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1
Pauková, Žaneta, and Zuzana Jureková. "Stomatal Density In Miscanthus Leaves." Acta Horticulturae et Regiotectuare 18, no. 2 (2015): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ahr-2015-0009.
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Abstract In this study, the number of stomata per unit area was determined in the perennial energy grass of two genotypes Miscanthus × giganteus (Greef et Deuter) and M. sinensis ‘Tatai’ on arable land in the South-western Slovakia. The dynamics of stomatal density per mm2 was determined by non-destructive method in three randomly selected clumps. The number of stomata per mm2 of area varied from 125 ±23 to 327 ±47, stomatal length ranged from 33.9 ±4.7 μm to 35.3 ±3.4 μm, and stomatal width ranged from 17.5 ±2.3 μm to 18.8 ±2.8 μm in the two genotypes. We confirmed ontogenetic heterogeneity of leaf area size and stomatal size parameters.
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Zhu, Jiyou, Qiang Yu, Chengyang Xu, Jinhang Li, and Guoming Qin. "Rapid Estimation of Stomatal Density and Stomatal Area of Plant Leaves Based on Object-Oriented Classification and Its Ecological Trade-Off Strategy Analysis." Forests 9, no. 10 (2018): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9100616.
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Leaf stomata are important structures used for exchanging matter between plants and the environment, and they are very sensitive to environmental changes. The method of efficiently extracting stomata, as well as measuring stomatal density and area, still lacks established techniques. This study focused on the leaves of Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, and Sophora japonica (L.) Schott grown on different underlying surfaces and carried out an analysis of stomatal information using multiscale segmentation and classification recognition as well as microscopy images of leaf stomata via eCognition Developer 64 software (Munich, Germany). Using this method, we further analyzed the ecological significance of stomata. The results were as follows: (1) The best parameters of stomatal division and automatic extraction rules were scale parameter 120–125 + shape parameter 0.7 + compactness parameter 0.9 + brightness value 160–220 + red light band >95 + shape–density index 1.5–2.2; the accuracy of stomatal density and stomatal area using this method were 98.2% and 95.4%, respectively. (2) There was a very significant correlation among stomatal density, stomatal area, and stomatal shape index under different growing environments. When the stomatal density increased, the stomatal area lowered remarkably and the stomatal shape tended to be flat, suggesting that the plants had adopted some regulatory behavior at the stomatal level that might be an ecological trade-off strategy for plants to adapt to a particular growing environment. These findings provide a new approach and applicable parameters for stomata extraction, which can further calculate the stomatal density and stomatal area and deepen our understanding of the relationship between stomata and the environment. The study provides useful information for urban planners on the breeding and introduction of high-temperature-resistant urban plants.
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Yahya, Roslina Yahya, Hadija Sukri, Nirawati, and Ira Nurhayati Djarot Djarot. "Responses of Stomatal Characteristics to Environmental Factors in Fabaceae Trees of the Urban Forest in Maros Regency." Jurnal Wasian 11, no. 02 (2025): 47–55. https://doi.org/10.62142/xx0wes03.
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The response of plants to environmental conditions is reflected in their stomatal characteristics, including stomatal type, number, and density. This novel research examines the influence of environmental factors on the stomatal characteristics of Fabaceae tree leaves in the Urban Forest of Maros Regency. The study explores the relationship between stomatal traits and environmental variables such as light intensity and air humidity. Data analysis employed Pearson correlation to assess how these variables affect stomatal number and density. The results reveal variations in stomatal types among Fabaceae species: Acacia exhibits diacytic stomata, Dadap Merah (Erythrina crista-galli L) has paracytic stomata, Trembesi shows normocytic stomata, and Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria L) displays cyclocytic stomata. The study also finds that stomatal number and density are higher in the eastern region compared to the western region. Sengon exhibits the highest stomatal number and density among the species studied, whereas Dadap Merah has the lowest. Correlation analysis indicates that only the External Light Intensity of the Stand (ELIS) significantly affects stomatal number and density at the 0.05 (5%) level. Air humidity does not show a significant impact. These findings highlight the role of light intensity in shaping stomatal characteristics in Fabaceae trees within urban forests, contributing to a deeper understanding of plant-environment interactions and their ecological implications.
