Academic literature on the topic 'Stimulus reconstruction'

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Journal articles on the topic "Stimulus reconstruction"

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Mesgarani, Nima, Stephen V. David, Jonathan B. Fritz, and Shihab A. Shamma. "Influence of Context and Behavior on Stimulus Reconstruction From Neural Activity in Primary Auditory Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 6 (2009): 3329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91128.2008.

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Population responses of cortical neurons encode considerable details about sensory stimuli, and the encoded information is likely to change with stimulus context and behavioral conditions. The details of encoding are difficult to discern across large sets of single neuron data because of the complexity of naturally occurring stimulus features and cortical receptive fields. To overcome this problem, we used the method of stimulus reconstruction to study how complex sounds are encoded in primary auditory cortex (AI). This method uses a linear spectro-temporal model to map neural population respo
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Fernandes, N. M., B. D. L. Pinto, L. O. B. Almeida, J. F. W. Slaets, and R. Köberle. "Recording from Two Neurons: Second-Order Stimulus Reconstruction from Spike Trains and Population Coding." Neural Computation 22, no. 10 (2010): 2537–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00016.

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We study the reconstruction of visual stimuli from spike trains, representing the reconstructed stimulus by a Volterra series up to second order. We illustrate this procedure in a prominent example of spiking neurons, recording simultaneously from the two H1 neurons located in the lobula plate of the fly Chrysomya megacephala. The fly views two types of stimuli, corresponding to rotational and translational displacements. Second-order reconstructions require the manipulation of potentially very large matrices, which obstructs the use of this approach when there are many neurons. We avoid the c
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Lazar, Aurel A., and Eftychios A. Pnevmatikakis. "Consistent Recovery of Sensory Stimuli Encoded with MIMO Neural Circuits." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2010 (2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/469658.

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We consider the problem of reconstructing finite energy stimuli encoded with a population of spiking leaky integrate-and-fire neurons. The reconstructed signal satisfies a consistency condition: when passed through the same neuron, it triggers the same spike train as the original stimulus. The recovered stimulus has to also minimize a quadratic smoothness optimality criterion. We formulate the reconstruction as a spline interpolation problem for scalar as well as vector valued stimuli and show that the recovery has a unique solution. We provide explicit reconstruction algorithms for stimuli en
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Belo, Joan, Maureen Clerc, and Daniele Schön. "The effect of familiarity on neural tracking of music stimuli is modulated by mind wandering." AIMS Neuroscience 10, no. 4 (2023): 319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/neuroscience.2023025.

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<abstract> <p>One way to investigate the cortical tracking of continuous auditory stimuli is to use the stimulus reconstruction approach. However, the cognitive and behavioral factors impacting this cortical representation remain largely overlooked. Two possible candidates are familiarity with the stimulus and the ability to resist internal distractions. To explore the possible impacts of these two factors on the cortical representation of natural music stimuli, forty-one participants listened to monodic natural music stimuli while we recorded their neural activity. Using the stimu
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Meng, Lu, and Chuanhao Yang. "Dual-Guided Brain Diffusion Model: Natural Image Reconstruction from Human Visual Stimulus fMRI." Bioengineering 10, no. 10 (2023): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10101117.

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The reconstruction of visual stimuli from fMRI signals, which record brain activity, is a challenging task with crucial research value in the fields of neuroscience and machine learning. Previous studies tend to emphasize reconstructing pixel-level features (contours, colors, etc.) or semantic features (object category) of the stimulus image, but typically, these properties are not reconstructed together. In this context, we introduce a novel three-stage visual reconstruction approach called the Dual-guided Brain Diffusion Model (DBDM). Initially, we employ the Very Deep Variational Autoencode
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Phillips, Steven. "A reconstruction theory of relational schema induction." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 1 (2021): e1008641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008641.

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Learning transfer (i.e. accelerated learning over a series of structurally related learning tasks) differentiates species and age-groups, but the evolutionary and developmental implications of such differences are unclear. To this end, the relational schema induction paradigm employing tasks that share algebraic (group-like) structures was introduced to contrast stimulus-independent (relational) versus stimulus-dependent (associative) learning processes. However, a theory explaining this kind of relational learning transfer has not been forthcoming beyond a general appeal to some form of struc
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HAN, SEUNG KEE, WON SUP KIM, and HYUNGTAE KOOK. "SYNCHRONIZATION AND DECODING INTERSPIKE INTERVALS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 12, no. 05 (2002): 983–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812740200484x.

