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1
Lis-Kaczyńska, B., and A. Listowski. "The pattern of stolon growth, onset of bulking, and time-span of stolonisation and tuberisation by cv. Pierwiosnek, an early potato variety." Acta Agrobotanica 30, no. 1 (2015): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1977.004.
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Experiments were performed to check the course of stalonisation growth of the stolons and of the tuberisation in three experiments in which the plants of an early potato cv. Pierwiosnek grew under different conditions, including different lengths of the day. The following were inwestigated: the rate of stolon emergence, stolon growth, differences of the pattern of stolon growth, time-span of stolonisation and of tuber initiation, frequency of particular patterns of stolon growth in relation to the time of stolen emergence, intensity of terminal and laterel tuberisation, and of the branching of the stolons. The differences in the growth conditions in each of the three experiments enabled us to check the of variability of the particular features during the development of the stolons.
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COLLINS, R. P., M. T. ABBERTON, T. P. T. MICHAELSON-YEATES, and I. RHODES. "Response to divergent selection for stolon characters in white clover (Trifolium repens)." Journal of Agricultural Science 129, no. 3 (November 1997): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859697004796.
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Stolon death, often caused by grazing or winter-kill, is a major factor determining the survival and persistence of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), the most important forage legume in UK agriculture. Since stolon morphology apparently affects stolon survival, this study was designed to assess the genetic variation for stolon characters within a white clover population from Switzerland and to assess the effects of two generations of selection for stolon characteristics on that population. Bidirectional selection was carried out simultaneously for stolon diameter (as the primary criterion of selection) and total stolon length i.e. the product of the length of the longest stolon and stolon number. Four selection lines were established: (a) plants with thick sparse stolons, (b) plants with thick profuse stolons, (c) plants with thin sparse stolons and (d) plants with thin profuse stolons. Realised heritabilities for stolon diameter, estimated in both directions and over both generations of selection, were found to lie within the range 0·28–0·44; significant shifts in population means for stolon diameter were demonstrated. Selection for thin profuse stolons and for thick sparse stolons was effective, but because of negative correlations between stolon diameter and both stolon length and number, selection for thin sparse stolons or thick profuse stolons was ineffective.
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Turkington, Roy, and Elena Klein. "Influence of neighbors on node production, stolon growth, and branching of Trifolium repens transplants in a pasture." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 1266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-149.
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Ten individual plants of Trifolium repens L. were transplanted into a 49-year-old cattle pasture in British Columbia. They were protected from grazing and their subsequent growth was monitored at 2- to 3-week intervals throughout the summer from May to October. The rate of stolon elongation was greatest (2.01 cm ∙ week−1) in late July and a maximum rate of node production (1.48 new nodes per stolon ∙ week−1) occurred in early August. As stolons extended through the pasture they encountered a number of different grass species: Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense, and Poa spp. The stolons grew through a total of 2 m of H. lanatus neighborhood and produced only 3 branches, whereas they produced 11 branches in only 57.2 cm of P. pratense neighborhood. Neighboring grasses impose different local environments on the nodes and stolons of T. repens and consequently influence the dynamics of node production, the rate of stolon elongation, and the amount of stolon branching. Key words: stolon branching, neighbors, light quality, Trifolium repens.
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Cresswell, Ann. "White clover roots cause stolon burial." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 6 (January 1, 1996): 136–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.6.1995.3353.
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A large proportion of clover stolon in the field (20- 95%) is found below the soil surface (Hay 1983, Sackville Hamilton & Harper 1989). The proportion increases dramatically through the autumn and is reduced in spring. This pattern of burial has been attributed to earthworm casting and livestock trampling (Hay et al. 1987). In greenhouse experiments we observed that stolons were often held tightly to the soil surface and some nodes on mature stolons were beneath the surface. Three experiments designed to measure downward movement of stolons relative to the soil surface in controlled conditions without trampling or earthworm casting are described. Keywords: roots, stolon burial, Trifolium repens L.
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Paitlová, Jitka. "Stoletý solitér Hans Albert v kontextu evropské filosofie (nejen) 20. století." Filosofický časopis 69, no. 3 (2021): 425–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46854/fc.2021.3r.425.
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Brock, J. L., M. J. M. Hay, V. J. Thomas, and J. R. Sedcole. "Morphology of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) plants in pastures under intensive sheep grazing." Journal of Agricultural Science 111, no. 2 (October 1988): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600083210.
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SummaryThere has been little study on the growth and morphology of individual plants constituting the population of white clover in mixed swards under grazing. Such information is required if the mechanisms governing plant productivity and persistence are to be understood.Intact white clover plants were sampled from intensively sheep-grazed pastures under set stocking, rotational grazing, and a combination of both systems, by taking turves (250 × 250 mm), and washing out the plants, every month for a year. Characters measured for every stolon of each plant were: presence of a growing point; numbers of leaves, roots and axillary buds; stolon length. Total plant leaf and stolon dry weight were also recorded. Plants were classified according to degree of branching, and the contribution of each branching order to the population determined.There were strong seasonal variations in plant size (leaf and stolon dry weight, stolon length, and numbers of stolons and leaves per plant) which showed a significant decrease in spring with recovery over the following summer. This was paralleled by a rapid increase in the proportion of less branched plants (1st and 2nd branching order) in the population from 60 to 80% in spring, as higher-order plants broke up into smaller- and lower-ordered plants at this time. Numbers of roots per plant increased over winter to peak in early spring then declined in the following summer-autumn. While system of grazing management had no significant effect on branching structure of plants, it had a large effect on plant dry weight; rotationally grazed plants were 2·5 times larger than set stocked plants (0·182 cf. 0·073 g respectively).Other general features of plant morphology were that each successive order of branch stolons was shorter and length before branching was less than that of their preceding parent stolon. The highest branching order observed was 6th order. There was no relationship between branching and numbers of roots; in branched plants only 55% of stolons were rooted regardless of plant order, but rooted stolons accounted for 85% of total stolon length and carried 62, 48 and 90% of the leaves, growing points and axillary buds per plant, respectively.Comparison with other studies suggests that the processes outlined in this report may be common to white clover growth under grazing over a wide range of favourable environments.
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Elmore, Clyde L., Victor A. Gibeault, and David W. Cudney. "Invasion Resistance of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinaceae) and Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) to Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum)." Weed Technology 11, no. 1 (March 1997): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00041282.
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Overseeding established kikuyugrass swards with tall fescue or perennial ryegrass reduced kikuyugrass cover. Renovation prior to seeding did not aid in the establishment of these two species. Increasing the seeding rate from 79 to 157 kg/ha improved the establishment of perennial ryegrass but not tall fescue. When kikuyugrass plugs were introduced into established turf, tall fescue reduced the invasion of kikuyugrass stolons more than perennial ryegrass. Tall fescue reduced percent kikuyugrass cover, number and spread of stolons, and biomass (compared to perennial ryegrass). The newer turf-type tall fescue cultivars ‘Bonsai,’ ‘Falcon,’ and ‘Olympic’ were more effective than the older tall fescue cultivar ‘Fawn’ in reducing kikuyugrass invasion by reducing stolon number, stolon length, and biomass.
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Okeyo, David O., Jack D. Fry, Dale J. Bremer, Ambika Chandra, A. Dennis Genovesi, and Milton C. Engelke. "Stolon Growth and Tillering of Experimental Zoysiagrasses in Shade." HortScience 46, no. 10 (October 2011): 1418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.10.1418.