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Hidayat, Achmad Nur, Ali Mustofa, and Imas Cintamulya. "Kerapatan Stomata pada Daun Mangga (Mangifera indica) di Kawasan PT Semen Gresik Pabrik Tuban Kecamatan Kerek Kabupaten Tuban." Jurnal Biologi UNAND 12, no. 2 (2024): 73–78. https://doi.org/10.25077/jbioua.12.2.73-78.2024.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the density of stomata and stomatal structure on Mango leaves in each ring of the cement factory area. The research is descriptive analysis. Sampling was done through a random survey in the Indonesian cement industry Tuban factory which was divided into 3 rings, namely Ring 1 Ring 2 and Ring 3. The parameters observed were stomatal density and damage. The results showed that the density of stomata in Ring 1 showed a percentage of 0.162 which showed a low density while Ring 2 was 371, 91 which showed a medium density and Ring 3 was 449.07 which showed a medium density. The results presented in Table 2 on the level of stomatal damage show a difference in the percentage of stomatal damage on mango leaves (Mangifera indica) located in Ring 1 and Ring 2. In stomata in Ring 1 with a greater percentage of stomatal damage, which is 34.7% compared to stomatal damage to mango leaves located in Ring 2 by 20.7% and Ring 3 by 11%. The conclusion of this study shows that the density and damage to the stomata of mango leaves (Mangifera indica) can be influenced by the concentration of pollutants. the level of density and stomatal damage in the Semen Indonesia Tuban area shows that the closer to the factory area the higher the level of air pollution which causes the nearest area to have high stomatal damage and high stomatal density.
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Eensalu, Eve, Priit Kupper, Arne Sellin, Märt Rahi, Anu Sõber, and Olevi Kull. "Do stomata operate at the same relative opening range along a canopy profile of Betula pendula?" Functional Plant Biology 35, no. 2 (2008): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp07258.
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Stomatal density and size were measured along the light gradient of a Betula pendula Roth. canopy in relation to microclimatic conditions. The theoretical stomatal conductance was calculated using stomatal density and dimensions to predict to what degree stomatal conductance is related to anatomical properties and relative stomatal opening. Stomatal density was higher and leaf area smaller in the upper canopy, whereas epidermal cell density did not change significantly along the canopy light gradient, indicating that stomatal initiation is responsible for differences in stomatal density. Stomatal dimensions – the length of guard cell on the dorsal side and the guard cell width – decreased with declining light availability. Maximum measured stomatal conductance and modelled stomatal conductance were higher at the top of the crown. The stomata operate closer to their maximum openness and stomatal morphology is a more important determinant of stomatal conductance in the top leaves than in leaves of lower canopy. As stomata usually limit photosynthesis more in upper than in lower canopy, it was concluded that stomatal morphology can principally be important for photosynthesis limitation in upper canopy.
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Pompelli, MF, SCV Martins, EF Celin, MC Ventrella, and FM DaMatta. "What is the influence of ordinary epidermal cells and stomata on the leaf plasticity of coffee plants grown under full-sun and shady conditions?" Brazilian Journal of Biology 70, no. 4 (2010): 1083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842010000500025.
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Stomata are crucial in land plant productivity and survival. In general, with lower irradiance, stomatal and epidermal cell frequency per unit leaf area decreases, whereas guard-cell length or width increases. Nevertheless, the stomatal index is accepted as remaining constant. The aim of this paper to study the influence of ordinary epidermal cells and stomata on leaf plasticity and the influence of these characteristics on stomata density, index, and sizes, in the total number of stomata, as well as the detailed distribution of stomata on a leaf blade. As a result, a highly significant positive correlation (R²a = 0.767 p < 0.001) between stomatal index and stomatal density, and with ordinary epidermal cell density (R²a = 0.500 p < 0.05), and a highly negative correlation between stomatal index and ordinary epidermal cell area (R²a = -0.571 p < 0.001), were obtained. However in no instance was the correlation between stomatal index or stomatal density and stomatal dimensions taken into consideration. The study also indicated that in coffee, the stomatal index was 19.09% in shaded leaves and 20.08% in full-sun leaves. In this sense, variations in the stomatal index by irradiance, its causes and the consequences on plant physiology were discussed.
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Purnama Sari, Baiq Wiwik, Prapti Sedijani, and I. Gde Mertha. "Traffict Density Affects Stomatal Character of Tanjung Plant (Mimusops elengi, L.) in Mataram City." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 21, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i1.2109.
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Increase in traffic density increases air pollution. Air pollution affects plant life physiologically, for the long run it could be morfologically, one of whichs is the stomatal characters. This research aimed to determine the influence of traffic density difference to the stomatal characteristic of Tanjung leaves (Mimusops elengi L.) in Mataram City. Sampling was carried out on 4 designated locations including the Unram Library (control) that has no traffic density, Jl. Dr. Sudjono (Low traffic), Jl. Ahmad Yani and Jl. Majapahit (high traffic). The method used was Post ex Facto, Purposive sampling. The measured parameters included the number of stomata, the number of open and closed stomata, the stomatal index, the stomatal size and the aperture size of the stomata. The research data was analyzed in a qualitative description and in a quantitative description using analysis of Varian (ANOVA). The results showed that the traffic density reduces the number of stamata as well as their size, the number of opended and increased the number of closed stomata, increases stomatal index due to stomatal damage and reduces stomatal aperture in Mataram city. It is concluded that traffic density affects stomatal haracter tanjung plant. Thrence, this finding reveals that stomatal character of tnajnjung plant can be used as air pollution bioindicator.
