Relevant bibliographies by topics / STL 350

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'STL 350'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "STL 350"

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Elias, T., J. C. Dupont, E. Hammer, et al. "Enhanced extinction of visible radiation due to hydrated aerosols in mist and fog." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 1 (2015): 291–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-291-2015.

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Abstract. The study assesses the contribution of aerosols to the extinction of visible radiation in the mist-fog-mist cycle. Measurements of the microphysical and optical properties of hydrated aerosols with diameters larger than 400 nm, composing the accumulation mode, which are the most efficient to interact with visible radiation, were carried out near Paris, during November 2011, in ambient conditions. Eleven mist-fog-mist cycles were observed, with cumulated fog duration of 95 h, and cumulated mist-fog-mist duration of 240 h. In mist, aerosols grew up by taking up water at relative humidities larger than 93%, causing a visibility decrease below 5 km. While visibility decreased down to few km, the mean size of the hydrated aerosols increased, and their number concentration (Nha) increased from approximately 160 to approximately 600 cm−3. When fog formed, droplets became the strongest contributors to visible radiation extinction, and liquid water content (LWC) increased beyond 7 mg m−3. Hydrated aerosols of the accumulation mode co-existed with droplets, as interstitial non-activated aerosols. Their size continued to increase, and a significant proportion of aerosols achieved diameters larger than 2.5 μm. The mean transition diameter between the accumulation mode and the small droplet mode was 4.0 ± 1.1 μm. Moreover Nha increased on average by 60% after fog formation. Consequently the mean aerosol contribution to extinction in fog was 20 ± 15% for diameter smaller than 2.5 μm and 6 ± 7% beyond. The standard deviation is large because of the large variability of Nha in fog, which could be smaller than in mist or three times larger. The particle extinction coefficient in fog can be computed as the sum of a droplet component and an aerosol component, which can be approximated by 3.5 Nha (Nha in cm−3 and particle extinction coefficient in Mm−1). We observed an influence of the main formation process on Nha, but not on the contribution to fog extinction by aerosols. Indeed in fogs formed by stratus lowering (STL), the mean Nha was 360 ± 140 cm−3, close to the value observed in mist, while in fogs formed by nocturnal radiative cooling under cloud-free sky (RAD), the mean Nha was 600 ± 350 cm−3. But because visibility (extinction) in fog was also lower (larger) in RAD than in STL fogs, the contribution by aerosols to extinction depended little on the fog formation process. Similarly, the proportion of hydrated aerosols over all aerosols (dry and hydrated) did not depend on the fog formation process. Measurements show that visibility in RAD fogs was smaller than in STL fogs because: (1) LWC was larger in RAD than in STL fogs, (2) droplets were smaller, (3) as already said, hydrated aerosols composing the accumulation mode were more numerous.
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Hayashi, Terutake, Yasuhiro Takaya, and Dongkeon Lee. "LCD Microstereolithography of Photosensitive Resin with Functional Particles." International Journal of Automation Technology 2, no. 3 (2008): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2008.p0182.

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A novel microstereolithography (µ-STL) process has been developed in order to fabricate microparts using photosensitive resin with functional particles containing microparticles or nanoparticles. The reduction in the surplus growth, which is caused by light scattered by the filler particles in the photosensitive resin, is accomplished by using grey-scale exposure with a liquid crystal display (LCD) mask. A fabrication process that uses photosensitive resins reinforced with ceramic nanoparticles is developed. Micro bevel gears with a diameter of 1.6 mm and a tooth width of 180 µ m are fabricated. Next, the fabrication process of the electrically conductive parts is examined using a photosensitive resin that contains microsized silver particle as electrically conductive fillers. Micro-resistance patterns are fabricated to evaluate the electrical conductivity of the micro part. Annealing is then conducted for the removal of the photosensitive resin at a temperature of 350±10°C for 1 h. At a filler content of 50 wt%, the electrical resistance is as small as 3×105 W Ω•cm. Using a four-level grey-scale mask, 100 microelectrodes are fabricated simultaneously.
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Elias, T., J. C. Dupont, E. Hammer, et al. "Enhanced extinction of visible radiation due to hydrated aerosols in mist and fog." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 12 (2015): 6605–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6605-2015.

