Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Stimulas control'
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Kuhn, Robin Merritt. "Assessing the Stimulus Control of Observers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12146/.
Full textNiland, Haven Sierra. "The Effects of Common and Uncommon Elements on the Emergence of Simple Discriminations." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1505220/.
Full textKinch, John L. "Stimulus control : a coding of aversive stimuli and aggressive behavior." Scholarly Commons, 1986. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2118.
Full textFaggiani, Robson Brino. "Efeitos de estímulos conseqüentes específicos sobre a emergência de leitura recombinativa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-12112008-075902/.
Full textRecombinative reading is the ability of reading under the control of smaller verbal units. This phenomenon is investigated through the training, in MTS, of dictated and printed words; and tests of reading with new words. The results of these experiments had varied in the literature. The most effective procedures are those in which the smaller units are direct or indirect trained. Experiments in Equivalence have shown that specific outcomes produce relations among reinforcers, samples and choice stimuli. For investigating the effects of specific outcomes over recombinative reading, it was conduced an experiment with three groups of four participants, with ages varying from 20 to 30. The aims of the experiment were verifying if the syllables, of two-syllable words, would be related to the consequences components and the effects of the specific outcomes over the recombinative reading. The training was done between two-syllable dictated words as samples and printed words as choice stimuli. Specific consequences compounded by two stimuli were presented to Groups 1 and 2; each stimulus of the consequence was correspondent to a syllable, which could be an indirect training of smaller units. The consequences were two colors presented in the same place of the choice stimuli for Group 1, and two figures presented on the center of the screen for Group 2. The three groups were tested in auditory-receptive reading and textual behavior. Groups 1 and 2 were also tested in relations between the syllables and the consequences components. The data of each participant was individually analyzed, and comparisons among the results of each group were made through the Mann-Whitney test. Although there has not been occurred statically significant results, the participants of Group 1 were those who have made less mistakes than the other groups in training, auditory-receptive tests and textual behavior tests. The participants of Group 3 have made more mistakes in comparison with the other groups in all phases of the experiment. Two participants of Group 1 and one participant of Group 2 have performed with more than 93% of correct responses in tests between syllables and consequences components. The specific consequences have had little positive effect, or none, over the participants performances in training and recombinativa reading tests. The larger effectiveness of colors, in comparison with the figures in produce relations among the consequences components, samples and choice stimuli, could be connected with its proximity to the syllables, and/or with its higher simplicity and easiness of naming in comparison with the figures. The lack of success of some participants in relating colors or figures to syllables seems to be a consequence of the great amount of relations required by the procedure. Simplifications of the procedure executed with participants with little verbal experience could clarify if the success of some participants in tests with the consequences components were result of its possible reinforcer function or of the ability of the participants in naming stimuli.
Alvarez, Alvaro Arturo Clavijo. "O papel dos aspectos não correlacionados com a consequência no estabelecimento do controle de estímulos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-26032015-102224/.
Full textAt least part of the environment in which a response produces a consequence always gains control over the response. As a rule, the portion that gains control correlates with the consequence. Uncorrelated portions may hinder or facilitate the acquisition of control by the correlated ones and even gain control by themselves. The present dissertation deals with the role that portions of the environment uncorrelated with the consequence play on the establishment of stimulus control. Chapter 1 is a review on the establishment of control with emphases on the properties of the environment. Chapter 2 describes two experiments that evaluated control by portions of the environment uncorrelated with the consequence. Previous experiments with a recognition task suggested control over responding by portions of human-like stimuli uncorrelated with the consequence. Results from Experiment 2 demonstrated with an operant task that the recognition task measures control by aspects of the environment uncorrelated with the consequence and that control by uncorrelated portions of the stimuli may hinder or prevent control by the correlated portions. Chapter 3 describes three experiments that evaluated the influence of the stimulis shape on the acquisition of control by uncorrelated features. Results showed that uncorrelated portions of stimuli in human format had a greater chance of gaining control over responding than stimuli with the same components in nonhuman format. Chapter 4 describe two experiments that evaluated control by portions of the environment uncorrelated with the consequence with crosses formed by squares that touched each other or that had a small distance between them. Results showed that portions of the stimuli formed by disconnected squares gained control over responding, but they did not gain control when the crosses were formed by united stimuli
Moxon, Peter D. "Complex stimulus control by emergent stimulus relations : implications for functional equivalence." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.232857.
Full textKuhn, Robin Merritt Rosales-Ruiz Jesus. "Assessing the stimulus control of observers." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12146.
Full textDavison, Matthew Alan. "Reducing Undesirable Behavior with Stimulus Control." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115065/.
Full textFord, Victoria L. "The Function-Altering Effects of Contingency-Specifying Stimuli." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500783/.
Full textCondon, David. "A Masking Procedure for Stimulus Control Assessment." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1538678/.
Full textFlorentino, Samantha Rose. "Transformation of Stimulus Function Through Relational Networks: The Impact of Derived Stimulus Relations on Stimulus Control of Behavior." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4041.
Full textGreen, M. Regina. "Contextual Control of Stimulus Equivalence with Preschool Children." DigitalCommons@USU, 1986. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5954.
Full textReyes, Fredy. "Effects of Reinforcement History on Stimulus Control Relations." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2669/.
Full textTait, Kelly M. "A Stimulus Control Analysis of the Misinformation Effect." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700022/.
Full textBuonomano, Lisa Cristine. "Stimulus Matters: Effects of Familiarity versus Novelty." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31625.
Full textMaster of Science
Lobo, Harold E. "Complex stimulus control in humans merging functional and equivalence classes /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5938.
Full textTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 83 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-74).
Ludwig, Casimir Johannes Hendrikus. "Stimulus-driven and goal-driven control over visual selection." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269218.
Full textAbdel-Jalil, Awab. "Stimulus Control Effects of Changes in Schedules of Reinforcement." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1707360/.
Full textArantes, Ana Karina Leme. "Condições que favorecem ou desfavorecem a aprendizagem relacional em crianças com histórico de fracasso escolar." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/2996.
Full textUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais
The stimulus equivalence concept has been used by behavior analysts as an instrument to systematic verifications of new and complex repertories, offering an operational specification of symbolic behavior and distinguishing between two kinds of relational stimulus pairs: conditional relations and equivalence relations. The most often used procedure to verify emergence of equivalence relations is the matching to sample (MTS), in which two conditional relations between stimulus pairs are taught. In this procedure the experimenter does not know the baseline stimulus control topographies and the subject answers, although could be similar to those expected, may include different control topographies, being some controlled by selection and others controlled by rejection. One alternative possibility to verify different baseline control relations is the use of special procedures to induce and identify these relations, like the blank comparison procedure. In this procedure, a black square is introduced on the baseline conditional discrimination trials to block the stimulus for the subject. The present study used the blank comparison procedure with seven normally developing children with school failure history, to separated verify the selection and rejection topographies and the differences in the emergence of equivalence relations. Different arbitrary visual stimulus sets were used in each training: conditional discriminations with both selection and rejection topographies, conditional discriminations only with rejection topographies in the BC relations, and conditional discriminations only with selection topographies in the BC relations. The blank comparison procedure was used to generate these controls on the baseline conditional discriminations. All participants met high percents of correct answers after the training with both control topographies and demonstrating equivalence, although some children needed other procedures to remediate fails in the training. After the trainings with only rejection or selection control in the BC relations, no children obtain a positive equivalence test outcome, pointing that guarantee of both rejection and selection control topographies could minor the emergent relations test outcomes variability in the matching to sample procedures.
