Academic literature on the topic 'Stomatal density'
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Journal articles on the topic "Stomatal density"
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Pauková, Žaneta, and Zuzana Jureková. "Stomatal Density In Miscanthus Leaves." Acta Horticulturae et Regiotectuare 18, no. 2 (2015): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ahr-2015-0009.
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Abstract In this study, the number of stomata per unit area was determined in the perennial energy grass of two genotypes Miscanthus × giganteus (Greef et Deuter) and M. sinensis ‘Tatai’ on arable land in the South-western Slovakia. The dynamics of stomatal density per mm2 was determined by non-destructive method in three randomly selected clumps. The number of stomata per mm2 of area varied from 125 ±23 to 327 ±47, stomatal length ranged from 33.9 ±4.7 μm to 35.3 ±3.4 μm, and stomatal width ranged from 17.5 ±2.3 μm to 18.8 ±2.8 μm in the two genotypes. We confirmed ontogenetic heterogeneity of leaf area size and stomatal size parameters.
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Zhu, Jiyou, Qiang Yu, Chengyang Xu, Jinhang Li, and Guoming Qin. "Rapid Estimation of Stomatal Density and Stomatal Area of Plant Leaves Based on Object-Oriented Classification and Its Ecological Trade-Off Strategy Analysis." Forests 9, no. 10 (2018): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9100616.
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Leaf stomata are important structures used for exchanging matter between plants and the environment, and they are very sensitive to environmental changes. The method of efficiently extracting stomata, as well as measuring stomatal density and area, still lacks established techniques. This study focused on the leaves of Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, and Sophora japonica (L.) Schott grown on different underlying surfaces and carried out an analysis of stomatal information using multiscale segmentation and classification recognition as well as microscopy images of leaf stomata via eCognition Developer 64 software (Munich, Germany). Using this method, we further analyzed the ecological significance of stomata. The results were as follows: (1) The best parameters of stomatal division and automatic extraction rules were scale parameter 120–125 + shape parameter 0.7 + compactness parameter 0.9 + brightness value 160–220 + red light band >95 + shape–density index 1.5–2.2; the accuracy of stomatal density and stomatal area using this method were 98.2% and 95.4%, respectively. (2) There was a very significant correlation among stomatal density, stomatal area, and stomatal shape index under different growing environments. When the stomatal density increased, the stomatal area lowered remarkably and the stomatal shape tended to be flat, suggesting that the plants had adopted some regulatory behavior at the stomatal level that might be an ecological trade-off strategy for plants to adapt to a particular growing environment. These findings provide a new approach and applicable parameters for stomata extraction, which can further calculate the stomatal density and stomatal area and deepen our understanding of the relationship between stomata and the environment. The study provides useful information for urban planners on the breeding and introduction of high-temperature-resistant urban plants.
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Yahya, Roslina Yahya, Hadija Sukri, Nirawati, and Ira Nurhayati Djarot Djarot. "Responses of Stomatal Characteristics to Environmental Factors in Fabaceae Trees of the Urban Forest in Maros Regency." Jurnal Wasian 11, no. 02 (2025): 47–55. https://doi.org/10.62142/xx0wes03.
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The response of plants to environmental conditions is reflected in their stomatal characteristics, including stomatal type, number, and density. This novel research examines the influence of environmental factors on the stomatal characteristics of Fabaceae tree leaves in the Urban Forest of Maros Regency. The study explores the relationship between stomatal traits and environmental variables such as light intensity and air humidity. Data analysis employed Pearson correlation to assess how these variables affect stomatal number and density. The results reveal variations in stomatal types among Fabaceae species: Acacia exhibits diacytic stomata, Dadap Merah (Erythrina crista-galli L) has paracytic stomata, Trembesi shows normocytic stomata, and Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria L) displays cyclocytic stomata. The study also finds that stomatal number and density are higher in the eastern region compared to the western region. Sengon exhibits the highest stomatal number and density among the species studied, whereas Dadap Merah has the lowest. Correlation analysis indicates that only the External Light Intensity of the Stand (ELIS) significantly affects stomatal number and density at the 0.05 (5%) level. Air humidity does not show a significant impact. These findings highlight the role of light intensity in shaping stomatal characteristics in Fabaceae trees within urban forests, contributing to a deeper understanding of plant-environment interactions and their ecological implications.
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Hidayat, Achmad Nur, Ali Mustofa, and Imas Cintamulya. "Kerapatan Stomata pada Daun Mangga (Mangifera indica) di Kawasan PT Semen Gresik Pabrik Tuban Kecamatan Kerek Kabupaten Tuban." Jurnal Biologi UNAND 12, no. 2 (2024): 73–78. https://doi.org/10.25077/jbioua.12.2.73-78.2024.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the density of stomata and stomatal structure on Mango leaves in each ring of the cement factory area. The research is descriptive analysis. Sampling was done through a random survey in the Indonesian cement industry Tuban factory which was divided into 3 rings, namely Ring 1 Ring 2 and Ring 3. The parameters observed were stomatal density and damage. The results showed that the density of stomata in Ring 1 showed a percentage of 0.162 which showed a low density while Ring 2 was 371, 91 which showed a medium density and Ring 3 was 449.07 which showed a medium density. The results presented in Table 2 on the level of stomatal damage show a difference in the percentage of stomatal damage on mango leaves (Mangifera indica) located in Ring 1 and Ring 2. In stomata in Ring 1 with a greater percentage of stomatal damage, which is 34.7% compared to stomatal damage to mango leaves located in Ring 2 by 20.7% and Ring 3 by 11%. The conclusion of this study shows that the density and damage to the stomata of mango leaves (Mangifera indica) can be influenced by the concentration of pollutants. the level of density and stomatal damage in the Semen Indonesia Tuban area shows that the closer to the factory area the higher the level of air pollution which causes the nearest area to have high stomatal damage and high stomatal density.