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Abstract. The study assesses the contribution of aerosols to the extinction of visible radiation in the mist–fog–mist cycle. Relative humidity is large in the mist–fog–mist cycle, and aerosols most efficient in interacting with visible radiation are hydrated and compose the accumulation mode. Measurements of the microphysical and optical properties of these hydrated aerosols with diameters larger than 0.4 μm were carried out near Paris, during November 2011, under ambient conditions. Eleven mist–fog–mist cycles were observed, with a cumulated fog duration of 96 h, and a cumulated mist–fog–mist cycle duration of 240 h. In mist, aerosols grew by taking up water at relative humidities larger than 93%, causing a visibility decrease below 5 km. While visibility decreased down from 5 to a few kilometres, the mean size of the hydrated aerosols increased, and their number concentration (Nha) increased from approximately 160 to approximately 600 cm−3. When fog formed, droplets became the strongest contributors to visible radiation extinction, and liquid water content (LWC) increased beyond 7 mg m−3. Hydrated aerosols of the accumulation mode co-existed with droplets, as interstitial non-activated aerosols. Their size continued to increase, and some aerosols achieved diameters larger than 2.5 μm. The mean transition diameter between the aerosol accumulation mode and the small droplet mode was 4.0 ± 1.1 μm. Nha also increased on average by 60 % after fog formation. Consequently, the mean contribution to extinction in fog was 20 ± 15% from hydrated aerosols smaller than 2.5 μm and 6 ± 7% from larger aerosols. The standard deviation was large because of the large variability of Nha in fog, which could be smaller than in mist or 3 times larger. The particle extinction coefficient in fog can be computed as the sum of a droplet component and an aerosol component, which can be approximated by 3.5 Nha (Nha in cm−3 and particle extinction coefficient in Mm−1. We observed an influence of the main formation process on Nha, but not on the contribution to fog extinction by aerosols. Indeed, in fogs formed by stratus lowering (STL), the mean Nha was 360 ± 140 cm−3, close to the value observed in mist, while in fogs formed by nocturnal radiative cooling (RAD) under cloud-free sky, the mean Nha was 600 ± 350 cm−3. But because visibility (extinction) in fog was also lower (larger) in RAD than in STL fogs, the contribution by aerosols to extinction depended little on the fog formation process. Similarly, the proportion of hydrated aerosols over all aerosols (dry and hydrated) did not depend on the fog formation process. Measurements showed that visibility in RAD fogs was smaller than in STL fogs due to three factors: (1) LWC was larger in RAD than in STL fogs, (2) droplets were smaller, (3) hydrated aerosols composing the accumulation mode were more numerous.
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BARROS, Ana Waleska Pessoa, Érika PORTO, Jefferson Felipe Silva de LIMA, Nadja Maria da Silva Oliveira BRITO, and Renata de Souza Coelho SOARES. "Steps for biomodel acquisition through addtive manufacturing for health." RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia 64, no. 4 (2016): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-8637201600030000123101.

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ABSTRACT The use of rapid prototyping in medical and dental fields consists of three-dimensional models using Computer Aided Design systems and Computer Aided Manufacturing systems. Such systems focus specifically on enhanced 3D visualization tools that provide a precise preoperative planning opportunity through three-dimensional printing, to the professional. The objective of this study was to describe the main steps in the biomodel manufacturing using an Objet 3D printer (CONNEX 350), whose raw material is a light-curing resin. The steps are adopted by researchers from three-dimensional technologies laboratory (LT3D), of the Center for Strategic Technologies in Health (NUTES), from the State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Brazil. It begins with the acquisition of tomographic images that are processed through specific software and exported to the digital Stereo lithography (STL) format. The additive manufacturing technique is Stereo lithography, which consists in the construction of biomodel by photopolymerization of a liquid epoxy resin using ultraviolet radiation. The biomodel that comes from this process was brought to a pressurizing machine to remove the resin support, washing it with water jets. After this step, this biomodel was sent to the health professional in charge. The use of biomodels constitutes a major breakthrough in the area of Dentistry, allowing more precise diagnosis by professionals, simulation and surgical planning, previous adaptation of biomaterials and orthoses, as well as interaction between the surgeon and the patient, thus obtaining more satisfactory aesthetic results and decreased surgical time.
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Wilson, Damián Vergara. "Developing a Placement Exam for Spanish Heritage Language Learners: Item Analysis and Learner Characteristics." Heritage Language Journal 9, no. 1 (2012): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.9.1.3.

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This paper illustrates a method of item analysis used to identify discriminating multiple-choice items in placement data. The data come from two rounds of pilots given to both SHL students and Spanish as a Second Language (SSL) students. In the first round, 104 items were administered to 507 students. After discarding poor items, the second round presented 64 items to 330 students. Both graphical and statistical item analyses were employed. Graphical analysis involved an examination of trace-line graphs of each item. A fine-grained statistical analysis was conducted using point-biserial correlation coefficients. Both of these methods were useful and contributed to measure reliability. Different sets of items were selected for each learner group: 31 items for SHL participants and 21 for SSL participants. These items are currently being used in a preliminary online placement exam; after taking a biographical questionnaire, students are piped to either the SHL exam or the SSL exam. Finally, this paper examines characteristics of SHL students found in these data and finds that regional characteristics should be considered in item creation in terms of answer variability and possible distinction between SHL and SSL students.
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Park, Gun-Tae, Chee-Sung Park, Jong-Jin Choi, and Hyoun-Ee Kim. "Orientation control of sol-gel-derived lead zirconate titanate film by addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 4 (2005): 882–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0109.

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Highly (100)- and (111)-oriented lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films with a thickness of 350 nm were deposited on platinized Si substrates through a single spinning of a PZT sol containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as an additive. The crystallographic orientation of the film was strongly influenced by pyrolysis conditions after spin coating. When the spin-coated sol was pyrolyzed at temperatures above 320 °C for relatively long periods of time (>5 min), (111)-oriented film was formed after annealing at 700 °C for 10 min. On the other hand, when the same sol was pyrolyzed at 320 °C for short periods of time (<5 min), the film was strongly oriented to the (100) direction after annealing. Organic residues derived from PVP decomposition acted as nucleation sites for the (100) oriented grains during annealing after the pyrolysis. The effective d33 of the (100)-oriented PZT film (100 pC/N) was much higher than that of the (111)-oriented film (62 pC/N) with the same thickness.
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Hanini, Faouzi, Abderrahmane Bouabellou, Yassine Bouachiba, et al. "Elaboration and Characterization of in Doped TiO2 Thin Films." Defect and Diffusion Forum 397 (September 2019): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.397.59.

