Relevant bibliographies by topics / Still water areas

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Still water areas'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Still water areas"

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NEWMAN, ALAN. "Water pollution point sources still significant in urban areas." Environmental Science & Technology 29, no. 3 (March 1995): 114A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00003a738.

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Trang, Truong Cam, Dinh Huy Pham, and Phuoc Tri Phan. "Research and design of an improved solar still for desalination." Science and Technology Development Journal 21, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v21i2.423.

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Water is one of the most important resources on Earth because of its vital role for human beings and other living creatures. During the devastating drought in the Mekong Delta in 2016, millions of people had no access to the secure source of fresh water. This issue cautioned and influenced the Vietnamese government to find an effective desalination process for the coastal areas impacted heavily by salinization. However, desalination processes require large amounts of energy which can be a problem for the coastal areas due to the lack of energy and high cost. The main purpose of the study herei
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Agrawal, Dharmesh. "Review on Desalination of Water using Different Solar Still Techniques." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 4198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35854.

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Solar still (SS) technology is one of the economic technologies for the conversion of saline or impure water to pure form. It is proven technique for the removal of hazardous chemicals such as arsenic, fluoride etc. Solar still can become very useful and eco-friendly process in rural and remote areas suffering from acute water crisis due to contamination of ground water and other manmade problems. In this work, we have studied different methods of desalination of water using solar still. The work discusses modifications in solar still, heat absorbing factors, reflectors, use of solar panel, tr
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Yusof, Khamaruzaman Wan, Ali Riahi, Balbir Singh Mahinder Singh, Emmanuel Olisa, Nuraizzah binti Mohd Azezs, Ahmad Raziqin bin Mohamad Khir, and Mardiana Marzuki. "Drinking Water Production Using Passive Solar Stills with Different Absorbing Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 1441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.1441.

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Solar stills as the cheapest options used to desalinate brackish water in areas having freshwater availability limitation. The purpose of this work is to investigate the water production improvement of double slope solar stills using heat absorption materials in the basin. Three similar shapes double slope passive solar stills were constructed to conduct the experiments in tropical climate of Malaysia. Each solar still had a stainless steel trough and a transparent polythene film as basin and cover respectively. Three basins each having 50 cm length, 30 cm width and 8 cm depth were used to kee
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Riahi, Ali, Khamaruzaman Wan Yusof, Mohamed Hasnain Isa, Balbir Singh Mahinder Singh, Amirhossein Malakahmad, and Nasiman Sapari. "Experimental Investigation on the Performance of Four Types of Solar Stills in Malaysia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 567 (June 2014): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.567.56.

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This study aims at improving a solar distillation still by comparing the performance of four types of double slope single basin solar stills to produce adequate amount of potable water in the areas with confined fresh water. These solar stills fabricated with similar shapes. In each solar still a stainless steel basin with the length of 50 cm, width of 30 cm and depth of 8 cm was utilized. The still configurations differed based on inclusion of 2 cm depth of sea sand layer in the basin, a layer of black paint in the basin and use of a 50 W PV-DC heater. The study was conducted to increase the
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BRABRAND, A., B. R. HANSEN, and A. G. KOESTLER. "Creation of artificial upwelling areas for brown trout, Salmo trutta, spawning in still water bodies." Fisheries Management and Ecology 13, no. 5 (October 2006): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2006.00505.x.

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Hamadou, Osman Ali, and Khamlichi Abdellatif. "Optimizing an Active Solar still for Sea Water Desalination." Advanced Materials Research 1051 (October 2014): 985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1051.985.

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Sea water desalination through solar radiation distillation process can achieve low cost and sustainable fresh water for remote dry areas. In conventional passive solar stills, the solar radiation passes through the transparent cover and supplies heat to sea water with limited back reflection. The evaporative heat transfer between the water surface and the glass cover produces the distillate by means of film type condensation at the inner surface of the glass cover. In order to enhance evaporation/condensation phase changes, active solar stills were introduced. In these last, saline water is c
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Sawestri, Sevi, Ni Komang Suryati, and Dina Muthmainnah. "Determination of potential fisheries areas based on trophic status (Case study in Situ Gede, Tasikmalaya)." Depik 10, no. 2 (May 19, 2021): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/depik.10.2.20177.

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Situ Gede is one of the artificial lakes/reservoirs in Tasikmalaya, West Java. The lake has functioned as a source of household water needs, fisheries, and tourism. According to determine the development of water management requires information on the trophic status and water quality. This study aimed to obtain information on the trophic status and water quality of Situ Gede. The research was conducted in Situ Gede, Tasikmalaya, West Java, in 2018. Measurement and analysis of water quality parameters used the SNI and APHA methods, while the measurement of trophic status used the Carlson Trophi
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Robert, Rees Alexa, Dinesh Keloth Kaithari, M. Mumtaz Mirza, and Parimal Sharad Bhambare. "INFLUENCE OF NANO Al2O3 TO IMPROVE THE YIELD OF DOUBLE SLOPE SOLAR STILL." International Journal of Students' Research in Technology & Management 6, no. 3 (September 16, 2018): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijsrtm.2018.631.

