecting the outcome in subdural empyema range from level of consciousness, the extend of subdural pus at the time of diagnosis and the type of surgical procedure performed. Previous studies have conflicting results of unfavourable prognostic factors associated with ICSDE. The outcome of this condition at Steve Biko Academic Hospital (SBAH) is reported, as well as factors influencing the outcome. Methods: A retrospective analysis of all the patients admitted at neurosurgery unit of SBAH during 2006 – 2010 period with confirmed subdural empyema on brain CT scan and at surgery. Data sheet was used to collect all clinical information from patients’ records. Glasgow Outcome Scale and Henk W. Mauser grading were used to report on the outcome. Results: A total of 34 patients (20 males and 14 females) with mean age of 16.1 years were admitted with a diagnosis of ICSDE. The common presenting features were headache (58.8%), fever and seizures (47.0% each). Over 61% of patients had hemiplegia at presentation. CT scan confirmed subdural collections with 70.6% over the convexity, 23.5% at the convexity and parafalx and only 5.9% had bilateral collections. Complicated paranasal sinusitis was the origin of infection in 82.3%, followed by meningitis with 8.8%. Burr hole washout was done in 52.9% of patients, while 38.2% had burr holes with drains in situ and 8.8% had craniotomy to evacuate the subdural pus. All the patients were given empiric triple antibiotic therapy. Streptococci species were the most cultured organisms in the 19 (56.0%) patients who had positive cultures, however 15 (44.0%) patients had negative cultures. Resistance to penicillin was noted in 5.0% of cases only. Sixty-five percent of patients had good outcome with no seizures nor neurological deficits. The overall mortality was 15.0% in this study, with none from patients who had craniotomy. Conclusion: Clinical presenting features and organisms cultured seems to be the same internationally, particularly those due to complicated sinusitis. Empiric triple antibiotic therapy of 3rd generation cephalosporin plus vancomycin plus metronidazole is still relevant at SBAH. Factors associated with favourable outcome were ages between 11 and 20 years, and craniotomy as the surgical procedure of choice.
Dissertation (MMEd)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Neurology
Unrestricted

The Black Consciousness philosophy with its focus on black solidarity, the exclusion of whites from the black struggle for liberation, being consciously black and black self-determination, amongst some of the principles espoused by the Black Consciousness philosophy may prima-facie seem to be advocating a parochial politics of race or even a racially exclusionist politics obsessed with cultural authenticity and racial peculiarity. Black Consciousness from such an optic may seem to be more in line with other race centred systems such as apartheid based on white superiority as opposed to a politics that rejects a race centred approach to political life. Certain readings of Black Consciousness reflect the philosophy as espousing a more regressive as opposed to a progressive liberatory politics. Furthermore, Black Consciousness with its focus on race its critics will argue is not in line with a politics of non-racialism which seeks a total rejection of race. However, such an understanding of non-racialism is a very limited and unsophisticated one as it entails a rejection of race without first engaging with the concrete reality of race, while also assuming that a rejection of race entails integration. Indeed, it may be a great goal to attain a society in which race does not matter and in which it is not a determining factor in the life of any individual. Yet, to not see race when race has had and continues to have a profound impact on South African society, especially the poor black majority, may serve to be more regressive than progressive. In a society where inequality manifests along racial lines a hastily sought integration may not serve to attain the desired outcome of a genuine non-racial society. Equality thus becomes a central perquisite to make possible the attainment of a non-racial society unhindered by the limitations of white superiority and black inferiority. With the persistence of inequality accompanied by white domination and acquiescing blacks a non-racial society will serve to be an illusion. Biko, through his articulation of the Black Consciousness philosophy sought the attainment of a radical egalitarianism; this from the Black Consciousness optic being the condition upon which a non-racial politics and society could be forged. Black Consciousness has the ability to create a truly non-racial subject, its sophisticated conception of race which conceives of race as being consciously contrived can serve to illustrate the implicit non-racial outlook of the Black Consciousness philosophy. Through the project of Black Consciousness the end goal could indeed be perceived as being a radical egalitarian non-racial society. The overall tenor is that Black Consciousness complements non-racialism more than it contradicts it.

