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Journal articles on the topic 'Stimulas control'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Januarti, Ika Buana. "Stimulantia Effect Of Single Bulb Garlic Extract (Allium Sativum Var.Solo Garlic) in Swiss Webster Mice." Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia 17, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31001/jfi.v17i2.762.

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Stimulant is an agent that stimulates the central nervous system thereby increasing physical and mental abilities and minimizing fatigue. The use of synthetic caffeine stimulants of 10 mg / kg BW is known to have side effects of increasing total cholesterol and increasing LDL, therefore alternative stimulants from natural ingredients are needed. Natural materials that have been studied contain flavonoids and phenolic as a stimulant compound is a single garlic bulbs. The purpose of this study was to determine the stimulant effect of a single garlic bulbs ethanolic extract on mice from the difference in swimming time. The research experimental used Pre test and Post test control design. Sample of this research used mice which were divided into 6 groups. Group 1 pretest dose 5 g / kgBB, group 2 (negative control), group 3 (caffeine), group 4 extract dose 5g / kgBB, group 5 dose 10g / kgBB and group 6 dose 20g / kgBB. Data was analyze using one way Anova continued with Post Hoc test. The group of single garlic bulb ethanolic extract dose 20 g / kgBB had the highest stimulant effect with 222,722 minutes fatigue time difference and statistically have significant difference (p <0.05) than the negative control group. Group of single garlic bulb extract can influence the time of fatigue of mice by extending the swimming time of mice so that it has a longer fatigue time which means it has a stimulant effect

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2

McIlvane, William J., and William V. Dube. "Stimulus Control Shaping and Stimulus Control Topographies." Behavior Analyst 15, no. 1 (April 1992): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03392591.

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3

Deitz, Samuel M., and Leslie W. Malone. "Stimulus Control Terminology." Behavior Analyst 8, no. 2 (October 1985): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03393157.

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4

de Faria Brino, Ana Leda, Olavo de Faria Galvão, Romariz da Silva Barros, Paulo Roney Kilpp Goulart, and William J. McIlvane. "Restricted stimulus control in stimulus control shaping with a capuchin monkey." Psychology & Neuroscience 5, no. 1 (January 2012): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3922/j.psns.2012.1.11.

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5

Dinsmoor, James A. "Stimulus Control: Part I." Behavior Analyst 18, no. 1 (April 1995): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03392691.

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6

Dinsmoor, James A. "Stimulus Control: Part II." Behavior Analyst 18, no. 2 (October 1995): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03392712.

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7

Sidman, Murray. "Reflections on stimulus control." Behavior Analyst 31, no. 2 (October 2008): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03392166.

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8

Hu, Chengzhi, Salvador Pané, and Bradley J. Nelson. "Soft Micro- and Nanorobotics." Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems 1, no. 1 (May 28, 2018): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-060117-104947.

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Micro- and nanorobots can perform a number of tasks at small scales, such as minimally invasive diagnostics, targeted drug delivery, and localized surgery. During the past decade, the field has been transformed in many ways, one of the most significant being a transition from hard and rigid micro- and nanostructures to soft and flexible architectures. Inspired by the dynamics of flexible microorganisms, researchers have focused on developing miniaturized soft components such as actuators, sensors, hinges, joints, and reservoirs to create soft micro- and nanoswimmers. The use of organic structures such as polymers and supramolecular ensembles as functional components has brought more complex features to these devices, such as advanced locomotion strategies and stimulus-triggered shape transformations, as well as other capabilities. A variety of microorganisms and contractile mammalian cells have also been utilized as microengines and integrated with functional synthetic materials, producing bending or deformation of the functional materials to initiate motion. In this review, we consider several types of soft micro- and nanorobots in terms of their architecture and design, and we describe their locomotion mechanisms and applications.

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9

Coast, G. M., J. Meredith, and J. E. Phillips. "Target organ specificity of major neuropeptide stimulants in locust excretory systems." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 22 (November 15, 1999): 3195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.22.3195.