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Purpose:The supply of pure fresh water is becoming a rising issue is many areas of the world. Clean water being a basic requirement is still unavailable to a large number of people. The fast development and growth in population and agriculture has helped to increase the need of clean water. The solar distillation is one of the most cost efficient ways to accomplish this.
 Methodology:When water evaporates from the basin of the still, it leaves the various impurities behind resulting in clean palatable water. Solar stills have a comparatively low yield but can be used to provide safe water
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Patil, Kartik Balkrishna. "Design and Fabrication of Thermosyphon Water Purification System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 14, 2021): 2320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34331.

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Lack of clean drinking water in rural areas is a huge problem during the occurrences of floods and other environmental disasters. Often, it takes a long time to transport potable water to these areas resulting in health issues for the residents. In this research, a solar power-based water purification system using PCM to produce clean drinking water in flood-affected areas or remote areas where potable water is difficult to obtain is proposed. Purification reduces the concentration of particulate matter including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi as well as re
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Still water areas"

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Price, Amina, and n/a. "Utilisation of Still-Water Patches by Fish and Shrimp in a Lowland River, With Particular Emphasis on Early-Life Stages." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20081202.090600.

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In lowland river systems, in-channel, slow-flowing or still-water areas (still-water patches, SWPs) are considered to be important habitats for many organisms, particularly the early-life stages of fish and shrimp. However, the distribution of the early life-stages of fish and shrimp among these habitats appears to be very patchy and studies suggest that the quality and diversity of microhabitat conditions within SWPs and the accessibility of SWPs to spawning adults and dispersing young may be important determinants of their suitability as nursery habitat. The aims of this thesis were to exami
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Koura, Mbadinga Pauline Joella. "A solar water purification system for rural areas." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2612.

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Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.<br>Access to adequate quantities of clean drinking water has become a serious issue on the worldwide level. This is particularly true in arid and rural areas where for the majority of people water is a limited and a vulnerable resource. These water sources which are often highly contaminated are potentially the cause for several diseases (waterborne diseases) and ultimately death especially in infants. Due to poverty and sometimes to the remote conditions of their regions, the population is unable to a
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Chiang, Hsin-Jung, and 江欣蓉. "Study on Food Habits of Six Frog Species Community in a Still Water Pond Located in the Beipu Area, Hsinchu." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61705160859035674402.

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碩士<br>國立臺北教育大學<br>自然科學教育學系碩士班<br>101<br>Through an investigation of stomach analysis, this research concluded the food habits of six sympatric species, Pelophylax fukienensis, Limnonectes fujianensis, Hylarana guentheri, Rana longicrus, Fejervarya limnocharis, Hylarana latouchii were included. It has been concluded that the above of six sepecies were all fed mainly on insects. The diet of Pelophylax fukienensis consisted primarily of the Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera;and that of Limnonectes fujianensis were mainly of Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Araneae;and Hylarana
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Books on the topic "Still water areas"

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Egberts, Linde, and Meindert Schroor, eds. Waddenland Outstanding. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462986602.

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The Wadden Sea Region is comprised of the embanked coastal marshes and islands in the Wadden Sea near Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. This area retains an exceptional common history in all its aspects: archaeologically, economically, socially, and culturally. Its settlement history of more than two thousand years is unrivalled and still mirrored in the landscape. Even though it has never constituted a political unity, it still shares a landscape and cultural heritage. For example, the approaches to water management and associated societal organization developed in the region during the
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2030 Agenda for Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Look from the Human Rights Perspective. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275121115.

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This document was inspired by the need to promote comprehensive actions in the management of water and sanitation services with a human rights focus within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) related to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean; in addition, it ratifies the results reported in a PAHO study (2016) on the profound inequalities between urban and rural areas in access to water and sewage services, and the correlation with characteristics such as gender, age, income, education, among others. This report assumed this challe
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Chan, Emily Ying Yang. Building Bottom-up Health and Disaster Risk Reduction Programmes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198807179.001.0001.

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Although urban living has accounted for being the lifestyle for more than half of the global population since 2010, nearly half are still living in a rural context. As pointed out by the United Nations as a backdrop of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (2016–2030), at least 1.8 billion people across the world still consumed faecally contaminated drinking water by 2015, 2.4 million lacked access to basic sanitation services such as toilets or latrines, and nearly 1,000 children died every day of preventable water and sanitation-related diarrhoeal diseases. Rural areas fare far worse: chi
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Räisänen, Jouni. Future Climate Change in the Baltic Sea Region and Environmental Impacts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.634.