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Büssis, Dirk, Uritza von Groll, Joachim Fisahn, and Thomas Altmann. "Stomatal aperture can compensate altered stomatal density in Arabidopsis thaliana at growth light conditions." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 11 (2006): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06078.
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Stomatal density of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants over-expressing the SDD1 (stomatal density and distribution) gene was reduced to 40% and in the sdd1-1 mutant increased to 300% of the wild type. CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance of over-expressers and the sdd1-1 mutant were unchanged compared with wild types when measured under the light conditions the plants were exposed to during growth. Lower stomatal density was compensated for by increased stomatal aperture and conversely, increased stomatal density was compensated for by reduced stomatal aperture. At high light intensities the assimilation rates and stomatal conductance of SDD1 over-expressers were reduced to 80% of those in wild type plants. Areas beneath stomata and patches lacking stomata were analysed separately. In areas without stomata, maximum fluorescence yield (Fv / Fm) and quantum yield of photosystem II (Φ PSII) were significantly lower than in areas beneath stomata. In areas beneath stomata, Fv / Fm and Φ PSII were identical to levels measured in wild type leaves. At high light intensities over-expressers showed decreased photochemical quenching (qP) compared with wild types. However, the decrease of qP was significantly stronger in areas without stomata than in mesophyll areas beneath stomata. At high CO2 partial pressures and high light intensities CO2 assimilation rates of SDD1 over-expressers did not reach wild type levels. These results indicate that photosynthesis in SDD1 over-expressers was reduced because of limiting CO2 in areas furthest from stomata at high light.
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Abdulrahaman, A. A., F. O. Egbedo, and F. A. Oladele. "Stomatal complex types, stomatal density, and the stomatal index in some species of dioscorea." Archives of Biological Sciences 61, no. 4 (2009): 847–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0904847a.
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Dioscorea alata L. has three stomatal complex types, namely, paracytic, anisocytic, and tetracytic stomata, with percentage frequency values of 50, 18, and 32, respectively. Dioscorea bulbifera has paracytic and anisocytic stomata, with percentage frequency values of 87.60 and 12.40, respectively. Dioscorea cayenensis has anisocytic stomata, with a percent?age frequency value of 100. Dioscorea dumetorum has tetracytic and paractytic stomata, with percentage frequency values of 91.05 and 8.95, respectively. Both D. esculenta and D. rotundata have paracytic stomata, with a percentage frequency of 100. The range of variation of stomatal density is from 10 (lowest value) in D. alata and D. dumentorum to 27 (highest value) in D. bulbifera. The stomatal index also varies, from 24 in D. alata to 47 in D. cayenensis. The size of stomata in all species is small, varying in length from 0.74 ?m in D. alata to 1.79 ?m in D. dumentorum. An indented dichotomous key based on stomatal features was constructed to distinguish and identify the species.
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Sagaram, Madhulika, Leonardo Lombardini, and L. J. Grauke. "Variation in Leaf Anatomy of Pecan Cultivars from Three Ecogeographic Locations." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, no. 5 (2007): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.132.5.592.
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An assessment of leaf anatomic traits of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] cultivars (Pawnee, Mohawk, and Starking Hardy Giant) collected from three locations (Tifton, GA; Chetopa, KS; and Stillwater, OK) was conducted to provide an understanding of patterns of ecogeographical variation within the natural range. Acetate casts of representative leaves were prepared for microscopic characterization of epidermal traits (stomatal density, stomatal index, and epidermal cell density). There were differences among the three pecan cultivars at the same location, but there were no differences in stomatal density within the same cultivar grown at three distinct locations. The stomatal density of ‘Pawnee’ leaves (404 stomata/mm2) was intermediate between that of ‘Mohawk’ (363 stomata/mm2) and ‘Starking Hardy Giant’ (463 stomata/mm2). ‘Pawnee’ had the greatest epidermal cell density (2511 cells/mm2) whereas ‘Starking Hardy Giant’ showed the least (1414 cells/mm2). Within a location, stomatal index differed significantly among cultivars, with ‘Starking Hardy Giant’ having a greater stomatal index than the other two cultivars. There were no differences in stomatal index across locations. ‘Mohawk’ had the greatest trichome density (18.92 trichomes/mm2) whereas ‘Starking Hardy Giant’ had the lowest (9.6 trichomes/mm2). The study suggests that differences in stomatal density and epidermal cell density in pecans are cultivar specific rather than being determined by environmental factors. The stability of certain leaf anatomic characteristics, such as stomatal and epidermal cell density, for pecan cultivars grown at different locations confirms that these traits can be used for screening provenances with desirable leaf anatomic characteristics for breeding and cultivar development.