O conceito de equivalência de estímulos tem sido usado por analistas do comportamento como instrumento para verificar sistematicamente repertórios novos e complexos, oferecendo uma especificação operacional para o comportamento simbólico, distinguindo dois tipos de relações entre pares de estímulos: relações condicionais e relações de equivalência. O procedimento mais comumente usado para verificar a geração de relações de equivalência é o emparelhamento com o modelo (matching to sample), em que são ensinadas relações condicionais entre pares de estímulos, verificando-se a emergência de relações de equivalência. Porém, neste procedimento o experimentador desconhece as topografias de controle de estímulos da linha de base, já que as respostas, embora aparentemente similares, podem ocorrer sob controle de diferentes topografias, sendo algumas delas controladas por relações de seleção enquanto outras são controladas por rejeição. Uma alternativa para verificar e controlar as diferentes relações de controle na linha de base é utilizar procedimentos especiais para induzir e identificar estas relações, como o procedimento de máscaras. Neste procedimento, um quadrado negro é introduzido nas tentativas de discriminação condicional de linha de base, de modo a obliterar a visão de um dos estímulos por parte do participante. O presente estudo utilizou o procedimento de máscaras com sete crianças com desenvolvimento típico e histórico de fracasso escolar, verificando separadamente as topografias de seleção e de rejeição, bem como as diferenças nas formações de relações de equivalência. Para isso, foram usados conjuntos diferentes de estímulos visuais arbitrários em cada treino, comparando os resultados de sondas de relações emergentes para cada participante sob diferentes condições: treinos de relações condicionais tanto por rejeição, quanto por seleção; somente por rejeição; e somente por seleção. O procedimento de máscaras foi utilizado para induzir topografias de controle de estímulo por rejeição e por seleção nas discriminações condicionais de linha de base. Todos os participantes alcançaram porcentagens altas de acertos nas relações testadas após o treino em que foram usadas ambas as topografias de controle, demonstrando equivalência, embora alguns participantes tenham necessitado de procedimentos remediativos. No entanto, depois dos treinos apenas por rejeição ou apenas por seleção, nenhuma criança demonstrou equivalência e os desempenhos nas tentativas de linha de base intercaladas com as sondas de relações emergentes tornou-se menos acurado. Garantir o controle do responder tanto por seleção do S+ quanto por rejeição do S- pode diminuir a variabilidade dos resultados obtidos nas sondas de relações emergentes em procedimentos de emparelhamento com o modelo.
Hutcheon, Thomas Gordon. "Assessing the Durablity and Time Course of Stimulus-driven Control." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51840.
Full textGatch, Michael B. "An Experimental Analysis of Higher-Order Stimulus Control in Humans." DigitalCommons@USU, 1990. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6017.
Full textBreeze, Julian. "Task switching and cognitive control processes : measured using increases to stimulus dimension, stimulus set size and task practice." Thesis, Bangor University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494186.
Full textBonito, Maria Amélia Gonçalves. "Um procedimento para medir o estabelecimento de controle de estímulos em uma discriminação simples, baseado em Touchette (1971)." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2005. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16635.
Full textBehavior analysts interpret attention as a case of operant stimulus control. Therefore the study of the variables and procedures that promote discrimination are taken as important if one is interested in attention. This interpretation guide many experimental studies on discrimination where experimental concern was the implementation of effective procedures for the establishment of discriminations and the implementation of procedures that showed how and when given stimuli or stimuli dimensions became controlling variables of the discriminative response. The present experiment tested the viability of a procedure that established a series of simple discriminations without errors and that at the same time showed the moment of stimulus control transfer and the kind of control (by S+ and/ or S-) established during training. Six children ages 4 to 5 years with typical development participated in the study. Participants worked in computer equipped with a software that controlled the experimental events and recorded the participant s behavior of interest, as well as other events. The experimental response was to click with the computer mouse at one of two stimuli presented at the computer screen. Initially, a discrimination between two colors (one of them assigned as S+ and the other as S-) was established through differential reinforcement. In the 3 following phases 3 new discrimination pairs (of arbitrary unknown stimuli) were trained, using a procedure of delayed cue, where the cue were the colors (as the background) already established as S+ and S-. The colors were presented as the background of the stimulus pair at each trial and after ach correct trial the time delay for the color presentation was increased, until the child responded systematically to the new S+ stimulus alone. Each training of a new discrimination as followed by a test of the control exerted by the S+ and the S-. In each test in extinction the trained S+ was presented with a new stimulus, or the S- was presented with another new stimulus. Each pair of stimulus was presented 3 times. Results showed that for 4 of the 6 subjects the delayed cue procedure lead to discriminations without errors. The test results suggest that 4 of the 6 subjects emitted discriminative responses under the joint control of S+ and S- and one of them seemed to respond under the exclusive control of the S+. Results are discussed in terms of the effectiveness of the procedure employed
Discriminação e generalização estão envolvidas no estabelecimento de controle de estímulos sobre comportamento operante e, do ponto de vista da análise do comportamento, a compreensão de fenômenos como atenção envolve a compreensão de processos envolvidos no estabelecimento de controle de estímulos. Essa interpretação foi a base para estudos experimentais sobre discriminação nos quais se discute diversos aspectos de tal controle. No presente trabalho testou-se a viabilidade de um procedimento para o estabelecimento de discriminações simples sem erros e que permitisse ao experimentador acompanhar o processo de estabelecimento do controle por estímulos envolvidos nessas discriminações. Seis crianças, entre 4 e 5 nos de idade, com desenvolvimento típico participaram do estudo. As crianças trabalhavam em um computador, as respostas solicitadas eram de arrastar e clicar o mouse sobre estímulos dispostos na tela do computador. Os participantes trabalhavam em um computador equipado com um programa que controlava as condições do experimento e registrava as respostas e eventos de interesse. Inicialmente estabeleceu-se, via reforçamento diferencial, uma discriminação simultânea simples entre dois estímulos cuja dimensão relevante era a cor dos estímulos. Em outras 3 fases experimentais foram estabelecidas 3 novas discriminações entre estímulos arbitrários com um procedimento de dica atrasada, no qual se atrasava a cada tentativa correta a apresentação desses SD e SΔ (as cores) sobre os novos estímulos, até que o participante respondesse diferencialmente aos novos estímulos sem a apresentação das cores como fundo. Cada fase de treino foi seguida de um teste em extinção o qual estímulos novos eram apresentados com o SD ou como SΔ recém estabelecidos. Os resultados dos treinos mostraram que houve discriminação sem erro para 4 dos 6 participantes em todos os 3 treinos. Os resultados dos testes mostraram que o desempenho de 4 dos 6 participantes, depois do treino discriminativo parece ter se dado tanto pela seleção do SD como pela exclusão do SΔ, enquanto que um quinto participante teve um desempenho indicativo de controle exclusivo pelo SD. Os resultados são discutidos em termos da efetividade do procedimento para detectar o que vem sendo chamado na literatura de transferência do controle de estímulos
Velasco, Saulo Missiaggia. "Simetria e transitividade em discriminações condicionais de humanos e pombos (Columba Livia) avaliadas sob condições de reforçamento diferencial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-30112009-101316/.