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Eensalu, Eve, Priit Kupper, Arne Sellin, Märt Rahi, Anu Sõber, and Olevi Kull. "Do stomata operate at the same relative opening range along a canopy profile of Betula pendula?" Functional Plant Biology 35, no. 2 (2008): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp07258.
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Stomatal density and size were measured along the light gradient of a Betula pendula Roth. canopy in relation to microclimatic conditions. The theoretical stomatal conductance was calculated using stomatal density and dimensions to predict to what degree stomatal conductance is related to anatomical properties and relative stomatal opening. Stomatal density was higher and leaf area smaller in the upper canopy, whereas epidermal cell density did not change significantly along the canopy light gradient, indicating that stomatal initiation is responsible for differences in stomatal density. Stomatal dimensions – the length of guard cell on the dorsal side and the guard cell width – decreased with declining light availability. Maximum measured stomatal conductance and modelled stomatal conductance were higher at the top of the crown. The stomata operate closer to their maximum openness and stomatal morphology is a more important determinant of stomatal conductance in the top leaves than in leaves of lower canopy. As stomata usually limit photosynthesis more in upper than in lower canopy, it was concluded that stomatal morphology can principally be important for photosynthesis limitation in upper canopy.
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Pompelli, MF, SCV Martins, EF Celin, MC Ventrella, and FM DaMatta. "What is the influence of ordinary epidermal cells and stomata on the leaf plasticity of coffee plants grown under full-sun and shady conditions?" Brazilian Journal of Biology 70, no. 4 (2010): 1083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842010000500025.
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Stomata are crucial in land plant productivity and survival. In general, with lower irradiance, stomatal and epidermal cell frequency per unit leaf area decreases, whereas guard-cell length or width increases. Nevertheless, the stomatal index is accepted as remaining constant. The aim of this paper to study the influence of ordinary epidermal cells and stomata on leaf plasticity and the influence of these characteristics on stomata density, index, and sizes, in the total number of stomata, as well as the detailed distribution of stomata on a leaf blade. As a result, a highly significant positive correlation (R²a = 0.767 p < 0.001) between stomatal index and stomatal density, and with ordinary epidermal cell density (R²a = 0.500 p < 0.05), and a highly negative correlation between stomatal index and ordinary epidermal cell area (R²a = -0.571 p < 0.001), were obtained. However in no instance was the correlation between stomatal index or stomatal density and stomatal dimensions taken into consideration. The study also indicated that in coffee, the stomatal index was 19.09% in shaded leaves and 20.08% in full-sun leaves. In this sense, variations in the stomatal index by irradiance, its causes and the consequences on plant physiology were discussed.
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Purnama Sari, Baiq Wiwik, Prapti Sedijani, and I. Gde Mertha. "Traffict Density Affects Stomatal Character of Tanjung Plant (Mimusops elengi, L.) in Mataram City." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 21, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i1.2109.
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Increase in traffic density increases air pollution. Air pollution affects plant life physiologically, for the long run it could be morfologically, one of whichs is the stomatal characters. This research aimed to determine the influence of traffic density difference to the stomatal characteristic of Tanjung leaves (Mimusops elengi L.) in Mataram City. Sampling was carried out on 4 designated locations including the Unram Library (control) that has no traffic density, Jl. Dr. Sudjono (Low traffic), Jl. Ahmad Yani and Jl. Majapahit (high traffic). The method used was Post ex Facto, Purposive sampling. The measured parameters included the number of stomata, the number of open and closed stomata, the stomatal index, the stomatal size and the aperture size of the stomata. The research data was analyzed in a qualitative description and in a quantitative description using analysis of Varian (ANOVA). The results showed that the traffic density reduces the number of stamata as well as their size, the number of opended and increased the number of closed stomata, increases stomatal index due to stomatal damage and reduces stomatal aperture in Mataram city. It is concluded that traffic density affects stomatal haracter tanjung plant. Thrence, this finding reveals that stomatal character of tnajnjung plant can be used as air pollution bioindicator.
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Büssis, Dirk, Uritza von Groll, Joachim Fisahn, and Thomas Altmann. "Stomatal aperture can compensate altered stomatal density in Arabidopsis thaliana at growth light conditions." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 11 (2006): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06078.