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Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) grown under shade on golf courses and in home lawns is slow to recover from damage and declines in quality over time. We evaluated stolon growth and tillering of ‘Meyer’ and Chinese Common (both Z. japonica Steud.); ‘Zorro’, ‘Diamond’, and ‘Cavalier’ [all Z. matrella L. (Merr.)]; ‘Emerald’ (Z. matrella × Z. pacifica Goudsw.); and six experimental progeny from ‘Emerald’ × Z. japonica and reciprocal crosses of Z. japonica × Z. matrella under silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) shade and in full sun in 2008 and 2009 in Manhattan, KS. A single 6-cm diameter plug was planted in the center of 1.2 m × 1.2-m plots, and data were collected weekly on the number of stolons, stolon elongation, and number of stolon branches. Tiller number was collected at the start and end of each study period, and biomass (excluding roots) was determined at the end of each season. Zoysiagrasses under an average of 76% tree shade exhibited reductions of 38% to 95% in stolon number; 9% to 70% in stolon length; 10% to 93% in stolon branching; and 56% to 98% in biomass. Seven of the 10 grasses exhibited a decline in tiller number in each experiment; none of the grasses differed from ‘Meyer’ in percentage change in tiller number under shade. ‘Emerald’, ‘Cavalier’, ‘Zorro’, and several progeny from crosses between ‘Emerald’ × Z. japonica or reciprocal crosses of Z. matrella × Z. japonica produced more, longer, or more highly branched stolons than ‘Meyer’, suggesting they may have improved recovery potential in shade.
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Conterato, Ionara Fatima, Miguel Dall'Agnol, Maria Teresa Schifino-Wittmann, Daniel Portela Montardo, Gabriel Colombo Pontalti, and Danielle Almeida. "Morphoagronomic variation in natural populations of Trifolium riograndense (Burkart)." Scientia Agricola 67, no. 6 (December 2010): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162010000600009.
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Several species of Trifolium are widely cultivated as forage for animals and green manure. This work aimed to characterize and estimate through morphological and agronomic traits the genetic diversity of natural populations of T. riograndense, an important forage legume from native pastures of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Plant height and diameter, number of primary and secondary stolons, stolon length, number of nodes per primary stolon, internode length, primary stolon diameter, leaf area, petiole length and dry matter production were analyzed in 29 accessions. The first five attributes and dry matter production were evaluated twice. A broad phenotypic variability was observed for almost all characteristics. Positive correlations occurred between petiole length and leaf area (r = 0.68), petiole length and plant height in the first evaluation (0.63), stolon length and plant height (0.58), total dry matter and plant diameter (0.61), and total dry matter and plant height in the second evaluation (0.55). The two most divergent accessions were collected in the same physiographic region and the two less divergent ones in different regions. A dissimilarity dendrogram separated four groups. Accessions collected in a region where T. riograndense is abundant were found to belong to different groups outlining the great variability of this native forage legume. Dry matter production in the first cut was the characteristic that most contributed (20.80%) to accessions divergence followed by number of secondary stolons (12.30%), leaf area (11.07%), and number of nodes per primary stolon (10.93%).
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Shi, Xiaonan, Ricardo Hernández, and Mark Hoffmann. "Timing of Stolon Removal Alters Daughter Plant Production and Quality in the Ever-bearing Strawberry ‘Albion’." HortScience 56, no. 6 (June 2021): 650–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15624-20.
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Commercial strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) plants propagate through the development of stolons (runners) with attached daughter plants. While it is known that temperature and photoperiod affect strawberry propagation, little knowledge exists on whether cultural methods may influence stolon and daughter plant development. The objective of this study was to characterize the impact of three stolon removal treatments on the development of daughter plants in the ever-bearing strawberry ‘Albion’. Treatments included 1) stolon removal every 7 days, nine times total; 2) stolon removal every 21 days, three times total; and 3) one-time stolon removal after 63 days. Strawberry plants were grown in a controlled environment (26 °C, 507 μmol⋅m–2⋅s–1 photosynthetic photon flux density, 14-hour photoperiod) in soilless media and fertilized with a customized nutrient solution. Mother plants in the 63-day treatment produced more daughter plants (102 per plant), than in the 21-day treatment (33 per plant) and the 7-day treatment (16 per plant). In the 63-day treatment, daughter plants and stolons accumulated to 86.6% of the total biomass, to 42.9% in the 7-day treatment and to 60.6% of total biomass in the 21-day treatment. Mother plant organs (including roots, crown, and leaves) had less dry weight in the 63-day treatment compared with the 7-day treatment and 21-day treatment, respectively. Furthermore, the daughter plants produced at the 63-day treatment had smaller crown diameters (0.65 cm) and less dry weight (0.51 g) and a higher number of fully expanded leaves (2.9) and visible roots (13.4) compared with the 21-day treatment and the 7-day treatment. The results of this study show daughter plant production of strawberry plants declines significantly with shorter stolon removal intervals, indicating the need to adjust stolon removal in strawberry nurseries for optimal daughter plant production.
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Fraser, Joanna. "Seasonal yield changes in white clover varieties and ecotypes in Nova Scotia." Journal of Agricultural Science 110, no. 3 (June 1988): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600082204.
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SummaryTwo ecotypes and three varieties of white clover (Trifolium repens) of contrasting morphology were established in monoculture field plots in Truro, Nova Scotia (45° N) in July 1985. Destructive measurements were taken at monthly intervals from August to November 1985 and April to August 1986. The seasonal distribution of number of active stolons/m2, number of leaves, number of leaves per stolon, and lamina weight together with dry weights of leaves-I-petioles, stolons and flowers + peduncles were recorded. Number of leaves was inversely proportional to leaf weight, smaller-leaved varieties and ecotypes having higher leaf densities than large-leaved white clovers. Leaf and petiole dry-matter yields were related to leaf and number of active stolons in 1985 and to leaf weight increments in 1986. The two naturalized ecotypes exhibited considerably less leaf loss than the three varieties in a winter where mean minimum air temperatures drop to as low as – 13°C. There were considerable differences between ecotypes and between varieties in the seasonal distribution of leaves and petioles, stolon and flower dry weights over the limited time period of this study.
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Singh, D. K., and P. W. G. Sale. "Defoliation frequency and the response by white clover to increasing phosphorus supply 2. Non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in plant parts." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 1 (1997): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96052.
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The concentrations of total non-structural carbohydrate (%TNC) and its various forms (soluble sugars and starch) were measured in white clover plants that were grown in a glasshouse with different levels of P supply (0, 30, 90, and 180 mg/pot) and subjected to 3 defoliation frequencies (1, 2, and 4 defoliations over 36 days). Frequent defoliation reduced %TNC. Increasing P supply to the clover plants had the opposite effect, but to a lesser extent, and tended to reverse the decline in %TNC resulting from frequent defoliation. Stolons were the plant parts where most of the non-structural carbohydrate reserves were stored, with concentrations varying from <2 to >11% TNC on a dry weight basis, according to the treatment received. Minimal changes occurred in the %TNC for the leaves or roots as a result of treatments. The fluctuations in non-structural carbohydrate concentration in the stolons were mainly due to changes in the starch concentration, since the stolon sugar concentration was relatively constant between various treatments. A logistic curve closely defined the relationship (r2 = 0·98) between the starch concentration in the stolons and dry matter yield of leaves, suggesting that stolon starch reserves are a function of the size of the leaf canopy. Canopy size, in turn, was dependent on the duration of the regrowth period and, to a lesser extent, on the P supply. The maximum starch concentration in the stolons was around 8% under the conditions of this experiment.
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Turkington, Roy, and Elena Klein. "Integration among ramets of Trifolium repens." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-032.