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The major stimulant of ileal fluid reabsorption in Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria corpora cardiaca, ion-transport peptide (ITP), had no stimulatory action on fluid secretion by isolated Malpighian tubules of S. gregaria, nor did it have a synergistic or antagonistic effect in combination with locustakinin (Lom-K) or Locusta-diuretic hormone (Locusta-DH). Stimulants of locust Malpighian tubules (Lom-K and Locusta-DH) had no action on either active transport of Cl(−) (measured as short-circuit current, I(sc)) or the rate of fluid reabsorption across S. gregaria ilea and recta in vitro. Thus, hormonal control of these major organs of the excretory system appears to be clearly separated. Lom-K and Locusta-DH acted synergistically to stimulate secretion by S. gregaria Malpighian tubules, and the diuretic response was more rapid than the response of the ileum and rectum to hindgut stimulants. Taken together, these data suggest that, in the initial phase of post-prandial diuresis, urine flow will exceed fluid uptake in the hindgut, thereby allowing excess water to be eliminated.

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10

Ilieva, Irena P., and Martha J. Farah. "Attention, Motivation, and Study Habits in Users of Unprescribed ADHD Medication." Journal of Attention Disorders 23, no. 2 (August 19, 2015): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054715591849.

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Objective: Despite the limited effectiveness of ADHD medications on healthy cognition, prescription stimulants’ cognitive enhancement use is increasing. This article examines enhancement users’ attention, motivation, and study habits. Method: A total of 61 users of unprescribed stimulants and 67 controls (no history of prescription stimulant use) completed tests of objectively measured and subjectively reported attention. Self-reports on study habits, as well as motivation during laboratory attention testing, were also administered. Results: Our data replicated previous findings of relatively lower self-reported attention functioning in users. Extending past research, we showed that user-control differences in attention were still present but less pronounced on objective measures than on self-report. In addition, we obtained evidence of lower motivation during cognitive testing and less optimal study habits among users, as compared with their non-using peers. Conclusion: Unprescribed stimulant use is more strongly related to compromised study habits, low motivation, and a subjective perception of attention problems than to objective attention performance.

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11

BLUMENFELD, HENRIKE K., and VIORICA MARIAN. "Cognitive control in bilinguals: Advantages in Stimulus–Stimulus inhibition." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17, no. 3 (November 21, 2013): 610–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728913000564.

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Bilinguals have been shown to outperform monolinguals at suppressing task-irrelevant information and on overall speed during cognitive control tasks. Here, monolinguals’ and bilinguals’ performance was compared on two nonlinguistic tasks: a Stroop task (with perceptualStimulus–Stimulus conflictamong stimulus features) and a Simon task (withStimulus–Response conflict). Across two experiments testing bilinguals with different language profiles, bilinguals showed more efficient Stroop than Simon performance, relative to monolinguals, who showed fewer differences across the two tasks. Findings suggest that bilingualism may engage Stroop-type cognitive control mechanisms more than Simon-type mechanisms, likely due to increased Stimulus–Stimulus conflict during bilingual language processing. Findings are discussed in light of previous research on bilingual Stroop and Simon performance.

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12

Türker, Kemal S. "Reflex Control of Human Jaw Muscles." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 13, no. 1 (January 2002): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300109.