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Decoding of a sequence of interspike intervals (ISIs) of a neuron model driven by a chaotic stimulus is performed based on the attractor reconstruction method. As stimulus strength increases, both the stimulus estimation error and the prediction error in predicting stimulus crosswise by exploiting ISIs information tend to decrease with transitional drops at certain parameter values. It is analyzed that such behaviors are well explained in the context of synchronization between two chaotic patterns of stimulus and ISI sequence. The result implies that a new scheme of temporal coding at low firi
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Kappel, Markus, Friederice Pirschel, and Jutta Kretzberg. "Stimulus reconstruction based on postsynaptic potentials of leech interneurons." BMC Neuroscience 12, Suppl 1 (2011): P179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-12-s1-p179.

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Zuk, Nathaniel J., Jeremy W. Murphy, Richard B. Reilly, and Edmund C. Lalor. "Envelope reconstruction of speech and music highlights stronger tracking of speech at low frequencies." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 9 (2021): e1009358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009358.

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The human brain tracks amplitude fluctuations of both speech and music, which reflects acoustic processing in addition to the encoding of higher-order features and one’s cognitive state. Comparing neural tracking of speech and music envelopes can elucidate stimulus-general mechanisms, but direct comparisons are confounded by differences in their envelope spectra. Here, we use a novel method of frequency-constrained reconstruction of stimulus envelopes using EEG recorded during passive listening. We expected to see music reconstruction match speech in a narrow range of frequencies, but instead
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Ruderman, Daniel L., and William Bialek. "Seeing Beyond the Nyquist Limit." Neural Computation 4, no. 5 (1992): 682–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1992.4.5.682.

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In many biological systems the primary transduction of sensory stimuli occurs in a regular array of receptors. Because of this discrete sampling it is usually assumed that the organism has no knowledge of signals beyond the Nyquist frequency. In fact, higher frequency signals are expected to mask the available lower frequency information as a result of aliasing. It has been suggested that these considerations are important in understanding, for example, the design of the receptor lattice in the mammalian fovea. We show that if the organism has knowledge of the probability distribution from whi
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stimulus reconstruction"

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Sarangdhar, Mayur. "A computational framework for similarity estimation and stimulus reconstruction of Hodgkin-Huxley neural responses." Thesis, University of Hull, 2010. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:4949.

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Periodic stimuli are known to induce chaotic oscillations in the squid giant axon for a certain range of frequencies, a behaviour modelled by the Hodgkin-Huxley equations. Inthe presence of chaotic oscillations, similarity between neural responses depends on their temporal nature as firing times and amplitudes together reflect the true dynamics of theneuron. This thesis presents a method to estimate similarity between neural responses exhibiting chaotic oscillations by using both amplitude fluctuations and firing times. It isobserved that identical stimuli have similar effect on the neural dyn
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Fernandes, Nelson Mesquita. "Acuidade visual e codificação neural da mosca Chrysomya megacephala." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76131/tde-25032010-161256/.

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Descrevemos os processos de captura, criação e micromanipulação cirúrgica das moscas Chrysomya megacephala. Apresentamos os processos de geração de estímulo e registro da atividade dos dois neurônios H1 localizados na placa lobular de seu cérebro. Um primeiro resultado apresentado refere-se a acuidade de seu sistema visual. Desenvolvemos um procedimento para comparar sua taxa de disparos espontâneos com as respostas do neurônio H1 quando sujeito a estímulos de excitação e inibição. Mostramos que o sistema visual da mosca não está apenas adaptado a detectar grandes fluxos ópticos mas também, é
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Wilbert, Niko. "Hierarchical Slow Feature Analysis on visual stimuli and top-down reconstruction." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16526.

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In dieser Dissertation wird ein Modell des visuellen Systems untersucht, basierend auf dem Prinzip des unüberwachten Langsamkeitslernens und des SFA-Algorithmus (Slow Feature Analysis). Dieses Modell wird hier für die invariante Objekterkennung und verwandte Probleme eingesetzt. Das Modell kann dabei sowohl die zu Grunde liegenden diskreten Variablen der Stimuli extrahieren (z.B. die Identität des gezeigten Objektes) als auch kontinuierliche Variablen (z.B. Position und Rotationswinkel). Dabei ist es in der Lage, mit komplizierten Transformationen umzugehen, wie beispielsweise Tiefenrotation.
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Er-Rhaimini, Salih. "Reconstruction d'image par rétrodiffusion stimulée Raman et amélioration du rendement de conversion." Angers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ANGE0007.