This study focuses on Steve Biko’s Africana existential phenomenology, with particular emphasis on the themes of blackness, black solidarity and liberation. The theoretical foundation of this thesis is Africana existential phenomenology, which is used as a lens to understand Biko’s political thought. The study argues that thematic areas of blackness, black solidarity, and liberation are inherent in Africana existential phenomenology. These thematic areas give a better understanding of existential questions of being black in the antiblack world. What is highlighted is the importance and the relevance of the revival of Biko’s thinking towards creating other modes of being that are necessary for the actualisation of blacks as full human subjects.
Political Sciences
M.A. (Politics)

Thesis (M.Tech.: Food and Nutrition)-Durban Institute of Technology, 2005 xii, 313 leaves ; 30 cm
Change in the dietary pattern of South Africans has been attributed to urbanisation and acculturation. Urbanisation has resulted in a shift in the composition of dietary staples and increased consumption of fat and sugar. Within a South African context, the change in diet is from a traditional prudent African diet, low in fat and high fibre to a Western diet high in fat and refined carbohydrates. Research conducted amongst young adult populations has documented several examples of poor dietary patterns associated with urbanisation which include skipping meals, following fad diets, greater consumption of snack foods (high in saturated fat and sugar) and avoidance of certain food groups, particularly fruit and vegetable. Dietary factors related to an increase in diseases of lifestyle are a high fat, low fibre diet, as well as an insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables. This in turn has lead to higher energy intakes with insufficient and imbalanced micronutrient intake. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the nutritional adequacy of student eating habits and to determine the influence of nutrition knowledge, sociodemographic factors and weight status on students’ diets.

This research is concerned with the notion of being human. It acknowledges the dislocation of black people through themselves, a process which was exacerbated during, the colonial era and further through apartheid. The interest in this research is due to the historical dehumanisation of black people through dispossession and subjection to foreign rule and culture, by white people. The historical accounts of dehumanisation and disparity, through either pigmentation, poverty or an inferiority complex, led to black people viewing their humanity in terms of materialism and individualism in the present context. This research explores how materialism and individualism have affected black people's understanding of themselves and self-determinism. It is argued in the United States through Black Theology, the notion of the Black Church in the South African context and through Black Consciousness that the humanity of black people is affirmed historically and to date.
Philosophy & Systematic Theology
M.Th. (Systematic Theology)

This research challenges the hypothesis that Biko was anti-liberal and anti-white. Biko's clearly defined condemnation of traditional South African white liberals such as Alan Paton is hypothesised as a strategic move in the liberation struggle designed to neutralise the "gradualism" of traditional white liberalism which believe that racism could be ultimately superseded by continually improving education for blacks. Biko neutralised apartheid racism and traditional white liberalism by affirming all aspects of blackness as positive values in themselves, and by locating racism as a white construct with deep roots in European colonialism and pseudoDarwinian beliefs in white superiority. The research shows that Biko was neither anti-liberal nor anti-white. His own attitudes to the universal rights, dignity, freedom and self-determination of all human beings situate him continuously with all major human rights theorists and activists since the Enlightenment. His unique Africanist contribution was to define racist oppression in South Africa as a product of the historical conditioning of blacks to accept their own alleged inferiority. Biko's genius resided in his ability to synthesize his reading of Marxist, Africanist, European and African American into a truly original charter for racial emancipation. Biko' s methodology encouraged blacks to reclaim their rights and pride as a prelude to total emancipation. The following transactions are described in detail: Biko's role in the founding of SASO and Black Consciousness; the paradoxical relations between white liberal theologians, Black Consciousness and Black Theology; the influence on BC of USA Black Power and Black Theology; the role of Black Theologians in South African churches, SACC and WCC; synergic complexities ofNUSAS-SASO relations; relations between BC, ANC and PAC; the early involvement of women in BCM; feminist issues in the liberation struggle; Biko's death in detention; world-wide and South African liberal involvement in the inquest and anti-apartheid organisations.
History
D. Litt. et Phil. (History)