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Cuttings of Trifolium repens were grown in pots without neighbours. When individual interconnected stolons from these cuttings were directed into adjacent pots so that daughter ramets were growing with different grass neighbours, these neighbouring grasses had dissimilar effects on leaf number, leaf size, percent branching of nodes, stolon length, and shoot dry weight. When the T. repens cuttings were grown in pots with neighbours, the effects of different grass neighbours on subsequent growth of stolons and ramets evened out. Key words: integration, clone, ramet, neighbour effects, Trifolium repens.
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FEHLAUER-ALE, KARIN H., LEANDRO M. VIEIRA, and JUDITH E. WINSTON. "Molecular and morphological characterization of Amathia distans Busk and Amathia brasiliensis Busk (Bryozoa: Ctenostomata) from the tropical and subtropical Western Atlantic." Zootaxa 2962, no. 1 (July 11, 2011): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2962.1.4.
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Morphological and molecular analyses have proven to be complementary tools of taxonomic information for the redescription of the ctenostome bryozoans Amathia brasiliensis Busk, 1886 and Amathia distans Busk, 1886. The two species, originally described from material collected by the ‘Challenger’ expedition but synonymized by later authors, now have their status fixed by means of the selection of lectotypes, morphological observations and analyses of DNA sequences described here. The morphological characters allowing the identification of living and/or preserved specimens are (1) A. brasiliensis: whitish-pale pigment spots in the frontal surface of stolons and zooids, and a wide stolon with biserial zooid clusters growing in clockwise and anti-clockwise spirals along it, the spirality direction being maintained from maternal to daughter stolons; and (2) A. distans: bright yellow pigment spots in stolonal and zooidal surfaces including lophophores, and a slender stolon, thickly cuticularized, with biserial zooid clusters growing in clockwise and anti-clockwise spirals along it and the spirality direction not maintained from maternal to daughter stolons. Pairwise comparisons of DNA sequences of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and large ribosomal RNA subunit revealed deep genetic divergence between A. brasiliensis and A. distans. Finally, analyses of those sequences within a Bayesian phylogenetic context recovered their genealogical species status.
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Azahar, Mohd Abdul Halim Bin Baharun, Abdul Shukor Juraimi, Mohd Rafh Yusof, Abdul Rahim Harun, SM Samsuzzaman, and Md Kamal Uddin. "Morphological mutants of Zoysia japonica Steud. induced by gamma ray irradiation." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 48, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v48i1.47483.
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Study of Zoysia japonica morphological improvement and breeding by induced mutation using gamma ray irradiation was conducted. Mutagenesis by gamma ray irradiation was employed using 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 Gy to treat 30 single node stolons per treatment. It was demonstrated that single node stolon is suitable for gamma ray irradiation mutagenesis in Z. japonica. It has been identified that 76 Gy as the value LD50 is effective to induce mutagenesis on Z. japonica. Survival rate of Z. japonica stolon was greatly reduced when irradiated with higher dosages. This experiment was repeated using LD50 on 1500 single node stolons. Thirty nine morphological mutants were identified and evaluated. Most of the mutants were semi-dwarf and have horizontal growing pattern with reduced internode length and leaf blade length. The altered morphological traits were stable after third cutting back (M1V3) shown by their morphological performance. Mutation breeding is effective in improving Z. japonica when easily recognized cultivars are needed.
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Davenport, Joan R., and Nicholi Vorsa. "Cultivar Fruiting and Vegetative Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer in Cranberry." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124, no. 1 (January 1999): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.124.1.90.
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Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) has the opportunity to partition resources into sexual and/or asexual (stolons) modes of reproduction. Nitrogen status has been shown to impact the degree of stoloniferous growth. To determine whether there is a genotypic response to varying nitrogen levels, six hybrid and four native cultivars were treated with three annual rates of nitrogen fertilizer (17, 34, or 67 kg·ha-1) for 4 years. Fruit yield was determined each year and asexual vegetative growth (stolons) weight was removed and measured in all but the first year of the experiment. Cultivars exhibited different patterns of yield and stolon weight response over the three nitrogen rates. Not all cultivars exhibited significant yield decreases at the high N levels. Vegetative growth (stolon weight) generally increased with increasing N, however, not all cultivars responded similarly over three N rates. Partitioning between yield and stolon production favored fruit yield at the lower N rates in three of the four native cultivars studied (`Cropper', `Early Black', and `Howes'). Yield over N rates was more stable for four of the six hybrid cultivars, which may be the result of greater heterozygosity in hybrids than natives, and/or genetic gain from one breeding and selection cycle, offering increased tolerance to nitrogen stress. This study indicates that genetic variation exists for yield, yield stability, and stolon production relative to nitrogen level, and that genetic gain in cranberry is possible for these traits. Future studies involving cranberry physiology and nutrition should consider the genotypes used.
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Volterrani, Marco, Simone Magni, Monica Gaetani, and Filippo Lulli. "Trinexapac-ethyl Effects on Stolon Activity and Node Vitality of ‘Tifway’ Hybrid Bermudagrass." HortTechnology 22, no. 4 (August 2012): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.4.479.
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The stoloniferous-rhizomatous growth habit of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] is a key feature for fast turf establishment and effective recovery from wear and divots. Trinexapac-ethyl (TE) is a plant growth regulator used extensively to reduce the need for mowing. However, vertical growth suppression of vertical growth has the potential to reduce horizontal growth. Furthermore, side effects reported on several physiological functions could affect node ability to generate new plants. In a greenhouse trial, ‘Tifway’ hybrid bermudagrass (C. dactylon × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy) grown in pots was treated with increasing rates of TE (untreated control, 0.015, 0.075, 0.150, and 0.300 g·m−2). The treatment effects on the number of stolons produced and their linear growth rate, node production, node vitality, and daughter plant characteristics were investigated. The effects of growth inhibition because of TE application on nodes and daughter plants and the relative duration were also assessed. Starting from 2 weeks after treatment (2 WAT), TE application resulted in reductions of stolon length of 24.6% and 52.9% compared with the untreated control, while at 3 and 4 WAT only 0.150 and 0.300 g·m−2 application rates produced significant reductions in stolon length with values of 37.1% and 52.9% at 3 WAT and of 34.1% and 48.3% at 4 WAT, respectively. The number of nodes per stolon was unaffected by treatments. No effect was observed in node vitality but daughter plants showed a postinhibition growth enhancement when nodes were excised at 4 WAT. TE application at the labeled rate did not affect the number of stolons produced by ‘Tifway’ hybrid bermudagrass compared with untreated control, while a reduction in stolon growth rate was recorded only at 2 WAT. Application at higher rates reduced stolon growth rate longer than labeled rate but not stolon production. None of the treatments reduced the number of vital nodes. Application rates higher than labeled rate produced a postinhibition growth enhancement in plants that originated from nodes excised at 4 WAT.
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Wang, Winnie. "Stolen hearts, Stolen Generations." NEW: Emerging scholars in Australian Indigenous Studies 4, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/nesais.v4i1.1532.
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van Gelder, Jean-Louis, Claire Nee, Marco Otte, Andrew Demetriou, Iris van Sintemaartensdijk, and Jan-Willem van Prooijen. "Virtual Burglary." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 54, no. 1 (August 20, 2016): 29–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427816663997.
