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Journal articles on the topic 'Stimulation of growth'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Dolganowa, Natalia, Svetlana Karitskaya, Victoria Crekhtunova, and Tatiana Lubovschina. "Ultrasonic stimulation of Chlorella population growth." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 24, no. 2 (1994): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip1994.24.2.16.

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Haglin, Jack M., Sukrit Jain, Adam E. M. Eltorai, and Alan H. Daniels. "Bone Growth Stimulation." JBJS Reviews 5, no. 8 (2017): e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.rvw.16.00117.

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Mew, John. "Growth Stimulation Revisted." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 116, no. 2 (1999): 17a—18a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(99)70031-4.

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Dauben, Thomas Josef, Josefin Ziebart, Thomas Bender, Sarah Zaatreh, Bernd Kreikemeyer, and Rainer Bader. "A Novel In Vitro System for Comparative Analyses of Bone Cells and Bacteria under Electrical Stimulation." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5178640.

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Electrical stimulation is a promising approach to enhance bone regeneration while having potential to inhibit bacterial growth. To investigate effects of alternating electric field stimulation on both human osteoblasts and bacteria, a novel in vitro system was designed. Electric field distribution was simulated numerically and proved by experimental validation. Cells were stimulated on Ti6Al4V electrodes and in short distance to electrodes. Bacterial growth was enumerated in supernatant and on the electrode surface and biofilm formation was quantified. Electrical stimulation modulated gene expression of osteoblastic differentiation markers in a voltage-dependent manner, resulting in significantly enhanced osteocalcin mRNA synthesis rate on electrodes after stimulation with 1.4VRMS. While collagen type I synthesis increased when stimulated with 0.2VRMS, it decreased after stimulation with 1.4VRMS. Only slight and infrequent influence on bacterial growth was observed following stimulations with 0.2VRMS and 1.4VRMS after 48 and 72 h, respectively. In summary this novel test system is applicable for extended in vitro studies concerning definition of appropriate stimulation parameters for bone cell growth and differentiation, bacterial growth suppression, and investigation of general effects of electrical stimulation.

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Carrão, Ana Catarina R., William M. Chilian, June Yun, et al. "Stimulation of Coronary Collateral Growth by Granulocyte Stimulating Factor." Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 29, no. 11 (2009): 1817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.109.186445.

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Yoshinaga, Keigo, Jin Ishizuka, Guillermo Gomez, et al. "Stimulation of Pancreatic Growth." Annals of Surgery 224, no. 2 (1996): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199608000-00005.

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Budiati, Budiati, Dewi Rosnita Hardiany, and Siti Haryani. "OPTIMIZING GOLDEN PERIOD THROUGH EARLY DETECTION OF LANGUAGE SKILLS AND MULTILANGUAGE STIMULATION." PHILOSOPHICA Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya 4, no. 2 (2021): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35473/po.v4i2.1425.

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The golden period is believed to be the most important period in the growth and development of children in which the brain is developed maximally. Early detection is needed to know the children’s competence and with accurate stimulation, this period can be optimized. Multilanguage stimulation is regarded to be one of the best stimulations to optimize language skills during the golden period. This study aims to find out how early detection and multilanguage stimulation can optimize the golden period. This study was descriptive qualitative research with 9 toddlers aged 1-5 years old and their mothers as the sample. The data were collected with Pre-screening Developmental Questionnaire (PDQ) to get the data of toddlers’ growth and development, and using a questionnaire to get the data of Multilanguage stimulation. From the study, it is found that most of the respondents (88.9%) have good development and only a respondent (11.1%) has a development defect. Whereas, in the multilanguage stimulation it is found that all respondents learned more than one language at the same time. However, most respondents only can use the second and third language little; they use it mix or switch with their mother tongue. They use code-mixing and code-switching with their mother tongue. It can be concluded that early detection is very important in stimulating children’s competence. The children’s language competence however is interfered with by several factors which one of which is accurate stimulation. Multilanguage stimulation will work well if there is a consistency of the surrounding in giving the stimulation.

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Bharathi, L., K. B. Shenoy, M. Mojamdar, and S. N. Hegde. "In vitro growth-stimulatory property of pigeon milk." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 71, no. 5-6 (1993): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o93-045.

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Five cell lines were employed to test the growth-stimulating property of pigeon milk in vitro. All the cell lines except A431 showed good growth response to crude homogenates of pigeon milk. Enhancement of DNA synthesis in quiescent Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by pigeon milk was dose dependent up to a concentration of 1%. In vitro growth stimulation by 1% pigeon milk was approximately equal to that by 2% foetal bovine serum (FBS) when CHO cells were used, growth stimulation of Vero cells by 1% pigeon milk was roughly three times of that by 2% FBS. In contrast, 1% pigeon milk was only half as active as 2% FBS on NIH/3T3 cells and five times less active than 2% FBS on human foetal lung fibroblast cells. After dialysis using a relative mass (Mr) cutoff of 3500, the pigeon milk mitogenic activity was retained in the dialyzed solution, although it decreased by 40–60% when dialyzed with Mr cutoffs of 8000 and 12 000 – 14 000. The growth-stimulating activity of pigeon milk was resistant to heat, acid, alkali, and the action of urea, guanidine hydrochloride, dithiothreitol, and trypsin. We suggest that pigeon milk is a new source of growth factor(s) capable of stimulating in vitro the growth of many mammalian cell types.Key words: pigeon milk, growth stimulation, cultured cells.

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Choi, Nahyun, Won-Serk Kim, Sang Ho Oh, and Jong-Hyuk Sung. "HB-EGF Improves the Hair Regenerative Potential of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells via ROS Generation and Hck Phosphorylation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1 (2019): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010122.