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Espinoza, Sergio, Samuel Ortega-Farías, and Luis Ahumada-Orellana. "Characterization of stomatal density and size of different vitis vinifera L. cultivars growing in Mediterranean climate conditions." Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola 39, no. 1 (2024): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ctv/ctv2024390114.
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The stomatal traits of 13 red and white grapevine cultivars of Vitis vinifera L. established in a cultivar collection garden in central Chile were characterized in this study. The cultivars examined were ‘Cabernet Franc’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Carmenere’, ‘Cot’, ‘Grenache’, ‘Merlot’, ‘Mourvedre’, ‘Pinot Noir’, ‘Syrah’, ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Marzanne’, ‘Roussane’, and ‘Sauvignon Blanc’. Transparent nail polish peel prints in four adult leaves per vine were obtained and examined under a light microscope at 10 ×. The number of stomata in 0.196 mm2 was counted, and their length and width were measured using image analysis software. With these variables, the stomatal area and stomatal density were obtained. The ‘Cot’ cultivar had the largest stomata and stomatal area, while the ‘Mourvedre’ cultivar had the smallest stomata and stomatal area. ‘Chardonnay’ had the highest number of stomata and stomatal density, while ‘Carmenere’ had the lowest. The red grapevine cultivars exhibited larger and fewer stomata than the white grapevine cultivars, corroborating different adaptations for the environmental modulation of stomatal conductance and transpiration.
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,, Sulassih, Joko Mulyono, Muhamad Syukur, Sofyan Zaman, Muharama Yora, and Abdul Hakim. "Keragaman Stomata Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Moench)." Comm. Horticulturae Journal 2, no. 2 (2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/chj.2.2.41-45.
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Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Moench.) is high nutrition compound potential for diabetes and Alzheimer. Yield is one of the characters have to improve in plant breeding program through stomata characterization. The variability for 14 genotypes showed significantly for stomatal length, stomatal width, epidermal cell number, chloroplast number, stomatal number, stomatal index and stomatal density. Stomatal density for P2 was 256.80 mm2 that was nonsignificant with Zahira (265.31 mm2) and Naila (204.08 mm2). Genotypes P2, Zahira and Naila showed low stomatal density that mean efficiency for water management in leaves. The high stomatal index causing high photosynthesis and high yield. Stomatal index were high for genotypes P1 (40.31) and P2 (35.69). Naila has low stomatal index but Zahira as significant as genotype P2. Zahira could be high yield genotype candidate.Keyword : candidate, density, index, genotype
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Rutland, Rufus Burr, Hsiao-Lan Liang Chang, and James E. Pallas. "Stomatal Density of Snapdragon as a Possible Determinant of Transpiration." HortScience 22, no. 4 (1987): 599–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.4.599.
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Abstract Ten heat-resistant cultivars of Antirrhinum majus L. (snapdragon) were grown under summer greenhouse conditions. Transpiration was measured in relation to leaf area and stomatal density. Stomatal density did not correlate with daily transpiration. Total leaf area and the total number of stomata per plant did correlate with daily transpiration. One cultivar (Oklahoma) had high stomatal density, but wilted less and had lower stomatal specific transpiration than other cultivars. Superior growth and inflorescence of that cultivar was not explained on the basis of stomatal characteristics. The abaxial surface had higher stomatal density than the adaxial surface of a leaf. Stomatal densities were consistently lowest on leaves near the apex of stems and highest on leaves near the base.
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Chandirakala, R., and J. Shanalin. "Extrication of Stomatal Traits on Yield in Red Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Genotypes." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 14, no. 1 (2025): 154–58. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2025.1401.012.