Full textThe lack of reinforcement in tests of emergent relations interferes with the demonstration of equivalence-class formation in nonhuman animals and humans with developmental disabilities. The present work proposes an alternative methodology to test equivalence-class formation under differential reinforcement conditions. The first study assessed symmetry and transitivity in verbally-able human adults in order to evaluate the proposed procedure. In the second study, such a procedure was applied to assess symmetry in pigeons. After subjects have been trained on the baseline conditional relations they were given either a symmetry or a transitivity reinforced test. During the symmetry test, two sets of conditional relations were additionally reinforced: symmetrical versions of the baseline relations and novel relations, formed by recombining stimuli from the baseline. Evidence for symmetry would be indicated by higher accuracies on the symmetrical than on the novel relations. Similar strategy was used to test transitivity. The results showed that human participants performed with higher levels of accuracy on the symmetrical and transitive relations than on the novel relations throughout each test. These founds indicate the efficacy of the procedure to test emergent relations that define stimulus equivalence. Pigeons, in turn, performed at chance-level in both symmetrical and novel relations in the first test involving half of the baseline stimuli. Nevertheless, after such relations have been trained to a high accuracy, all the pigeons matched at higher levels of accuracy on the symmetrical relations in the second test involving the remaining baseline stimuli. This result contrasts with the lack of symmetry reported in most of previous studies with nonverbal subjects and indicates that symmetry can emerge in such a population under adequate conditions of training and testing.
Waldron, Christopher. "Towards stimuli-responsive polymers for rheological control." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/67684/.
Full textPostalli, Lidia Maria Marson. "Ontogênese do seguimento de instruções: o papel da formação de classes de equivalência." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/2973.
Full textUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Responding under the control of verbal commands is an important component of human learning. The stimulus equivalence paradigm, as a model of symbolic behavior, is useful in explaining how instructions specify contingencies of reinforcement: Words can become members of equivalence classes with other stimuli (the referents) such as objects, actions, relations, etc. This study investigated the formation of stimulus classes among pseudo-words (verbs) and phrases (verbs and nouns). The specific goals were to verify 1) whether the pseudo-words would become equivalent to actions and objects (presented as recorded videotapes) and abstract pictures; 2) whether the words and pictures would acquire instructional control over the non-verbal responding (performing the actions, in isolation or directed to objects). Two experiments were conducted with children aged four to six years. Experiment I used verb-like pseudo-words (Set A), actions without a particular name established by the verbal community to which the participants belonged (Set B) and colorful abstract pictures (Set C). In Experiment II the auditory stimuli were pseudo-phrases (verb-object) and the videotaped actions were directed to objects. Matching-to-sample procedures, with three comparison stimuli, were used in both experiments to establish conditional discriminations among stimuli of Sets A and B (AB relations) and among stimuli of Sets A and C (AC relations) and test for class formation (BC and CB probe trials interspersed among baseline trials). In both experiments, all children learned the baseline of conditional discriminations AB and AC and demonstrated the formation of equivalence classes (BC and CB), relating, without direct training, pseudo-words or phrases, actions and abstract pictures. Tests for instructional control, conducted at the beginning of the study (pre-test), after children learned the conditional discriminations (intermediate test) and after the formation of classes (post-tests) demonstrated that the baseline was sufficient for establishing the control by spoken instructions, but not by the corresponding abstract pictures. After class formation, all children followed both kinds of instructions . However, when tests in Experiment II presented new phrases (recombinations of words from learned phrases), no children showed recombinative generalization. This raises a question about the necessary and sufficient conditions for establishing a generalized repertoire of instruction following based on equivalence relations. The present results replicated and extended the results of previous studies on equivalence relations as a mechanism by which instruction following could emerge as a derived repertoire, without explicit training
Responder sob o controle de comandos verbais é um importante componente de aprendizagem humana. O paradigma de equivalência de estímulos, como modelo do comportamento simbólico, pode contribuir para esclarecer como instruções especificam contingências de reforçamento: as palavras podem se tornar membros de classes de equivalência que incluem outros estímulos (os referentes) tais como objetos, ações, relações, etc. Esse estudo investigou a formação de classes de estímulos envolvendo pseudo-palavras (verbos) e pseudo-frases (verbos e objetos). Os objetivos específicos foram verificar: 1) se as pseudo-palavras se tornariam equivalentes a ações e objetos (apresentados em filmes em videoteipes) e figuras abstratas; e 2) se as palavras e figuras adquiririam controle instrucional sobre o responder não verbal (realizar as ações, isoladas ou direcionadas aos objetos). Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com crianças com idades entre quatro e seis anos. No Experimento I os estímulos do Conjunto A eram pseudo-palavras (verbos no infinitivo), os do Conjunto B eram ações (videoteipes) sem um nome definido, para as quais não se esperava nomeações consistentes na comunidade verbal dos participantes e os do Conjunto C eram figuras abstratas coloridas. No Experimento II os estímulos auditivos foram estendidos para pseudo-frases (verbo-objeto) e ações direcionadas a objetos. Em ambos os experimentos foi empregado um procedimento de emparelhamento com o modelo com três estímulos de comparação para ensinar as discriminações condicionais entre os estímulos dos conjuntos A e B (relação AB) e entre os dos conjuntos A e C (relação AC) e testar a formação de classes (tentativas de sondas BC e CB intercaladas com tentativas de linha de base). Nos dois experimentos, todas as crianças aprenderam as discriminações condicionais AB e AC e apresentaram formação de classes de equivalência, relacionando, sem ensino direto, pseudo-palavras ou pseudo-frases, ações e figuras indefinidas (emergência de BC e CB). Os testes de controle instrucional, conduzidos no início do estudo (pré-teste), depois do ensino das discriminações condicionais (teste intermediário) e depois da formação de classes de estímulos equivalentes (pós-teste), mostraram que o ensino da linha de base foi suficiente para estabelecer o controle pelas instruções orais (inexistente no pré-teste), mas não pelas figuras abstratas correspondentes. Após a formação de classes, todas as crianças seguiram ambos os tipos de instruções . Contudo, quando os testes no Exprimento II apresentavam novas sentenças (recombinações entre verbos e substantivos das sentenças aprendidas), nenhuma criança apresentou generalização recombinativa, o que levanta a questão sobre as condições necessárias e suficientes para estabelecer um repertório generalizado de seguimento de instruções baseado nas relações de equivalência. Os presentes resultados replicam e estendem os resultados de estudos prévios sobre relações de equivalência como um mecanismo pelo qual o seguimento de instrução pode emergir como um repertório derivado, sem treino explícito
Pergher, Nicolau Kuckartz. "Respostas de observação em reversões de contingências." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-14012008-154723/.