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The aim of this review is to discuss what is known about the reflex control of the human masticatory system and to propose a method for standardized investigation. Literature regarding the current knowledge of activation of jaw muscles, receptors involved in the feedback control, and reflex pathways is discussed. The reflexes are discussed under the headings of the stimulation conditions. This was deliberately done to remind the reader that under each stimulation condition, several receptor systems are activated, and that it is not yet possible to stimulate only one afferent system in isolation in human mastication experiments. To achieve a method for uniform investigation, we need to set a method for stimulation of the afferent pathway under study with minimal simultaneous activation of other receptor systems. This stimulation should also be done in an efficient and reproducible way. To substantiate our conviction to standardize the stimulus type and parameters, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical and electrical stimuli. For mechanical stimulus to be delivered in a reproducible way, the following precautions are suggested: The stimulus delivery system (often a probe attached to a vibrator) should be brought into secure contact with the area of stimulation. To minimize the slack between the probe, the area to be stimulated should be taken up by the application of pre-load, and the delivered force should be recorded in series. Electrical stimulus has advantages in that it can be delivered in a reproducible way, though its physiological relevance can be questioned. It is also necessary to standardize the method for recording and analyzing the responses of the motoneurons to the stimulation. For that, a new technique is introduced, and its advantages over the currently used methods are discussed. The new method can illustrate the synaptic potential that is induced in the motoneurons without the errors that are unavoidable in the current techniques. We believe that once stimulation, recording, and analysis methods are standardized, it will be possible to bring out the real "wiring diagram" that operates in conscious human subjects.

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13

Hurley, Seth W., Terry G. Beltz, Fang Guo, Baojian Xue, and Alan Kim Johnson. "Amphetamine-induced sensitization of hypertension and lamina terminalis neuroinflammation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 318, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): R649—R656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00233.2019.

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Psychomotor stimulants are prescribed for many medical conditions, including obesity, sleep disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. However, despite their acknowledged therapeutic utility, these stimulants are frequently abused, and their use can have both short- and long-term negative consequences. Although stimulants such as amphetamines acutely elevate blood pressure, it is unclear whether they cause any long-term effects on cardiovascular function after use has been discontinued. Previous work in our laboratory has demonstrated that physiological and psychosocial stressors will produce sensitization of the hypertensive response, a heightened pressor response to a hypertensinogenic stimulus delivered after stressor exposure. Here, we tested whether pretreatment with amphetamine for 1 wk can sensitize the hypertensive response in rats. We found that repeated amphetamine administration induced and maintained sensitization of the pressor response to angiotensin II following a 7-day delay after amphetamine injections were terminated. We also found that amphetamine pretreatment altered mRNA expression for molecular markers associated with neuroinflammation and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation in the lamina terminalis, a brain region implicated in the control of sympathetic nervous system tone and blood pressure. The results indicated amphetamine upregulated mRNA expression underlying neuroinflammation and, to a lesser degree, message for components of the RAAS in the lamina terminalis. However, we found no changes in mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus. These results suggest that a history of stimulant use may predispose individuals to developing hypertension by promoting neuroinflammation and upregulating activity of the RAAS in the lamina terminalis.

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14

Weatherly, Jeffrey N., K. Miller, and T. W. McDonald. "Social Influence as Stimulus Control." Behavior and Social Issues 9, no. 1-2 (May 1999): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v9i1.135.

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15

Parker, B. Kent, Sherry L. Serdikoff, Barbara J. Kaminski, and Thomas S. Critchfield. "STIMULUS CONTROL OF PAVLOVIAN FACILITATION." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 55, no. 3 (May 1991): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1991.55-275.

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16

Freeman, Timothy J., and Kennon A. Lattal. "STIMULUS CONTROL OF BEHAVIORAL HISTORY." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 57, no. 1 (January 1992): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1992.57-5.

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17

Lamb, R. J., and T. U. C. Jarbe. "MULTI-ELEMENTAL DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS CONTROL." Behavioural Pharmacology 9, Supplement (August 1998): S113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199808001-00263.

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18

Lamb, R. J., and T. U. C. Jarbe. "MULTI-ELEMENTAL DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS CONTROL." Behavioural Pharmacology 9, no. 1 (August 1998): S113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199812001-00263.

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19

Lamb, R. J., and T. U. C. Jarbe. "MULTI-ELEMENTAL DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS CONTROL." Behavioural Pharmacology 9, no. 1 (August 1998): S113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199808000-00263.