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Although adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have hair regenerative potential, their hair inductive capabilities are limited. The mitogenic and hair inductive effects of heparin binding-epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) on ASCs were investigated in this study and the underlying mechanism of stimulation was examined. Cell growth, migration, and self-renewal assays, as well as quantitative polymerase chain reactions and immunostaining, were carried out. Telogen-to-anagen transition and organ culture using vibrissa follicles were also conducted. HB-EGF significantly increased ASC motility, including cell proliferation, migration, and self-renewal activity. The preconditioning of ASCs with HB-EGF induced telogen-to-anagen transition more rapidly in vivo, and injected PKH26-ASCs survived for longer periods of time. Conditioned medium obtained from HB-EGF-treated ASCs promoted hair growth in vivo, upregulating growth factors. In particular, thrombopoietin (THPO) also induced hair growth in vivo, stimulating dermal papilla cells (DPCs). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) appeared to play a key role in ASC stimulation as the inhibition of ROS generation and NOX4 knockout attenuated ASC stimulation and THPO upregulation by HB-EGF. In addition, the Hck phosphorylation pathway mediated the stimulation of ASCs by HB-EGF. In summary, HB-EGF increased the motility and paracrine effects of ASCs releasing THPO growth factor and THPO promoted hair growth-stimulating DPCs. ROS generation and Hck phosphorylation are key factors in HB-EGF-induced ASC stimulation. Therefore, combination therapy involving HB-EGF and ASCs may provide a novel solution for hair-loss treatment.

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Ishijima, S., K. Kita, and M. Tatibana. "External Mg2+-dependent early stimulation of nucleotide synthesis in Swiss 3T3 cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 257, no. 6 (1989): C1113—C1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1989.257.6.c1113.

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In quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells, metabolic flux through phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate into nucleotides increased within 1 h when various growth factors were added (S. Ishijima, K. Kita, N. Kinoshita, T. Ishizuka, N. Suzuki, and M. Tatibana. J. Biochem. 104: 570-575, 1988). The divalent cation ionophore A23187 mimicked the stimulatory effect of epidermal growth factor plus insulin, thereby suggesting involvement of divalent cation mobilization in signaling the stimulation by the growth factors. The stimulation induced by the growth factors was nil in medium devoid of added Mg2+ but was not affected by the omission of Ca2+. The dependency on external Mg2+ was also observed with the stimulations by bombesin plus insulin, fibroblast growth factor, and A23187. In contrast, the mitogenic stimulation of glycolysis was observed irrespective of the presence or absence of Mg2+, indicating that initial events in the signaling process, including mitogen binding to receptors, took place in the absence of exogenous Mg2+. These results suggest that a Mg2(+)-dependent process, subsequent to growth factor binding to receptors, plays an essential role in signaling the early mitogenic stimulation of nucleotide synthesis.

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Setiawati, Santun, Agus Citra Dermawan, and Raden Siti Maryam. "Peningkatan Status Perkembangan Anak Prasekolah dengan Stimulasi Perkembangan." JKEP 5, no. 2 (2020): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32668/jkep.v5i2.363.

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The children are not small adults, but have unique characteristics that are always growing and evolving since their conception until the end of adolescence. Good growth and development of children requires appropriate stimulation and accordance with the age such as developmental stimulation. The aim of this study was to determine the influence development simulations towards pre-school children’s growth status. This research was using the quasi-experimental design without control. The numbers of respondents were 30 children (with aged 60-72 month). The children with dubious developmental status had performed the development stimulations for 2 weeks for 3-4 housr a day and evaluated the development status. Developmental Pre-Screening Questionnaire (KPSP) instrument used in this research. The data analysis was using univariate analysis (frequency distributions), bivariate (Wilcoxon test) and multivariate (ANCOVA test). There was a significant difference in the children’s development status before and after development stimulation interventions (p= 0.000), but there was no children and mothers’ characteristic factors that affect the children development status. Stimulation associated with the value of child development, where the high category of stimulation is not found in children whose development category is slow. So it takes stimulation of children from an early age. Growth stimulations can be done routinely as a part of efforts to improve the children development status.

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Hardiyanti, Citra, Khairullinas Khairullinas, Jeky Sasemar Lumban, Titania Tjandrawati Nugroho, and Yuana Nurulita. "Microbial Growth as Determinant of Antibiotic Production with Biotic Elicitors Stimulation." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 23, no. 3 (2020): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.23.3.89-95.

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An antibiotic-resistant and multidrug-resistant (MDR) issue open the role of researchers to continue to search for natural potential as a source of new antimicrobials. One of the potential fungi isolates that can produce antimicrobial active compounds from Indonesian tropical peat soils is Penicillium sp. LBKURCC34. In this study, the production of antimicrobial compounds from local isolates was carried out by batch fermentation method in liquid media with the addition of biotic elicitors to increase the extraction activity and yield. This study aims to optimize the results based on the time the elicitor is added. Staphylococcus aureus was used as a biotic elicitor, which was added on days 2, 3, and 4 in the production of antibiotics by fermentation incubation of 6-14 days. The antibiotic production media was extracted with ethyl acetate and evaporated. The antimicrobial test was carried out by the disk diffusion method against pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus epidermidis using three crude extract contents (19; 38; and 57 µg/disc). Amoxicillin® was used as a positive control (10 µL/disc). The results showed that the addition of S. aureus biotic elicitor extended the log phase growth of the fungus Penicillium sp. LBKURCC34. The optimum condition of production was obtained by adding initiator treatment on the 3rd day for 14 days incubation with the highest yield and could inhibit the growth of all pathogenic microbes.

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Lulianthy, Eliyana, Safri Adam, and Tilawaty Aprina. "SIMANTAP POLITA: Mobile Health Technology-Based Child Growth Monitoring & Stimulation Application." International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research 7, no. 1 (2022): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20220113.

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Background: The child population in Indonesia in 2018 was 27.6% of the total population. Child is a development asset that requires large investments in health, education, and welfare for a better future. Therefore, innovation is needed in monitoring and stimulating children's growth and development. Method: The application design used was the waterfall method. The design stage started from analyzing user needs, application design, coding, and testing. Results: SIMANTAP application consists of two modules, namely 1. Monitoring and Stimulation of growth and development in children and 2. Additional Information. The application starts from the login page, main page, and content page. Conclusion: Information technology can provide opportunities for the advancement of modern health care. This opportunity can be exploited by increasing the knowledge of parents' attitudes and behavior regarding monitoring and stimulation of growth and development in children. This technology can help health workers provide evidence-based health information and can assist parents in monitoring and stimulating children's health. Keywords: [Monitoring; Stimulation; Child Growth; M-Health]

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HAMEED, MUHAMMAD NADEEM, FAUZIA SADIQ, ASIM MUMTAZ, Hina Mohiuddin, Sana Khan, and Tariq Jaffar Quereshi. "GROWTH HORMONE ESTIMATION;." Professional Medical Journal 20, no. 03 (2013): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.03.828.