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La rétrodiffusion Raman stimulée peut être utilisée pour différentes applications, en particulier la fabrication des fréquences laser nouvelles et conjugaison de phase. Dans notre travail, nous montrons qu'il est possible de transférer sur le rayonnement Raman stimule l'image d'un objet éclairé par un faisceau laser avec de bons rendements de conversion. Nous améliorons d'abord le rendement de rétrodiffusion en choisissant des matériaux actifs (exemple : l'acétone) et des conditions géométriques d'excitation convenables. Nous trouvons les conditions géométriques et énergétiques pour un bon tra
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Broome, Bede Michael Konishi Masakazu. "Population coding and reconstruction of complex stimuli in the locust olfactory system /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : Caltech, 2006. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-03142006-171138.

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Rouanet, Philippe. "Transformation fonctionnelle des muscles squelettiques transposés et électro-stimulés : application à la reconstruction du sphincter anal." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON1T015.

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Wilbert, Niko [Verfasser], Richard [Akademischer Betreuer] Kempter, Laurenz [Akademischer Betreuer] Wiskott, and Felix [Akademischer Betreuer] Wichmann. "Hierarchical Slow Feature Analysis on visual stimuli and top-down reconstruction / Niko Wilbert. Gutachter: Richard Kempter ; Laurenz Wiskott ; Felix Wichmann." Berlin : Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2012. http://d-nb.info/102372572X/34.

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Andrieux, Eric. "Extent and chronology of the Pleistocene permafrost in France : database of periglacial structures and OSL dating of sand wedges." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0615/document.

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De nombreuses tentatives de reconstruction de l’étendue du paléo-pergélisol à partir de données de terrain montrent que de grandes parties de la France ont été affectées à la fin du Pléistocène. Cette étendue maximale a été attribuée au Dernier Maximum Glaciaire (DMG). Néanmoins, des contradictions existent entre les différentes reconstructions qui ont été réalisées pendant près d’un siècle ; elles résident en partie dans l’absence de consensus sur la signification paléoclimatique de certaines structures périglaciaires. De plus, le cadre chronologique utilisé pour ces reconstructions est princ
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Ferrier, Jean-Louis. "Contribution à l'étude de la conjugaison de phase, en régime d'excitation picoseconde, dans les milieux liquides et cristallins : faisabilité, caractérisation et applications." Angers, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ANGE0003.

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Par l'utilisation de lasers de puissance de type picoseconde (longueur d'onde 532 nm, durée 25ps) dans des milieux liquides et cristallins, nous avons apporté notre contribution a : - l'aspect faisabilité de la conjugaison de phase en picoseconde, -l'évaluation du comportement transitoire ou pas des phénomènes, - des applications particulières a ce domaine. Nous avons caractérisé et étudie par voie expérimentale et théorique différents paramètres entrant en jeu dans les deux types d'expériences susceptibles de produire la conjugaison de phase- mélange quatre ondes et rétrodiffusions stimulées-
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Broome, Bede Michael. "Population coding and reconstruction of complex stimuli in the locust olfactory system." Thesis, 2006. https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/954/1/Broome_Thesis_2006.pdf.

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Odors evoke complex sequences of activity in antennal lobe projection neurons (PNs), the insect analogs of mitral/tufted cells. These PN activity patterns evolve over hundreds of milliseconds, are consistent across trials, and contain information about odor identity and concentration. However, in natural settings animals must often identify odor blends or multiple odorants that occur in short temporal succession. We explored the effects of such stimulus history on single cell PN activity, PN ensemble responses, and downstream Kenyon cell (KC) responses by performing two experiments with novel
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Books on the topic "Stimulus reconstruction"

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Brown, Robert E. The Bible in the Seventeenth Century. Edited by Paul C. Gutjahr. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190258849.013.39.

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The Bible served as the principal source of religious imagination for English colonials in the seventeenth century. It was that which inspired their radical ecclesiastical, political, and societal reconstructions and that by which they measured their faithfulness to the Christian tradition. It proved to be a remarkable stimulus to the formation of colonial institutions and material culture, and the production of an entire range of literary genres, including spiritual memoir, public rhetoric and exhortation, history, poetry, music, pedagogy, law, and linguistics. The Bible also served as the te
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Davis, Jake H. “When You Know for Yourselves”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499778.003.0012.