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Objectives: This article explores the potential of virtual reality (VR) to study burglary by measuring user responses on the subjective, physiological, and behavioral levels. Furthermore, it examines the influence of individual dispositions, such as sensation seeking and self-control, on behavior during a virtual burglary event. Methods: Participants, male university undergraduates ( N = 77), could freely move around a virtual neighborhood wearing a VR headset and using a game controller and were instructed to burgle one of the houses in the neighborhood. Participant movement, items stolen from the house, and heart rate (HR) were recorded throughout the burglary event. Individual dispositions were measured before, and subjective user responses were measured after, the event. Additionally, we experimentally varied whether there was an alarm sounding and participants’ beliefs about the chance of getting caught (deterrence). Results: Participants reacted subjectively to the burglary event by reporting high levels of presence in the virtual environment (VE) and physiologically by showing increased HRs. In terms of behavior, high deterrence resulted in fewer items being stolen and a shorter burglary. Furthermore, sensation seekers stole more valuable items, while participants high in conscientiousness stole fewer items. Conclusions: The results suggest that VEs have substantial potential for studying criminal behavior.
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Maier, F. P., N. S. Lang, and J. D. Fry. "Freezing Tolerance of Three St. Augustinegrass Cultivars as Affected by Stolon Carbohydrate and Water Content." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 3 (May 1994): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.3.473.
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Little is known about intraspecific variability in St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] freezing tolerance and the physiological factors that may influence survival. Stolons of field-grown `Raleigh', `Floratam', and FX-332 St. Augustinegrass were sampled between October and March in 1990 to 1991 and 1991 to 1992 to measure freezing tolerance, nonstructural carbohydrates, and water content. Stolons were exposed to temperatures between 1 and -8C in a freezer, and regrowth was evaluated in the greenhouse. Generally, freezing tolerance of `Raleigh' > `Floratam' = FX-332. `Raleigh' exhibited >60% survival in December and January, while survival of `Floratam' and FX-332 was <20%. `Raleigh' was the only cultivar that acclimated, as indicated by a 75% increase in survival between October and December 1990. Starch and sucrose were the primary storage carbohydrates extracted from stolons, but neither was correlated with freezing tolerance. A negative (r = -0.80) correlation was observed between `Raleigh' survival and stolon water content between January and March 1991. Reduced water content in `Raleigh' stolons during winter months may contribute to acclimation.
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Larson, Kirk D. "169 NURSERY SOIL FUMIGATION TREATMENT, STOLON PRODUCTION, AND SUBSEQUENT GROWTH OF STRAWBERRY PLANTS IN CALIFORNIA." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 453b—453. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.453b.
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Replant soil fumigation with mixtures of methyl bromide (MeBr) and chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane) is a standard practice for pest and disease control in fruit crop nurseries in California. The proposed phase-out of MeBr by the year 2001 requires that alternative soil sterilants be studied for nursery use. Therefore, on 5 April, 1993, three preplant soil treatments were applied to new strawberry ground: 1) MeBr/chloropicrin (67:33) at 392 kg/ha: 2) chloropicrin, a possible MeBr substitute. at 140 kg/ha: and 3) nonfumigation. The experimental design was a RCB: there were two plots (each 10′ × 15′) for each of two cultivars (`Chandler' and `Selva') for the 3 soil treatments in each of 3 blocks. Mother plants were planted 26 April, and plots were machine-harvested in October, 1993. All plants from each plot were uniformly graded, after which mean stolon yield per mother plant, mean crown diameters, and crown and root dry wts were determined. Cultivar effects and cultivar × treatment interactions were not observed, so data for the two cultivars were pooled. Stolon production per mother plant was greatest for trt 1 (18.56 stolons), intermediate for trt 2 (15.75 stolons), and least form 3 (7.89 stolons). For trt 3, crown dieters. and crown and root dry wts were reduced relative to those of trts 1 or 2. Stolons from all trts were planted in a fruit production field on 13 October, 1993. After two months, canopy diameters were greatest for plants from trt 1 (27.1 cm), intermediate for plants from trt 2 (26.2 cm) and least for plants from trt 3 (24.9 cm). The results indicate that, compared to standard soil fumigation with MeBr/chloropicrin. small, but significant, reductions in runner production and plant vigor can be expected following nursery soil fumigation with intermediate rates of chloropicrin.
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Lawson, A. R., P. W. G. Sale, and K. B. Kelly. "Defoliation frequency and genotype effects on stolon and root reserves in white clover." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 6 (1998): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97085.
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The effect of defoliation frequency (1 or 3 defoliations over a 42-day period) on the starch, water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), and nitrogen contents of 3 white clover cultivars (Haifa, Irrigation, and S184) was examined. The clover plants consisted of single stolons growing in a sand/scoria mix in an unheated glasshouse and fertilised weekly with a nitrogen-free solution. Starch concentrations ranged from 1·3% in frequently defoliated Haifa to 15·3% in infrequently defoliated S184 plants. However, there was no interaction between cultivar and defoliation frequency, with the starch concentration in S184 (11·2%) being twice that in Irrigation (6·0%) and 3 times that in Haifa (3·8%). The starch concentration was also less with frequent (3·7%) than with infrequent (10·3%) defoliation. The starch was localised in the old stolon material (12·2%), with lower levels of starch in both the young stolon (6·0%) and roots (4·0%). Furthermore, the cultivar and defoliation frequency effects on the starch concentrations were most pronounced in the old stolon. More frequent defoliation also resulted in a small reduction in the WSC and nitrogen concentrations in both the young and old stolons of Haifa, but not of Irrigation. It was concluded that although starch reserves were the principal method of reserve storage in white clover, WSC and nitrogen reserves will form a relatively large fraction of the reserve pool when starch reserves are depleted under conditions such as frequent defoliation.
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Wilman, D., and G. H. p. Acuña. "Effects of cutting height on the growth of leaves and stolons in perennial ryegrass–white clover swards." Journal of Agricultural Science 121, no. 1 (August 1993): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600076772.
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SUMMARYAll combinations of five cutting heights (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 cm) were compared, for 3 years (1986–88), on field plots sown with a mixture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in Wales. The plots were cut at 4-week intervals from April to October each year.A reduction in cutting height reduced the length, width and weight of clover leaflets, petiole length, stolon diameter, the length of stolon internodes and the height of stolons above ground level, but increased the length of clover stolon/m2, the number of stolon nodes/m2 and the proportion of stolon nodes which produced branches. The latter factors out-weighed the former, leading to the inverse relationship between cutting height and the proportion of clover in the sward previously reported (Acuñia & Wilman 1993).A reduction in cutting height reduced the following attributes of ryegrass: the height of the shoot apex, the length and width of leaf blades, sheath length, leaf extension rate, the death rate of leaves and the net gain in blade length.Cutting height had little effect on either the thickness of clover leaflets or the rates of leaf emergence in clover and ryegrass.
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Omona, George, and Karen Elise Matheson. "Uganda: stolen children, stolen lives." Lancet 351, no. 9100 (February 1998): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)78383-5.
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Akee. "Stolen Lands and Stolen Opportunities." Native American and Indigenous Studies 8, no. 1 (2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5749/natiindistudj.8.1.0123.
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Maroder, Horacio L., Imelda A. Prego, and Maria A. Cairoli. "Behavior of14C-Haloxyfop in Common Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Stolons." Weed Science 35, no. 5 (September 1987): 599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500060641.
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The behavior of the methyl ester of14C-haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} in common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. # CYNDA] stolons was examined in greenhouse experiments at two different seasons. The14C from the herbicide applied on the leaves of a stolon node translocated no more than 3% of the applied radioactivity to the apex and base. Movement out of stolons was not significant. In early summer less than 1% translocated in each direction; in early fall more than 2% moved to the apex and less than 1% toward the base. Decrease of14C recovery with time was evident in both seasons, particularly in early summer. Haloxyfop volatilization from the leaf surface apparently plays a significant role in recovery decrease. The14C found in stolons in early summer was approximately the same as that of early fall, although herbicide remaining available for uptake on the leaf surface was lower in the former season. We suggest that environmental conditions that favor volatilization could enhance uptake.