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Introduction: Despite the use of growth hormone replacement therapy for decades, our ability to make a definitive diagnosisof growth hormone deficiency in children is limited. Growth hormone stimulation tests have been used to discriminate between Growthhormone deficiency and idiopathic short stature. However all these tests lack reproducibility, accuracy, cost affectivity and safety. Insulinlikegrowth factor-1 is an effector hormone and its serum level may be used as simple, easy to perform diagnostic test for growthhormone deficiency. Objective: To determine the efficacy of IGF-1 as a diagnostic tool in children with growth hormone deficiency. StudyDesign: Prospective cross sectional survey. Place of Study: Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Shalamar Medical & DentalCollege, Lahore. Duration of study: 1st July to 31st December, 2011. Material & Methods: We included 40 children of 3.5 – 17 year ageand detailed clinical data was collected. All these children were subjected to stimulation by standardized exercise on treadmill, after takingbasal blood samples for GH and IGF-1. Post stimulation growth hormone was recorded to identify growth hormone deficient children.Results: 17 (42.5%) children had post stimulation growth hormone level <10ng/ml while 23 (57.5%) had values >10ng/ml. Postexercise stimulation GH level showed weak correlation with IGF-1 in either of the two study groups. P value was found >0.05 in deficientas well as sufficient groups, depicting non significance of IGF-1 in relation to post stimulation GH level. Conclusions: IGF-1 is not asuitable surrogate diagnostic marker for growth hormone deficiency. Diagnosis should always be based on combination of auxologicalbiochemical, radiological and genetic considerations, Abbreviations: GHD – Growth Hormone Deficiency, GH – Growth Hormone,GHSTs – Growth Hormone Stimulation Tests, IGF-1 – Insulin-like Growth Factor-1, MPH – Mid Parental Height, BA – Bone Age.

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CHENG, M. "Behavioral stimulation of ovarian growth." Hormones and Behavior 22, no. 3 (1988): 388–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0018-506x(88)90010-4.

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Marniwati Lafau, Debi Novita Siregar, Lelli Kristia Wahyuningsih, Liana, Lidia Siregar, and Kusniati Nova Nainggolan. "The Relationship Of Mother's Knowledge And Attitude In Giving Stimulation Of Infant Growth And Development." JURNAL KEBIDANAN KESTRA (JKK) 7, no. 2 (2025): 122–28. https://doi.org/10.35451/jkk.v7i2.2451.

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Child growth and development is the result of the interaction process of hereditary factors, hereditary constitution and environmental factors at the prenatal stage or at the postnatal stage. Growth and development occur simultaneously. This research aims to determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of mothers in providing stimulation for baby growth and development in the Viktory Clinic Work Area, South Nias in 2024. The type of research used is quantitative with a cross sectional approach. The sample in this study was all mothers who had babies aged 0-12 months in the Viktory Clinic Working Area, South Nias, totaling 40 people. with total sampling technique. Data analysis was carried out univariate and bivariate using the chi square test. The research results showed that of the 40 respondents, the majority did not stimulate baby growth and development, 28 respondents (70%). Most mothers' knowledge about stimulating baby growth and development was sufficient, 18 respondents (45%) and a good minority, 8 respondents (20%). The majority of mothers' attitudes regarding stimulating baby's growth and development were negative, as many as 29 respondents (72.5%). There is a relationship between maternal knowledge and stimulation of baby growth and development with a p-value of 0.000 (p<0.05). There is a relationship between maternal knowledge and stimulation of baby growth and development with a p-value of 0.001 (p<0.05). The conclusion of this research is that there is a relationship between knowledge and attitudes of mothers in providing stimulation for baby growth and development.

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Chung, C. S., T. D. Etherton, and J. P. Wiggins. "Stimulation of Swine Growth by Porcine Growth Hormone1." Journal of Animal Science 60, no. 1 (1985): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas1985.601118x.

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孙, 胜彬. "Growth Hormone Deficiency and Growth Hormone Stimulation Test." Advances in Clinical Medicine 14, no. 06 (2024): 1587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1461952.

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Henselová, M., A. Lux, and E. Masarovičová. "Effect of growth regulators on rooting cuttings of Karwinskia species under in vivo conditions." Plant, Soil and Environment 48, No. 10 (2011): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4397-pse.

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Effect of the growth regulators Atonik, Rastim 30 DKV, Stimulator AS 1, and Stimulax III on rooting of half-woody shoots of the species Karwinskia humboldtiana (Roem et Schut) Zucc. and Karwinskia parvifolia Rose was studied. Rooting does not occur without stimulation in these species, after stimulation rhizogenesis takes 14 to 16 weeks. Growth regulators, with the exception of the preparation Atonik, showed a&nbsp;significantly stimulating effect on rhizogenesis, and effect of them declined in the order Stimulax III, Stimulator AS, and Rastim 30 DKV. The percentage of rooting in the species Karwinskia humboldtiana was higher than that in Karwinskia parvifolia and this was dependent on the age of the plants, the type of stimulator, cutting, substrate, and conditions of cultivation.

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Setiawandari, Setiawandari. "The Effect of Massage Stimulation on Anthropometric Measures of Preschool Aged Children at Integrated PAUD Merpati Anggrek Surabaya." STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan 9, no. 2 (2020): 635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30994/sjik.v9i2.320.

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Massage stimulation is a traditional therapy of the Indonesian, which combines auditory, visual and tactile kinesthetic stimuli, which can be given from early to unlimited age. Massage stimulation for preschoolers in addition to relaxing the child is also reducing stress, increasing immunity, stimulating the vagus nerve, also increasing growth by stimulating cell growth. This research aims to determine the effect of massage stimulation on the anthropometric size of preschoolers. This research method uses Randomized Controlled Trial. The results obtained a significant value of p = 0,000 or p <0.05 in the treatment group, but in the two control groups there was no difference in anthropometric measurements of height and head circumference p> 0.05. In conclusion, there was the effect of massage stimulation on body weight, height, upper arm circumference and head circumference. But the height and head circumference were not found differences in the two groups.