Full textObserving responses are maintained by discriminative stimuli. Most researches have shown that observing responses are maintained by S+, a fact that has being explained by conditioned reinforcement hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, only the stimulus paired with reinforcement would acquire conditioned reinforcement proprieties. There are researches that have shown both S+ and S- maintaing observing, a fact that has being explained by uncertainty reduction hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, both stimuli provide information\'s and reduce uncertainty about contingencies. The present research intended to study observing responses in contingencies reversals. According to conditioned reinforcement hypothesis, in every reversal, only the stimulus paired with reinforcement, or nearer to reinforcement, should reinforce observing. According to uncertainty reduction hypothesis, in every reversal, both stimuli should maintain observing because both inform about contingencies. Three experiments were done. An eye tracker equipment was used to register observing responses. In Experiment 1, three adults with typical development participated. Contingencies in Experiment 1 (VR Extinction) were not efficient in establishing discrimination and reversals were not implemented. In Experiment 2, three other adults participated. It was used punition (points lost) for responding in the presence of S-. Discrimination was established and reversals were carried through. Results show that S-was observed with longer duration and/or higher frequencies than S+. S- conditioned reinforcement properties are discussed in terms of increasing escape probability. In Experiment 3, two adults participated. Two groups of stimuli were used. Throughout the experiment, S- maintained observing with longer durations and higher frequencies than S+. One of the participants, when exposed to reversals, from the first stimulus presented, S-observation becomes higher to the other S- than to the other S+. These results indicated that, besides functional stimuli classes, it was created conditioned reinforcement classes. Discriminative effects of stimuli over eye movements are discussed. It is suggested that reinforcement effect of other elements, like points and instructions must be evaluated. This elements can maintain observing and concur with observation of stimulus in itself.
Varnon, Christopher A. "A Stimulus Control Analysis of Imprinting in a Human-Reared Pigeon." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84297/.
Full textBarbosa, Pedro Piovezan. "Movimento dos olhos como medida auxiliar de investigação de controle de estímulos em Procedimento Respondent-type." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-25022019-154301/.
Full textConditional discrimination literature studies the formation of equivalent classes through several different procedures, such as: the Go/No-go procedure with compound stimuli; the Yes/No procedure; the Respondent-type procedure; the Stimulus Pairing Response procedure; and the Stimulus Pairing Orientation Response procedure. Regarding the Respondent-type procedure, the conditionality between stimuli was not demonstrated in training, but it was instead observed in the performance of participants in emergent relations test conditions. Conditionality could not be demonstrated by differential responding in training, since R-S relation was not programmed in this study. Even though no responses are required in these conditions, some responses that naturally occur in the programmed environment (i.e. sensorial responses) are relevant for the performance of tasks, which in this case are the tests. In stimuli control conditions, sensorial or orientation responses are needed, first, to put the participants in contact with the relevant properties of the stimulus that form the programmed environment; and second, to demonstrate that such responses also influence the creation of transitive relations. Considering how relevant orientation responses are, this study aims to track measurements for such responses through tracking the eye movements of participants exposed to Respondent-type procedure. Through the exploration of orientation responses in trainings that lack differential reinforcement, and of tests for emerging relationships, this study can contribute to research investigating the variables of orientation responses, and allow for a manipulation of their spatial-temporal properties. Although classes are formed through Respondent-type training (without an R-S response being programmed into it), would their establishment, in testing conditions, be accompanied by the establishment of selective observing? According to the results, nine in ten participants observed the establishment of equivalent classes, which indicate that our replication was successful. Data obtained through eye-movement tracking allowed us to identify selective observation in MTS training even through no R-S relationship was programmed. Lastly, the establishment of selective observation allowed us to formulate hypothesis based on certain aspects of the procedure, which allowed for the establishment of functions of correct and incorrect stimuli in the experimental task (because the training for conditional relationships was not a discriminative training)
Silva, Marcelo Jose Machado. "Rastreamento do olhar ao longo de discriminações visuais simples sucessivas e simultâneas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-13022009-101055/.
Full textSix undergraduate students were exposed to two simple discrimination procedures each. Three learned a simultaneous discrimination, followed by its reversion; and then learned a successive discrimination, also followed by its reversion. The other three learned a successive discrimination, followed by its reversion; and then learned a simultaneous discrimination, also followed by its reversion. Each participant used, during all sessions, an eye-tracking device, which records video streamings with a cursor indicating the users eye fixation. That allowed to calculate the time intervals for events related to the participants eye fixations during the discrminations. Results show that all three participants who learned the simultaneous discrimination first exhibited strong evidence of select-control, and two of them also exhibited later strong evidence of rejectcontrol. Participants who learned the simultaneous discrimination after the successive discrimination exhibited strong evidence of reject-control since the beginning, and two of them did it even before showing evidence of select-control.
Huziwara, Edson Massayuki. "Controles por seleção e rejeição em discriminações condicionais em humanos e pombos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-20072010-155216/.
Full textThe study of responding controlled by selection or rejection relations is within the scope of research on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the formation of equivalent stimuli classes. This project sought to investigate aspects related to this subject by performing experiments with humans and pigeons. The first experiment evaluated whether the record of eye movement - in terms of stimuli observation time and tracking patterns exhibited throughout conditional discrimination training - could provide ancillary measures on the acquisition process of control by selection rejection during the conditional discrimination training on human participants. For this purpose it was important to prepare an experimental situation that predictably generate differences in the discriminative learning outcomes. Thus, it would be possible to verify if the eye movement could provide additional clues about the establishment of responding controlled by relations of selection or rejection. Previous studies have shown that using the keyboard or mouse, in MTS tasks, produces different results in class formation testing. The objective was, therefore, to check if different response topographies would generate different results in conditional discrimination acquisition and class formation tests and, furthermore, if it would generate different tracking patterns, in terms of stimuli observation time. College students were subjected to conditional discriminations training involving six sets of stimuli (training EF, DE, CD, BC and AB) while using a device that recorded eye movement. Results suggest that different response topographies originate different patterns of stimulus tracking, however there was no evidence that such patterns referred to the establishment of relations controlled by selection or rejection. The second experiment sought verifying the existence of transitivity relations from conditional training involving temporal stimuli. Subjects were 12 pigeons (Columba livia) experimentally naive and kept at 80% of their ad lib weight. The equipment used consisted of a box containing three standard experimental response keys horizontally arranged. A training attempt occurred as follows: house light and the central key were lit at the same time. If, for example, the programmed interval was 4 s, a white light in the central key remained on for that period. After 4 s, the light from the central key was turned off and colors were presented on the side keys. A peck on either of the side keys ended the attempt. Correct answers were followed by a short period of access to the feeder and an ITI of 20 s. Incorrect answers were followed by the ITI and the repetition of the same trial (correction procedure). The procedure consisted of three phases of training: in Training A attempts, the subjects learned to choose the red colored key when the 1 s model was presented, and to choose the green colored key when the 4 s model was presented. In Training B attempts, they learned to choose the blue colored key when the 4 s model was presented and to choose the yellow colored key when the 16 s model was presented. During Training C, subjects learned to choose the blue colored key when green color was presented and to choose yellow colored key when red color model was presented. Regarding A and B trainings, blue and green stimuli were related to the same temporal stimulus 4 s, while red and yellow ones did not share any common temporal stimulus during earlier training. Results suggest that relations between blue and green were acquired more quickly, a fact that seems to demonstrate formation of transitivity relations in earlier stages of training
Perez, William Ferreira. "Movimentos dos olhos e topografias de controle de estímulos em treino de discriminação condicional e testes de equivalência." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-04012009-141137/.