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Macolino, Stefano, Matteo Serena, Bernd Leinauer, and Umberto Ziliotto. "Preliminary Findings on the Correlation between Water-soluble Carbohydrate Content in Stolons and First Year Green-up of Seeded Bermudagrass Cultivars." HortTechnology 20, no. 4 (August 2010): 758–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.4.758.
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Warm-season grasses are not widely accepted in Mediterranean countries because they lose color during the winter months. A study was conducted at the University of Padova (Padova, Italy) to determine whether fall and spring water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content in stolons of seeded bermudagrass cultivars (Cynodon dactylon) influenced spring green-up in the first year of establishment. Nine bermudagrass cultivars (La Paloma, Mohawk, NuMex Sahara, Princess 77, Riviera, SR 9554, Barbados, Contessa, and Yukon) were seeded in July 2005, and dry weight and WSC content in stolons were measured in Fall 2005 and again in Spring 2006. The percentage of green cover and days needed to achieve 80% green cover (D80) were regressed against November and March values of stolon dry weight and WSC content to determine if they were good predictors of D80. ‘Yukon’ showed earliest spring green-up by end of April, and ‘Princess 77’ and ‘Riviera’ were slowest, needing 43 to 46 days more than ‘Yukon’ to reach D80. There was a significant inverse relationship between November (r2 = 0.57) and March (r2 = 0.77) WSC content in stolons and D80 for all nine bermudagrass cultivars. These results suggest that bermudagrass cultivars with high WSC in stolons recover more rapidly from dormancy during establishment than those with low WSC content.
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Schroeder, Paul C., M. Teresa Aguado, Allyson Malpartida, and Christopher J. Glasby. "New observations on reproduction in the branching polychaetes Ramisyllis multicaudata and Syllis ramosa (Annelida: Syllidae: Syllinae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, no. 5 (August 2017): 1167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531541700039x.
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Reproduction in the shallow-water, sponge-dwelling, branching syllid Ramisyllis multicaudata exhibits several features unique among syllids and among annelids in general. We describe and illustrate the segmental asymmetry which intervenes between regions of symmetry, only found in branching annelids. We describe the morphology of the stolons and of the stolon stalks, which are unique to branching syllids but differ in detail from those of the other known branching syllid, Syllis ramosa. We also illustrate newly found paddle-shaped chaetae, which might indicate that these stolons do swim. We list the number of branch points and termini in an effort to gauge the extent of branching in a worm contained in a small sponge. The species appears to have separate sexes, but this cannot be proven. We compare R. multicaudata and S. ramosa as originally described and find new morphological differences between the branching syllid from Japan described as S. ramosa and R. multicaudata. We also compare the known stolons of branching syllids to those of other genera of the ‘ribbon clade’, a group including Trypanobia and Trypanosyllis, now known to be close relatives of R. multicaudata. Ramisyllis multicaudata is the first member of the ribbon clade, and one of few Syllinae, known to have sexually dimorphic stolons.
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Miao, Yuanyuan, Qiaosheng Guo, Zaibiao Zhu, Xiaohua Yang, Changlin Wang, Yuan Sun, and Li Liu. "Dynamic Changes in Starch Metabolism and Endogenous Hormones during Stolon Formation in Tulipa edulis." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 141, no. 3 (May 2016): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.141.3.211.
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The stolon is the main asexual reproductive organ of the medicinal plant Tulipa edulis and has special morphology. In the greenhouse experiment presented herein, the dynamic changes in carbohydrates and related enzymes, proteins, and endogenous hormones of stolons during T. edulis stolon formation were investigated. The results showed that the content of total soluble sugar, sucrose, reducing sugar, fructose, and starch were all significantly enhanced in the middle period when stolon emerged and maintained at relatively high levels until the later period of stolon formation, while protein content decreased during stolon formation. The activities of amylase (AMY), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), and sucrose synthase (SS) peaked in the initial period and were negatively correlated with soluble sugars. However, adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) activity increased as stolon formation progressed, and the changes in soluble starch synthase (SSS), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) activities presented a single peak, reaching their maximums in the middle period. AGPase, SSS, and GBSS activities were all positively related to starch content. Moreover, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) verified the changes in SS and SSS activities via the expression levels of the SS, SSSI, and SSSII genes. The gibberellin (GA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) content attained their maximum in the initial period of stolon formation. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) remained at high levels during the initial and middle period and decreased significantly during the later period of stolon formation, inversely to the ratio of ABA:IAA. Analysis of the physiological changes in T. edulis stolon indicated that the accumulation of soluble sugars and starch via various enzymes, a high level of IAA and a low ABA to IAA ratio mainly contributed to stolon development of T. edulis. This paper explored carbohydrate levels and endogenous hormones profiles during stolon formation, which provided the theory basis for further regulating stolon growth of T. edulis.
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Krausz, J. P., R. H. White, N. A. Tisserat, and P. H. Dernoeden. "Bermudagrass Dead Spot: A New Disease of Bermudagrass Caused by Ophiosphaerella agrostis." Plant Disease 85, no. 12 (December 2001): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.12.1286b.
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Hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) is widely used on golf course putting greens in the southern United States. In March and April 1998, circular patches of dead grass 2 to 10 cm in diameter were observed on a bermudagrass putting green in College Station, TX, that had been overseeded with rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) the previous October. Rapid death and deterioration of the rough bluegrass within the spot revealed extensive foliar and crown necrosis and root decay of the remaining bermudagrass. Diseased bermudagrass leaves in the patch were reddish brown to tan. Dark ectotrophic hyphae were not found on the roots or stolons, but dark hyphae were observed within the affected root tissues. Numerous pseudothecia were embedded in necrotic leaf and stolon tissues. The characteristics of the pseudothecia and ascospores coincide with the description of Ophiosphaerella agrostis Dernoeden, Camara, O'Neil, van Berkum, and Palm (1,2). This fungus was consistently isolated from stolons and roots, and single-ascospore isolates were obtained from pseudothecia. Inoculum was prepared by transferring fungal mycelium from a single-spore isolate grown in potato dextrose agar (PDA) to a moistened, autoclaved mixture of rice hulls (Oryza sativa L.) and milled rice (2:1, vol/vol) for 28 days at 24°C. ‘FloraDwarf’ bermudagrass was grown from stolons in 15-cm-diameter pots containing a mixture of sand, peat moss, and perlite (8:3:1, vol/vol). The bermudagrass was maintained at a height of 1 to 1.5 cm for ≈ 1 month. Plants were inoculated by forming a hole that was 0.8 cm in diameter and 7 cm deep in the center of the pot, using a rod and filling the hole with inoculum. Control pots received the same treatment, except uninoculated rice hull-milled rice mixture was used. The treatments were replicated three times, and the experiment was performed twice. The pots were maintained in a greenhouse for 6 weeks. In all inoculated pots, patches of dead bermudagrass 6 to 10 cm in diameter developed. Roots, stolons, and leaves were necrotic, and pseudothecia were abundant in stolon and leaf sheath tissues. O. agrostis was consistently reisolated from infected root and stolon tissues. All isolates produced colonies identical in appearance to the culture used for inoculation. To our knowledge, this is the first report that O. agrostis is pathogenic to hybrid bermudagrass. References: (1) M. P. S. Camara et al. Mycologia 92:317, 2000. (2) P. H. Dernoeden et al. Plant Dis. 83:397, 1999.