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John Bullied, W., Terry J. Buss, and J. Kevin Vessey. "Bacillus cereus UW85 inoculation effects on growth, nodulation, and N accumulation in grain legumes: Field studies." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 2 (2002): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-048.

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Bacillus cereus strain UW85 was assessed for growth-promotion effects on soybean and common bean in the presence and absence of rhizobial inoculation at two field sites in Manitoba in 1994. Growth promotions due to B. cereus UW85 occurred for soybean only, and only at one site. Promotions in plant emergence in soybean were apparent at 60 d after planting (DAP), but stimulations in shoot dry weight (DW), N concentration, and N content were not apparent until 90 DAP. At maturity (120 DAP), inoculation with UW85 resulted in stimulation of seed yield by 9% and seed N content by 14%. However, stimulation in growth and N parameters by UW85 treatment was proportionally greater in the absence of B. japonicum inoculation than in the presence of the rhizobial inoculant. These observations, in combination with the observations that nitrogenase activity was not stimulated by UW85 treatment, clearly indicate that the UW85-mediated stimulation of growth and N accumulation of soybean is via a generalized stimulation of plant growth, and not via a stimulation in the soybean-B. japonicum symbiosis per se. Overall, our study indicates that inoculation with UW85 has the potential of increasing soybean production in western Canada, but these effects are site specific and are not seen in common bean. Key words: Bacillus cereus UW85, common bean, Glycine max, growth-promotion, Phaseolus vulgaris, soybean

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Harmiardillah, Sylvi, Nurul Hikmatul Qowi, Trijati Puspita Lestari, Putri Alfiana Wahyuni, Zaratul Azizah, and Zia Fathin Nisrina. "Peningkatan Skill Orang Tua dalam Stimulasi Kognitif, Emosional, dan Bahasa Berdasarkan Aspek Perkembangan Anak Usia Prasekolah." KAIBON ABHINAYA : JURNAL PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT 7, no. 1 (2025): 103–9. https://doi.org/10.30656/ka.v7i1.9318.

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Stimulation or encouragement is really needed to maximize all the potential of preschooler-children. When parents try to provide optimal stimulation, it is important for parents to know the time and the methods to provide stimulation to children. The aim of this activity is to increase the knowledge and abilities of parents and teachers in stimulating pre-school age children, especially cognitive, social emotional and language aspects in accordance with the MBKM program in Main Performance Indicator (IKU) 3, namely lecturers doing activities outside campus and Main Performance Indicator (IKU) 2, namely Students Gain Experience outside campus. The activity is provides socialization about stimulating the growth and development of pre-school children, training on how to stimulate with flashcards, peer group mentoring and evaluation, as well as program sustainability. Based on the results of the checklist, most parents were able to demonstrate how to provide stimulation to their children, followed by an increase in the average knowledge value, namely 4.67. Parents can provide cognitive, emotional and language stimulation to maximize their child's potential and growth and development.

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Hati, Febrina Suci, and Prasetya Lestari. "Pengaruh Pemberian Stimulasi pada Perkembangan Anak Usia 12-36 Bulan di Kecamatan Sedayu, Bantul." Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan Indonesia 4, no. 1 (2016): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21927/jnki.2016.4(1).44-48.

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<p>The important period during the growth of children is the ﬁ rst ﬁ ve years which is the golden period of life. Stimulation has important roles to improve child growth and development, especially cognitive function, psychomotor and affective. The lack of stimulation will result in the loss of function of the brain cells. Stimulations from parents and nutritional status are two factors which inﬂuence children’s growth. The purpose of this study was to identify the relation between development stimulation in 1-3 years old children. The research used analitic prospectif cohort in 1-3 year old children in Sedayu Sub-District, Bantul Regency from February until May 2015. The sampling technique used was cluster sampling. The instruments used were questionnaire, and KPSP form. Univariate data analysis technique used frequency distribution, bivariate analysis used Spearman’s rank, There was a signiﬁ cant relation between stimulation and development children in 1-3 years old (p=0,001; CI 95% ;OR=3,37).</p>

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Bright, George M., Joanne R. Julius, John Lima, and Sandra L. Blethen. "Growth Hormone Stimulation Test Results as Predictors of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Treatment Outcomes: Preliminary Analysis of the National Cooperative Growth Study Database." Pediatrics 104, Supplement_5 (1999): 1028–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.104.s5.1028.

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Growth hormone (GH) stimulation tests are considered a prerequisite to clinical trials of recombinant human GH (rhGH) therapy, but the test results may not be predictive of the treatment outcomes with rhGH. We examined the GH stimulation test results as a predictor of the treatment outcome in a cohort of prepubertal subjects in the National Cooperative Growth Study. A standard is proposed in which a diagnosis of GH deficiency is considered appropriate when a patient has significant first-year catch-up growth and that a positive stimulation test result predicts this outcome. With this construct, a traditional interpretation of GH stimulation test results correctly identifies 64% of the rhGH treatment outcomes. The analysis shows an upper limit of diagnostic sensitivity of 82% and a lower limit of specificity of 25% in our study population. The results of our recent studies suggest that the sensitivity and specificity of the current GH stimulation tests are attributable in part to broad intersubject variation in GH clearance, rates of GH elimination, and GH volume of distribution. The combined studies suggest that the use of subject-specific pharmacokinetic parameters will improve the diagnostic interpretation of GH stimulation test results and improve rhGH treatment outcomes. growth hormone stimulation tests, recombinant human growth hormone, pharmacokinetic parameters, maximal stimulated growth hormone concentration.

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López-Pazos, S. A., F. M. Chavarrio Cañas, and A. C. Rojas Arias. "Insecticidal and Potato Growth Stimulation Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki HD-1." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 84, no. 4 (2023): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj84.04.009.