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Stomatal density of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants over-expressing the SDD1 (stomatal density and distribution) gene was reduced to 40% and in the sdd1-1 mutant increased to 300% of the wild type. CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance of over-expressers and the sdd1-1 mutant were unchanged compared with wild types when measured under the light conditions the plants were exposed to during growth. Lower stomatal density was compensated for by increased stomatal aperture and conversely, increased stomatal density was compensated for by reduced stomatal aperture. At high light intensities the assimilation rates and stomatal conductance of SDD1 over-expressers were reduced to 80% of those in wild type plants. Areas beneath stomata and patches lacking stomata were analysed separately. In areas without stomata, maximum fluorescence yield (Fv / Fm) and quantum yield of photosystem II (Φ PSII) were significantly lower than in areas beneath stomata. In areas beneath stomata, Fv / Fm and Φ PSII were identical to levels measured in wild type leaves. At high light intensities over-expressers showed decreased photochemical quenching (qP) compared with wild types. However, the decrease of qP was significantly stronger in areas without stomata than in mesophyll areas beneath stomata. At high CO2 partial pressures and high light intensities CO2 assimilation rates of SDD1 over-expressers did not reach wild type levels. These results indicate that photosynthesis in SDD1 over-expressers was reduced because of limiting CO2 in areas furthest from stomata at high light.
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Abdulrahaman, A. A., F. O. Egbedo, and F. A. Oladele. "Stomatal complex types, stomatal density, and the stomatal index in some species of dioscorea." Archives of Biological Sciences 61, no. 4 (2009): 847–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0904847a.
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Dioscorea alata L. has three stomatal complex types, namely, paracytic, anisocytic, and tetracytic stomata, with percentage frequency values of 50, 18, and 32, respectively. Dioscorea bulbifera has paracytic and anisocytic stomata, with percentage frequency values of 87.60 and 12.40, respectively. Dioscorea cayenensis has anisocytic stomata, with a percent?age frequency value of 100. Dioscorea dumetorum has tetracytic and paractytic stomata, with percentage frequency values of 91.05 and 8.95, respectively. Both D. esculenta and D. rotundata have paracytic stomata, with a percentage frequency of 100. The range of variation of stomatal density is from 10 (lowest value) in D. alata and D. dumentorum to 27 (highest value) in D. bulbifera. The stomatal index also varies, from 24 in D. alata to 47 in D. cayenensis. The size of stomata in all species is small, varying in length from 0.74 ?m in D. alata to 1.79 ?m in D. dumentorum. An indented dichotomous key based on stomatal features was constructed to distinguish and identify the species.
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Sagaram, Madhulika, Leonardo Lombardini, and L. J. Grauke. "Variation in Leaf Anatomy of Pecan Cultivars from Three Ecogeographic Locations." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, no. 5 (2007): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.132.5.592.
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An assessment of leaf anatomic traits of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] cultivars (Pawnee, Mohawk, and Starking Hardy Giant) collected from three locations (Tifton, GA; Chetopa, KS; and Stillwater, OK) was conducted to provide an understanding of patterns of ecogeographical variation within the natural range. Acetate casts of representative leaves were prepared for microscopic characterization of epidermal traits (stomatal density, stomatal index, and epidermal cell density). There were differences among the three pecan cultivars at the same location, but there were no differences in stomatal density within the same cultivar grown at three distinct locations. The stomatal density of ‘Pawnee’ leaves (404 stomata/mm2) was intermediate between that of ‘Mohawk’ (363 stomata/mm2) and ‘Starking Hardy Giant’ (463 stomata/mm2). ‘Pawnee’ had the greatest epidermal cell density (2511 cells/mm2) whereas ‘Starking Hardy Giant’ showed the least (1414 cells/mm2). Within a location, stomatal index differed significantly among cultivars, with ‘Starking Hardy Giant’ having a greater stomatal index than the other two cultivars. There were no differences in stomatal index across locations. ‘Mohawk’ had the greatest trichome density (18.92 trichomes/mm2) whereas ‘Starking Hardy Giant’ had the lowest (9.6 trichomes/mm2). The study suggests that differences in stomatal density and epidermal cell density in pecans are cultivar specific rather than being determined by environmental factors. The stability of certain leaf anatomic characteristics, such as stomatal and epidermal cell density, for pecan cultivars grown at different locations confirms that these traits can be used for screening provenances with desirable leaf anatomic characteristics for breeding and cultivar development.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stomatal density"
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Dutton, Christian. "Interactions between stomatal density and plant disease." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22749/.
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Metcalfe, Michelle J. "Monitoring environmental features using leaf stomatal characteristics." Thesis, Durham University, 1997. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4698/.
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It is recognised that atmospheric CO(_2) concentrations are increasing, with concerns raised as to the global impact continued rises may have. Plant stomatal parameters have been suggested as a means of monitoring changing CO(_2) levels. In order to assess their suitability for use, a thorough examination of leaf characteristics within a variety of surroundings was undertaken. Environments examined included both natural variations in CO(_2), which incorporated a variety of environmental influences and artificially enhanced ones where it was possible to monitor specific responses to variable CO(_2) levels. A short term study of Ranunculus ficaria, Sambucus nigra and Hedera helix revealed considerable variation in stomatal parameters, with inconsistent responses observed between and within species. These variations could not be attributed to CO(_2) changes and were assigned to a combination of other factors. R. ficaria grown in an artificial environment at ambient and elevated CO(_2) produced significant and consistent changes in stomatal parameters. Stomatal density and index were found to be reduced at elevated CO(_2) concentrations, with a decrease in guard cell dimensions. Salix herbacea, growing along a naturally reduced CO(_2) partial pressure gradient further highlighted the extent of variation in stomatal parameters in extant material within a species. No consistent stomatal trends associated with changing CO(_2) levels were observed. This inherent variation must be considered before any conclusions can be made regarding stomatal parameters obtained from fossil material. The novel application of molecular biology techniques to identify S. herbacea leaves was partially successful. However, identification of leaf macrofossils was not possible, due to the inferior preservation of DNA. However, the technique will provide a useful tool for identification if suitably preserved macrofossil fragments were available. S. herbacea leaf macrofossils revealed no consistent correlation to past changes in CO(_2) levels. The use of as an additional tool with which to monitor environmental change once again showed variation, and was not associated closely with changes in CO(_2) levels or stomatal parameters. In light of this work it would appear that the use of stomatal parameters is of limited value as a model to monitor environmental change, in the absence of information concerning other variables, and as such must be treated with caution.