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Regas, Angela. "Stolen." Iowa Review 30, no. 1 (April 2000): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.5252.
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Okeyo, David O., Jack D. Fry, Dale J. Bremer, Ambika Chandra, Dennis Genovesi, and Milton C. Engelke. "Stolon Growth Characteristics and Establishment Rates of Zoysiagrass Progeny." HortScience 46, no. 1 (January 2011): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.1.113.
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Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) is recognized for its low requirements for pesticide and fertilizer input, but Meyer (Z. japonica Steud.), the cultivar commonly used in the transition zone of the United States, is slow to establish. We evaluated new zoysiagrass progeny for stolon growth characteristics and rate of establishment and determined the relationship between stolon growth characteristics and coverage. ‘Meyer’, DALZ 0102 (a Z. japonica), and 18 progeny from crosses of ‘Emerald’ (Z. japonica × Z. tenuifolia Willd. ex Thiele) or a Z. matrella (L.) Merr. × Z. japonica were planted as 6-cm diameter plugs on 30.5 × 30.5-cm centers in 1.5 × 1.5-m plots in 2007 and as single 10-cm diameter plugs in 1.2 × 1.2-m plots in 2008 in Manhattan, KS. Data were collected weekly on number of stolons initiated per plug, stolon elongation, and number of stolon branches. Two researchers rated coverage visually near the end of each growing season. Rate of stolon initiation ranged from 2.2/week to 8.6/week. Elongation rate ranged from 18.8 to 65.1 mm/week. At 11 weeks after planting in 2007, four of 18 progeny had superior coverage to ‘Meyer’; at 11 weeks after planting in 2008, 13 of 18 progeny had superior coverage to ‘Meyer’. Rate of stolon initiation was positively correlated (P < 0.01) with zoysiagrass coverage (r = 0.66, in 2007; r = 0.94 in 2008); likewise, stolon elongation was positively correlated with coverage in 2007 (r = 0.52, P < 0.01) and 2008 (r = 0.53, P < 0.05). Stolon initiation or elongation could be used in short-term evaluations to predict rate of zoysiagrass coverage from plugs. Greater stolon initiation or elongation of experimental some zoysiagrass progeny makes them promising for alternatives to ‘Meyer’ for overcoming slow establishment rates.
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Benedetti, Andrea. "Spiral growth inNephrolepidina: evidence of “golden selection”." Paleobiology 40, no. 2 (2014): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12057.
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Examination of the neanic apparatuses of known populations ofNephrolepidina praemarginata,N. morgani, andN. tournouerireveals that the equatorial chamberlets are arranged in spirals, along the direction of connection of the oblique stolons, giving the optical effect of intersecting curves. InN. praemarginatacommonly 34 left- and right-oriented primary spirals occur from the first annulus to the periphery, 21 secondary spirals from the third to fifth annulus, 13 ternary spirals from the fifth to eighth annulus, following the Fibonacci sequence.The number of the spirals increases in larger specimens and in more embracing morphotypes, and especially in trybliolepidine specimens; the secondary and ternary spirals from the investigatedN. praemarginatatoN. tournoueripopulations tend to start from more distal annuli. An interpretative model of the spiral growth ofNephrolepidinais attempted.The angle formed by the basal annular stolon and distal oblique stolon in equatorial chamberlets ranges from 122° inN. praemarginatato mean values close to the golden angle (137.5°) inN. tournoueri.The increase in the Fibonacci number of spirals during the evolution of the lineage, along with the disposition of the stolons between contiguous equatorial chamberlets, provides new evidence of evolutionary selection for specimens with optimally packed chamberlets.Natural selection favors individuals with the most regular growth, which fills the equatorial space more efficiently, thus allowing these individuals to reach the adult stage faster. We refer to this new type of selection as “golden selection.”
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Chen, Hong, Huihui Li, Xiaoqing Lu, Longzheng Chen, Jing Liu, and Han Wu. "Identification and Expression Analysis of GRAS Transcription Factors to Elucidate Candidate Genes Related to Stolons, Fruit Ripening and Abiotic Stresses in Woodland Strawberry (Fragaria vesca)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 18 (September 17, 2019): 4593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184593.
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The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), an allo-octoploid with non-climacteric fleshy fruits, is a popular Rosaceae horticultural crop worldwide that is mainly propagated via stolons during cultivation. Woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca), one of the four diploid progenitor species of cultivated strawberry, is widely used as a model plant in the study of Rosaceae fruit trees, non-climacteric fruits and stolons. One GRAS transcription factor has been shown to regulate stolon formation; the other GRAS proteins in woodland strawberry remain unknown. In this study, we identified 54 FveGRAS proteins in woodland strawberry, and divided them into 14 subfamilies. Conserved motif analysis revealed that the motif composition of FveGRAS proteins was conserved within each subfamily, but diverged widely among subfamilies. We found 56 orthologous pairs of GRAS proteins between woodland strawberry and Arabidopsis thaliana, 47 orthologous pairs between woodland strawberry and rice and 92 paralogous pairs within woodland strawberry. The expression patterns of FveGRAS genes in various organs and tissues, and changes therein under cold, heat and GA3 treatments, were characterized using transcriptomic analysis. The results showed that 34 FveGRAS genes were expressed with different degrees in at least four organs, including stolons; only a few genes displayed organ-specific expression. The expression levels of 16 genes decreased, while that of four genes increased during fruit ripening; FveGRAS54 showed the largest increase in expression. Under cold, heat and GA3 treatments, around half of the FveGRAS genes displayed increased or decreased expression to some extent, suggesting differing functions of these FveGRAS genes in the responses to cold, heat and GAs. This study provides insight into the potential functions of FveGRAS genes in woodland strawberry. A few FveGRAS genes were identified as candidate genes for further study, in terms of their functions in stolon formation, fruit ripening and abiotic stresses.
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Struik, P. C., E. van Heusden, and K. Burger-Meijer. "Effects of short periods of long days on the development, yield and size distribution of potato tuber." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 36, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v36i1.16693.
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Experiments were carried out to study the effects of short periods (12 or 16 cycles) of long days (24 h) on the development of stolons and tubers, and on the yield and tuber size distribution of potato cv. Bintje. Treatments initiated at an early stage of growth delayed tuber initiation but stimulated stolon elongation and stolon branching, thus increasing the number of tuber incipients. Later treatments merely delayed tuber set or tuber growth. Short treatments did not affect total tuber yield. A prolonged treatment (48 days) increased the yield in 1 of the 3 experiments. Because of these effects on stolon and tuber development, early treatments caused a shift towards smaller tubers, most pronounced when such a treatment was short. In a experiment in which physiologically old seed was used, av. tuber size was increased when the long-day treatment was initiated later. With optimally peforming seed, av. tuber size showed an optimum when the treatment was initiated just prior to or during tuber initiation. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Zahid, M. I., G. M. Gurr, A. Nikandrow, W. J. Fulkerson, and H. I. Nicol. "Pathogenicity of root and stolon-colonising fungi to white clover." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 6 (2001): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00197.
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Fungi isolated from white clover plants growing in dairy pastures in northern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland were tested for their pathogenicity to seedlings, excised stolons and mature white clover plants. Thirty out of 65 isolates tested, including species of Fusarium, Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Phoma, Codinaea, Gliocladium, Microsphaeropsis, Trichoderma, Nectria and Macrophomina, were pathogenic to white clover roots in vitro. Ten of the fungi, including the genera Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Drechslera, Fusarium, Phoma, Macrophomina, Phomopsis and Rhizoctonia, caused stolon rot symptoms. Of the 23 fungi tested on seedlings and mature white clover plants Phytophthora megasperma, Phoma nebulosa and Pythium irregulare were the most pathogenic to both seedlings and mature plants. Root rot and plant growth suppression was more severe in pot tests using field soil compared with pasteurised potting mix. Novel methods are described for testing pathogenicity to excised stolons.