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The warming of the global climate is expected to continue in the 21st century, although the magnitude of change depends on future anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and the sensitivity of climate to them. The regional characteristics and impacts of future climate change in the Baltic Sea countries have been explored since at least the 1990s. Later research has supported many findings from the early studies, but advances in understanding and improved modeling tools have made the picture gradually more comprehensive and more detailed. Nevertheless, many uncertainties still remain.In the Balt
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Sheppard, Charles R. C., Simon K. Davy, Graham M. Pilling, and Nicholas A. J. Graham. Coral reefs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787341.003.0001.

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Coral reefs are the ocean’s richest ecosystem in terms of biodiversity and productivity. They are restricted to tropical waters, where conditions of salinity, temperature and sedimentation are suitable. Where they grow, their main benthic organisms deposit substantial limestone skeletons, such that they effectively make their own habitat which sustains their dynamic nature and supports the wide range of species which inhabit them. Reefs grow to the low tide level, thus providing a breakwater, but the richest parts lie 5–20 metres below the surface, an area where light is still sufficient but w
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Norrgård, Stefan. Changes in Precipitation Over West Africa During Recent Centuries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.536.

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Water, not temperature, governs life in West Africa, and the region is both temporally and spatially greatly affected by rainfall variability. Recent rainfall anomalies, for example, have greatly reduced crop productivity in the Sahel area. Rainfall indices from recent centuries show that multidecadal droughts reoccur and, furthermore, that interannual rainfall variations are high in West Africa. Current knowledge of historical rainfall patterns is, however, fairly limited. A detailed rainfall chronology of West Africa is currently only available from the beginning of the 19th century. For the
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Siegel, Jonah. Material Inspirations. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858003.001.0001.

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This book is a study of the relationship between matter and idea that shaped the nineteenth-century culture of art, and that in turn determined the course of still-current accounts of art’s nature and value. Drawing on recent scholarship on the history of art and its institutions, Material Inspirations places cultural developments such as the emergence of new sites for exhibition and the astonishing proliferation of printed reproductions alongside a wide range of texts including novels, poems, travel guidebooks, compendia of antiquities, and especially the great line of critical writing that e
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Book chapters on the topic "Still water areas"

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Nichol, Janet E., Muhammad Bilal, Majid Nazeer, and Man Sing Wong. "Urban Pollution." In Urban Informatics, 243–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_16.

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AbstractThis chapter depicts the state of the art in remote sensing for urban pollution monitoring, including urban heat islands, urban air quality, and water quality around urban coastlines. Recent developments in spatial and temporal resolutions of modern sensors, and in retrieval methodologies and gap-filling routines, have increased the applicability of remote sensing for urban areas. However, capturing the spatial heterogeneity of urban areas is still challenging, given the spatial resolution limitations of aerosol retrieval algorithms for air-quality monitoring, and of modern thermal sensors for urban heat island analysis. For urban coastal applications, water-quality parameters can now be retrieved with adequate spatial and temporal detail even for localized phenomena such as algal blooms, pollution plumes, and point pollution sources. The chapter reviews the main sensors used, and developments in retrieval algorithms. For urban air quality the MODIS Dark Target (DT), Deep Blue (DB), and the merged DT/DB algorithms are evaluated. For urban heat island and urban climatic analysis using coarse- and medium- resolution thermal sensors, MODIS, Landsat, and ASTER are evaluated. For water-quality monitoring, medium spatial resolution sensors including Landsat, HJ1A/B, and Sentinel 2, are evaluated as potential replacements for expensive routine ship-borne monitoring.
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Popoola, Kehinde Olayinka, Anne Jerneck, and Sunday Adesola Ajayi. "Climate Variability and Rural Livelihood Security: Impacts and Implications." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 423–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_200.

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AbstractIn a typical Nigerian village, the majority of the population comprises old people who are mostly economically unproductive due to reduced or loss of physical strength brought about by ageing and ill health. Many of these rural old people still work, and do so outside the formal sector, and are particularly susceptible to the effects of climate variability and change. Few studies have reported on climate change and the rural aged and there is a research gap as regards rural elderly peoples’ perception of climate variability impact on them. Since little is known about their perception of climate variability impacts and implications on the rural aged especially in relation to their livelihood activities in Sub-Saharan Africa, this chapter therefore examined the impact of climate variability on the livelihood security of the rural aged in different ecological zones of Nigeria.Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used for data collection. Qualitative data were obtained through interviews with four aged and four aged women selected purposively in each rural community and analyzed using Content Analysis Method. Quantitative data were obtained through structured questionnaire administered to an aged male and an aged female population available in selected houses (the aged are people 60 years and over in age) in selected rural communities in selected ecological zones of Nigeria. Where there was no combination of the two (aged men and aged women), either of the two was also sufficient.It was discovered that the ageds’ experiences of climate variability impact relate to the prevailing climate variability characteristic of each ecological zones. The impact on their livelihood in these zones is seen in terms of livestock death, lack of pastures for herds, scarcity of water, pest invasion, delayed planting crop failure, need for irrigation, water logging, drowning of small animals, human and animal illness. This means that planning decisions related to climate change issues should take cognizance of the views of the aged populations especially of those residing in rural areas as they are the most affected by the impact.
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Sedrique, Zoyem Tedonfack, and Julius Tata Nfor. "Rainfall Variability and Quantity of Water Supply in Bamenda I, Northwest Region of Cameroon." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 713–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_139.