Full textThe operant analysis of eye movements has been taken as an auxiliary measure in the study of stimulus control. Other researches have already shown that different stimulus control topographies (SCT) are correlated with different patterns of eye movements. The present study used an equipment to track the eye movements of four participants during conditional discrimination training and equivalence tests. It aimed to verify, for different sets of stimuli, the effect of different SCT (selection/rejection) over the eye movements patterns. Nonsense figures, letters, numbers and greek letters were used as visual stimuli. Initially, during the Base Line (BL) phase, all participants were submitted to AB/BC relations training and to the tests of transitivity (AC), symmetry (BA and CB), equivalence (CA) and reflexivity (AA, BB and CC), in this sequence, without biasing the establishment of any SCT. In the Rejection Control (RJ) phase, participants were submitted to DE/EF relations training in which the SCT reject was biased. After that, they went through the tests (DF, FE, ED, FD, DD, EE e FF). In the Selection Control (SL) phase, participants were submitted to GH/HI relations training in which the SCT select was biased. After that, they were submitted to the testes (GH, IH, GH, IG, GG, HH e II). Two participants were exposed to experimental phases in the sequence BL RJ SL. For the other ones the order of the last two phases were inverted (BL SL RJ). Following the suggestions of previews studies, in order to bias reject and select control, depending on the experimental phase, the proportions of S+ and S- during the training were manipulated. All participants showed high scores during the tests of BL and SL phases. In RJ phase, only one participant showed systematic failures in transitivity, equivalence and reflexivity tests a typical rejection performance. For this participant, in RJ phase, it was verified a high frequency of the topography of looking only at the S- before choosing one of the comparisons. In this phase, the frequency and the duration of looking at the S- were also higher then looking at the S+. The opposite was observed in the SL phase - a high frequency of the topography of looking only at the S+ before choosing and also a high frequency and duration of looking at the S+. In general, for those participants who did not failed in the testes of RJ phase, the topography, the frequency and the duration of looking at the S+ were higher when compared to the S- along all the experimental phases. The present study shows that for different SCT it was also observed differences in the topography, frequency and duration of looking at the S+ or S-. The results also suggest that it is necessary to investigate what kind of procedures are able to increase the chances of select and reject control to be exclusively establish during the training.
Pasat, Irina V. "A Comparison of Transfer of Stimulus Control Or Multiple Control on the Acquisition of Verbal Operants in Young Children with Autism: an Extension." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149648/.
Full textHolt, Kathryn A. "Aging and Cognitive Control: Discriminating Stimulus from Response Deficits of Attention." W&M ScholarWorks, 2010. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626638.
Full textEndemann, Peter. "Resposta de observação e movimento dos olhos em uma situação de discriminação simples simultânea." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-01122009-103022/.
Full textPrevious studies draw attention to the importance of observing response to the discrimination establishment in differential reinforcement training. This research aims to analyze the observing response and eye movement in a simultaneous simple discrimination situation. Six adults participated. Images of Don Quixote screen painted by Pablo Picasso were used as stimuli. Two images were presented simultaneously along discrete trials. The experiment was divided in three phases: Pre-experimental Phase, Experimental Phase and Post-experimental Phase. In Pre-experimental phase, two identical images were presented. In the Experimental Phase, the images were displayed with a difference at the top left of it. Subsequently the difference was moved to its bottom left portion and finally the difference was displayed on its upper right. The set of conditions of the Experimental Phase predicted the establishment of new discriminations. In Post-experimental Phase, two identical images were presented again. The picture was divided in three parts: Part 1 - the area surrounding the difference displayed in Condition 1; Part 2 - the area surrounding the difference displayed in Condition 2; and Part 3 - the area surrounding the difference displayed in Condition 3. After this division, the duration of looking at these parts was analyzed throughout all phases. All participants showed discriminative performance in three successive conditions. During the Pre-experimental Phase, all participants: a) spent more time looking at Don Quixote, b) spent an intermediary time looking at Sancho Pança, and c) spent a shot time looking at Sol. These patterns were repeated with minor changes along the experimental conditions and the last phase. Under the experimental conditions the duration of looking at the parts of the images whose property was relevant to the discrimination increased while the duration of looking at other parts decreased. All participants showed an increased duration of looking at the S + than at the S- (selective observing). The manual responses were discussed in terms of learning set and stimulus control. The distribution of looking at was discussed in terms of its establishment as an observing response, its extinction and resurgence.
Neto, Augusto Amato. "Efeitos do comportamento verbal modelado e instruído sobre a escolha de modalidades esportivas em um jogo de videogame." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-09022011-153128/.
Full textThe present study evaluated the effects of shaping a response class (differential reinforcement for the choice of qualifying phrases related to sports modalities) upon another class (the choice of the sports modalities in a videogame). Four sports modalities were available in free choice sessions that displayed games and photographs before the choice for the phrase shaping. The least chosen modality on the baseline game sessions defined the verbal shaping criterion for each participant, becoming the target modality. Four qualifying phrases made up each attempt of verbal shaping. When the target modality was chosen, points were delivered. When 100 per cent of the choices made were successful en relation to the target modality, free choice sessions of games and photographs tested the shaping effects. From the eight children who were submitted to the procedure only one presented an increase on the time spent on the target modality. Four participants whose shaping was not followed by the game behavior on the target modality were instructed to play on the target modality. Under these conditions, the results point to a higher efficacy of instructions in opposition to verbal shaping in terms of being followed by the corresponding non-verbal behavior. The arrangement of the photographs chosen was modified after the verbal shaping sessions for six out of the eight participants. The results were discussed according to the stimulus control concept applied to verbally governed behaviors classified according to three types of control, namely: null, transitory and marking effects of the shaped and instructed verbal behavior
Erickson, Emilie Jane. "Oral Syringe Training Animals: Indiscriminable and Discriminable Punishment Contingencies." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc271810/.
Full textPostalli, Lidia Maria Marson. "Equivalência de estímulos e generalização recombinativa no seguimento de instruções com pseudofrases (verboobjeto)." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/2887.