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Undoped and indium (In) doped TiO2 thin films were deposited by sol-gel method onto glass substrates. Structural, optical and electrical properties of films were studied. X-rays diffraction patterns showed that the TiO2 films consist of anatase phase. AFM images revealed that the surface roughness of In:TiO2 films is smoother than that of undoped TiO2 films. UV–Vis transmittance results showed TiO2 films have significant optical absorption in the region of 300–350 nm and are fully transparent in the visible. Both film thickness and refraction index in dependence on the fraction of In doping are derived from TE and TM optical guided modes excited in a prism coupler. The optical gap Eg decreases from 3.50 eV for undoped TiO2 film to 3.43 eV at 2 at.% In doping and then increases for doping with indium at 10 at.%. The electrical characterization shows a maximum electrical conductivity of 2.7 (S/cm) obtained for the film doped with 10 at.% In.
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Todorovska, Maria I., and Mihailo D. Trifunac. "Earthquake damage detection in the Imperial County Services Building II: Analysis of novelties via wavelets." Structural Control and Health Monitoring 17, no. 8 (2010): 895–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stc.350.

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Anggita, Sheilla Rully. "Deposisi ZnO Doping Ag pada Substrat Alumunium Foil untuk Degradasi Methylene Blue." Jurnal Teori dan Aplikasi Fisika 8, no. 1 (2020): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtaf.v8i1.2362.

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This research has successfully deposited ZnO: Ag on aluminum foil substrates with variations in deposition temperature. The purpose of this study was to obtain the surface morphology of ZnO:Ag on aluminum foil substrates with variations in deposition temperature and obtain optimization of the photocatalytic activity of ZnO: Ag in degrading Methylene Blue dyes. ZnO:Ag deposition on the aluminum foil substrate was carried out by the sol-gel method and spray coating deposition technique. Surface morphology characterization and photocatalytic activity with SEM and with UV-Vis. The surface morphology results obtained from ZnO:Ag on aluminum foil substrate with deposition temperatures of 250 ℃, 300 ℃, 350 ℃, and 400 ℃ are the forms of ganglia with indications as ZnO and Ag grains attached to ZnO. Obtained surface area and roughness level ZnO:Ag decreases with an increase in temperature from 250 ℃ - 300 ℃, and surface area and roughness increases at 350 ℃ -400 ℃. The highest level of roughness is found in the ZnO layer: Ag temperature 400 ℃. The most optimum photocatalytic activity is indicated by the largest percentage of degradation. The highest percentage of degradation is shown by the ZnO: Ag layer with a temperature of 350 ℃ of 87.33%. This is due to the modification of silver at low temperatures which is <400 ℃ effective for photocatalytic activity.
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Wang, Jun, Yan Kang, Lin Yang, Xiaolu Li, and Tianhong Yan. "Study on biodiesel heat transfer through self-temperature limit injector during vehicle cold start." Thermal Science 19, no. 6 (2015): 1907–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci141011177w.

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A type of Self-Temperature Limit-Injector (STL- injector) is proposed to reduce the biodiesel consumption and emission in vehicle cold start process. The STL-injector is capable of fast raising fuel temperature, which helps improve the quality of diesel spray and its combustion efficiency. A STL-injector model is established with consideration of electro-mechanic coupling and fluid-structure interaction. A transient simulation is conducted using dynamic grid technology. The results show that STL-injector can effectively raise biodiesel temperature to 350K from 300K in 32 seconds. That is to say, adding STL-injector to existing biodiesel combustion system is an environment-friendly solution due to improving atomization and spray quality quickly.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "STL 350"

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Neculai, Ana-Mirela. "Synthesis and Reactivity of Rare Earth Metals Complexes with a Nitrogen Donor Ligand. Compounds in Formal Low Oxidation States." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-F266-8.

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Hohmeister, Holger. "Darstellung neuer Organometallhalogenide mit Elementen der 13. und 14. Gruppe des Periodensystems und Versuche zur Synthese von Organogermanolen." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969563310.

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Posekaný, Jan. "Vytvoření SW standardu pro platformu Simatic S7-300." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220140.

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Abbott, Navarrete Camila. "SML Santiago MediaLab una propuesta de espacio público 3.0 para Santiago." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/100224.

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El Santiago Medialab corresponde a un proyecto de espacio público urbano, que surge como una idea de reivindicación de éste a partir de su fusión con las Nuevas Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación, confiriéndole características específicas que respondan y ésten más en síntonia con las nuevas necesidades propias del habitante contemporáneo. Santiago Medialab es una inciativa que surge a partir de la inquietud de repensar el rol del espacio público en la ciudad contemporánea, generando ideas asociadas a la posibilidad de reprogramarlo potenciando los usos ligados a las nuevas tecnologías, y rediseñarlo considerando siempre las integraciones de las TICs, generando así una propuesta que se materialice en un portal de acceso público al mundo virtual, logrando la reconfiguración del espacio público en su condición urbana El proyecto busca explorar dentro de las posibilidades del encuentro real entre arquitectura y nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación para así proponer una reconfiguración del espacio público en base a su encuentro con las NTICs y a las nuevas formas de habitar la ciudad por parte de los usuarios. Evaluar si las NTICs pueden ser un germen reactivador del espacio público, aquél que permita un encuentro inédito entre habitante y ciudad, y que de las pautas para la creación de los futuros espacios urbanos de encuentro social. Tomarle el pulso a la ciudad de Santiago con respecto a estas temáticas, considerando la Brecha Digital existente, la abundancia de espacios públicos deteriorados o subutilizados, y la falta de referentes e iniciativas con respecto a las posibilidades de integración de las nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación en el ámbito público.
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Wharmby, Michael T. "Synthesis of porous metal phosphonate frameworks for applications in gas separation and storage." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3450.