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AbstractBamenda I municipality found in the humid tropic is endowed with a dense hydrological network which makes it a water catchment for the entire region. Paradoxically, the region still suffers problems of water shortage. This is due to the spatial and temporal variability in rainfall that greatly affects water supply through its impacts on surface and groundwater. For this reason, we came up with the research topic “Rainfall variability and quantity of water supply in Bamenda 1, Northwest Region of Cameroon.” The objective of this study is to examine the manifestations of rainfall variability, and how it affects quantity of water supply in the humid tropics. Rainfall data use for this study comprised of annual, monthly, and daily rainfall over a period of 55 years. Water supply data was made of monthly and annual supply. With these data, a Pearson’s correlation was computed, and it gave a value of 0.701, with a rainfall proportion of 49.14% and 50.86% for other factors. The seasonality and the Standardized Precipitation Index were equally analyzed. At the end of the study, results showed that rainfall events in Bamenda I fluctuates with time and in space. It equally presented a reduction in the number of rainy days from 204 days in 1663 to 155 in 2018. This led to a reduction in length of rainy season and in rainfall amounts. In addition, the area has witnessed sedimentation of riverbeds and water reservoirs due to erosion and deposition during high rainfall peaks. Equally, floods observed during high rainfall episodes have become a potential threat to water infrastructures imposing exceptional water shortages during the rainy seasons. Due to these, actors in the water supply sector are putting in measures to remedy the situation.
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Crouch, Dora P. "Planning Water Quality: Potable and Subpotable Water at Selinus and Priene." In Water Management in Ancient Greek Cities. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195072808.003.0022.

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Today when the rigors of an arid climate (Arabia) or other constraints on water resources press the limits of water supply, hydraulic engineers have to reconsider the nineteenth century answer of one quality of water for all uses. In places where population density far exceeds the supply of potable water—Hong Kong—or where the scanty spring water is not enough to support the massive tourist industry—Bermuda—(Deb, 1987, 222) there is no choice but to use subpotable or nonpotable water whenever feasible. Absolute scarcity of drinking-quality water is the strongest reason for water managers today to consider alternate procedures, but in some situations the quality not quantity of water is the issue. Heavy metals, long-lasting pesticides, or other carcinogens may require separation of the purest supply for drinking and cooking from the less pure supply for other uses, lest the water itself cause disease during a lifetime of use. Since potable water amounts to a small fraction of use in a modern city—6 percent or less (J. Thapa, personal communication)—alternative delivery systems for that small amount may be feasible, with the main systems delivering subpotable water for bathing, cleaning, watering lawns, and so on, and nonpotable water for industry or irrigation. It is easier to contemplate in theory these logical divisions than to make actual plans for altering the delivery system in metropolitan water districts. Political and economic realities restrict change in built-up areas unless the danger is severe, but in some new suburbs in Florida dual pipelines are laid for potable water inside the house and subpotable outside. Drinking bottled water is becoming more common. Many municipal water systems now supply partially purified (nonpotable) water to industry for cooling or other processes. Still, these new ideas have not been widely implemented to date. It is unexpected, then, to find that the ancient Greeks had just such a triple system of water supply and reuse. Each Greek city had both public fountains and springs supplying flowing water of the best quality, and private cisterns in houses and public buildings to supply still water of good quality, plus a drain system that led used water outside the city.
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Kaika, Maria. "Water for Europe: The Creation of the European Water Framework Directive." In Managing Water Resources, Past and Present. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199267644.003.0012.