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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces Cry toxins against pest insects. Cry proteins are conformed by domains related to pore formation and recognition of protein receptors. Plant-induced systemic resistance (ISR) is triggered due to pest attack, it could be activated by Bacillus sp. Tecia solanivora (Ts) is a potato pest, susceptible to Cry1Ac and Cry1B proteins. This paper indicates the endorsement of Bt kurstaki HD-1 (BtkHD1) in relation to Ts control (Cry1Ac and Cry1B proteins), potato growth promotion, and plant ISR due to pests related to the BtkHD1-potato system. To ensure that ongoing quality control of BtkHD1 was maintained, crystal synthesis (microscopy), cry1 genes presence, and Cry protein production were checked. Bioassays Ts larvae and potato plantlets and an in silico analysis of the hybrid Cry1Ac-Cry1Ba protein and potato ISR related to the BtkHD1 infl uence were performed. Bioassay on Ts larvae shows an LC50 of 536 ng/cm2 of diet. A potato growth promotion assay revealed the effect of BtkHD1 on the length and dry weight of stems. The prospective analysis took into account relevant factors affecting the biological function of the hybrid protein focused on domain II. In silico identification of 15 BtkHD1 proteins and 68 potato proteins related to plant ISR due to pests was completed. This project serves to validation of toxicity on Ts larvae and potato growth effect based on BtkHD1, including a forward analysis of the hybrid Cry1Ac1-Cry1Ba1, and proteins associated with this strain and potato for eliciting plant ISR due to pests.

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Katz, A., and C. Kahana. "Transcriptional activation of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase during stimulated growth." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 7 (1987): 2641–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.7.2641-2643.1987.

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Cloned ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) (EC 4.1.1.17) cDNA was used to investigate the mechanisms which mediate the mitogenic induction of mammalian ODC. Stimulation of quiescent BALB/c 3T3 mouse fibroblasts with purified fibroblast and platelet-derived growth factors and with the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate results in a rapid and dramatic increase in ODC mRNA, similar to the increase caused by serum stimulation. Using nuclear runoff transcriptional analysis, we demonstrate that an increase in ODC transcription accounts for the mitogenic induction of ODC mRNA, and using cycloheximide together with the stimulating mitogen, we found that the mitogenic induction of ODC is dependent on ongoing protein synthesis in the stimulated cells.

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Tanaka, Masaru, Peter J. Dykes, and Ronald Marks. "Keratinocyte Growth Stimulation by Granulocyte-macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)." Keio Journal of Medicine 46, no. 4 (1997): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2302/kjm.46.184.

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Anak Agung Ngurah Krisna Putra, Irwanto, Reny I’tishom, Bagus Setyoboedi, and Muhammad R. D. Mustakim. "Mozart music stimulation effect on wistar rats’ neurogenesis." Bali Medical Journal 12, no. 1 (2023): 921–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v12i1.4202.

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Introduction: Optimal brain development is required to achieve optimal health. Therefore, stimulation is needed to achieve optimal development, and one of the stimulations which can be provided is music stimulation. Several prior investigations have been completed to prove the impact of music stimulation on brain development, whose results still showed both pros and cons. This investigation had the intention of determining musical stimulation's impacts on neurogenesis. Method: Thirty 30 days old male Wistar rats were grouped randomly but equally into experimental and control groups, with 15 rats in each group. The experimental group was exposed for 90 minutes twice a day in 30 constitutive days to Mozart music (Mozart Sonata for two pianos K. 448) with sound pressure levels between 60 and 80 dB. After 30 days, the rats were euthanized. The neurogenesis parameters, such as plasma corticosterone level, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) concentration, and cerebral cortex thickness, were assessed. Result: Rats with Mozart music exposure had considerably lower plasma corticosterone. They had substantially higher BDNF concentration in the hippocampus compared to the control group (p-value 0.049 and 0.040, respectively). Still, no significant effect was found on IGF-1 concentration and cerebral cortex thickness (p-value 0.148 and 0.094, respectively). Conclusion: The brain development process requires stimulation, and Mozart's music is proven to be an alternative to stimulations provided for brain development.

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Vilcek, J., V. J. Palombella, D. Henriksen-DeStefano, et al. "Fibroblast growth enhancing activity of tumor necrosis factor and its relationship to other polypeptide growth factors." Journal of Experimental Medicine 163, no. 3 (1986): 632–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.163.3.632.

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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a monocyte-derived protein cytotoxic or cytostatic for some tumor cell lines. Here we show that highly purified E. coli-derived recombinant human TNF stimulated the growth of human FS-4 diploid fibroblasts. Stimulation of cell growth was demonstrable at a TNF concentration of 10 pg/ml (3 X 10(-13) M). Maximal stimulation was attained at TNF concentrations of 10 ng/ml (3 X 10(-10) M) or higher. Growth-stimulatory activity of TNF was inhibited by an mAb neutralizing the cytotoxic activity of TNF. Growth stimulation was not inhibited by another mAb specific for TNF, lacking neutralizing activity for the cytotoxic activity of TNF. Growth stimulation by TNF was more marked and more sustained in the presence of greater than or equal to 10% FCS than in medium with less than or equal to 5% FCS. Addition of TNF to confluent FS-4 cultures also produced a marked stimulation of cell growth in the presence of fresh FCS, while a much less marked stimulation was seen in the absence of FCS. Stimulation of confluent cultures by TNF in serum-free medium was enhanced by insulin, suggesting that insulin or insulin-like growth factor(s) in the serum can act synergistically with TNF in producing growth stimulation. While the growth-stimulatory effects of TNF and insulin were synergistic, the actions of TNF and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were less than additive, suggesting that TNF and EGF may activate identical or similar pathways. We conclude that stimulation of cell growth is probably a physiological function of TNF, and that the cytotoxic and cytostatic actions of TNF may be the result of an anomalous growth signal transduction in neoplastic cells lacking the constraints of normal growth control mechanisms.

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Abramovitch, R., M. Marikovsky, G. Meir, and M. Neeman. "Stimulation of tumour growth by wound-derived growth factors." British Journal of Cancer 79, no. 9-10 (1999): 1392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690223.

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Heldin, Carl-Henrik, and Bengt Westermark. "PDGF-like growth factors in autocrine stimulation of growth." Journal of Cellular Physiology 133, S5 (1987): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041330407.

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Evans, S. W., D. Rennick, and W. L. Farrar. "Identification of a signal-transduction pathway shared by haematopoietic growth factors with diverse biological specificity." Biochemical Journal 244, no. 3 (1987): 683–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2440683.