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This essay offers a naturalistic reconstruction of Buddhist ethical theory, drawing on two central themes of early Buddhist thought. The early Buddhist dialogues of the Pāli Nikāyas and the Chinese Āgamas take as the primary focus of ethical evaluation an agent’s emotional motivations, qualities such as hatred or friendliness, craving or equanimity—what this essay terms “Qualities of Heart.” These dialogues emphasize that one can develop wisdom through the establishment of mindfulness (satipaṭṭhāna), a practice of becoming more fully and accurately aware of both internal and external stimuli.
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Book chapters on the topic "Stimulus reconstruction"

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Mesgarani, Nima. "Stimulus Reconstruction from Cortical Responses." In Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience. Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6675-8_108.

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Mesgarani, Nima. "Stimulus Reconstruction from Cortical Responses." In Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience. Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7320-6_108-1.

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Mesgarani, Nima. "Stimulus Reconstruction from Cortical Responses." In Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience. Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7320-6_108-2.

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Yang, Kai, Zhuo Zhang, Gaoyan Zhang, Unoki Masashi, Jianwu Dang, and Longbiao Wang. "An Improved Stimulus Reconstruction Method for EEG-Based Short-Time Auditory Attention Detection." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1642-9_23.

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Battula, Shreyas, Shyam Krishna Kirithivasan, Aditi Soori, Richa Ramesh, and Ramamoorthy Srinath. "LatentNeuroNet: A Text-Conditioned Stable Diffusion Framework for Reconstructing Visual Stimuli from fMRI." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70906-7_19.

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Hussey, Edward. "Aristotle’s Mathematical Physics: A Reconstruction." In Aristotle’s Physics A Collection of Essays. Oxford University PressOxford, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198248446.003.0009.

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Abstract Aristotle was not the first to suggest that the physical world exhibits mathematical relationships of various kinds. This thought is at home both in the ‘Milesian’ tradition of natural philosophy, and in that of the ‘Pythagoreans’. It is even arguable that Democritus had envisaged a thoroughly mathematical physics. In any case, there existed, by the time of Aristotle, some specialized mathematical sciences, not dependent on any particular cosmology or metaphysics, but having uncontested and successful application in the actual world. These were (two- and three-dimensional) geometry, g
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Papakostas, George A., Kyriaki Tychola, and Eleni Vrochidou. "Comparison of Photogrammetric Reconstruction Methods." In Advances in Geospatial Technologies. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6452-9.ch004.

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Digital photogrammetry is a passive contactless, easy, and low-cost 3D scanning technique, that provides effective and powerful tools for 3D realistic reconstruction, as well as precise and high-resolution models based on Structure from Motion (SfM). Photogrammetry leverages data obtained by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), which have reached significant maturity in the sense that they offer a fast, affordable, and effective method for the acquisition of high-resolution geospatial information and image block (nadir and oblique) with high geometric and temporal resolutions. Data are processed b
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Rajab, Luna. "Cultural Heritage: A Gateway for Exiting the Syrian Crisis." In Heritage Reconstruction and People: Integrated Recovery After Trauma. Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56500/c-r2037.

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Our complicated relationship with our environment is a perennial stimulus to the development of material and immaterial cultural heritage and has contributed substantially to environmental development, It is the reason human beings are such a central element in post-crisis reconstruction, especially in historic cities and around archaeological sites. Ten years of war and crisis in Syria have resulted in the destruction of cultural heritage and in the hearts, minds, and lives of the country’s citizens. The crucial role that reconstruction and recovery of cultural heritage has to play in rebindi
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Ramakrishna, Kumar. "Recognizing Extremist Islam in the Southern Philippines." In Extremist Islam. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197610961.003.0006.

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This chapter explores Salafabist extremism in the context of Muslim Mindanao in the southern Philippines, using the case of former Abu Sayyaf Group militant Abu Hamdie—a Salafabist extremist stimulus seeker—as a point of reference. It explores Abu Hamdie’s extremist beliefs using the conceptual framework developed in this volume, before examining the Salafabist ecosystem of persons, platforms, and places within which his hard Salafabist, Salafi Jihadi outlook was honed. The chapter argues that reconstruction and regeneration of the key city of Marawi—laid waste in intense urban combat between
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Perrin, Sean. "Learning theory perspectives on early reactions to traumatic events." In Reconstructing Early Intervention after Trauma. Oxford University PressOxford, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198508342.003.0006.