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When the French politician Clemenceau visited Athens in 1899, he was taken on a tour of the city and briefed on the social, political, and economic problems facing both the city and the young Greek state. Afterwards, he addressed the local political and intellectual elites, starting his speech by exclaiming: ‘The best politician amongst you shall be the one who will bring water into Athens’ (Clemenceau 1899, cited in Gerontas and Skouzes 1963: in). Indeed, water supply was one of the most important and intricate political and social issues of the nineteenth century. Although water supply and management is today often presented as a purely technological and engineering problem, it remains, as we shall see, a deeply political issue, implicated in relations of social power (Reisner 1990; Postel 1992). Indeed, today, more than a century onwards from Clemenceau’s comment, his aphorism still holds true. Despite the fact that Western economies have undergone a period of ‘fierce modernization’ during the twentieth century, and despite technological advances and innovation, water supply and management remain major socio-technical issues at the heart of the political agenda (Bank 1992). Whilst contemporary Europe is not faced with severe water shortages (although many areas, particularly but not exclusively in the European South still face disruptions in water supply during dry months (ETC/IW 1996; ICWS 1996)), water supply and management remain amongst the most important political issues at the European and international level (Hundley 1992; Faure and Rubin 1993; Gleick 1993). Today, if anything, the political ecology of water has become more complex, and more important politically than in the nineteenth century. With the increasing internationalization and complexity of water resource management, with the emergence of an increasingly larger number of actors and institutions involved in this process, with the newly vested economic interests in water supply, and with the increasing concern and sensitivity towards environmental protection, if Clemenceau were alive today, he would probably maintain his aphorism— rephrasing it for the contemporary era: ‘The best politician amongst you shall be the one who will bring clean water into Europe, while keeping happy all the parties involved in water supply, use, and management, at the local, regional, national, and European level.’
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Pringgenies, Delianis, Ali Ridlo, Lutfianna Fatma Dewi, and Ali Djunaedi. "The Commercial Value of Mangrove-Based Pigments as Natural Dye for Batik Textiles." In Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95341.

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Mangrove, or bakau as it is known in Indonesia, is one of the vegetations commonly found along the shallow coasts, estuaries, deltas and protected coastal areas and are still influenced by rising tides. After the Aceh tsunami disaster, mangrove restoration was intensively conducted in coastal areas all over Indonesia and was made into a special conservation program by the government. Mangrove is distinguishable by its big, wooden stilt roots, sharpening tip in the form of supporting leaves. The roots of the mangrove tree are morphologically distinguishable into heart root which grows into the ground and the stilt root which appear to grabs onto the surface of the ground. Mangrove forests serve several important ecological roles: they act as filters which turns saline water into fresh water, buffer from seawater intrusion, prevent erosion and abrasion, hold sediments to form new habitats, feeding ground, nursery ground, and spawning ground for a number of aquatic wildlife. Mangrove forest also possess economical functions such as as source of income, industrial ingredients for the locals and as source of new mangrove seedlings. Mangunhardjo Village, Urban Community of Mangunhardjo, Mangkang Area, Kecamatan of Tugu, Semarang City, Indonesia was an area dotted with brackish water pond. However, the area had been suffering from the effects of climate change, being inundated by overflow of river and seawater intrusion (rob). These disasters caused decline in the productivity of the ponds in the area. In an effort to combat the adverse effect of environmental change in the area, the locals of Mangunhardjo village decided to shift their livelihood by restoring the surrounding mangrove forest. Mangrove conservation at Mangunhardjo Village was conducted through activities of the program such as mangrove planting, mangrove-based food production, and mangrove waste management by applications of bioactivator bacteria for mangrove composting and production of mangrove-based natural dye for batik fabric. Mangrove-based natural dye for batik fabric from Rhizopora mucronata mangrove waste is a quite promising product and increases people’s income.
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Swyngedouw, Erik. "Water, Power, and the Andean City: Situating Guayaquil." In Social Power and the Urbanization of Water. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233916.003.0014.

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There is no aggregate shortage of water in Latin America. The Amazon’s output into the Atlantic Ocean is about 150,000 cubic metres per second and a whole host of smaller rivers—the Magdalena, Orinoco, San Francisco, Uruguay, and Usumacinta rivers, to name but a few—all carry more than 1,000m3/sec of water into the ocean at their outlets. In contrast, Buenos Aires, Mexico City, and São Paulo, the three largest cities in Latin America, consume around 50 to 80m3/second, clearly a very small amount when compared to total available regional water resources (Anton 1993: 163). However, Mexico City is situated in an extremely water-scarce area, and other cities such as São Paulo, Brasilia, Guatemala City, Quito, and Bogota are located far from plentiful sources of water. Elsewhere, though, large cities and abundant water sources are in close proximity, yet large parts of their population still suffer from a lack of clean, cheap, and convenient water, a situation of scarcity in the midst of abundance. This chapter will examine the problems faced by the urban poor in Latin America in accessing potable water, and will examine the problems associated with its delivery. Although it contains some very arid areas such as the Atacama Desert, Latin America is a humid region. Until recently, water was regarded as an abundant resource, and justifiably so: Latin America’s annual precipitation is 60% above the world average and the average annual run-off of 370,000m3 is 30% of the world total (Biswas 1979: 16). A glance at water consumption levels in Latin American cities indicates no aggregate shortage of water. Table 3.1 suggests that average daily water consumption in Latin America’s big cities is comparable with that of cities in the developed world, and significantly higher than is the case in African and some Asian cities. Given that the very minimum amount of water deemed necessary to sustain life has been estimated at 5 litres per capita per day (LCD) (World Bank 1976), and that under most circumstances 30/40 LCD is deemed sufficient for a reasonable level of personal and community health (Kirke and Arthur 1987: 125), even the city with the lowest consumption level would appear to have a plentiful supply of water.
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Gray, William G., and Michael A. Celia. "Incorporation of Interfacial Areas in Models of Two-Phase Flow." In Vadose Zone Hydrology. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195109900.003.0006.