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Porous metal phosphonate framework materials were synthesised by solvothermal reaction of bis(α-aminomethylenephosphonic acid) ligands with divalent and trivalent metal cations. The syntheses and characterisation by NMR and, where possible, single crystal X-ray diffraction of seven bisphosphonic acid ligands, including N,N′-piperazinebis(methylenephosphonic acid) (H₄L), its racemic and enantiopure (R) 2-methyl (H₄L′ and R-H₄L′) and 2,5-dimethyl (H₄L′′) derivatives, and N,N′-4,4′-bipiperidinebis(methylenephosphonic acid) (H₄LL) are reported. Syntheses of the known phase Y₂(LH₂)₃·5H₂O and the new phases, STA-13(Y) (St Andrews microporous material No. 13) and Y₂(R-L′H₂)₃·4H₂O, from reactions of Y(AcO)₃ with H₄L, H₄L′ and R-H₄L′ respectively are reported. The as-prepared and dehydrated structures of each phase have been determined from either laboratory or synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data. Reaction of Y(AcO)₃ and H₄L′′ is shown to form a phase with a different structure. The features determining which structure crystallises are discussed. Syntheses of other rare-earth forms of STA-13 (Sc³⁺, Gd³⁺–Yb³⁺) and the porosity of each phase to N₂ are reported. STA-13(Y) is the most porous form with loadings of ∼3 mmol g⁻¹ and ∼4 mmol g⁻¹ for N₂ and CO₂ respectively. MIL-91(Fe) was synthesised for the first time from reactions of Fe³⁺ cations with H₄L. Its structure was confirmed by Rietveld refinement, but it was not porous. The first syntheses of [Fe₄L₁.₅(AcO)₁.₅(OH,H₂O)₃]·0.5NH₄5.5H₂O (L= L or L′) are reported, from reactions of H₄L or H₄L′ in the presence of an excess of Fe³⁺ cations. The phase is related to a previously reported Co phase. The synthesis of divalent metal bisphosphonate STA-12(Mg) (Mg₂(H₂O)₂L·5.6H₂O) was reported for the first time and its structure determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction. The dehydration behaviour of this material was compared with the known forms of STA-12. STA-12(Mg) is porous to both N₂ (∼5.5 mmol g⁻¹) and CO₂ (~ 8.5 mmol g⁻¹). Reaction of H₄LL with Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺ gave two materials isoreticular with STA-12, labelled STA-16(Co) and STA-16(Ni). The structures of both materials were solved from synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data. On dehydration, STA-16(Co) undergoes a reversible structural transition to an unknown structure. By contrast, STA-16(Ni) retains the same symmetry in the dehydrated form and its structure was determined from synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data. Both materials are porous to N₂, with an uptake of up to 22.2 mmol g⁻¹, and CO₂ with maximum loading of 21.7 mmol g⁻¹. NLDFT analysis of N₂ adsorption data confirm the crystallographically determined pore radii. Syntheses of other frameworks with divalent cations and initial reactions of H₄LL with trivalent cations are also reported.
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Tan, Bing. "CONTROLLED SYNTHESIS AND FUNCTIONALIZATION OF NANOPOROUS SOLGEL SILICA PARTICLES AND GELS." UKnowledge, 2005. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/305.

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This dissertation addresses three research areas in the sol-gel synthesis of functionalmaterials. The first is the kinetics of hydrolysis and condensation of variousorganoalkoxysilanes. Two mathematical models are developed for the sol-gel reaction inbasic conditions with and without nearest-neighbor effects. Effects on reactivity aremeasured with systematic changes in the organic group structure. Replacing onemethoxy group on the precursor with a methyl group decelerates hydrolysis under basicconditions, but accelerates condensation under acidic conditions. Replacing two methylfunctionalprecursors with one ethylene-bridged precursor accelerates hydrolysis in base,but decelerates condensation in acid. Replacing an ethylene bridge with a hexylenebridge always decelerates the sol-gel reactions. Adding an amine into the hexylenebridge always accelerates the sol-gel reactions. These trends show inductive effectsplaying a role only under basic conditions, while steric effects play a role at all pHvalues. The second topic of this thesis is the synthesis of organic-inorganic materialswith bridging or non-bridging organics. The structure of the organic-inorganic hybrids ispartially correlated with the kinetics of the precursors, but the trends indicate anadditional structural role of siloxane cyclization. The third topic of this thesis is thesynthesis of surfactant-templated nanoporous particles. The key to preparing orderedhybrid materials is found to be encouraging aggregation with a surfactant whilediscouraging random condensation of silanes independent of the surfactants. Ahomologous series of cationic pyridinium chloride fluorinated surfactants with varyingchain length are used as pore templates. Typical pore structures such as hexagonal closepackedcylinders are synthesized, as well as new pore structures including random meshphase pores and vesicular silica particles with bilayer or multilayer shells.Fluorosurfactants enable the formation of unusually small pores (1.6 nm) and poresformed from discs or bilayers. In the presence of ethanol, spherical particles with radiallyoriented pores are shown by TEM to form by precipitation of disordered silica-surfactantparticles followed by assembly into organized structures. High-capacity hollow particleswith ordered mesoporous shells are prepared by dual latex / surfactant templating.Finally, we load amine-functionalized mesoporous silica with highly dispersedsuperparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.
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Santos, Daniel Felix Dias dos. "Estudo óptico e estrutural de nanopós de Y3AI5O12 dopados com Eu3+ e Ce3+ sintetizados via processo sol-gel proteico." Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais, 2013. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/3500.