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20

GHIRLANDA, STEFANO, and MAGNUS ENQUIST. "The geometry of stimulus control." Animal Behaviour 58, no. 4 (October 1999): 695–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1999.1187.

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21

Young, Alice M. "Tolerance to drug stimulus control." Drug Development Research 20, no. 2 (1990): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ddr.430200207.

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22

Stromer, Robert, William J. McIlvane, and Richard W. Serna. "Complex Stimulus Control and Equivalence." Psychological Record 43, no. 4 (October 1993): 585–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03395901.

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23

DeGrandpre, R. J., and Warren K. Bickel. "Stimulus Control And Drug Dependence." Psychological Record 43, no. 4 (October 1993): 651–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03395905.

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24

Edwards, Timothy L., Amin D. Lotfizadeh, and Alan Poling. "Motivating operations and stimulus control." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 112, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jeab.516.

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25

Bronw, R. Michael, Debbie Delong, Norma L. Brown, and Kathy Reid. "Stimulus-Response Compatibility and Videogame Performance." Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, no. 2 (April 1995): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.2.691.

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We investigated the role of stimulus-response compatibility in influencing manual reactions to a moving visual target in a videogame (pong). 40 right-handed university men were assigned randomly to one of two experimental conditions, the normal game condition or a reverse control condition in which the response device on the right controls the left game paddle and the device on the left controls the right paddle. Subjects in the normal condition performed marginally better playing pong when seated on the right than when seated on the left, consistent with earlier findings. However, subjects in the reverse control condition showed the reverse effect, a leftside advantage. These findings suggest that compatibility between location of the moving target (the ball) and either handedness or hand used to respond may have been responsible for the right-side advantage observed in the normal-game condition.

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26

Brino, Ana Leda F., Romariz S. Barros, Olavo F. Galvão, M. Garotti, Ilara R. N. da Cruz, José R. Santos, William V. Dube, and William J. McIlvane. "SAMPLE STIMULUS CONTROL SHAPING AND RESTRICTED STIMULUS CONTROL IN CAPUCHIN MONKEYS: A METHODOLOGICAL NOTE." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 95, no. 3 (May 2011): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.2011.95-387.

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27

Advokat, Claire, Sean M. Lane, and Chunqiao Luo. "College Students With and Without ADHD." Journal of Attention Disorders 15, no. 8 (August 2, 2010): 656–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054710371168.

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Objective: To examine the relationship between ADHD medications, study habits, and academic achievement of ADHD-diagnosed undergraduates. Method: A total of 92 students with a self-reported ADHD diagnosis and a current prescription for ADHD medication were compared with 143 control students in a survey of academic performance. Results: Most ADHD students took stimulant medication and said the drugs helped them, yet believed they were worse than other students at planning and completing assignments and avoiding distractions. Although most study habits of ADHD students did not differ from controls, their high school and college GPA (grade point average), and ACT scores were significantly lower, and they withdrew from significantly more classes than did control students. Interestingly, preliminary data suggested that good study habits alone, even without stimulants, could overcome the achievement disparity of ADHD students. Conclusion: As previously shown for children and adolescents, stimulant medications alone did not eliminate the academic achievement deficit of ADHD undergraduates.

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28

Marshall, John C. "Is behaviorism under stimuls control?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no. 4 (December 1986): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00051979.

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29

Podlesnik, Christopher A., and Michael E. Kelley. "Resurgence: Response competition, stimulus control, and reinforcer control." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 102, no. 2 (August 13, 2014): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jeab.102.

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30

Sigurðardóttir, Zuilma Gabriela, Harry A. Mackay, and Gina Green. "Stimulus Equivalence, Generalization, and Contextual Stimulus Control in Verbal Classes." Analysis of Verbal Behavior 28, no. 1 (April 2012): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03393105.

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31

Tidemann, Breanne D., Linda M. Hall, K. Neil Harker, and Hugh J. Beckie. "Potential Benefit and Risk of Fluridone as a Fall Germination Stimulant in Western Canada." Weed Technology 31, no. 5 (September 27, 2017): 773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.67.