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The mathematical study of flow in porous media is typically based on the 1856 empirical result of Henri Darcy. This result, known as Darcy’s law, states that the velocity of a single-phase flow through a porous medium is proportional to the hydraulic gradient. The publication of Darcy’s work has been referred to as “the birth of groundwater hydrology as a quantitative science” (Freeze and Cherry, 1979). Although Darcy’s original equation was found to be valid for slow, steady, one-dimensional, single-phase flow through a homogeneous and isotropic sand, it has been applied in the succeeding 140 years to complex transient flows that involve multiple phases in heterogeneous media. To attain this generality, a modification has been made to the original formula, such that the constant of proportionality between flow and hydraulic gradient is allowed to be a spatially varying function of the system properties. The extended version of Darcy’s law is expressed in the following form: qα=-Kα . Jα (2.1) where qα is the volumetric flow rate per unit area vector of the α-phase fluid, Kα is the hydraulic conductivity tensor of the α-phase and is a function of the viscosity and saturation of the α-phase and of the solid matrix, and Jα is the vector hydraulic gradient that drives the flow. The quantities Jα and Kα account for pressure and gravitational effects as well as the interactions that occur between adjacent phases. Although this generalization is occasionally criticized for its shortcomings, equation (2.1) is considered today to be a fundamental principle in analysis of porous media flows (e.g., McWhorter and Sunada, 1977). If, indeed, Darcy’s experimental result is the birth of quantitative hydrology, a need still remains to build quantitative analysis of porous media flow on a strong theoretical foundation. The problem of unsaturated flow of water has been attacked using experimental and theoretical tools since the early part of this century. Sposito (1986) attributes the beginnings of the study of soil water flow as a subdiscipline of physics to the fundamental work of Buckingham (1907), which uses a saturation-dependent hydraulic conductivity and a capillary potential for the hydraulic gradient.
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Nelson, David J. "Improving Paradise." In How the New Deal Built Florida Tourism, 137–52. University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056319.003.0008.

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Key to Florida’s tourism was the commodification of the state’s natural resources, tangible and otherwise. Florida developed a specific image of itself: tropical, exotic, safe, and natural. But reality did not always cooperate. In order to present the expected natural landscape for its visitors, the Civilian Conservation Corps created state parks that fit the popular image of what Florida was supposed to look like. It began to remove native fauna and flora, alter water flow, introduce exotic species, and artificially landscape areas that were then presented as natural. We will also look at similar processes in other areas of Florida. Although advertisements, publications, and other forms of popular culture celebrated Florida’s Eden-like qualities, many in the state still believed that paradise needed improving.
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"Multispecies and Watershed Approaches to Freshwater Fish Conservation." In Multispecies and Watershed Approaches to Freshwater Fish Conservation, edited by Stephan J. Magnelia, Kevin B. Mayes, Megan G. Bean, Cindy L. Loeffler, and David D. Bradsby. American Fisheries Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874578.ch12.

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&lt;em&gt;Abstract&lt;/em&gt;.—The Colorado River of Texas originates in the northwest portion of the state and runs southeasterly across the environmentally sensitive Edwards Plateau ecoregion, eventually emptying into Matagorda Bay on the Gulf of Mexico. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) and other conservation partners have worked for decades to conserve native fishes in the river and its associated estuary. The river and its tributaries are also the major water source for millions of people, and portions of the watershed are undergoing unprecedented human population growth and a concomitant increased demand for water. Drought, which is a frequent occurrence in Texas, exacerbates these effects. Providing adequate streamflow and water quality to conserve aquatic species while still fulfilling obligations for municipal, industrial, agricultural, hydropower, and recreational water use is increasingly challenging. Since the 1980s, the TPWD has promoted water management policies in the watershed to benefit aquatic life, conducted research to maintain a sound ecological environment for fish and other aquatic taxa, provided technical guidance and financial incentives to private landowners to improve land practices that benefit water quality and quantity, and improved public access to foster increased stewardship of the river. The TPWD has also collaborated with researchers to study the potential impacts of altered hydrology on two endemic, flow-dependent fish species, Guadalupe Bass &lt;em&gt;Micropterus treculii &lt;/em&gt;and Blue Sucker &lt;em&gt;Cycleptus elongatus&lt;/em&gt;. Two portions of the Colorado River watershed have been identified as native fish conservation areas in part for persistence of populations of these native fishes. Outcomes from these activities are now being leveraged using federally funded research and conservation delivery programs to further advance the conservation of native fish populations and other aquatic life in native fish conservation areas of the Colorado River watershed.
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Conference papers on the topic "Still water areas"

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Sinhmar, Harender, Jitendra Bhati, and Ritanshu Bhati. "Experimental Investigation of Solar Still With Varying Pressure." In ASME 2019 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2019-2746.