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Optical and structural properties of nanopowders of Y3Al5O12 (YAG), Y3-xEuxAl5O12 (YAG:Eu) and Y3-xCexAl5O12 (YAG:Ce) (x=1 and 2mol%) were studied in the present work. The samples were synthesized via the Proteico Sol-Gel Process. X-ray diffraction showed that YAG single phase could be obtained after calcinations of the xerogels at 950°C/3h or 1050°C/2h. The scanning electron microscopy confirmed that at 950°C/3h the powders are formed by rods with a diameter of about 68 nm and 0.7 ìm in length. For the samples produced at 1050°C/2h two types of morphology were found consisting of needles with a diameter around 44 nm and 0.72 ìm in length, and rounded particles with an average diameter of 130 nm. The Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the dopants and showed that in all nanopowders there were impurities inherited from coconut water. The XANES results confirmed that the dopant ion was incorporated in YAG:Eu nanopowders, as Eu3+ and in the YAG:Ce nanopowders, the dopant was incorporated predominantly as Ce4+ ions. The radioluminescence emission spectra of YAG:Eu and YAG:Ce nanopowders were composed by the typical transitions characteristics of the Eu3+ and Ce3+ ions in the visible region. . Only the YAG:Eu nanopowders showed photoluminescence emission and the reason is that in the case of the Ce-doped YAG most part of the dopant is in its tetravalent charge state that is not optically active.. Nevertheless, the lifetime of the luminescent of the Ce-doped nanopowders were possible to obtain using monochromatic pulsed X-rays and the characteristic lifetime constant is around 48 ns.<br>Neste trabalho foram estudadas as propriedades opticas e estruturais exibidas pelos nanopos de Y3Al5O12(YAG), Y3-xEuxAl5O12 (YAG:Eu) e Y3-xCexAl5O12(YAG:Ce), onde x=1 e 2mol%, sintetizados via o Processo Sol-Gel Proteico. A difratometria de raios X demonstrou que a fase unica YAG e formada nos pos apos calcinar os xerogeis precursores a 950 C/3h e 1050 C/2h. As analises por microscopia eletronica de varredura confirmaram que em 950 C/3h os pos sao formados por bastoes com diametro em torno de 68 nm e 0,7 Êm de comprimento, e em 1050 C/2h as amostras passam a apresentar dois tipos de morfologia constituida por agulhas com diametro em torno de 44 nm por 0,72 Êm de comprimento e particulas arredondadas com diametro em torno de 130 nm. A espectroscopia de raios X por dispersao de energia confirmou a presenca dos ions dopantes e demonstrou que em todos os nanopos ha impurezas herdadas da agua de coco. Os resultados de XANES confirmaram que o ion Eu3+ foi incorporado nos nanopos de YAG:Eu no estado de oxidacao trivalente e nos nanopos de YAG:Ce houve a incorporacao predominantemente de ions Ce4+. Medidas do espectro de emissao radioluminescente indicaram que nos nanopos de YAG:Eu e YAG:Ce aparecem as transicoes responsaveis pelas emissoes caracteristicas dos ions Eu3+ e Ce3+. Nas medidas de fotoluminescencia so foi possivel obter o espectro de emissao dos nanopos de YAG:Eu ja que na amostra dopada com Ce o estado de oxidacao predominante e o tetravalente. O tempo de vida da luminescente foi medida utilizando raios X monocromaticos e pulsado e, para os nanopos dopados com Ce, o tempo de vida caracteristico esta em torno de 48 ns.
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Adetola, Opeyemi. "Immobilization of Heteropolyacids in Silica Gel." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3050.

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Silica gels containing incorporated heteropolyacids (HPAs) were synthesized in acidic media by co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with phosphotungstic or phosphomolybdic acids using sol-gel technique. Effect of the synthesis conditions on their structure and morphology was studied. Yields of modified materials were some lower as compared to non-modified silica gels. All materials were mesoporous but contained micropores in their structures. Presence of bands of Keggin’s structures in FT-IR spectra along with absence of XRD patterns of crystalline HPAs confirmed their fine incorporation into silica network. Particle sizes of modified materials were 800-1100 nm excepting for W-containing sample obtained with trimethylstearylammonium chloride. This unusual effect was attributed to stabilization of primary silica nanoparticles by interaction between surfactant and HPA. High ratio HPA/TEOS resulted in partial loss of porosity. Obtained results might be used for optimization of synthesis of effective catalysts and adsorbents containing HPAs in mesoporous structure.
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le, Clercq Astrid. "Variation av interpretation : Olika utgångspunkter för tolkning av Brahms sonat i Ess dur för klarinett och piano." Thesis, Kungl. Musikhögskolan, Institutionen för klassisk musik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kmh:diva-3506.