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Doheny-Adams, Timothy. "Manipulating stomatal density affects plant growth, yield and drought tolerance." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4180/.
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Photosynthesis in leaves is dependent on CO2 reaching mesophyll cells which contain the bulk of chlorophyll, yet most of the leaf is enveloped by a waxy cuticle which is almost impermeable to CO2 and water. Gas exchange is enabled through pores on the leaf epidermis called stomata which are each formed by two specialised guard cells morphologically distinct from general epidermal cells and able to react to their environment by increasing or decreasing cell turgor. This enables the stomatal pores to open or close depending on the plant’s need to acquire CO2 or conserve water, allowing much needed flexibility in plant water relations. The experiments detailed in this thesis have the broad aim of determining correlations between altered stomatal density, stomatal size, leaf gas exchange, drought tolerance, and plant water use efficiency. Most experiments have been carried out on a set of Arabidopsis mutants with altered expression of Epidermal Patterning Factors (EPFs), a peptide family which is involved in the development of stomatal patterning and density on the leaf. Chapter 3 addresses the question of how altering the EPF family of peptides affects leaf morphology and more specifically whether stomatal densities correlate with stomatal size in Arabidopsis plants with altered EPF expression patterns. Chapter 4 examines the leaf gas exchange properties of Arabidopsis and questions whether or not altering stomatal density impacts leaf water use efficiency and photosynthesis. Finally, experiments in chapter 5 highlight how combined changes to leaf morphology and gas exchange due to altered EPF expression impact drought tolerance, seed yield and rosette morphology. Although most of this work was carried out on Arabidopsis plants, stomatal densities and water use efficiencies were also examined in a set of Barley cultivars to determine whether similar trends could be observed in a directly agriculturally useful plant. Results of these experiments and suggested directions to pursue this work in barley are summarised in chapter 6.
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Bhave, Neela S. "Functions and relationships of the TMM and SDD1 genes in arabidopsis stomatal development." The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1195229702.
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Hughes, Jonathan. "Reducing stomatal density in Hordeum vulgare improves drought tolerance and water use efficiency." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19860/.
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Manipulation of the expression of the epidermal patterning factor (EPF) family of secreted signalling peptides in order to regulate stomatal density has previously been demonstrated to improve water use efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana (Franks et al., 2015). Following the sequencing of the barley genome an ortholog of EPF2 was identified and overexpressed. HvEPFL1 overexpression limits both entry into, and progression through, the stomatal lineage. Lines overexpressing HvEPFL1 showed significant increases over controls in terms of both water use efficiency and drought tolerance, without a detrimental effect on grain yield. This suggests that the manipulation of stomatal density could be utilised in order to futureproof crops against future climate change.
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Robertson, Brittany Clare. "Genetic determinants of stomatal density for enhanced water-use efficiency in barley (Hordeum vulgare)." Thesis, Robertson, Brittany Clare (2021) Genetic determinants of stomatal density for enhanced water-use efficiency in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/61572/.
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Low stomatal density correlates with robustness to water deprivation and thus holds potential for the improvement of water-use efficiency (WUE) of commercially relevant crops grown in drought-prone environments. Ranking fourth in terms of global agricultural production, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is especially amenable to reductions in stomatal density without the caveat of yield impacts. In this study, a collection of 313 diverse barley accessions with global geographic origins was screened revealing varieties with low stomatal densities for use in future breeding programs. Through genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) of the globally derived barley population, 17 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified for the trait of stomatal density for use in molecular marker-assisted breeding strategies. The identification of numerous QTLs confirmed that stomatal density in barley is controlled by multiple genetic loci. QTLs revealed following GWAS analysis were aligned to the reference genome and led to the identification of seven candidate genes for stomatal density in barley. A novel candidate gene encoding a putative subtilisin-like protease was revealed following GWAS analysis, located 63Kb (Kilo base pairs) upstream of a QTL identified on chromosome 4. Functional prediction of the candidate gene was ascertained based on sequence homology with the gene ortholog encoding the subtilisin-like protease SDD1 (STOMATAL DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION 1), a known negative regulator of stomatal density in Arabidopsis thaliana. A gene-specific molecular marker was designed for the candidate gene encoding a subtilisin- like protease to select for offspring possessing the candidate gene sequence from low stomatal density barley varieties in subsequent breed improvement. The discovery of the novel candidate gene encoding a subtilisin-like protease indicates that conservation of the stomatal development network extends into the barley lineage. The candidate gene encoding a subtilisin-like protease holds potential for the future improvement of WUE in barley.
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Van, de Water Peter Kent. "δ¹³C and stomatal density variability in modern and fossil leaves of key plants in the western United States". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289058.