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Abstract The shortage for the pure water exists in many developing countries like India even though three fourth of the earth is sheltered by water. The main reason behind this is the unplanned growth of industry and uncontrolled growth of population. In this context, solar still may serve as an efficient solution for addressing pure water shortage in hot climatic areas facing scarcity of water. Solar still is a very simple device that can be used for converting the available non-potable water into potable water. Various water purifiers based on solar energy have been proposed in literature bu
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Jaguaribe, E. F., P. C. Lobo, M. A. R. Andrade, and F. B. Ferraz. "Reducing the Thermal Inertia in a Conventional Solar Still to Increase Productivity." In ASME 2004 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2004-65162.

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In many arid and semi-arid zones, such as in the Brazilian Northeast, potable water is scarce and people and animals suffer water scarcity year after year. On the other hand, insolation is usually high in these areas, favoring the use of solar stills. However, these stills demand substantial investments, not affordable by most users. One way to reduce costs is to increase the evaporation rate to raise the yield of solar stills. One method of enhancing the evaporation rate is to increase water temperature instantaneously during periods of high insolation by the reduction of the water thermal in
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Zhang, Bo, Jianqiang Shan, and Jing Jiang. "Numerical Analysis of Supercritical Water Heat Transfer in Horizontal Circular Tube." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75411.

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CANDU supercritical water reactor (SCWR) offers advantages in the areas of sustainability, economics, safety and reliability and proliferation resistance. However, there is still a big deficiency in understanding and prediction of heat transfer behaviour in supercritical fluids. In this paper, heat transfer is numerically investigated on supercritical water for three-dimensional horizontal flows. Three ε-type turbulence models are tested and the numerical results are compared with experimental data. Based on the result, the standard k-ε turbulence model with enhanced wall treatment is recommen
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McClure, Emma R., and Van P. Carey. "Nanoscale and Macroscale Effects of Mineral Deposition During Water Evaporation on Nanoporous Surfaces." In ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2020-8941.

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Abstract Recent studies have indicated that droplet evaporation heat transfer can be substantially enhanced by fabricating a thin nanoporous superhydrophilic layer on a metal substrate. Such surfaces have immense potential to improve spray cooling processes, however, little durability testing of the surfaces have been performed. In spray cooling applications, as water evaporates any impurities in the water will be deposited onto the surface. Primarily, this investigation serves to demonstrate how minerals in hard water deposit on the surface and interact with the ZnO nanopillars of the superhy
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Iba, Kenichiro, Kenichiro Iba, Takuya Ishikawa, Takuya Ishikawa, Keizo Negi, and Keizo Negi. "NEW DIRECTION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE SETO INLAND SEA." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4316136b08.

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The Seto Inland Sea, the largest enclosed sea in Japan, has unrivalled beauty of archipelago and abundant nature under temperate climate with light rain falls, and the people has been benefitted from the sea ever since the early times. We however experienced sever water pollution problems caused by rapid industrialization and the loss of seaweed bed and tidal flat due to reclamation projects particularly in the period of the high economic growth in 1960s. To resolve these issues, we have carried out water quality improvement programs including reduction of pollutant load based upon the Water P
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Iba, Kenichiro, Kenichiro Iba, Takuya Ishikawa, Takuya Ishikawa, Keizo Negi, and Keizo Negi. "NEW DIRECTION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE SETO INLAND SEA." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b941221ab90.64815034.

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The Seto Inland Sea, the largest enclosed sea in Japan, has unrivalled beauty of archipelago and abundant nature under temperate climate with light rain falls, and the people has been benefitted from the sea ever since the early times. We however experienced sever water pollution problems caused by rapid industrialization and the loss of seaweed bed and tidal flat due to reclamation projects particularly in the period of the high economic growth in 1960s. To resolve these issues, we have carried out water quality improvement programs including reduction of pollutant load based upon the Water P
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Karanisa, Theodora, Imen Saadaoui, Helmi Hamdi, Noora Fetais, and Sami Sayadi. "Food, Energy and Water Management Innovation in Doha: A Design-led Nexus Approach." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0045.

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Urban communities are affected by population growth, urbanization and climate change, thus being vulnerable to food, energy and water demand. According to the United Nations, the world’s population is expected to increase by 2 billion people in the next 30 years and 68% of them are projected to live in urban areas by then. At the same time, 1/3 of the food produced in the world for human consumption every year gets lost or wasted and still, 795 million people worldwide are malnourished. A sustainable Food, Energy, Water and Waste Nexus is urgent. The Moveable Nexus Project is aiming to give a
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Xue, He, Zhanpeng Lu, Hiroyoshi Murakami, and Tetsuo Shoji. "Effect of Uneven Crack Front on Crack Tip Mechanics and the Implication to Stress Corrosion Crack Growth." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77625.