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I detta arbete utforskas interpretation av västerländsk konstmusik, och olika utgångspunkter och tankesätt kring detta. I studien undersöks Johannes Brahms sonat i Ess dur för klarinett och piano (Op. 120, No. 2). Syftet var att ta upp och gräva djupare i aspekter såsom tidstroget framförande, kompositörens intentioner och eget uttryck för att kunna utveckla och förstå sin egen tolkning så mycket som möjligt. Sonaten har undersökts på två sätt. Dels presenteras en analys av första satsen, med fokus på motiv och teman och hur dessa förhåller sig till bl.a. harmoniken, samt en diskussion om huruvida musiken är i sen stil, alltså stildrag som brukar vara gemensamma för konstnärers sista verk. Det andra sättet sonaten har undersökts på är genom intervjuer med musiker om hur de tänker när de tolkar det här stycket. Studiens resultat påvisar att den djupare förståelse som en musikalisk analys medför innebär att jag som musiker kan fatta snabbare och mer motiverade beslut i min interpretation. Genom att sätta mig in i kompositörens liv och mående utvecklades en djupare känsla för stycket och en vilja att uttrycka något som känns rätt.
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Pettersson, Mattias. "Mjukvarubaserad 3D-renderare." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för teknokultur, humaniora och samhällsbyggnad, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3520.

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Abstrakt Produkten som jag har utvecklat är en mjukvarubaserad 3D-renderare. För att göra en sådan produkt är man tvungen att gå djupt in i området 3D och utföra alla beräkningar på egen hand. Dessa tar annars grafikkortet hand om. Denna rapport förklarar varför jag har valt att göra en egen mjukvarubaserad 3D- renderare och vad den är för något och i vilka områden den används. Här förklaras även min syn på programmering, digitala spel, vad programmering innebär för mig och hur min syn på spel har påverkat mig med tiden. Jag tar även upp mina tankar om spelindustrin och samhällets misstolkade värderingar av spel samt vad för sorts spel jag anser skulle gynna mänskligheten i framtiden. Vad jag tycker om utbildningen Digitala spel nämns också samt hur jag tror att den skulle kunna förbättras. Slutligen följer en kortfattad beskrivning av hur mitt projekt har genomförts. Abstract The product I have been developing is a software based 3D renderer. To do such a thing you need to go deeply into the 3D subject and do all calculations which normally would be handed over as tasks to the graphic card. This document explains why I have chosen to do my own software based 3D renderer and what it really is. The document also explains what a 3D renderer does and in which places it is being used. Here you will also find my own explanation about programming and digital games, the meaning of programming for me and how my vision towards games has affected me in time. My ideas of the gaming industry, the misunderstandings of games in society and what sort of games that I think would aid humanity in the future. What I think about the education Digital Games will also be brought up as well as how I think Digital Games could be improved. Finally, a short description how the process of my project has been carried out will be told.<br>Detta är en reflektionsdel till en digital medieproduktion. Tele: tel 0709-210255 Mail: mattiaspgames@gmail.com
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Books on the topic "STL 350"

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Hans, Berger. Automating with STEP 7 in STL and SCL: Programmable controllers SIMATIC S7-300/400. 5th ed. Publicis Pub., 2009.

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Berger, Hans. Automating with STEP 7 in STL and SCL: Programmable controllers SIMATIC S7-300/400. 4th ed. Publicis Corporate Pub., 2007.

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Automating with STEP 7 in STL and SCL: Programmable controllers SIMATIC S7-300/400. 4th ed. Publicis Corporate Pub., 2007.

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Corporation, Oracle. Advanced SQL*Forms techniques: Version 3.0. Oracle Corp., 1990.

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R, Wilson Janet. Using SQL with R:Base 3.1/3.0. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 1991.

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Corporation, Oracle. SQL [asterisk] forms designer's tutorial: Version 3.0. Oracle Corpoaration, 1992.

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Corporation, Oracle. SQL [asterisk] forms designer's reference: Version 3.0. Oracle Corporation, 1991.

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Corporation, Oracle. SQL [asterisk]Plus quick reference: Version 3.0. Oracle Corporation, 1991.

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Corporation, Oracle. SQL [asterisk] Forms operator's guide: Version 3.0. Oracle Corporation, 1990.

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Corporation, Oracle. Advanced SQL [asterisk] Forms techniques: Version 3.0. Oracle Corporation, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "STL 350"

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Zhang, Guofang, and Hengyu Wu. "The Web Penetration Based SQL Injection." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3250-4_89.

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Powers, David. "Connecting to MySQL with PHP and SQL." In PHP Solutions. Apress, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-3250-6_11.

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Richards, Brian C. "Lager OCT Policy and the SDL Language." In The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science. Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3570-6_3.

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Song, Zhimin, and Sihan Qing. "Applying NCP Logic to the Analysis of SSL 3.0." In Information and Communications Security. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45600-7_18.

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McDonald, Brian, Shawn McGehee, and Rodney Landrum. "Creating Reports Using Report Builder 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0." In Pro SQL Server 2012 Reporting Services. Apress, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-3811-9_13.

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Lawlor, Molly Stewart. "Mindfulness and Social Emotional Learning (SEL): A Conceptual Framework." In Mindfulness in Behavioral Health. Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3506-2_5.