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Stomatal traits, including stomatal density (SD), stomatal index (SI) and stomatal size are critical determinants of physiological parameters viz., stomatal conductivity, transpiration and ultimately plant productivity. This study aimed to unravel the impact of stomatal traits on yield potential in red sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genotypes. A total of 10red sorghum genotypes of the cross CO 32 X Paiyur 2 were analysed for stomatal density (SD), stomatal index (SI), stomatal length (SL), stomatal width (SW), number of stomata (NS) along with leaf characteristics like Leaf Number (NL), Leaf Length (LL), and Leaf Width (LW)under field condition. Single Plant Yield (SPY), the main productivity indicator was also measured in all the genotypes. Statistical analysis on correlation between stomatal traits, leaf traits and single plant yield revealed significant positive association between stomatal density and stomatal index (r = 0.87, p < 0.01). Similar trend was also observed between stomatal density and stomatal size (SL: r = 0.15, p < 0.05; SW: r = 0.50, p < 0.05). Leaf traits such as Leaf Length (LL) (r = 0.10, p < 0.01), Leaf Width (LW) (r = 0.22, p < 0.01), Number of leaves (NL) (r = 0.42, p < 0.01) and Number of Stomata (NS) (r = 0.29, p < 0.01) were also positively correlated with Single Plant Yield (SPY). These findings indicated that stomatal traits, particularly density and size, along with leaf size, play a significant role in influencing sorghum productivity, especially under water-limited conditions. This study highlighted the potential for using stomatal traits as markers for improving yield in red sorghum. Further these findings provided valuable insights for breeding strategies aimed at enhancing water use efficiency and productivity in the face of climate change.
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Siahaan, Febrina Artauli, and Dewi Lestari. "Stomatal Characteristics in Three Groups of Mangrove Plants: Major, Minor, and Associate." Jurnal Natur Indonesia 21, no. 2 (2023): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jnat.21.2.144-148.
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Three types of mangroves inhabit different environmental gradients and zones within the mangrove ecosystem. These three mangrove types exhibit distinct adaptation strategies. Stomata, as a crucial organ of the plant system, play a significant role in the adaptability of plants. Understanding stomata is essential for comprehending the physiological conditions and responses of plants to environmental conditions. This research aimed to study the stomatal characteristics of three different mangrove types and gain a deeper understanding of their potential adaptive strategies. This research was conducted at the Mangrove Botanical Garden Gunung Anyar, Surabaya, in November 2022. We selected two representative mangrove species from the major, associate, and minor types. Stomata of each mangrove species were observed to identify the stomatal type, density, and size using an Olympus microscope at 100 xs and 400 x magnifications. The results showed there were variations in stomatal type, density, and stomatal length and width among studied mangrove types. Major mangrove species exhibited the lowest stomatal density and the largest size of stomata compared to minor and associated mangroves. The diversity of stomatal traits among major, associate, and minor mangrove types underscores their adaptations and ecological strategies.
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Qur’ania, Arie, Yeni Herdiyeni, Wisnu Ananta Kusuma, Aji Hamim Wigena, and Sri Suhesti. "Detection and Calculation of Stomatal Density Using YOLOv5: A Study of High-Yielding Patchouli Varieties." Journal of Image and Graphics 12, no. 3 (2024): 228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/joig.12.3.228-238.
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Stomatal density influences plant photosynthesis, transpiration, and secondary production like fruit and oil. It could serve as a selection criterion for developing plant varieties. The genetic diversity of patchouli is still relatively limited owing to a lack of flowering and fruiting; therefore, genetic variability is also limited. One approach to overcoming this problem is to collect plants from specific regions, called accessions, to identify potential varieties capable of producing abundant and high-quality patchouli oil. Parameters such as stomatal density were evaluated during this process. Conventional manual calculations have inherent drawbacks, including time constraints, low precision, and susceptibility to bias. Therefore, automated methods are essential for stomatal detection models and counting calculations based on deep learning. The dataset consisted of 100 and 400 microscopy images split at a ratio of 8:2 for the training and testing data, respectively. A stomata detection model using YOLOv5 achieved precision, recall, and F1−Score of 0.88 each. The accuracy of the stomata calculation on the test data was 97%. This result demonstrates the ability of the model to calculate the stomatal density in microscopy images.
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Hunt, Lena, Michal Fuksa, Karel Klem, et al. "Barley Genotypes Vary in Stomatal Responsiveness to Light and CO2 Conditions." Plants 10, no. 11 (2021): 2533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112533.
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Changes in stomatal conductance and density allow plants to acclimate to changing environmental conditions. In the present paper, the influence of atmospheric CO2 concentration and light intensity on stomata were investigated for two barley genotypes—Barke and Bojos, differing in their sensitivity to oxidative stress and phenolic acid profiles. A novel approach for stomatal density analysis was used—a pair of convolution neural networks were developed to automatically identify and count stomata on epidermal micrographs. Stomatal density in barley was influenced by genotype, as well as by light and CO2 conditions. Low CO2 conditions resulted in increased stomatal density, although differences between ambient and elevated CO2 were not significant. High light intensity increased stomatal density compared to low light intensity in both barley varieties and all CO2 treatments. Changes in stomatal conductance were also measured alongside the accumulation of pentoses, hexoses, disaccharides, and abscisic acid detected by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. High light increased the accumulation of all sugars and reduced abscisic acid levels. Abscisic acid was influenced by all factors—light, CO2, and genotype—in combination. Differences were discovered between the two barley varieties: oxidative stress sensitive Barke demonstrated higher stomatal density, but lower conductance and better water use efficiency (WUE) than oxidative stress resistant Bojos at saturating light intensity. Barke also showed greater variability between treatments in measurements of stomatal density, sugar accumulation, and abscisic levels, implying that it may be more responsive to environmental drivers influencing water relations in the plant.