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Abstract The term ‘learning theory’ as used in this chapter refers to classical and operant conditioning theo ries. Both approaches view reinforcement as the central process by which the environment acts upon the organism to produce complex behaviour patterns (Donahoe, 1998). The differences between the two theories are evident in the procedures used to demonstrate learning. In the classical conditioning procedure (Pavlov, 1927) a reflex-eliciting stimulus (e.g. food) is presented to the animal following an environmental event (e.g. a tone). In the operant procedure (Thorndike, 1911), the elic
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Conference papers on the topic "Stimulus reconstruction"

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Alvarado, Alexander Singh, Jose C. Principe, and John G. Harris. "Stimulus reconstruction from the biphasic integrate-and-fire sampler." In 2009 4th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ner.2009.5109321.

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Heintz, Nicolas, Simon Geirnaert, Tom Francart, and Alexander Bertrand. "Unbiased Unsupervised Stimulus Reconstruction for EEG-Based Auditory Attention Decoding." In ICASSP 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp49357.2023.10096608.

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Mishra, Rahul, Krishan Sharma, and Arnav Bhavsar. "Reconstruction of visual stimulus from the EEG recordings via generative adversarial network." In Image Processing, edited by Ivana Išgum and Olivier Colliot. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2613297.

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Meng, Lu, and Zhenxuan Tang. "Brain Visual Stimulus Reconstruction Using a Three-Stage Multilevel Deep Fusion Model." In 2023 9th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccc59590.2023.10507552.

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Garasto, Stef, Wilten Nicola, Anil A. Bharath, and Simon R. Schultz. "Neural Sampling Strategies for Visual Stimulus Reconstruction from Two-photon Imaging of Mouse Primary Visual Cortex." In 2019 9th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ner.2019.8716934.

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Yang, Kai, Xueying Luan, and Gaoyan Zhang. "Stimulus Reconstruction Based Auditory Attention Detection Using EEG in Multi-Speaker Environments Without Access to Clean Sources." In 2022 IEEE Smartworld, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Scalable Computing & Communications, Digital Twin, Privacy Computing, Metaverse, Autonomous & Trusted Vehicles (SmartWorld/UIC/ScalCom/DigitalTwin/PriComp/Meta). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smartworld-uic-atc-scalcom-digitaltwin-pricomp-metaverse56740.2022.00189.

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Hall, Sawyer, Calahan Mollan, Vijitashwa Pandey, and Zissimos Mourelatos. "TRIZ Mapping and Novelty Detection of Engineering Design Patents Using Machine Learning." In ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89746.

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Abstract Published resources such as technical literature and patent documents are extremely useful in engineering design and form an important input to methods such as TRIZ. Often, design engineers will investigate these resources when working on new design problems. Aside from getting technical information and even direct design solutions, they may find the design principles used in each patent document a useful design stimulus. Unfortunately, patents are not classified based on such “design useful” characterizations. Using unsupervised clustering and Latent Dirichlet Allocation, this paper
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Nawrot, Mark, and Matthew Rizzo. "Assessment of visual shape perception with motion, stereo, and texture cues." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1993.nma.1.

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The assessment of visual function in neurologically impaired patients is a difficult and time consuming procedure. Quite often these patients are elderly or have serious health problems causing them to fatigue rapidly. Many brain damaged neurological patients have visual field, language, or attention deficits. Such patients may be unable to cooperate and often continue to report on a non-tested, control aspect of the stimulus (e.g., position instead of movement, or size instead of color.) These are among the many reasons for a patients’s poor performance on a psychophysical task. Nevertheless,
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Levi, Dennis M., Stanley A. Klein, and Hong Wang. "How many samples are needed for precise localization?" In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.tupp6.

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Perfect reconstruction of a sine-wave grating requires at least two samples per cycle in order to determine the amplitude and phase. We have measured vernier acuity for discretely sampled sine-wave gratings. The stimulus was a pair of abutting horizontal sine-wave gratings, and the observers' task was to judge the direction of vertical offset between the two gratings. Each horizontal sample was 0.6 ft. (18.3 cm) wide and the luminance between samples was fixed at the mean luminance. The equally spaced samples were lined up in the two gratings, but the position of the gratings was random with r
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Wang, Ran, Yao Wang, and Adeen Flinker. "Reconstructing Speech Stimuli From Human Auditory Cortex Activity Using a WaveNet Approach." In 2018 IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium (SPMB). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spmb.2018.8615605.

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