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Wei, Ya, Rongyan Cai, Lan Zhang, and Qian Guo. "The Database Fine-Grained Access SQL Statement Control Model Based on the Dynamic Query Modification Algorithm." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3150-4_2.

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Omar, S. A., A. Bouchet, S. Pellice, et al. "Optimization of New Spray Technique for Hybrid Sol-gel Coatings for Biotechnological Purposes: Preliminary Deposition Study." In VI Latin American Congress on Biomedical Engineering CLAIB 2014, Paraná, Argentina 29, 30 & 31 October 2014. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13117-7_114.

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Dale, Virginia H., and Charles M. Crisafulli. "Ecological Responses to the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens: Key Lessons and Remaining Questions." In Ecological Responses at Mount St. Helens: Revisited 35 years after the 1980 Eruption. Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7451-1_1.

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Nelson, Peter R., Bruce McCune, Tim Wheeler, Linda H. Geiser, and Charles M. Crisafulli. "Lichen Community Development Along a Volcanic Disturbance Gradient at Mount St. Helens." In Ecological Responses at Mount St. Helens: Revisited 35 years after the 1980 Eruption. Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7451-1_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "STL 350"

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Uma, T. R., J. B. Simha, and K. Narasimha Murthy. "Abrasive Wear Behavior of Permanent Moulded Toughened Austempered Ductile Iron." In ASME/STLE 2009 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2009-15185.

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Laboratory abrasive wear tests have been reported on permanent moulded toughened austempered ductile iron. The influence of austempering temperature on the abrasive wear behavior have been studied and discussed. The results indicate that with increase in austempering temperature from 300°C to 350°C, the abrasive wear resistance increased, and as the austempering temperature increased to 400°C, there was reduction in the abrasive wear resistance. These results have been interpreted based on the structural features and graphite morphology.
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Kabir, M. A., C. F. Higgs, and M. Lovell. "Development of a Novel Green Lubricant for Sheet Metal Forming Operation." In ASME/STLE 2007 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2007-44289.

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The main purpose of the present investigation is to analyze a novel, green, and petroleum-free lubricant that is produced by mixing two environmentally benign components—canola oil and boric acid powder. To study the influence of boric acid crystal size and volume ratio on the proposed lubricants performance, computerized pin on disk experiments were conducted with spherical copper pins (radius 6.5 mm) and aluminum disks (Ra = 1.35μm). Friction coefficient measurements were taken at more than twenty distinct operating conditions while varying the lubrication condition (unlubricated, boric acid, canola oil, boric acid/canola oil mixture), boric acid volume fraction (3.5%, 7%, 10.5 and 21%), and boric acid crystal size (0–100 microns, 100–150 microns, 150–180 microns, 180–350 microns and 350–710 microns). Based on the experiments, it was determined that a 7% by volume boric acid powder in canola oil with 350–700 micron particles was the optimum green lubricant for minimizing the friction at the conditions tested. In addition, the results indicated that the boric acid/canola oil lubricant demonstrated excellent potential for use in industrial applications such as sheet metal stamping.
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Easter, Clayton, and Chad B. O’Neal. "Annealing Procedures and Their Effects on PZT/Nanoparticle Thin Films via a Modified Sol-Gel Process." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43792.

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The development of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films can be a fairly troublesome process when trying to obtain a viable thick crack-free film. Traditional methods for film fabrication via a pure sol-gel solution provide the best results, but still can have many problems. This paper maps out the specific spin-coating and annealing steps used in order to achieve a PZT film with minimal-to-no cracking and/or delamination. A seed layer of PbTiO3 (PT) was used in order to create nucleation sites for the subsequent PZT layers, virtually eliminating any delamination. All layers, including the PT base layer, were spin-coated at 3000 rpm onto a 100-mm silicon wafer (previously sputtered with Ti and Pt for adhesive and conductive purposes, respectively) and soft-baked at 150 °C for 10 min. Initial annealing procedures produced severe cracking, a result of the relatively high cooling rates through the Curie temperature (∼350 °C). The annealing process was refined, for individual layers, to 550°C for 120 s, with a cooling rate of 0.042 °/s between 400 and 300 °C. Final annealing was conducted at 600 °C for 30 min, with a cooling rate of 0.028 °/s between 400 and 300 °C. The resulting PZT layer was virtually crack-free. Platinum was sputtered again subsequent to PZT deposition in order to pole the piezoelectric material. A PZT/nanoparticle powder mixture was also investigated as the piezoelectric layer. PZT nanoparticles were suspended in the sol-gel precursor solution and then spin-coated also at 3000 rpm onto a 100-mm wafer and soft-baked at 150 °C for 10 min. The relatively slow cooling rate was extended between 500 and 100 °C in order to prevent any cracking that might occur along grain boundaries between the individual PZT nanoparticles. The resulting film was crack-free, however displaying areas of agglomerated nanoparticles.
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Ni, Yao, Dandan Song, Xi Zhang, Hao Wu, and Lejian Liao. "CAGAN: Consistent Adversarial Training Enhanced GANs." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/359.