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The haematopoietic growth factors multi-colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 2 specifically control the production and proliferation of distinct leucocyte series. Each growth factor acts on a unique surface receptor associated with an appropriate signal-transduction apparatus. In this report we identify a 68 kDa substrate which is phosphorylated after stimulation of different cell types with multi-colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 2. The 68 kDa substrate is also phosphorylated in each cell line stimulated with synthetic diacylglycerol, a direct activator of protein kinase C. Interestingly, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor does not induce phosphorylation of the 68 kDa molecule. The 68 kDa molecule that is phosphorylated after stimulation with each ligand yielded similar peptide maps after chymotryptic digestion; furthermore, the substrate was always phosphorylated on threonine residues. Phosphorylation of the same residues in the 68 kDa substrate suggests that activation of protein kinase C is one common signal-transduction event associated with the action of multi-colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 2.

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Crapper, RM, and JW Schrader. "Antibody stimulation of hemopoietic progenitor cells." Blood 65, no. 4 (1985): 869–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v65.4.869.869.

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Abstract Antisera were raised by immunizing rabbits with cloned lines of murine hemopoietic progenitor cells (P cells) that depended on the presence of a specific hemopoietic growth factor, persisting cell-stimulating factor (PSF), for their growth and survival. The unabsorbed antiserum was inhibitory, but after absorption with murine spleen cells and the mastocytoma, P815, significant stimulation of both P cell growth and thymidine incorporation was evident. IgG antibodies isolated from the antiserum by staphylococcal protein A chromatography or further purified by diethylaminoethyl anion exchange chromatography, ammonium sulphate precipitation, and gel filtration using Sephacryl S-300 were responsible for the stimulation. The absorbed antiserum promoted the survival of normal murine bone marrow cells in liquid culture over a four-day period, and the inclusion of IgG antibodies in agar cultures of normal bone marrow promoted the in vitro survival, over a 48-hour period, of cells capable of subsequently generating, in the presence of a source of PSF, colonies of neutrophils, macrophages, and megakaryocytes. It is postulated that the antibodies act by stimulating the PSF receptor on both the factor-dependent cell lines and normal myeloid progenitor cells.

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Crapper, RM, and JW Schrader. "Antibody stimulation of hemopoietic progenitor cells." Blood 65, no. 4 (1985): 869–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v65.4.869.bloodjournal654869.

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Antisera were raised by immunizing rabbits with cloned lines of murine hemopoietic progenitor cells (P cells) that depended on the presence of a specific hemopoietic growth factor, persisting cell-stimulating factor (PSF), for their growth and survival. The unabsorbed antiserum was inhibitory, but after absorption with murine spleen cells and the mastocytoma, P815, significant stimulation of both P cell growth and thymidine incorporation was evident. IgG antibodies isolated from the antiserum by staphylococcal protein A chromatography or further purified by diethylaminoethyl anion exchange chromatography, ammonium sulphate precipitation, and gel filtration using Sephacryl S-300 were responsible for the stimulation. The absorbed antiserum promoted the survival of normal murine bone marrow cells in liquid culture over a four-day period, and the inclusion of IgG antibodies in agar cultures of normal bone marrow promoted the in vitro survival, over a 48-hour period, of cells capable of subsequently generating, in the presence of a source of PSF, colonies of neutrophils, macrophages, and megakaryocytes. It is postulated that the antibodies act by stimulating the PSF receptor on both the factor-dependent cell lines and normal myeloid progenitor cells.

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Somanjaya, Rachmat, Asnath Maria Fuah, Sri Rahayu, Luki Abdullah, and Mohamad Agus Setiadi. "Post-Natal Indonesian Garut Sheep Performance Fed with Sorghum-Indigofera-Mixed Feed and Stimulated with Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin Hormone." Jurnal Medik Veteriner 8, no. 1 (2025): 63–73. https://doi.org/10.20473/jmv.vol8.iss1.2025.63-73.

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This study aimed to determine the effect of sorghum-indigofera (SI) mixed feed and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) hormone stimulation on ewe’s reproductive performance and Garut lamb’s pre-weaning growth. Twenty-eight multiparous Garut ewes were included into four treatment groups (2 ´ 2) with a factorial-Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first factors were the types of feed local forage (LF) and SI, while the second factor was PMSG hormone stimulations (with and without PMSG stimulation). Synchronized estrous used twice injections with PGF2α, 11 days apart, and 500 IU PMSG was adminstrated at the second PGF2α injection intramuscularly. The observed variables included ewes' performance after parturition and post-natal lamb's growth. The obtained data were analyzed by multivarians of analysis (MANOVA) with α = 0.05 and continued with Tukey's Test. The result showed that feeding ewes with SI without PMSG stimulation resulted in the highest number of pregnancies, litter size, and lactation compared to other treatments. Feed type and PMSG stimulation factors has no any interaction effect (p > 0.05) on birth weight, weaning weight, and milk production. However, birth weight and milk production were affected (p < 0.05) by the feed, while weaning weight was affected (p < 0.05) by the PMSG stimulation. The fastest lamb growth rate was found in the groups of ewes fed by SI without PMSG stimulation (120 g/head/day). It can be concluded that SI could improve the ewe’s reproductive performance and the post-natal growth of Garut lambs. Meanwhile, the PMSG hormone could beneficially with sorghum-indigofera mixed feed.

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Umriaty, Umriaty, Nora Rahmanindar, Vivin Avianti Oktavia, et al. "Forum Edukasi Orang Tua tentang Tumbuh Kembang Anak di HEbAT Community Tegal Raya." Jurnal Surya Masyarakat 7, no. 1 (2024): 66. https://doi.org/10.26714/jsm.7.1.2024.66-71.