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During the last deglaciation, 15,000 to 12,000 calendar years ago, global warming and wholesale shifts in regional precipitation patterns produced dramatic changes in vegetation worldwide. Paleobotanical records, namely pollen and macrofossils, have been used not only to reconstruct shifts in plant distributions and abundances, but also to quantify changes in temperature and precipitation amounts or seasonality. In addition to climatic change, during the full glacial period atmospheric CO₂ values had dropped 30% to 200 ppmv compared to the Holocene, preindustrial value of 280 ppmv. Hypothetically, variations in atmospheric CO₂ affect plant water-use efficiency (carbon gained to plant-water transpired) and thus may have modulated vegetation response as climates change. The studies incorporated in this dissertation focused upon carbon isotope and morphological changes in leaves of key functional groups. The studies concentrated on plant species that are abundant in the fossil record and comprise major floral components of past and present vegetation. Key findings include: (1) that shifts in δ¹³C in modern populations along steep environmental gradients seldom exceeds inter-plant variability at a given site, (2) inter-plant and intra-site variability in modern and historic herbarium collections of the C₄ halophytes Altriplex canescens and A. confertilfolia and packrat midden macrofossils of A. canescens excludes their use as a reliable proxy for atmospheric δ¹³C, (3) calcium-oxalate crystals are common component in plant tissue and can have a significantly different δ¹³C value that increases inter-plant variability, especially in C₄ plants such as Atriplex canescens and A. confertifolia, (4) carbon isotope and stomatal density/index measurements of macrofossils from packrat middens show species specific adaptation in ecophysiological processes as atmospheric CO₂ rose from the full glacial, and (5) the greatest adaptation to low atmospheric CO₂ during the last ice age was in the C₃ species and that C₄ and CAM plants showed few changes in their discrimination against ¹³C or in the number of stomata on their leaf surfaces.
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Lindsey, Alexander Joseph. "Agronomic and Physiological Responses of Modern Drought-Tolerant Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids to Agronomic Production Practices." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1428654442.
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Dobrenz, A. K., J. Cox, B. Munda, and D. Robinson. "Stomate Density and Physiological Measurements on Leaves of Alkali Sacaton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200828.
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Fiorin, Lucia. "Spatial coordination between veins and stomata links water supply with water loss in leaves." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423083.
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The question of how water supply and water loss-adhibited structures integrate in leaves to perform a complex mediation among plant different necessities, and its evolutive implications, has been almost neglected so far.
Hydraulic resistance in leaves accounts for 30% of the total resistance of the plant to water transport (Sack and Holbrook 2006), a dominating component of what being situated within the leaf spongy mesophyll (Cochard, Nardini, and Coll 2004). Only few recent works have identified the length of the water path from veins to evaporating sites as a limiting factor to the transpiration performances of plants (Brodribb, Feild, and Jordan 2007; Brodribb, Feild, and Sack 2010). By estimating the proximity between veins and stomata with the inverse value of vein density, an explaination for angiosperms highest photosynthetic capacity among plants has been found in their superior vein density values (Boyce et al. 2009).
In this dissertation I examined how the spatial arrangements of stomata and veins coordinate in two philogenetically and morphologically diverse groups of both angiosperms and ferns. By sampling species spanning the breadth of vein architecture and phylogenetic diversity I sought to understand whether relationships among spatial traits were general or variable among plants of the same group and among groups.
A method based on image editing and geoprocessing tools was developed and applied in order to spatially relate stomata and veins position on the leaf. The “elementary unit of lamina completely enclosed by veins” was identified as a loop and three new functional traits linking veins and stomata (stomata density per loop lamina, stomata density per loop contour and average minimum distance from stomata to vein walls per loop) were defined. To account for fern branching structures, the definition of loop was then extended to as “the smallest portion of lamina all enclosed by veins and leaf margin”.
In Chapter 2 I present the hypothesis underling my work and I describe how GIS tools can be used on leaves microscope images in order to extract spatial data on vein and stomata arrangement.
In Chapter 3 I examine a dataset on 32 philogenetically diverse angiosperm species and a gymnosperm. Specifically, I compile average values for each species for the functional traits I previously defined. Then I compare values of stomata density and loop size for different position on the leaf in order to verify or exclude the presence of a spatial gradient and I test for general relationships among the functional and geometrical leaf traits.
In Chapter 4 I apply the same methodology to a dataset of 8 diverse fern species.
Finally in Chapter 5 the results for the two groups of plants are jointly discussed in an attempt to unify methodology and evolutive physiology.
This detailed examination of spatial coordination between stomata and veins in both angiosperm and fern species provides some key insights into the evolutive trends leading to the supremacy of a group of plants on the other<br>La questione dell’integrazione tra strutture adibite all’approvvigionamento e all’allontanamento dell’acqua nelle foglie per eseguire la complessa mediazione tra le diverse esigenze della pianta, e le sue implicazioni evolutive, è stata finora praticamente trascurata.
La resistenza idraulica nelle foglie costituisce il 30% della resistenza idraulica totale al trasporto dell’acqua nella pianta (Sack and Holbrook 2006), di questa, una componente dominante si trova all'interno del mesofillo spugnoso (Cochard, Nardini, and Coll 2004). Solo pochi recenti lavori hanno identificato nella lunghezza del percorso dell'acqua dalle venature ai siti di evaporazione un fattore limitante per la traspirazione della pianta (Brodribb, Feild, and Jordan 2007; Brodribb, Feild, and Sack 2010).