Full textUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais
An important issue in the field of verbal behavior is how a person understands and learns to behave according to verbal commands or instructions. The stimulus equivalence paradigm, as a model of symbolic behavior, may explain the origins of the comprehension of instructions. Following new instructions can result from the recombination of subunits of previously learned instructions. This work reports three studies that investigated questions related to instructional control. In the first two studies, the general objective was to establish pseudo-phrases (action-object) as members of equivalence classes with actions, objects and abstract pictures; and to verify whether, when employed with an instructional function, the pseudo-phrases and the abstract pictures would control the participants responding. Additionally, the studies asked whether participants would follow new (recombined) instructions. The third study investigated whether the overlapping of elements of pseudo-phrases in teaching phase would favor generalized instruction-following. In the studies 1 and 2, twelve of the thirteen participants learned the auditory-visual conditional discriminations among spoken pseudo-phrases and actions presented in videotapes and among the same sentences and abstract pictures. Probes for class formation showed that the same twelve children comprehended the sentences, relating, through equivalence, the pseudo-phrases, the actions and the abstract pictures. Similar performances were observed with the pictures, suggesting that they had been comprehended and that they could work as substitutes for (or equivalent to) oral instructions. However, none of the children followed new (recombined) instructions, although all children responded under partial control of what was previously taught (object or action). In Study 3, four participants learned auditory-visual conditional discriminations (Condition 1) among spoken pseudophrases and videotapes (each showing action-object) and followed oral instructions in the tests of the instructional control, but only one participant followed recombined sentences. Four other participants learned to follow the experimental instructions via execution of the action related to object in the simultaneous presence of the auditory stimulus and of the corresponding videotape (Condition 2), but did not present recombinative generalization. Seven of the eight participants followed new instructions in the pre-test of new training matrixes with overlapping of the elements of the sentences previously learned (that is, their responding was under the control of elements of the compound). As a whole, the results represent a systematic replication of previous results indicating that class formation could promote the comprehension of sentences and facilitate the instruction-following behavior when the sentences are used with instructional function. Regarding the development of stimulus control by subunits of these complex stimuli, the evidences were very fragile, but when it occurred, the recombination was clearly related to systematic training with overlapping of elements in different sentences, thus suggesting the relevance of this procedure as an effective teaching condition.
Uma das questões de interesse no campo do comportamento verbal diz respeito a como as pessoas entendem e passam a se comportar de acordo com comandos ou instruções verbais. O paradigma de equivalência de estímulos, como um modelo do comportamento simbólico, pode contribuir para esclarecer a origem da compreensão de instruções. O seguimento de instruções novas, por sua vez, pode resultar da recombinação de subunidades de instruções previamente aprendidas. Este trabalho relata três estudos que investigaram questões relativas ao controle instrucional. Nos dois primeiros o objetivo geral foi estabelecer pseudofrases (ação-objeto) como membros de classes de equivalência com ações, objetos e figuras abstratas e verificar se quando empregadas com função instrucional, as pseudossentenças e as figuras abstratas controlariam o responder dos participantes. Adicionalmente, os estudos perguntaram se os participantes seguiriam novas instruções (recombinadas). O terceiro estudo investigou se a sobreposição de elementos de pseudofrases durante o ensino favoreceria o seguimento de instrução generalizado. Nos Estudos 1 e 2, 12 dos 13 participantes aprenderam discriminações condicionais auditivo-visuais entre pseudofrases faladas e ações filmadas em videoteipe e entre as mesmas sentenças e figuras abstratas. Sondas de formação de classes mostraram que as mesmas 12 crianças compreenderam as sentenças, relacionando, por equivalência, as pseudofrases, as ações e as figuras abstratas. Desempenhos similares foram observados diante das figuras, o que sugere que passaram a ser compreendidas e que podiam funcionar como substitutos (equivalentes) das instruções orais. Entretanto, nenhuma criança seguiu novas instruções (recombinadas), embora todas responderam sob controle parcial do que foi previamente ensinado (o objeto ou a ação). No Estudo 3, quatro participantes aprenderam discriminações condicionais auditivo-visuais (Condição 1) entre pseudossentenças faladas e videoteipes (ação-objeto) e seguiram as instruções orais nos testes de controle instrucional, mas apenas um participante seguiu sentenças recombinadas. Outros quatro participantes aprenderam a seguir as instruções experimentais via execução da ação em relação ao objeto diante da apresentação simultânea do estímulo auditivo e do videoteipe correspondente (Condição 2), mas não apresentaram generalização recombinativa. Sete dos oito participantes seguiram novas instruções nos pré-testes de novas matrizes de ensino com sobreposição dos elementos das sentenças previamente aprendidas (o responder estava sob controle de elementos do composto). No conjunto, os resultados constituem uma replicação sistemática de resultados prévios indicando que a formação de classes pode promover a compreensão de sentenças e favorecer seu seguimento, quando usadas com função instrucional. Quanto ao desenvolvimento de controle por subunidades dos estímulos complexos, as evidências foram bastante frágeis, mas quando ocorreu, a recombinação esteve claramente relacionada ao treino sistemático com sobreposição de elementos em diferentes sentenças, sugerindo a relevância dos procedimentos como uma condição de ensino eficaz.
Wheat, Leigh Ann Stiles. "Maintaining behavior in a child with autism using a previously neutral stimulus, a remote control tactile stimulus, as the consequence." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2550/.
Full textRaphaelli, Leila Felippe Bagaiolo. "Padrões de aquisição de discriminação condicional durante a emergência do controle por unidades verbais mínimas na leitura em crianças com autismo e desenvolvimento típico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-14092009-160042/.
Full textStudy 1 of this work aimed to evaluate, in children with typical development, possible controls of stimuli involved in the process of acquisition of control by minimal verbal units. Investigation took place during the training sessions of conditional discrimination of compound stimuli (written words), and during the tests that evaluated the emergence of control by minimal verbal units. The purpose of Study 2 was threefold. Firstly, to carry out a systematic replication of the procedures employed in Study 1 with a participant with autism. Secondly, to widen the scope of analysis of Study1. And thirdly, to propose procedures for correction of individual control to restricted stimuli. In Study 1, previously-collected data were analyzed through a program of recombinative reading with three participants. The pairs of stimuli related to the responses of participants and the stimuli model presented in each trial error were categorized. The results were analyzed to see critical and multiple differences of compound stimuli. In Study 2, not only were the same program and categorization applied, but specific and individualized procedures to correct patterns of restricted control of stimuli were introduced. The results of Study 1 and 2 showed that, in general, the four participants demonstrated acquisition of control by minimal verbal units. However, occurrence of variability regarding the prevalence of errors involving multiple or critical differences was observed. There was also variability with regards to the need to introduce specific and individualized procedures to maximize the expected repertoire or correct restricted stimuli control.
Cihon, Traci Michelle. "A comparison of transfer of stimulus control or multiple control on the acquisition of verbal operants in young children." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1186026259.
Full textTurner, Josephine. "Heterogeneous polyelectrolyte gel membranes, effect of morphology on stimulus-responsive permeation control." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq63593.pdf.
Full textCarr, Deborah. "Stimulus equivalence, naming and contextual control : studies with language-disabled, autistic adolescents." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273540.
Full textTucker, Kathryn Lynn. "The Effects of Training History on Retention and Reacquisition of Stimulus Control." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc499982/.