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Basically, every child will go through a growth and development process according to their age stages. To properly monitor children's growth and development, parents, health workers, educators, cadres and other staff who are interested in children's growth and development need to take their respective roles. Because the process of children's growth and development is almost the same, knowing the characteristics and principles of children's growth and development will make it easier for parents to provide growth and development stimulation in accordance with what is needed and expected by children to achieve optimal growth and development. One of the efforts to overcome this is by educating parents about stimulating growth and development using simple instruments. One of the tools/instruments used to determine whether a child's development is normal or whether there are deviations is by using the KIA book. This service activity aims to increase parents' knowledge and skills in monitoring children's growth, development and stimulation by utilizing the parenting activity community that already exists in Tegal City, namely the HEbAT Community. This activity takes the form of providing material on parenting concepts and improving skills in monitoring and stimulating children's development. The learning stages contain parenting concepts according to Nurturing Care recommended by WHO. At the practical stage, there will be practice assessing children's development through the KIA book. The monitoring results will show the child's developmental status and the type of stimulation needed. The service was carried out on May 30 2024 at the Pendopo, East Tegal District, Tegal City, which was attended by 32 mothers of toddlers and their children.

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Santoyo, Gustavo, Paulina Guzmán-Guzmán, Fannie Isela Parra-Cota, Sergio de los Santos-Villalobos, Ma del Carmen Orozco-Mosqueda, and Bernard R. Glick. "Plant Growth Stimulation by Microbial Consortia." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (2021): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020219.

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Plant-associated microorganisms play an important role in agricultural production. Although various studies have shown that single microorganisms can exert beneficial effects on plants, it is increasingly evident that when a microbial consortium—two or more interacting microorganisms—is involved, additive or synergistic results can be expected. This occurs, in part, due to the fact that multiple species can perform a variety of tasks in an ecosystem like the rhizosphere. Therefore, the beneficial mechanisms of plant growth stimulation (i.e., enhanced nutrient availability, phytohormone modulation, biocontrol, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance) exerted by different microbial players within the rhizosphere, such as plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and fungi (such as Trichoderma and Mycorrhizae), are reviewed. In addition, their interaction and beneficial activity are highlighted when they act as part of a consortium, mainly as mixtures of different species of PGPB, PGPB–Mycorrhizae, and PGPB–Trichoderma, under normal and diverse stress conditions. Finally, we propose the expansion of the use of different microbial consortia, as well as an increase in research on different mixtures of microorganisms that facilitate the best and most consistent results in the field.

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Halanski, Matthew A. "Spinal Growth Stimulation with Growing Rods?" JBJS Orthopaedic Highlights: Spine Surgery 2, no. 7 (2013): e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.ss.m.00221.

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Lind, Martin. "Growth factor stimulation of bone healing." Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 69, sup283 (1998): i—37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17453674.1998.11744808.

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Delone, N. L., Yu A. Berkovich, S. O. Smolyanina, et al. "Vibration-induced stimulation of wheat growth." Doklady Biological Sciences 434, no. 1 (2010): 332–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s001249661005011x.

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Krahl, Hartmut, Ulf Michaelis, Hans-Gerd Pieper, Gerhard Quack, and Michael Montag. "Stimulation of Bone Growth Through Sports." American Journal of Sports Medicine 22, no. 6 (1994): 751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354659402200605.

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Fisker, S., J. O. L. Jørgensen, and J. S. Christiansen. "Variability in growth hormone stimulation tests." Growth Hormone & IGF Research 8 (February 1998): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-6374(98)80006-3.

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Aimaretti, Gianluca, Simonetta Bellone, Roberto Baldelli, Silvia Grottoli, Gianni Bona, and Ezio Ghigo. "Growth Hormone Stimulation Tests in Pediatrics." Endocrinologist 14, no. 4 (2004): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ten.0000134851.85446.da.

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LEHEUP, BRUNO P. "Growth Hormone Response After Clonidine Stimulation." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 140, no. 4 (1986): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1986.02140180057009.

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Koutsilieris, M., S. A. Rabbani, and D. Goltzman. "Effects of human prostatic mitogens on rat bone cells and fibroblasts." Journal of Endocrinology 115, no. 3 (1987): 447—NP. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1150447.

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ABSTRACT We examined several characteristics of the mitogenic activity of extracts of human prostatic adenocarcinoma and human benign prostatic hyperplasia in fetal rat calvarial cells, cloned rat osteosarcoma cells and rat skin fibroblasts. Prostatic moieties produced maximal stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation at 24 h, were mitogenic in the absence or presence of various concentrations of serum, and were active in calvarial cells enriched with osteoblasts, skin fibroblasts and the cloned rat osteosarcoma cell line UMR 108. The known growth-promoting agents insulin, insulin-like growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, interleukin-1α and β and transforming growth factor β were also mitogenic in the indicator systems employed; however, maximally stimulating effects of these peptides in cells of the osteoblast phenotype were further enhanced with prostatic material. Prostatic activity was acid-stable and could be enriched with respect to osteoblast stimulation by hydrophobic and carboxymethyl ion-exchange chromatography. The results demonstrate the presence of potent mitogenic activity in hyperplastic and malignant prostatic tissue which appears to include unique osteoblast-stimulating activity. J. Endocr. (1987) 115, 447–454

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Yang, Shanguo, Dan Xu, and Xiaole Liu. "Evaluation of Round Window Stimulation Performance in Otosclerosis Using Finite Element Modeling." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3603207.

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Round window (RW) stimulation is a new type of middle ear implant’s application for treating patients with middle ear disease, such as otosclerosis. However, clinical outcomes show a substantial degree of variability. One source of variability is the variation in the material properties of the ear components caused by the disease. To investigate the influence of the otosclerosis on the performance of the RW stimulation, a human ear finite element model including middle ear and cochlea was established based on a set of microcomputerized tomography section images of a human temporal bone. Three characteristic changes of the otosclerosis in the auditory system were simulated in the FE model: stapedial annular ligament stiffness enlargement, stapedial abnormal bone growth, and partial fixation of the malleus. The FE model was verified by comparing the model-predicted results with published experimental measurements. The equivalent sound pressure (ESP) of RW stimulation was calculated via comparing the differential intracochlear pressure produced by the RW stimulation and the normal eardrum sound stimulation. The results show that the increase of stapedial annular ligament and partial fixation of the malleus decreases RW stimulation’s ESP prominently at lower frequencies. In contrast, the stapedial abnormal bone growth deteriorates RW stimulation’s ESP severely at higher frequencies.