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Hamidah, Hamidah, Nadia Immanuela Chrisetioningsih, and Anjar Tri Wibowo. "The Effect of Lead (Pb) Content on the Number of Stomata on Tabebuia aurea Leaves in Surabaya City." Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 9, no. 11 (2024): 6975–81. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v9i11.54956.
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This study aimed to investigate the impact of lead (Pb) content on stomatal density in Tabebuia aurea leaves across various locations in Surabaya. Samples were collected from three distinct areas with different traffic densities: Campus C of Universitas Airlangga, Menur Road, and Prapen Road. Lead (Pb) content was analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results revealed that the average lead (Pb) content absorbed by Tabebuia aurea leaves due to vehicle emissions was 1.06 mg/kg at Campus C, 1.78 mg/kg at Menur Road, and 2.35 mg/kg at Prapen Road. Stomatal density in Tabebuia aurea leaves was found to be 119.25 ± 3.605 stomata/mm² at Campus C, 123.88 ± 1.000 stomata/mm² at Menur Road, and 140.92 ± 7.211 stomata/mm² at Prapen Road. These findings suggest that stomatal density in Tabebuia aurea leaves is lower on Menur Road compared to Prapen Road but higher than at Campus C. This indicates a positive correlation between stomatal density and lead (Pb) content in Tabebuia aurea leaves.
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Jiao, Peipei, Yuanlin Liang, Shaoping Chen, Yang Yuan, Yongqiang Chen, and Honghong Hu. "Bna.EPF2 Enhances Drought Tolerance by Regulating Stomatal Development and Stomatal Size in Brassica napus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 9 (2023): 8007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098007.
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Drought stress severely affects global plant growth and production. The enhancement of plant water-use efficiency (WUE) and drought tolerance by the manipulation of the stomata is an effective strategy to deal with water shortage. However, increasing the WUE and drought tolerance by manipulation on the stomata has rarely been tested in Brassica napus. Here, we isolated Bna.EPF2, an epidermal patterning factor (EPF) in Brassica napus (ecotype Westar), and identified its role in drought performance. Bna.EPF2 overexpression lines had a reduction average of 19.02% in abaxial stomatal density and smaller stomatal pore size, leading to approximately 25% lower transpiration, which finally resulted in greater instantaneous WUE and enhanced drought tolerance. Interestingly, the reduction in stomatal density did not affect the CO2 assimilation or yield-related agronomic traits in Bna.EPF2 overexpression plants. Together with the complementation of Bna.EPF2 significantly decreasing the stomatal density of Arabidopsis epf2, and Bna.EPF2 being expressed in mature guard cells, these results suggest that Bna.EPF2 not only functions in stomatal density development, but also in stomatal dimension in Brassicas. Taken together, our results suggest that Bna.EPF2 improves WUE and drought tolerance by the regulation of stomatal density and stomatal size in Brassica without growth and yield penalty, and provide insight into the manipulation of this gene in the breeding of drought tolerant plants with increased production under water deficit conditions.
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Santos, Marisa, Paulo Luiz de Oliveira, and Flávio Costa Miguens. "A method of estimating stomatal density in Paspalum notatum (Poaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 49, no. 5 (2001): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt00073.
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Stomatal density was recorded on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of Paspalum notatum var. notatum FlÜgge. As in other Poaceae, stomata observation and counting were very difficult from a frontal view because of the morphology of the P. notatum (bahiagrass) leaves: the leaf blade is extremely sinuous on its adaxial surface and trichomes or papillae can hide the stomata. The stomatal number per unit area was determined on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces by using two methods: frontal view and leaf blade cross-section. From these results, we concluded that the use of a cross-section to determine the stomatal density in these plants is the most suitable. Such a method can be used for any plants with stomata organised in longitudinal rows and having a morphological character that makes observation of the stomata difficult.
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Tateda, Chika, Kazue Obara, Yoshiko Abe, et al. "The Host Stomatal Density Determines Resistance to Septoria gentianae in Japanese Gentian." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 4 (2019): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-05-18-0114-r.