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Herbicide resistance has increased the need for novel weed control strategies. Fluridone has herbicidal as well as potential germination stimulant activity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate fluridone as a fall-applied germination stimulant for weed control and to assess rotational crop tolerance. Fall-applied fluridone was compared with a nontreated control in areas established with false cleavers, volunteer canola, and wild oat at Lacombe, AB, in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, and at St Albert, AB, in 2015–2016. In the fall, there was a trend for weed densities to be higher in fluridone treatments than in untreated controls across site-years. The stimulatory effect of fluridone on weed germination was not statistically significant in fall assessments, while the weed control effect was significant in 33% of spring assessments. While fluridone reduced weed biomass for some site-years, it also reduced canola crop emergence and biomass at St Albert in 2015–2016, and caused injury symptoms on wheat and field pea. Risk of carryover to subsequent crops outweighed the benefits of using fluridone in the fall to stimulate weed germination in this study.

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32

Bickel, W. K., R. J. DeGrandpre, S. T. Higgins, and J. R. Hughes. "Functionally equivalent stimulus control over responding by exteroceptive stimuli and interoceptive stimuli from stimulant sedative drug classes." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 39, no. 1 (May 1991): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(91)90442-5.

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33

Helm, J. F., W. J. Dodds, J. Christensen, and S. K. Sarna. "Intramural neural control of opossum sphincter of Oddi." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 257, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): G925—G929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1989.257.6.g925.

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We evaluated the intramural neural control of the opossum sphincter of Oddi (SO) in an in vitro preparation. Force transducers were used to record contractions at four sites along the sphincter segment. To stimulate intramural nerves, 10- to 120-s trains of pulses (4-10 V amplitude, 0.5 ms duration, and 5 Hz frequency) were delivered to one of three electrode pairs implanted along the SO. Electrical stimulation in the proximal, mid, or distal SO elicited phasic contractions that invariably originated in the proximal SO and propagated antegrade along the entire length of the sphincter segment. Stimulus-evoked contractions resembled spontaneous antegrade peristaltic contractions, but occurred at a higher rate (12-20/min). Atropine completely blocked this excitatory response to nerve stimulation. After atropine, nerve stimulation in the proximal, mid, or distal SO abolished spontaneous contractions at and distal to the site of stimulation for the duration of the stimulus. The inhibitory response to nerve stimulation was completely blocked by tetrodotoxin but was unaffected by phenoxybenzamine, tolazoline, or propranolol. We conclude that 1) the opossum SO is innervated by intramural cholinergic excitatory nerves and nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory nerves; 2) cholinergic excitatory nerves are organized in ascending neural pathways, whereas nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory nerves descend along the length of the SO; and 3) these neural pathways may modulate SO peristalsis in vivo and participate in ascending excitatory and descending inhibitory reflexes.

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34

Nurwijayanti, Andriyani Mustika, and Muhammad Khabib Burhanuddin Iqomh. "Intervensi Keperawatan Anak Pada Anak Usia Pra Sekolah Di Kecamatan Weleri Dalam Upaya Pencapaian Tumbuh Kembang." Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Keperawatan Indonesia 8, no. 03 (September 27, 2018): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33221/jiiki.v8i03.132.