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I Gusti Made Krishna Wulandari, Ni Komang Ayu Juni Antari, and Agung Wiwiek Indrayani. "The influence of parents' growth and development knowledge on child development." Kinesiology and Physiotherapy Comprehensive 4, no. 1 (2025): 21–26. https://doi.org/10.62004/kpc.v4i1.59.

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Background: Parents play a significant role in stimulating their child's development. This literature review aimed to find out the influence of parents’ knowledge of child growth and development on child development. Methods: The method used in this research is a literature review by gathering the secondary data from 6 journals that related to parents’ knowledge and child development which were obtained from PubMed and Google Scholar as the search source. Results: Based on the six journals used in this literature review, it was found that parents play a crucial role in their child's development. Providing stimulation that is based on enough knowledge about the stages of child development serves to help stimulate the maturation of a child’s brain cell performance. Conclusion: Based on this literature review, it can be concluded that parents’ knowledge influences aspects of child development. Providing stimulation that is based on good knowledge will assist in improving creativity and stimulating a child’s brain cells to grow optimally.

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Hu, Simin, Qianru Xu, Yuchao Zhang, and Fuxing Zhu. "Stimulatory Effects of Boscalid on Virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Indicate Hormesis May Be Masked by Inhibitions." Plant Disease 104, no. 3 (2020): 833–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-19-1421-re.

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Hormetic effects of fungicides on phytopathogens are of great importance for proper application of fungicides. The aim of the present study was to investigate the stimulatory effects of the fungicide boscalid on mycelial growth and virulence of the devastating plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Boscalid in potato dextrose agar (PDA) at a dosage range from 0.0005 to 0.002 μg/ml exerted statistically significant (P ≤ 0.015) stimulations on mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum, and the maximum stimulation magnitudes were 5.55 ± 0.73% (mean ± SD) for the four isolates tested. Boscalid in PDA at 0.02 μg/ml inhibited mycelial growth of isolates HLJ3H and HLJ4H by 15.0 and 8.9%, respectively. However, after the growth-inhibited mycelia were inoculated on rapeseed leaves, isolates HLJ3H and HLJ4H exhibited virulence stimulations of 8.7 and 17.8%, respectively, indicating that hormesis may be masked by inhibitions. Boscalid sprayed at 0.0001 to 0.1 μg/ml on detached rapeseed leaves had significant (P ≤ 0.041) stimulations on virulence of S. sclerotiorum, and the maximum stimulation magnitudes were 17.90 ± 5.94% (mean ± SD) for the four isolates tested. Experiments on 12 isolates with different levels of virulence showed there was a negative correlation (R = –0.663, P = 0.019) between the maximum virulence stimulation magnitude and virulence of S. sclerotiorum in the absence of fungicide. Boscalid at stimulatory concentrations had no significant effect on the expression levels of three virulence-associated genes that encode cutinase (SsCut), polygalacturonase (SsPG1), and oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase (SsOah1). The molecular mechanisms for hormetic effects of boscalid on S. sclerotiorum remain to be studied in the future.

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Kamoun, Camilia, Colin Patrick Hawkes, Hareesh Gunturi, Andrew Nahum Dauber, Joel N. Hirschhorn, and Adda Grimberg. "Growth Hormone Stimulation Testing Patterns Contribute to Gender Disparities in Growth Hormone Treatment." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (2021): A677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1380.

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Abstract Introduction: Growth hormone (GH) registries demonstrate that males outnumber females 2:1 for all indications combined and 3:1 for the idiopathic short stature indication. The aim of this study was to determine if gender disparities in GH treatment are due to differences in rates of stimulation testing and/or GH prescribing. Methods: Retrospective chart review was performed including children aged 2-16 years seen for short stature or poor growth in 2012-2019 at a large tertiary referral center. Children previously diagnosed with GHD were excluded. Continuous variables, reported as medians [IQR], were compared by Wilcoxon rank sum test and categorical variables by Chi-squared test. A two-tailed p-value &lt;0.05 defined statistical significance. Results: Of 10,125 children seen for evaluation of short stature or poor growth (35% [3542] females [F], 65% [6583] males [M]), 1,245 underwent GH stimulation testing (30% [379] F, 70% [866] M). A larger proportion of males than females were tested (M 13.2%, F 10.7%; p &lt;0.001). Amongst the entire study population, females had lower height Z-scores than males (F -1.98 [-2.46, -1.44], M -1.80 [-2.24, -1.31]; p&lt;0.001). This difference persisted in those who proceeded to GH stimulation testing (F -2.52 [-3.00, -2.04], M -2.18 [-2.6, -1.81]; p&lt;0.001) and GH treatment (F -2.62 [-3.11, -2.07], M -2.19 [-2.60, -1.81; p&lt;0.001). Mean difference between height Z-score and mid-parental height (MPH) Z-score for the entire population did not differ by sex (F -1.52 [-2.17, -0.87], M -1.52 [-2.04, -0.97]; p=0.76), but the difference was greater in females among those who underwent GH stimulation testing (F -1.95 [-2.57, -1.40], M -1.79 [-2.32, -1.32]; p=0.009) and started GH treatment (F -1.93 [-2.58, -1.48], M -1.80 [-2.30, -1.32]; p=0.016). Peak stimulated GH levels were similar for males and females (F 9.6 [6.0, 13.6] ng/mL, M 9.4 [6.1, 13.2] ng/mL, p=0.62). The proportion of children prescribed GH after stimulation testing did not differ by gender (F 55% [208], M 56% [488]; p=0.63). This finding did not change upon sub-analysis by peak stimulated GH concentration groups (peak GH concentrations &lt;7 ng/mL, 7-10 ng/mL, and &gt;10 ng/mL). Conclusion: The male predominance among children seen for subspecialist evaluation of short stature was compounded by a greater proportion of those males subsequently undergoing GH stimulation testing despite less severe short stature. Although females who underwent GH stimulation testing had greater height deficit from their genetic potential than tested males, peak stimulated GH concentrations and GH prescription rates were similar by sex. Thus, gender disparities in GH treatment occur at the subspecialist referral and stimulation testing, but not GH prescription, steps. Further, GH stimulation test results failed to account for the more severe shortness among tested females, yet another limitation identified with such testing.

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