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Chapman, D. F., M. J. Robson, and R. W. Snaydon. "Quantitative carbon distribution in clonal plants of white clover (Trifolium repens): source-sink relationships during undisturbed growth." Journal of Agricultural Science 116, no. 2 (April 1991): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600077625.
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SUMMARYThe assimilation and distribution of carbon in laterally spreading white clover plants was quantified in a controlled environment using CO2 exchange rate measurements and 14C as a tracer. Plants were restricted to three mature leaves on the main stolon apex, and the movement of 14C from these leaves (and one immature, but carbon-exporting, leaf) to meristematic zones throughout the plant was determined by detailed plant dissection.Sinks throughout the plant drew small to moderate proportions (typically 1–8%) of the 14C exported by all mature leaves. The three mature leaves displayed similar export patterns, and no specific source-sink relationships involving any of these leaves were observed. However, 14C exported by the developing leaf moved predominantly to the main stolon apex, and to adjacent young stolon tissue. Estimated respiratory losses over 24 h accounted for 40–49% of the 14C fixed. Of the total amount of C exported by all four leaves and utilized in new growth or reserve storage, 22% moved to the main stolon apex, 16% to stolon tissue of the main stolon, 34% to adventitious roots on the main stolon (most of which was utilized in older, nodulated roots) and 29% to branches. The apex received the greatest amount of C/unit weight, reflecting its high sink activity, its proximity to the source leaves and, possibly, apical dominance. Subtending leaves provided 46–51% of the C utilized by young branches. Older branches continued to import significant quantities of C from parent stolon leaves despite having their own C sources, though parental support for branches was seen to decrease as branches aged, when the quantity of C they imported was expressed as a function of their weight.Relative sink strength and distance between sources and sinks contributed to the observed patterns of C distribution. No apparent restriction on C movement was imposed by the vascular architecture of stolons.
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Langeneck, Joachim, Michela Del Pasqua, Margherita Licciano, Adriana Giangrande, and Luigi Musco. "Atypical reproduction in a syllid worm: the stolon of Syllis rosea (Annelida, Syllidae) takes care of its offspring." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 100, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315420000119.
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AbstractThe family Syllidae, aside from representing the most species-rich family in Annelida, is characterized by a number of sexual and asexual reproductive strategies. With the exception of a few viviparous species, the subfamily Syllinae is characterized by schizogamous reproduction with pelagic larval stages and without parental care. Laboratory rearing of ripe specimens of Syllis rosea showed a different reproductive strategy, hitherto unknown in this subfamily. While male stolons rapidly degenerated after fertilization, female ones released large eggs in a gelatinous cluster attached to the middle-posterior chaetigers. The gel mass progressively compacted as a cocoon wrapped by the stolon body; 7 days after the deposition the larvae hatched out from the cocoon at the metatrochophore stage and the female stolon died after a few days. After hatching the larvae remained associated to the stolon, and young specimens of S. rosea survived up to the 3-chaetiger stage. Until now cocoon brooding by the stolon has only been reported for some Autolytinae. The production of gelatinous egg masses and parental care are known in basally branching clades within Syllidae, suggesting that this reproduction mode might retain some ancestral features. The scarce knowledge about reproductive cycles in Syllinae does not allow clarification whether this strategy is unique for S. rosea, or it occurs in other congeneric species. Further research is needed to understand possible relationships between sexual reproduction and phylogeny, stolon morphology and its adaptation to parental care, and ultimately between reproductive strategies and ecology.
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Guseva, Alexandra. "Features of development of the clonal plant Scutellaria scordiifolia Fischer ex Schrank (Lamiaceae) in Siberia." BIO Web of Conferences 11 (2018): 00019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20181100019.
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Ontomorphogenesis of individuals of the clonal stoloniferous vegetative annual plant Scutellaria scordiifolia was studied in natural habitats. Ramets are represented by partial dicyclic shoots with an adventious root system. The ontogenesis of S. scordiifolia can be expressed by a sequence of phases of morphogenesis: [a partial shoot – a branched partial shoot] (v–g3) – a system of partial shoots (g2–g3) – a partial shoot (g2–ss). Individuals annually die off completely, regeneration takes place due to formation of tuberous stolons which are formed on the maternal stolon.
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Reut, Markus S., and Bartosz J. Płachno. "Unusual developmental morphology and anatomy of vegetative organs in Utricularia dichotoma—leaf, shoot and root dynamics." Protoplasma 257, no. 2 (October 28, 2019): 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-019-01443-6.
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Abstract The terrestrial carnivorous species Utricularia dichotoma is known for a great phenotypic plasticity and unusual vegetative organs. Our investigation on 22 sources/populations revealed that after initiation of a leaf and two bladders on a stolon, a bud was formed in the proximal axil of the leaf, developing into a rosette with up to seven organs. The first two primordia of the bud grew into almost every possible combination of organs, but often into two anchor stolons. The patterns were generally not population specific. The interchangeability of organs increased with increasing rank in the succession of organs on stolon nodes. A high potential of switching developmental programs may be successful in a fluctuating environment. In this respect, we were able to show that bladders developed from anchor stolons experimentally when raising the water table. Anatomical structures were simple, lacunate and largely homogenous throughout all organs. They showed similarities with many hydrophytes, reflecting the plant’s adaptation to (temporarily) submerged conditions. The principal component analysis was used in the context of dynamic morphology to illustrate correlations between organ types in the morphospace of U. dichotoma, revealing an organ specific patchwork of developmental processes for typical leaves and shoots, and less pronounced for a typical root. The concept and methods we applied may prove beneficial for future studies on the evolution of Lentibulariaceae, and on developmental morphology and genetics of unusual structures in plants.
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Hébant-Mauri, R. "The branching of Trichomanes proliferum (Hymenophyllaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 1091–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-137.
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The general morphology, anatomy, and meristem histology of Trichomanes proliferum were studied in order to explain the morphogenesis of this fern. As opposed to Bierhorst's conclusions, T. proliferum was found to be a typical fern with normal tetrahedral shoot apical cells and lenticular leaf apical cells. The leaf is a lateral production of the shoot apical meristem. This species is similar morphologically to other species in the genus Trichomanes: the shoot apical meristems on the creeping stolons produce "lateral systems," composed of a leaf and a bud, which are extraaxillary, as in other Trichomanes species with a creeping filiform stolon. The unique morphology of this fern is due to two supplementary branching systems: a lateral branching of the stolon, which is leafless at the fork, and an epiphyllous budding, which results in the formation of additional leaves by a different process of development. Key words: fern, branching, morphogenesis, histogenesis, epiphyllous buds.
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Kefi, Servet, M. M. Meagher, P. E. Read, and A. D. Pavlista. "Effects of Different Cytokinin-like Compounds on Invertase Activity during Potato in Vitro Tuberization." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 515B—515. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.515b.
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The effects of different cytokinin-like compounds on invertase activities at different tuberization stages of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. `Atlantic') were examined. Single nodal segments were cultured on MS medium plus 6% sucrose and supplemented with either 2 mg kinetin/L, 0.1 mg thidiazuron (TDZ)/L, 1.0 mg AC 243,654/L, 0.1 mg AC 239,604/L, or no cytokinin. Tissue samples for determining invertase activity were taken at three stages of tuberization: stage 1, the “hook stage”; stage 2, the “swelling stage”; and stage 3, “tuber initials.” Invertase activity was significantly affected by the interaction between cytokinin-like compounds and tuberization between cytokinin-like compounds and tuberization stages. The highest invertase activities in the stolons at stage 1 were found in kinetin and TDZ treatments. Invertase activity in the stolons on the control medium significantly increased from stage 1 to 2 and decreased at stage 3. Invertase might play a role in either stolon elongation or carbohydrate utilization by increasing the pool of reducing sugars.