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Generative adversarial networks (GANs) have shown impressive results, however, the generator and the discriminator are optimized in finite parameter space which means their performance still need to be improved. In this paper, we propose a novel approach of adversarial training between one generator and an exponential number of critics which are sampled from the original discriminative neural network via dropout. As discrepancy between outputs of different sub-networks of a same sample can measure the consistency of these critics, we encourage the critics to be consistent to real samples and inconsistent to generated samples during training, while the generator is trained to generate consistent samples for different critics. Experimental results demonstrate that our method can obtain state-of-the-art Inception scores of 9.17 and 10.02 on supervised CIFAR-10 and unsupervised STL-10 image generation tasks, respectively, as well as achieve competitive semi-supervised classification results on several benchmarks. Importantly, we demonstrate that our method can maintain stability in training and alleviate mode collapse.
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Fang, Jin, Laurent Pilon, Christian Reitz, Torsten Brezesinski, E. Joseph Nemanick, and Sarah H. Tolbert. "Thermal Conductivity of Amorphous and Crystalline Mesoporous Titania Thin Films From 30 to 320 K." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44047.

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This paper reports, for the first time, the cross-plane thermal conductivity of amorphous and crystalline templated cubic mesoporous titania thin films from 30 to 320 K. Both sol-gel and nanocrystal-based films were synthesized by evaporation-induced self-assembly with porosity of 30% to 35%, respectively. The pore diameter in sol-gel mesoporous films ranged from 14 to 25 nm and film thickness from 120 to 370 nm. Crystalline domains in crystalline mesoporous films were 9 to 13 nm in diameter. The thermal conductivity was measured between 30 and 320 K using the 3ω method. The experimental setup and the associated analysis were first validated by comparing experimental measurements with data reported in the literature for high purity silicon substrate and thermal oxide films over the temperature range considered. The thermal conductivity of sol-gel dense and mesoporous TiO2 films was found to increase with increasing temperature. The thermal conductivity of polycrystalline dense film was strongly dependent on temperature while that of dense amorphous and mesoporous films increased slowly with increasing temperature. The amorphous mesoporous TiO2 films featured very small thermal conductivity due to the fact that heat was mainly transferred by very localized non-propagating vibrational modes. Despite the particles crystallinity, the nanocrystal-based film showed significantly lower thermal conductivity than that of the sol-gel polycrystalline mesoporous thin films due to the strong phonon scattering at the nanocrystal boundaries.
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Boso Perez, R., K. Maxwell, D. Reid, et al. "P286 Qualitative findings from Natsal-COVID: exploring difficulties and distress within established relationships during COVID-19 pandemic." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress, July 14–17 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2021-sti.350.

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Pereira da Cunha, M., and A. Yoshihiro Nakano. "Experimental comparison between ST-quartz 25/spl deg/ and 300/spl deg/ NSPUDT orientations." In 1999 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. International Symposium. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.1999.849398.

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Cutter, Mike, Philip Davies, Adam Baker, and Martin Sweeting. "A High Performance EO Small Satellite Platform (SSTL-300)." In 2007 3rd International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rast.2007.4284032.

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Ying Cheng, Wen Kang, and Meihua Xiao. "Model checking of SSL 3.0 protocol based on SPIN." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (IIS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/indusis.2010.5565737.

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Bair, Scott, and Paul Michael. "Modeling the Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Viscosity and Volume for Hydraulic Fluids." In STLE/ASME 2008 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2008-71028.

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Viscosity and compressibility have a major impact upon the efficiency and dynamic response of fluid power systems. The viscosity and compressibility of five hydraulic fluids have been measured for temperatures to 150 C and pressures to 350 MPa. A new correlation of viscosity with temperature and pressure based on the thermodynamic scaling rule of Roland et al is offered. This correlation provides a means to extend the accuracy of fluid power system models to higher pressures.
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Reports on the topic "STL 350"

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Freier, A., P. Karlton, and P. Kocher. The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Protocol Version 3.0. RFC Editor, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc6101.

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Powers, Dennis W. Basic Data Report for Drillhole SNL-8 (C-3150). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/990728.

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Narang, David, Michael Ingram, Xiangkun Li, et al. Considerations for Distributed Energy Resource Integration in Puerto Rico: DOE Multi-Lab Grid Modeling Support for Puerto Rico; Analytical Support for Interconnection and IEEE Std 1547-2018 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Task 3.0). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1769814.

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Bell, Gary, and Duncan Bryant. Red River Structure physical model study : bulkhead testing. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40970.

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The US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, and its non-federal sponsors are designing and constructing a flood risk management project that will reduce the risk of flooding in the Fargo-Moorhead metropolitan area. There is a 30-mile long diversion channel around the west side of the city of Fargo, as well as a staging area that will be formed upstream of a 20-mile long dam (referred to as the Southern Embankment) that collectively includes an earthen embankment with three gated structures: the Diversion Inlet Structure, the Wild Rice River Structure, and the Red River Structure (RRS). A physical model has been constructed and analyzed to assess the hydraulic conditions near and at the RRS for verification of the structure’s flow capacity as well as optimization of design features for the structure. This report describes the modeling techniques and instrumentation used in the investigation and details the evaluation of the forces exerted on the proposed bulkheads during emergency operations for the RRS.
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Climate Change and Livestock in the US Caribbean. USDA Caribbean Climate Hub, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.6949550.ch.

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Dairy farming is important in Puerto Rico and St. Croix, with more than 320 dairy farms in Puerto Rico on about 50,000 acres of land that generate over 25,000 jobs. In 2014-2015, the dry season in the US Caribbean was drier than usual and this sparked wildfires, pasture shortages, and land degradation, affecting livestock production.
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&amp;D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&amp;D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&amp;D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&amp;D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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