Full textCorato, Luciana Lorenzi. "Procedimentos de intervenção para corrigir um déficit no controle de estímulos: uma revisão de estudos empíricos." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16717.
Full textA deficit in stimulus control that has been called overselectivity / restricted control / selective control occurs when only a limited number of environmental stimuli comes to control behavior at the expense of other aspects of the environment. This deficit has a high level of occurrence in people with atypical development, particularly in those with autism spectrum disorders, but it is not restricted to this population. The objective of this study was to review the experiments developed to evaluate procedures aimed to correct this deficit. A search was conducted on four databases, both in English and Portuguese, with the following keywords: restricted control, selective control and overselectivity. Eleven papers encompassing 16 experiments were found; the majority (13) conducted with people with atypical development, and the remaining with participants with typical development at different ages. Nine procedures have been identified employing tasks such as SMTS, DMTS, discrimination between two stimuli simultaneously presented, observing response procedures, differential observation response (DOR), compound DOR, overtraining, manipulation of the stimuli s characteristics, functional object-use and their graphic representations or photographs and fading. The stimuli presented during the discrimination tasks could be symbols, graphic representations, abstract figures, geometric shapes, words, photographs, drawings and concrete objects. Several experimental designs were employed to evaluate the effect of the intervention on the deficit in stimulus control, the majority (13 experiments) with repeated measures and the remaining comparing independent groups plus intra-subject designs. Various measures to evaluate stimulus control were employed and variable results were obtained. In almost all studies the procedures were able to reduce the deficit in stimulus control, although not totally. In some studies discriminative performance improved only when the procedure was in effect, but returned to baseline levels after its withdrawal
Um déficit no controle de estímulos que tem sido chamado de superseletividade/ controle restrito/ controle seletivo ocorre quando apenas um limitado número de estímulos ambientais adquire controle sobre as respostas do indivíduo em detrimento de outros aspectos do ambiente. Ocorre comumente em pessoas com desenvolvimento atípico, particularmente naquelas que apresentam o transtorno do espectro autista, mas não é exclusivo dessa população. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi fazer uma revisão de experimentos que visavam avaliar procedimentos para corrigir tal déficit. Foi realizada uma busca em quatro bases de dados a partir dos termos controle restrito, controle seletivo e superseletividade, em português e em inglês. Foram encontradas 11 publicações englobando 16 experimentos dos quais a maioria (13) foi realizada com pessoas com desenvolvimento atípico e os demais com pessoas com desenvolvimento típico com diferentes faixas etárias. O déficit no controle de estímulos foi avaliado através de diferentes procedimentos envolvendo diferentes tipos de tarefas. Foram identificados nove procedimentos que empregavam tarefas como SMTS, DMTS, discriminação com apresentação simultânea de dois estímulos, exigência de uma resposta de observação, resposta de observação diferencial (DOR), DOR composto, super-treino, manipulação das características dos estímulos a serem discriminados, emprego de objetos concretos e suas representações gráficas ou fotográficas e esvanecimento dos estímulos. Nas tarefas de discriminação os estímulos empregados podiam ser símbolos, representações gráficas, figuras abstratas, formas geométricas, palavras, fotografias e objetos concretos. Foram empregados diversos delineamentos experimentais para avaliar o efeito da intervenção sobre o déficit no controle de estímulos, sendo que a maioria (13 experimentos) realizou medidas repetidas dos mesmos participantes, e os demais empregaram delineamentos que compararam grupos independentes, além de utilizarem delineamentos intra-sujeitos. Foram utilizadas diversas medidas para avaliar o controle de estímulos e os resultados foram bastante diversos. Na quase totalidade dos estudos os procedimentos foram capazes de reduzir o déficit no controle de estímulos, embora não completamente. Em alguns estudos o desempenho discriminativo melhorou apenas quando o procedimento estava em vigor, mas voltou aos níveis basais após a sua retirada
Cippola, Nathália Sabaine. "Responder por exclusão em treinos de discriminação condicional com estímulos temporais por universitários." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/6033.
Full textFinanciadora de Estudos e Projetos
Choose by exclusion has been extensively investigated and documented in different human populations. The pattern of conditional discrimination of an undefined stimulus obtained for an undefined model when possible experimentally defined choices exist has attracted the attention of researchers interested in symbolic processes such as vocabulary acquisition. Studies employing concrete stimuli have generated compelling data at the same time that they have also highlighted the need for refining knowledge about the properties of the stimuli controlling the response. The utilization of a onedimensional stimulus, like time, could add empirical data about the exact moment when the participant starts to see the undefined stimulus as being different from those used during training. Temporal stimuli have been applied in many investigations of temporal perception. In this context, this work aims to verify how university students respond to exclusion tasks and generalization tests using temporal stimuli as the stimulus mode,on the basis of double temporal bisection trainings. Forty-four university students aged between 18 and 26 years participated in this study, conducted under four different experimental conditions. For the first condition, training consisted in the formation of two conditionals between stimuli lasting 0.5 and 2 seconds for the colors red and green (first bisection), and the relation between stimuli lasting 2 and 8 seconds for the colors blue and yellow (second bisection).For the second condition, the model stimuli lasted 0.3 and 1.2 seconds for red and green, and 1.2 and 4.8for blue and yellow. Models with even shorter duration were utilized for the third and fourth conditions, 0.2 and 0.6,and 0.6 and 1.8 seconds for red and green, and blue and yellow, respectively. The other difference between the conditions lay on the stimulus mode; i.e., visual (time during which a black square remained on the screen) for the first three conditions, and auditory (time during which a beep could be heard) for the last condition. Once the baseline was established, we conducted five blocks of generalization tests with attempts consisting in the presentation of model stimuli lasting for a time period different from the trained periods and undefined and defined comparison stimuli (colors). The generalization test results revealed that the preference for red diminished with longer stimuli, and that the preference for yellow followed an inverse trend. Compared with blue, the choice of green was more frequent during shorter time intervals. As for the Exclusion Test, there was preference for defined stimuli compared with stimuli closer to the trained ones and for undefined stimuli compared with periods less close to the trained ones. These findings contribute to the investigation of responding by exclusion, since there is preference for the undefined stimulus compared with models never seen previously, especially if the models are distant from the trained ones. The generalization data differed from those achieved for non-humans, which opens a discussion about temporal discrimination learning and the role of verbalization and counting.