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Caasi, Oliver C., Nathan R. Walker, Stephen M. Marek, James N. Enis, and Thomas K. Mitchell. "Infection and Colonization of Turf-Type Bermudagrass by Ophiosphaerella herpotricha Expressing Green or Red Fluorescent Proteins." Phytopathology® 100, no. 5 (May 2010): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-100-5-0415.
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Spring dead spot, caused by Ophiosphaerella herpotricha, is the most important disease of turf-type bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) in the transition zone of the United States. Despite the importance of the disease, only limited information is available about the host–pathogen interaction at the cellular level. To evaluate the host plant interaction, an isolate of O. herpotricha expressing green fluorescent proteins (GFP) or red fluorescent proteins (tdTomato) was used to study the infection and colonization of roots and stolons of several bermudagrass cultivars. Roots of cultivars Tifway 419 and Midlawn were colonized similarly, resulting in extensive root necrosis, whereas an accession of Cynodon transvaalensis was less necrotic. The stele of C. transvaalensis roots was colonized but not those of Tifway 419 and Midlawn. For intact stolons, colonization was limited to the epidermis and defined macroscopic necrotic lesions were observed on Tifway 419 and Midlawn while C. transvaalensis stolon tissues remained mostly nonnecrotic. Internal colonization of stolons occurred when hyphae grew into wounds, resulting in necrosis in Tifway 419 and Midlawn, but not in C. transvaalensis. These studies suggest that the interaction of O. herpotricha with bermudagrass varies across host genotypes and the host tissues infected. The limited necrosis in C. transvaalensis tissues, though colonized, suggests an inherent tolerance to O. herpotricha.
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Lulli, Filippo, Lorenzo Guglielminetti, Nicola Grossi, Roberto Armeni, Sara Stefanini, and Marco Volterrani. "Physiological and morphological factors influencing leaf, rhizome and stolon tensile strength in C4 turfgrass species." Functional Plant Biology 38, no. 11 (2011): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp11070.
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The intrinsic resistance of plant tissue to several biomechanical stresses, including tensile stress, is a decisive factor in determining the wear resistance of a turfgrass species. Lignin, dry matter, starch, sugars and silica are some of the tissue constituents that have been associated with leaf and stem mechanical resistance, whereas little information is available concerning stolons and rhizomes. These organs not only enable C4 turfgrass species lateral growth, soil colonisation and injury recovery, but are also key constituents of mature swards. This study consisted in an extensive investigation on the effective leaf, stolon and rhizome tensile strength of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon × C. transvaalensis Burt-Davy cv. Tifway 419, Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. cv. Zeon and Paspalum vaginatum Swartz. cv. Salam, as measured with a Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)-approved dynamometer and correlating the results with laboratory investigations on key tissue constituents. Tensile strength per unit area was influenced by both tissue constituents and tissue dimension. In rhizomes and stolons, tissue breakage usually occurred in the area at the intercalary meristem at the apical zone in the immediate proximity of a node. Older tissues had higher tensile strength owing to their higher levels of lignification. Lignin was the principal constituent determining tissue tensile strength and as such it could be used as a turfgrass wear resistance predictor in the cultivar breeding stages. Stolon total soluble sugars were generally inversely proportional to lignin content and, therefore, can also be considered clear markers of tissue mechanical strength. Silica was found to have no influence on the mechanical properties tissues.
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Bhattarai, Shuvash, Patrick P. J. Haydock, Matthew A. Back, Martin C. Hare, and William T. Lankford. "Interactions between the potato cyst nematodes, Globodera pallida, G. rostochiensis, and soil-borne fungus, Rhizoctonia solani (AG3), diseases of potatoes in the glasshouse and the field." Nematology 11, no. 4 (2009): 631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854108x399173.
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Abstract This is the first report of a positive interaction between the nematode Globodera pallida and Rhizoctonia solani diseases of potato, and is an important step in the general understanding of interactions between nematodes and fungal diseases. One glasshouse and two field experiments were performed to investigate interactions between G. pallida or G. rostochiensis and R. solani diseases of potatoes. The glasshouse experiment investigated the independent and combined effects of G. pallida or G. rostochiensis and R. solani on the growth of plants and R. solani disease severity. In the glasshouse experiment the combined effects of G. pallida with R. solani or G. rostochiensis with R. solani showed greater R. solani diseases of potatoes compared with only R. solani. The field experiments examined the development of R. solani diseases on potatoes grown in soil with potato cyst nematode population densities ranging from eight to 140 and four to 50 eggs (g soil)–1 in the years 2006 and 2007, respectively. The 2006 field experiment revealed a clear positive relationship between initial population densities of G. pallida and the incidence of stolons infected by R. solani, subsequent stolon pruning and stem canker. In both field experiments a clear positive relationship was found between densities of nematodes within the potato roots and the incidence of infected stolons, stolon pruning and stem canker. Nematicide applied together with R. solani in the 2007 field experiment reduced the effect of G. pallida on the incidence and severity of diseases caused by R. solani.
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Gandolfo, K. Luisa. "Stolen Youth." American Journal of Islam and Society 23, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i4.1586.
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The subject of child detention is fraught with complexities of both a legaland an emotional nature, particularly when placed in the context of conflict. Founded on the Defence for Children International: Palestine Section’s(DCI/PS) work conducted between 1999 and 2003, the contributors developeda level of expertise in the realm of youth detention in Israeli prisonsthrough research, advocacy work, and the experiences of their colleagues,many of whom were former child detainees. The result is a compelling andoften disquieting read, replete with testimonies by the children, their families,and lawyers which relates the unforgiving conditions and obstacles thatclutter the legal process and place the child at a disadvantage.Edifying and cogent, the authors maintain an objective narrativethroughout, thereby enabling the reader to absorb the circumstances andlegal framework prior to constructing an independent conclusion. In addition,the tables, graphs, and figures corroborate and clarify such subjects asIsraeli position abuse (shabeh), the characteristics of prisons, and key termsrelated to human rights and humanitarian law, as well as a glossary that providesbackground information concerning the noted organizations, statutes,and terminologies ...
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Newcomb, Rachel. "Stolen Honor." American Journal of Islam and Society 26, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v26i4.1373.
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With Stolen Honor: Stigmatizing Muslim Men in Berlin, anthropologistKatherine Ewing has made a timely and valuable contribution to the literatureon Muslims in Europe. Ewing explores the stigmatization of Muslimsof Turkish origin in light of multiple societal controversies ranging fromhonor killings to citizenship tests meant to determine who can belong to theGerman nation.While the focus in both the popularmedia and social scienceliterature has typically been on Muslim women in western societies, StolenHonor offers a novel perspective on men, who are usually overlooked bysocial scientists and demonized by the media ...
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Nwachukwu-Agbada, J. O. J., and Afam Akeh. "Stolen Moments." World Literature Today 64, no. 1 (1990): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40146056.
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Cato, Shaun. "Stolen glances." Lancet 358, no. 9299 (December 2001): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(01)07174-4.
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Bucci, Mirella. "Stolen isoprenoids." Nature Chemical Biology 9, no. 5 (April 17, 2013): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1245.
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