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Plant stomata represent the main battlefield for host plants and the pathogens that enter plant tissues via stomata. Septoria spp., a group of ascomycete fungi, use host plant stomata for invasion and cause serious damage to agricultural plants. There is no evidence, however, showing the involvement of stomata in defense systems against Septoria infection. In this study, we isolated Septoria gentianae 20-35 (Sg20-35) from Gentiana triflora showing gentian leaf blight disease symptoms in the field. Establishment of an infection system using gentian plants cultured in vitro enabled us to observe the Sg20-35 infection process and estimate its virulence in several gentian cultivars or lines. Sg20-35 also entered gentian tissues via stomata and showed increased virulence in G. triflora compared with G. scabra and their interspecific hybrid. Notably, the susceptibility of gentian cultivars to Sg20-35 was associated with their stomatal density on the adaxial but not abaxial leaf surface. Treatment of EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE 9 (EPFL9/STOMAGEN) peptides, a small secreted peptide controlling stomatal density in Arabidopsis thaliana, increased stomatal density on the adaxial side of gentian leaves as well. Consequently, treated plants showed enhanced susceptibility to Sg20-35. These results indicate that stomatal density on the adaxial leaf surface is one of the major factors determining the susceptibility of gentian cultivars to S. gentianae and suggest that stomatal density control may represent an effective strategy to confer Septoria resistance.
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Nilsen, Erik T., David W. Webb, and Zhe Bao. "The function of foliar scales in water conservation: an evaluation using tropical-mountain, evergreen shrubs of the species Rhododendron in section Schistanthe (Ericaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 5 (2014): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14072.
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Leaf scales (scarious trichomes) have putative significance to leaf water relations, energy balance, and gas exchange. A survey of leaf scales, stomata, and leaf morphology across 83 species of Rhododendron section Schistanthe in a common garden, at 1207-m elevation on Moana Loa, Hawai’i, was used to probe three possible functional models for scales on abaxial leaf surfaces. Scale density was commonly 10 mm–2, but densities up to 50 mm–2 occurred. The median stomatal density was 200 mm–2, but ranged up to 500 mm–2. Stomatal dispersion was grouped into four classes based on the proportion of stomata located under scales. Stomatal pore index decreased as scale density and scale importance factor increased. Thus, maximum stomatal conductance as represented by stomatal pore index decreased as the effect of scales on the leaf surface increased. Stomatal pore index increased as the elevation of the native range increased. However, the relative effects of scales on stomata peaked at mid-elevation. Principal components analysis indicated that the most important habitat factors determining both scale importance factor and stomatal pore index were elevation and growth form (epiphyte or terrestrial). Therefore, this survey indicated that scales serve a water conservation function, which is most effective at mid-elevation of the native range.
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Sinay, Hermalina, and Max H. Lesilolo. "KARAKTERISASI STOMATA DAUN PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban.) PADA KETINGGIAN WILAYAH BERBEDA DI PULAU AMBON." Science Map Journal 2, no. 1 (2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jmsvol2issue1pp1-7.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomical structure of pegagan leaves through stomata characterization at several different locations on Ambon Island. Survey method was used in this research. The sample was taken in nine villages were spread from lowlands to the highlands on Ambon Island. The procedure of semi-permanent preparations was done by whole mount method. Stomata characterization was done towards the stomata number, stomata density, and stomata index. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive analysis and performed in the form of table or figure. the research result shows that leaf with high stomata number was tend to high in stomata density and stomata index. Based on this research result, it could be conclude that there are no difference of stomatal structure of Pegagan leaves in all location were sample collected. The difference has shown by numbers, density, and stomatal index. The highest Numbers, density and stomatal index shown on Pegagan leaves in lowland, and the lowest that shown in this research on Pegagan leaves in highland
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Jordan, Gregory J., Raymond J. Carpenter, Barbara R. Holland, Nicholas J. Beeton, Michael D. Woodhams, and Timothy J. Brodribb. "Links between environment and stomatal size through evolutionary time in Proteaceae." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1919 (2020): 20192876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2876.
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The size of plant stomata (adjustable pores that determine the uptake of CO 2 and loss of water from leaves) is considered to be evolutionarily important. This study uses fossils from the major Southern Hemisphere family Proteaceae to test whether stomatal cell size responded to Cenozoic climate change. We measured the length and abundance of guard cells (the cells forming stomata), the area of epidermal pavement cells, stomatal index and maximum stomatal conductance from a comprehensive sample of fossil cuticles of Proteaceae, and extracted published estimates of past temperature and atmospheric CO 2 . We developed a novel test based on stochastic modelling of trait evolution to test correlations among traits. Guard cell length increased, and stomatal density decreased significantly with decreasing palaeotemperature. However, contrary to expectations, stomata tended to be smaller and more densely packed at higher atmospheric CO 2 . Thus, associations between stomatal traits and palaeoclimate over the last 70 million years in Proteaceae suggest that stomatal size is significantly affected by environmental factors other than atmospheric CO 2 . Guard cell length, pavement cell area, stomatal density and stomatal index covaried in ways consistent with coordinated development of leaf tissues.