O responder por exclusão vem sendo amplamente investigado e documentado com diferentes populações humanas. O padrão de escolher um estímulo indefinido condicionalmente a um modelo também indefinido, quando existem possibilidades de escolha definidas experimentalmente tem chamado a atenção de estudiosos interessados em processos simbólicos como a aquisição de vocabulário. Estudos utilizando estímulos concretos têm mostrado dados robustos, mas apontam a necessidade de refinar conhecimento sobre as propriedades dos estímulos que controlam o responder. O uso de um estímulo unidimensional, como duração de tempo poderia acrescentar dados empíricos sobre o momento exato em que o participante passa a ver o estímulo indefinido como diferente daqueles utilizados no treino. Estímulos temporais têm sido utilizados em estudos sobre percepção temporal. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar como universitários responderam em tarefas de exclusão e testes de generalização utilizando estímulos temporais como modalidade de estímulo a partir de treinos de dupla bisecção temporal. Participaram de quatro diferentes condições experimentais 44 universitários, entre 18 e 26 anos. O treino consistiu na formação de duas condicionais entre estímulos com duração de 0,5 e 2 segundos e as cores vermelho e verde (1ª bisecção), e as relações entre 2 e 8s. com os estímulos azul e amarelo (2ª bisecção) para a primeira condição. Na segunda condição os estímulos modelos duravam 0,3, 1,2; 1,2 e 4,8 e nas terceira e quarta condições foram utilizados modelos ainda mais curtos. com 0,2 0,6; 0,6 e 1,8 segundos. A outra diferença entre as condições foi a modalidade do estímulo, visual (tempo em que um quadrado preto permanecia na tela) nas três primeiras condições e auditivo (tempo em que um BIP tocava) na última condição. Uma vez estabelecida a linha de base, foram conduzidos cinco blocos de testes de generalização com tentativas compostas pela apresentação de estímulos modelos com durações diferentes das treinadas e estímulos de comparação apresentados simultaneamente de forma diferente aos do treino, e cinco blocos de testes de exclusão com tentativas com estímulos modelos diferentes dos treinados e estímulos de comparação (cores) indefinidos e definidos. Os resultados do teste de generalização mostraram que a preferência pelo vermelho diminuiu com o aumento da duração do estímulo e a preferência pelo amarelo foi inversamente proporcional. Em relação às escolhas pelo verde, quando associado ao azul, observou-se uma freqüência alta de resposta nos intervalos menores, diminuindo com os intervalos mais longos. Em relação ao Teste de Exclusão observou-se a preferência pelos estímulos definidos frente aos estímulos mais próximos aos treinados e pelos indefinidos frente aos intervalos menos próximos . Estes dados colaboram com a investigação acerca do responder por exclusão, uma vez que há preferência pelo estímulo indefinido frente a estímulos modelos nunca visto anteriormente, especialmente se os modelos foram distantes aos treinados. Já os dados de generalização foram diferentes dos observados com não humanos o que abre discussão a respeito da aprendizagem de discriminação temporal e do papel da verbalização e da contagem.
Kanamota, Juliano Setsuo Violin. "Resposta de observação e generalização de estímulos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-01022019-101626/.
Full textStimulus control is a concept based on two related processes, operant discrimination and stimulus generalization. The relation between operant discrimination and observing responses has been widely investigated, while the relation between stimulus generalization and observing responses still lacks empirical research. The aim of this project was to assess the duration of eye fixations during generalization tests on stimulus that were variations of S+ and variations of S-. Ten college students participated of a simple successive discrimination procedure with a Mult VI/EXT schedule. Three Gabor stimuli were arranged in a triangular shape over a black background. The S+ stimulus was the one with lines on a 45° slope and the S- was the one with lines on a 135° slope. Stimuli with vertical (90°) and horizontal (180°) lines were presented as part of the arrangement but were irrelevant to the task. In Phase 1, discriminative training was conducted using a Mult VI 1 s/EXT schedule with S+ and S- alternating in a semi-random sequence on the upper corner of the triangular arrangement. During Phase 2, the schedule changed to Mult VI 2 s/EXT and the position of the S+ and S- varied over the three corners of the triangle in each component. After completing the discriminative training, five participants were exposed to a generalization test, in extinction, with variations from S+, where stimuli of 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75° were presented. The remaining five participants were exposed to the generation test with stimuli varying from S-, with stimuli of 105°, 120°, 135°, and 150°. Results from the generalization test with variations from S+ show bell-shaped gradients of observing response with peak near S+ and lessened at slopes more distant from S+. On the other hand, gradients from the test conducted with variations from S- were variable, producing flat gradients, bell-shaped, and u-shaped gradients. These results add to the comprehension of stimulus control process by showing gradients of observing behavior and suggest that generalization tests could be used as an alternative to study the role of discriminative stimulus for the observing response
Hamasaki, Eliana Isabel de Moraes. "Respostas de observação na tarefa de pareamento ao modelo: analisando topografias de controle de estímulos e seus efeitos sobre a formação de equivalência." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-14082009-135531/.
Full textUnderstanding that the study of stimulus control topographies (SCT\'s) may be benefited on a conditional discrimination procedure to investigate the complex control of stimuli, specially in the classes formation of equivalent stimuli, this study investigates this issue directly, through a software that executes the matching-to-sample task (MTS) in a modified way. This change in the task of MTS consists basically of responses to observing responses (OR\'s) as a possible resource for describing and evaluating the establishment of much different TSC\'s, both during the long training of conditional discrimination and during the testing to verify the classes training of equivalent stimuli. For this, three experiments were designed. In Experiment 1, the objectives were a) to investigate the occurrence and sequence of OR\'s and b) to analyze the establishment probability of different SCT\'s (selection and rejection). Three under-graduate students participated. In the task, MTS with delay of 0s and three stimuli for comparison, the model and the stimulus were initially covered up and became visible only after the OR\'s issuance. All participants had success in the equivalence formation, with probabilities of responses choice to S+ under control of both the SCT selection and the SCT rejection, demonstrating that the OR\'s have become an effective resource for such research. In Experiment 2, methodological changes were made with the objective of encouraging the establishment of either SCT (selection or rejection) during the conditional relations training and to see the effects of these variations in performance obtained in the tests. Six under-graduate students participated submitted to a condition in which the observation of S+ (three participants) or the S- (three participants) was prevented in 70% of attempts at training. The results indicated that the restrictions on the observation of S+ produced more injury to the restrictions equivalence formation than the ones on the observation of S-, in addition to demonstrating the relative lack of coherence between the SCT\'s planned and established by the participants. For Experiment 3, in which 12 under-graduate students participated, the experimental apparatus programmed during the training was: a) to define S+ from the first issued OR as a situation favoring the TSC selection establishment (for three participants, 100% of attempts and three others, in approximately 80% of attempts), and b) to set the S+ from the third RO as a situation favoring the TSC rejection establishment (in 100% of attempts to three participants and approximately 80%, other three). In the results, the classes formation success of equivalent stimuli in the performance shown by all participants under the conditions 1st / 3rd and 80% / 80% and by only one participant of the 1st condition / 100% stood out. In the successful performance in tests, the establishment of two SCT\'s, specially under conditions of 3 / 80% (all participants), or primarily of SCT selection (single participant of the 1st condition / 100%) was identified. The general data set allows us to discuss the bias that either SCT may change the conditionality practice, since the success in equivalence formation seems to be a likely simultaneity product of the different SCT\'s. Accordingly, it is necessary to invest more in the manipulations in which the focus is the different bias planning.
Neves, Sonia Maria Mello. "The emergence of equivalence relations in children : a study of the effects of naming relational terms and contextual control." Thesis, Bangor University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359348.
Full textYuan, Chengan. "Preference in Asynchronous Presentation of Stimuli." The University of Waikato, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2795.
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