Stimando la distanza tra vene e stomi come il reciproco della densità delle venature, la capacità fotosintetica delle angiosperme, massima tra le piante, è stata spiegata attraverso la loro preminente densità di venature (Boyce et al. 2009)
In questa tesi ho esaminato in che modo le disposizioni spaziali di vene e stomi risultano coordinate tra loro in due gruppi di specie di felci e angiosperme filogeneticamente e morfologicamente diverse tra loro. Campionando specie che abbracciassero la gamma delle possibili architetture delle venature e della diversità filogenetica ho cercato di capire se le relazioni tra caratteristiche spaziali erano o meno generali tra le piante di uno stesso gruppo e tra i due gruppi.
Per riferire la posizione degli stomi a quella delle venature sulla foglia è stato sviluppato e applicato un metodo basato sulla modifica di immagini e sull’uso di strumenti di georeferenziazione. “L'unità elementare di lamina completamente racchiusa da vene” è stata identificata come loop (areola) e sono stati definiti tre nuovi tratti funzionali che collegano vene e stomi (la densità stomatica riferita all’ area dei loop, la densità stomatica riferita a contorno dei loop e la media per ogni loop delle distanze minime degli stomi dalle pareti delle venature). Per tener conto del fatto che alcune felci presentavano strutture ramificate aperte, la definizione di loop è stata successivamente estesa a “la più piccola porzione di lamina completamente racchiusa da vene e margine fogliare”.
Nel capitolo 2 presento le ipotesi generali sottese al lavoro e descrivo come il GIS può essere applicato a immagini di foglie fatte al microscopio, al fine di estrarre dati sulla disposizione spaziale di vene e stomi.
Nel capitolo 3 esamino un set 32 specie di angiosperme filogeneticamente diverse e una gimnosperma. In particolare, riporto i valori medi per ciascuna specie dei tratti funzionali definiti in precedenza. Poi confronto i valori di densità stomatica e dimensione dei loop per diverse posizioni sulla foglia con lo scopo di verificare o escludere la presenza di un gradiente spaziale e testo la sussistenza di relazioni generali tra i tratti funzionali e geometrici della foglia.
Nel capitolo 4 gli stessi metodi sono applicati ad un set di otto diverse specie di felci.
Infine, nel capitolo 5 i risultati sono esaminati congiuntamente per i due gruppi di piante nell’intento di unificare metodologia di lavoro con fisiologia evolutiva.
Il dettagliato esame sul coordinamento spaziale tra stomi e venature compiuto su specie di angiosperme e di felci fornisce alcuni spunti fondamentali sulle tendenze evolutive che portano alla supremazia di un gruppo di piante dall'altro
Books on the topic "Stomatal density"
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Lu, Shengjun. Seasonal and diurnal trends of leaf water potential and stomatal conductance of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong) growing along a density gradient in western Oregon. 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Stomatal density"
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Beerling, D. J., and F. I. Woodward. "Stomatal Density Responses to Global Environmental Change." In Advances in Bioclimatology_4. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61132-2_4.
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Visser, A. J., M. Tosserams, M. W. Groen, et al. "The combined effects of CO2 concentration and enhanced UV-B radiation on faba bean. 3. Leaf optical properties, pigments, stomatal index and epidermal cell density." In UV-B and Biosphere. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5718-6_19.
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Bhugra, Swati, Deepak Mishra, Anupama Anupama, et al. "Deep Convolutional Neural Networks Based Framework for Estimation of Stomata Density and Structure from Microscopic Images." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11024-6_31.
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"Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Stomatal Density." In Elevated Carbon Dioxide. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10812-11.
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Sudheer, Wudali Narasimha, Akshatha Banadka, Praveen Nagella, and Jameel M. Al-Khayri. "Flow Cytometry Analysis of In Vitro Induced Polyploidy in Plants." In Genome Size and Genetic Homogeneity of Regenerated Plants: Methods and Applications. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815165555123010009.
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Polyploidy is the condition of having more than two sets of chromosomes. The mechanism of polyploidy helps in deriving special traits like an increase in biomass, an increase in the size of various organ systems, and secondary metabolite content for the progeny. Various chemical compounds (colchicine, trifluralin, and oryzalin) that have the capacity to alter the mitotic cycle were used for the purpose of inducing polyploidy. Various techniques, such as counting of chromosome number, chloroplast number, determination of pollen diameter, and estimation of leaf stomatal density and size, were developed to analyze the polyploidy of the plants. However, these methods are not reliable for their regular use. Thus, of all the above-mentioned approaches, the estimation of ploidy level by flow cytometry (FCM) has been the most popular over the last few decades. Flow cytometry is now extensively used for the verification of haploidy, aneuploidy, and polyploidy. The ease of sample preparation, fast acquisition, and accurate measurements have made the method popular in the domains of plant cell biology, systematics, evolution, genetics, and biotechnology. The current chapter discusses the induction of polyploidy and its importance in plant breeding. It also emphasizes the importance of FCM in the analysis of polyploidy and enumerates the various polyploidy studies involving the application of FCM.
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Dhansu, Pooja, Arun Kumar Raja, Krishnapriya Vengavasi, et al. "Physiological and Molecular Adaptation of Sugarcane under Drought vis-a-vis Root System Traits." In Drought - Impacts and Management [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103795.