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Usia pra sekolah merupatan tahapan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada anak yang sangat penting. Stimulasimemiliki peran penting dalam keberhasilan pencapaian tumbuh kembang. Stimulasi motorik halus adalah salahsatu stimulasi yang dapat diberikan kepada anak usia pra sekolah untuk mencapai perkembangan psikososial.Desain penelitian menggunakan Quasy Experimental dengan pre post test without control group.jumlah sampel211 responden dengan menggunakan teknik random sampling. Penggumpulan data penelitian menggunakankuesioner perkembangan psikososial. Usia responden berkisar 4-6 tahun, terdapat 117 responden (55,5%) laki lakidan 94 responden (44,5%). Perkembangan psikososial pre intervensi yang sesuai usia sebanyak 6 responden(2,8%) dan yang tidak sesuai usia sebanyak 205 (97,2%). Perkembangan psikososial post intervensi yang sesuai usia sebanyak 142 responden (67,3 %) dan yang tidak sesuai sebanyak 69 (32,7 %) Hasil uji analisa statistikdengan menggunakan uji Wilcoxon, mendapat p value 0,000 (p< 0,05) terdapat pengaruh stimulus motorik halusterhadap perkembangan anak usia pra sekolah di TK ABA. Penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat peningkatanperkembangan psikososial anak usia sekolah setelah diberikan stimulasi motorik halus.

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35

Griffee, Karen, and Michael J. Dougher. "CONTEXTUAL CONTROL OF STIMULUS GENERALIZATION AND STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE IN HIERARCHICAL CATEGORIZATION." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 78, no. 3 (November 2002): 433–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.2002.78-433.

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36

Palya, William L., and Matthew T. Bowers. "Stimulus control in fixed interfood intervals." Animal Learning & Behavior 31, no. 1 (February 2003): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03195968.

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37

Caetano, Marcelo S., Paulo Guilhardi, and Russell M. Church. "Stimulus control in multiple temporal discriminations." Learning & Behavior 40, no. 4 (March 24, 2012): 520–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13420-012-0071-9.

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38

Dube, William V., and William J. McIlvane. "REINFORCER FREQUENCY AND RESTRICTED STIMULUS CONTROL." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 68, no. 3 (November 1997): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1997.68-303.

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39

Weiss, Stanley J., David N. Kearns, Scott I. Cohn, Charles W. Schindler, and Leigh V. Panlilio. "STIMULUS CONTROL OF COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 79, no. 1 (January 2003): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.2003.79-111.

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40

San Miguel, Adriana, and Sven H. Behrens. "Permeability control in stimulus-responsive colloidosomes." Soft Matter 7, no. 5 (2011): 1948–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0sm01107j.

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41

Allakhverdov, M. V., T. Scott, A. S. Chernaya, and V. M. Allakhverdov. "Cognitive Control of Irrelevant Stimulus Changes." Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine 11, no. 1 (March 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17691/stm2019.11.1.07.

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42

Navarro, Jose I., Esperanza Marchena, Concepcion Alcalde, and Gonzalo Ruiz. "Stimulus Control with Computer Assisted Learning." Journal of Behavioral Education 13, no. 2 (June 2004): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jobe.0000023657.12473.67.

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43

Serna, Richard W., Gina Green, and E. K. Shriver. "Functional analysis of contextual stimulus control." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 39, no. 1 (May 1991): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(91)90439-9.

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44

Schwarz, Karen S., and Christopher L. Cunningham. "Conditioned stimulus control of morphine hyperthermia." Psychopharmacology 101, no. 1 (May 1990): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02253722.

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45

McPherson, Adair, and J. Grayson Osborne. "The Emergence of Establishing Stimulus Control." Psychological Record 36, no. 3 (July 1986): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03394956.

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46

Bickel, Warren K. "The Quantal Interpretation of Stimulus Control." Psychological Record 37, no. 2 (April 1987): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03394977.

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47

Shahan, Timothy A., and Philip N. Chase. "Novelty, stimulus control, and operant variability." Behavior Analyst 25, no. 2 (October 2002): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03392056.

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48

Starin, Stephen P. "The Trend of Stimulus Control Publications." Behavior Analyst 10, no. 1 (April 1987): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03392423.

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Ruiz, O. S., Y. Y. Qiu, L. J. Wang, and J. A. Arruda. "Regulation of the renal Na-HCO3 cotransporter: IV. Mechanisms of the stimulatory effect of angiotensin II." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 6, no. 4 (October 1995): 1202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v641202.