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Uneven crack fronts have been observed in laboratory stress corrosion cracking tests. For example, cracking fronts of nickel-base alloys tested in simulated boiling water reactor (BWR) and pressurized water reactor (PWR) environments could exhibit uneven crack front. Analyzing the effect of an uneven crack front on further crack growth is important for quantification of crack growth. Finite-Element analysis shows that the local KI distribution can be significantly affected by the shape and size of the uneven crack front. Stress intensity factor at the locally extended crack front can be signif
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Zengeya, Tsitsi, Paul Sambo, and Nyasha Mabika. "The Adoption of the Internet of Things for SMART Agriculture in Zimbabwe." In 2nd International Conference on Machine Learning, IOT and Blockchain (MLIOB 2021). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.111208.

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Zimbabwe has faced severe droughts, resulting in low agricultural outputs. This has threatened food and nutrition security in community sections, especially in areas with low annual rainfall. There is a growing need to maximize water usage, monitor the environment and nutrients, and temperatures by the adaptation of smart agriculture. This research explored the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) for smart agriculture in Zimbabwe to improve food production. The mixed methodology was used to gather data through interviews from 50 purposively sampled A2 farmers in the five agricultural regions o
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Esteba, Theresa Audrey O. "Living with water. How memory and experience can help build community resilience in Dordrecht." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/evar9042.

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In 2021, Dordrecht, the oldest city in the Netherlands, will be commemorating the 600th anniversary of the St. Elizabeth flood. This disaster flood event inundated the entire Dordrecht and separated the city from Geertruidenberg. After the flood Dordrecht was left with only the old city center that the city had to reclaim their land. To date Dordrecht has remained an island surrounded by water. The city’s vulnerability to flooding have prompted the city to actively participate in climate adaptation strategies and innovative design methodologies to help the island city cope with changing climat
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Reports on the topic "Still water areas"

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Gómez Vidal, Analía, Fabiana Machado, and Darcia Datshkovsky. Water and Sanitation Services in Latin America: Access and Quality Outlook. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003285.

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Tracking progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is critical to evaluate how far the water and sanitation sector is from achieving these targets, and to guarantee that the solutions and strategies implemented get everyone closer to them. But this is not a simple task. To truly assess collective progress towards achieving SDG 6 (and all other goals), it is fundamental to count on standardized measures that help track all types of access, their reliability, and their quality. Existing data tend to lack comparability across sources and locations because they rely on different de
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Birch, Izzy. Thinking and Working Politically on Transboundary Issues. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.010.

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There is growing consensus that political factors are a key determinant of development impact. The practice of Thinking and Working Politically (TWP) is built around three interconnected principles: (i) strong political analysis, insight, and understanding; (ii) detailed appreciation of, and response to, the local context; and (iii) flexibility and adaptability in program design and implementation. The literature notes that while TWP emphasises the centrality of politics and power, technical knowledge is still important and can reinforce the political agenda, for example by increasing the conf
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Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understan
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Guidati, Gianfranco, and Domenico Giardini. Joint synthesis “Geothermal Energy” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.4.en.

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Near-to-surface geothermal energy with heat pumps is state of the art and is already widespread in Switzerland. In the future energy system, medium-deep to deep geothermal energy (1 to 6 kilometres) will, in addition, play an important role. To the forefront is the supply of heat for buildings and industrial processes. This form of geothermal energy utilisation requires a highly permeable underground area that allows a fluid – usually water – to absorb the naturally existing rock heat and then transport it to the surface. Sedimentary rocks are usually permeable by nature, whereas for granites
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Rosato-Scott, Claire, Dani J. Barrington, Amita Bhakta, Sarah J. House, Islay Mactaggart, and Jane Wilbur. How to Talk About Incontinence: A Checklist. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2020.006.

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Incontinence is the medical term used to describe the involuntary loss of urine or faeces. Women, men, girls, boys and people of all genders, at any age, can experience incontinence. A person with incontinence can experience leakage occasionally, regularly or constantly; and leakage can happen at any time, day or night. A person may also experience leakage of urinary or faecal matter due to not being able to get to the toilet in time or not wanting to use the toilet facilities available. This is known as social, or functional, incontinence. In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) unde
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Rosato-Scott, Claire, Dani J. Barrington, Amita Bhakta, Sarah J. House, Islay Mactaggart, and Wilbur Jane. How to Talk About Incontinence: A Checklist. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2020.012.

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Incontinence is the medical term used to describe the involuntary loss of urine or faeces. Women, men, girls, boys and people of all genders, at any age, can experience incontinence. A person with incontinence can experience leakage occasionally, regularly or constantly; and leakage can happen at any time, day or night. A person may also experience leakage of urinary or faecal matter due to not being able to get to the toilet in time or not wanting to use the toilet facilities available. This is known as social, or functional, incontinence. In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) unde
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