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Among various abiotic stresses, water is reported as a rare entity in many parts of the world. Decreased frequency of precipitation and global temperature rise will further aggravate the situation in future. Being C4 plant, sugarcane requires generous water for the proper growth. Plant root system primarily supports above-ground growth by anchoring in the soil and facilitates water and nutrients uptake from the soil. The plasticity and dynamic nature of roots endow plants for the uptake of vital nutrients from the soil even under soil moisture conditions. In sugarcane, the major part of root system are generally observed in the upper soil layers, while limited water availability shifts the root growth towards the lower soil layer to sustained water uptake. In addition, root traits are directly related to physiological traits of the shoot to cope up with water limited situations via reduction in stomatal conductance and an upsurge in density and deep root traits, adaptations at biochemical and molecular level which includes osmotic adjustment and ROS detoxification. Under stressed conditions, these complex interactive systems adjust homeo-statically to minimize the adverse impacts of stress and sustain balanced metabolism. Therefore, the present chapter deals with physiological and biochemical traits along with root traits that helps for better productivity of sugarcane under water-limited conditions.
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Nedukha, Olena. "Tolerance of Plant Cell Wall to Environment." In Plant Response Mechanisms to Abiotic Stresses [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105452.
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Drought and flooding of soil are negatively factors for growth and development of plants. Exogenous factors, including moisture of soil, intensity of sun light, temperature, salinization, the content and diffusion rate of CO2 and O2 is main that influence terrestrial and flood plants. Cell walls actively participate in the mechanisms of plant adaptation to drought and flooding. It has been established that the resistance of plants to unfavorable environmental conditions is due to the plasticity of the structural, biochemical and functional characteristics of plant cell walls, that manifests itself in a change of ultrastructure cell walls, density of stomata and wax in leaf epidermis, compacting or loosening of cell walls, presence of cuticle pores, change of content of crystalline and amorphous cellulose, hemicellulose, callose and lignin and change in a ratio of syringyl/quajacyl monolignols and also expression of the specific genes.
Conference papers on the topic "Stomatal density"
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Wakefield, Sam, Bruce Topp, and Mobashwer Alam. "Crown Position and Rootstock Genotype Influence Leaf Stomatal Density in Macadamia sp." In IECPS 2021. MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecps2021-11922.
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Jian, Shengqi, Chuanyan Zhao, and Yang Zhao. "Based on remote sensing processing technology estimating leaves stomatal density of Populus euphratica." In IGARSS 2011 - 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2011.6049186.
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"Deciphering the function and regulation of VviEPFL9 paralogs to modulate stomatal density in grapevine through New Genomic Techniques." In Flash - New biotechnological tools. International Viticulture and Enology Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58233/f06gjnbw.
Full textReports on the topic "Stomatal density"
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Fromm, Hillel, Michael V. Mickelbart, Yaakov Tadmor, and Paul Michael Hasegawa. Controlling water use efficiency and drought tolerance through the GTL1-SDD1 stomatal density switch. United States Department of Agriculture, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598172.bard.
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Fromm, Hillel, Paul Michael Hasegawa, and Aaron Fait. Calcium-regulated Transcription Factors Mediating Carbon Metabolism in Response to Drought. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699847.bard.
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Original objectives: The long-term goal of the proposed research is to elucidate the transcription factors, genes and metabolic networks involved in carbon metabolism and partitioning in response to water deficit. The proposed research focuses on the GTLcalcium/calmodulinbindingTFs and the gene and metabolic networks modulated by these TFs in Arabidopsis thaliana. The specific objectives are as follows. Objective-1 (USA): Physiological analyses of GTL1 loss- and gain-of-function plants under water sufficient and drought stress conditions Objective 2 (USA / Israel-TAU): Characterizion of GTL target genes and bioinformatic analysis of data to eulcidate gene-network topology. Objective-3 (Israel-TAU): Regulation of GTLmediated transcription by Ca²⁺/calmodulin: mechanism and biological significance. Objective-4 (Israel-BGU): Metabolic networks and carbon partitioning in response to drought. Additional direction: In the course of the project we added another direction, which was reported in the 2nd annual report, to elucidate genes controlling drought avoidance. The TAU team has isolated a few unhydrotropic (hyd) mutants and are in the process of mapping these mutations (of hyd13 and hyd15; see last year's report for a description of these mutants under salt stress) in the Arabidopsis genome by map-based cloning and deep sequencing. For this purpose, each hyd mutant was crossed with a wild type plant of the Landsberg ecotype, and at the F2 stage, 500-700 seedlings showing the unhydrotropic phenotype were collected separately and pooled DNA samples were subkected to the Illumina deep sequencing technology. Bioinformatics were used to identify the exact genomic positions of the mutations (based on a comparison of the genomic sequences of the two Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes (Columbia and Landsberg). Background: To feed the 9 billion people or more, expected to live on Earth by the mid 21st century, the production of high-quality food must increase substantially. Based on a 2009 Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security, a target of 70% more global food production by the year 2050 was marked, an unprecedented food-production growth rate. Importantly, due to the larger areas of low-yielding land globally, low-yielding environments offer the greatest opportunity for substantial increases in global food production. Nowadays, 70% of the global available water is used by agriculture, and 40% of the world food is produced from irrigated soils. Therefore, much needs to be done towards improving the efficiency of water use by plants, accompanied by increased crop yield production under water-limiting conditions. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: We established that AtGTL1 (Arabidopsis thaliana GT-2 LIKE1) is a focal determinant in water deficit (drought) signaling and tolerance, and water use efficiency (WUE). The GTL1 transcription factor is an upstream regulator of stomatal development as a transrepressor of AtSDD1, which encodes a subtilisin protease that activates a MAP kinase pathway that negatively regulates stomatal lineage and density. GTL1 binds to the core GT3 cis-element in the SDD1 promoter and transrepresses its expression under water-sufficient conditions. GTL1 loss-of-function mutants have reduced stomatal number and transpiration, and enhanced drought tolerance and WUE. In this case, higher WUE under water sufficient conditions occurs without reduction in absolute biomass accumulation or carbon assimilation, indicating that gtl1-mediated effects on stomatal conductance and transpiration do not substantially affect CO₂ uptake. These results are proof-of-concept that fine-tuned regulation of stomatal density can result in drought tolerance and higher WUE with maintenance of yield stability. Implications: Accomplishments during the IS-4243-09R project provide unique tools for continued discovery research to enhance plant drought tolerance and WUE.