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Angiotensin II stimulates proximal tubule acidification by activating both the Na-H antiporter and the Na-HCO3 cotransporter. The mechanism whereby angiotensin II stimulates the Na-HCO3 cotransporter was investigated in renal cortical basolateral membrane vesicles of the rabbit by measuring 22Na uptake in the presence of HCO3 and gluconate. Na-HCO3 cotransporter activity (expressed in nanomoles per milligram of protein per 3 s) was taken as the difference in 22Na uptake in the presence of HCO3 and gluconate. Angiotensin II stimulated Na-HCO3 cotransporter activity significantly (control, 1.5 +/- 0.4; angiotensin II, 3.3 +/- 0.6; P < 0.05), and this stimulation was prevented by the angiotensin II receptor antagonist DuP 753. Angiotensin II has been shown to stimulate both pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi protein and pertussis toxin-insensitive Gq protein. In the presence of pertussis toxin, angiotensin II (10(-11) M) failed to stimulate the Na-HCO3 cotransporter, suggesting a role of Gi protein in mediating this effect. In the presence of a polyclonal antibody against Gi protein, angiotensin II failed to stimulate the Na-HCO3 cotransporter (control, 1.6 +/- 0.4; angiotensin II, 3.9 +/- 0.9; angiotensin II + Gi, 1.2 +/- 0.7). Angiotensin II stimulated inositol triphosphate release, and this effect could be blocked by the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122, suggesting a role of phospholipase C or A2 in this effect of angiotensin II. In the presence of the protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin C (50 nM), angiotensin II also failed to stimulate the Na-HCO3 cotransporter. These results demonstrate that angiotensin II stimulates the renal Na-HCO3 cotransporter by interacting with a specific angiotensin II receptor and that this stimulation is mediated by the activation of Gi and Gq proteins.

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Dudi-Venkata, N. N., H. M. Kroon, S. Bedrikovetski, M. Lewis, M. J. Lawrence, R. A. Hunter, J. W. Moore, M. L. Thomas, and T. Sammour. "Impact of STIMUlant and osmotic LAXatives (STIMULAX trial) on gastrointestinal recovery after colorectal surgery: randomized clinical trial." British Journal of Surgery 108, no. 7 (June 3, 2021): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjs/znab140.

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Abstract Background Recovery of gastrointestinal (GI) function is often delayed after colorectal surgery. Enhanced recovery protocols (ERPs) recommend routine laxative use, but evidence of benefit is unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether the addition of multimodal laxatives to an ERP improves return of GI function in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Methods This was a single-centre, parallel, open-label RCT. All adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection or having stoma formation or reversal at the Royal Adelaide Hospital between August 2018 and May 2020 were recruited into the study. The STIMULAX group received oral Coloxyl® with senna and macrogol, with a sodium phosphate enema in addition for right-sided operations. The control group received standard ERP postoperative care. The primary outcome was GI-2, a validated composite measure defined as the interval from surgery until first passage of stool and tolerance of solid intake for 24 h in the absence of vomiting. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of prolonged postoperative ileus (POI), duration of hospital stay, and postoperative complications. The analysis was performed on an intention-to-treat basis. Results Of a total of 170 participants, 85 were randomized to each group. Median GI-2 was 1 day shorter in the STIMULAX compared with the control group (median 2 (i.q.r. 1.5–4) versus 3 (2–5.5) days; 95 per cent c.i. –1 to 0 days; P = 0.029). The incidence of prolonged POI was lower in the STIMULAX group (22 versus 38 per cent; relative risk reduction 42 per cent; P = 0.030). There was no difference in duration of hospital day or 30-day postoperative complications (including anastomotic leak) between the STIMULAX and control groups. Conclusion Routine postoperative use of multimodal laxatives after elective colorectal surgery results in earlier recovery of gastrointestinal function and reduces the incidence of prolonged POI. Registration number: ACTRN12618001261202 (www.anzctr.org.au)

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