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Tor-ngern, Pantana. โครงการค่าประสิทธิภาพการใช้น้ำของพันธุ์ไม้ริมถนนเพื่อการจัดการพื้นที่สีเขียวในเขตเมือง : รายงานวิจัยฉบับสมบูรณ์. Chulalongkorn University, 2019. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2019.19.
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Urban trees provide several ecosystem services, yet they are less studied compared to trees in natural ecosystems. Investigating ecophysiological responses of different tree species to seasonal conditions and drought will help determine which would succeed in urban conditions. Here, we examined water use characteristics of common species in Bangkok, Thailand: Pterocarpus indicus (Pi), Swietenia macrophylla (Sm) and Lagerstroemia speciose (Ls), with different phenology, under seasonal variations and soil drying. Thirty small trees were potted and irrigated to ≥80% of the field capacity (0FC) of the soil. Granier-type sensors were used to measure sap flux density from 23 August to 18 December 2017. Drought treatments were imposed on five trees of each species by withholding irrigation until 0 reached -50% 0FC. Results suggested that water use patterns of semi-evergreen and evergreen species (Pi and Sm) were not sensitive to either seasonal or soil moisture variations while deciduous species (Ls) exhibited decreased water use and earlier stomatal closure upon soil drying in the dry season. These findings suggested that water use characteristics of the evergreen species may conserve water use regardless of atmospheric and soil moisture conditions while those of the deciduous species may result in high cost for irrigation in the wet season. Nevertheless, we believe that both evergreen and deciduous species may be selected for planting to maximize greening areas in cities throughout the year. However, knowledge of different water use characteristics of street tree species should be applied to devise strategic planning for optimized irrigation in urban greening.
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Paterson, Andrew H., Yehoshua Saranga, and Dan Yakir. Improving Productivity of Cotton (Gossypsum spp.) in Arid Region Agriculture: An Integrated Physiological/Genetic Approach. United States Department of Agriculture, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573066.bard.
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Objectives: We seek to establish the basis for improving cotton productivity under arid conditions, by studying the water use efficiency - evaporative cooling interrelationship. Specifically, we will test the hypothesis that cotton productivity under arid conditions can be improved by combining high seasonal WUE with efficient evaporative cooling, evaluate whether high WUE and/or evaporative cooling are based on specific physiological factors such as diurnal flexibility in stomatal conductance, stomatal density, photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence, and plant water status. Genes influencing both WUE and evaporative cooling, as well as other parameters such as economic products (lint yield, quality, harvest index) of cotton will also be mapped, in order to evaluate influences of water relations on these parameters. Approach: Carbon isotope ratio will be used to evaluate WUE, accompanied by additional parameters to elucidate the relationship between WUE, evaporative cooling, and cotton productivity. A detailed RFLP map will be used to determine the number, location, and phenotypic effects of genes underlying genetic variation in WUE between cultivated cottons, as well as test associations of these genes with traits of economic importance such as harvest index, lint yield, and lint quality. Major Conclusions: Productivity and quality of cotton grown under well-watered versus water-limited conditions was shown to be partly accounted for by different quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Among a suite of physiological traits often found to differ between genotypes adapted to arid versus well-watered conditions, genetic mapping implicated only reduced plant osmotic potential in improved cotton productivity under arid conditions. Our findings clearly implicate OP as a major component of cotton adaptation to arid conditions. However, testing of further physiological hypotheses is clearly needed to account for additional QTL alleles conferring higher seed-cotton yield under arid conditions, such as three of the five we found. Near-isogenic lines being made for QTLs discovered herein will offer a powerful new tool useful toward identification of the underlying gene(s) by using fine-scale mapping approaches (Paterson et al 1990). Implications: Adaptation to both arid and favorable conditions can be combined into the same genotype. We have identified diagnostic DNA markers that are being applied to creation of such desirable genotypes. Simultaneous improvement of productivity (and/or quality) for both arid and irrigated conditions will require more extensive field testing and the manipulation of larger numbers of genes, reducing the expected rate of genetic gain These difficulties may be at least partly ameliorated by efficiencies gained through identification and use of diagnostic DNA markers. Genomic tools and approaches may expedite adaptation of crops to arid cultivation, help to test roles of additional physiological factors, and guide the isolation of the underlying genes that protect crop performance under arid conditions.