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Movahedi, Mahsa, Nicholas Zoulias, Stuart A. Casson, et al. "Stomatal responses to carbon dioxide and light require abscisic acid catabolism in Arabidopsis." Interface Focus 11, no. 2 (2021): 20200036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2020.0036.
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In plants, stomata control water loss and CO 2 uptake. The aperture and density of stomatal pores, and hence the exchange of gases between the plant and the atmosphere, are controlled by internal factors such as the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and external signals including light and CO 2 . In this study, we examine the importance of ABA catabolism in the stomatal responses to CO 2 and light. By using the ABA 8′-hydroxylase-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana double mutant cyp707a1 cyp707a3 , which is unable to break down and instead accumulates high levels of ABA, we reveal the importance of the control of ABA concentration in mediating stomatal responses to CO 2 and light. Intriguingly, our experiments suggest that endogenously produced ABA is unable to close stomata in the absence of CO 2 . Furthermore, we show that when plants are grown in short day conditions ABA breakdown is required for the modulation of both elevated [CO 2 ]-induced stomatal closure and elevated [CO 2 ]-induced reductions in leaf stomatal density. ABA catabolism is also required for the stomatal density response to light intensity, and for the full range of light-induced stomatal opening, suggesting that ABA catabolism is critical for the integration of stomatal responses to a range of environmental stimuli.
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Abba, H. M., A. Abdullahi, and U. A. Yuguda. "Leaf epidermal anatomy of Ipomoea carnea Jacq sampled from selected areas in Gombe State, Nigeria." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (2018): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v11i1.26.
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Leaf epidermal microscopy of Ipomoea carnea Jacq was studied to investigate the structure of the stomata and epidermal features which may be used for delimitation of the specie. Fresh leaves of Ipomoea carnea were obtained from five different LGA,S (Gombe, Y/deba, Balanga, Funakaye and Dukku ) in Gombe State, Nigeria. The specimens were studied under light microscope to examine the Stomatal features, Epidermal cell shapes and Anticlinal cell-wall patterns. It had the presence of amphistomatic leaves; one type of Stomatal complex type namely Cyclocytic. Accession 1 had the highest Stomatal Density (40.00 ± 1.00mm2) with lowest Stomatal size (51.13±7.47µm) on the Abaxial leaf surfaces while Accession 2 possessed lowest Stomatal density (23.40±7.67mm2) with highest Stomatal Size (88.68±1.95mm2) on the Adaxial leaf surfaces. Curved anticlinal cell wall patterns with polygonal epidermal cell shapes were also observed. It was concluded that the presence of Cylocytic type of stomata, with large stomatal sizes greatly helped in the delimitation of the plant and could also be used for classification /identification of the plant and some of the features such as trichomes could also be used for adaptation purposes.Keywords: Epidermal, Stomata, Ipomoea carnea, Cyclocytic, Trichomes
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Israel, Walter Krystler, Alexander Watson-Lazowski, Zhong-Hua Chen, and Oula Ghannoum. "High intrinsic water use efficiency is underpinned by high stomatal aperture and guard cell potassium flux in C3 and C4 grasses grown at glacial CO2 and low light." Journal of Experimental Botany 73, no. 5 (2021): 1546–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab477.
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Abstract We compared how stomatal morphology and physiology control intrinsic leaf water use efficiency (iWUE) in two C3 and six C4 grasses grown at ambient (400 µmol mol–1) or glacial CO2 (180 µmol mol–1) and high (1000 µmol m–2 s–1) or low light intensity (200 µmol m–2 s–1). C4 grasses tended to have higher iWUE and CO2 assimilation rates, and lower stomatal conductance (gs), operational stomatal aperture (aop), and guard cell K+ influx rate relative to C3 grasses, while stomatal size (SS) and stomatal density (SD) did not vary according to the photosynthetic type. Overall, iWUE and gs depended most on aop and density of open stomata. In turn, aop correlated with K+ influx, stomatal opening speed on transition to high light, and SS. Species with higher SD had smaller and faster-opening stomata. Although C4 grasses operated with lower gs and aop at ambient CO2, they showed a greater potential to open stomata relative to maximal stomatal conductance (gmax), indicating heightened stomatal sensitivity and control. We uncovered promising links between aop, gs, iWUE, and K+ influx among C4 grasses, and differential K+ influx responses of C4 guard cells to low light, revealing molecular targets for improving iWUE in C4 crops.
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Sultana, Syada Nizer, Hyun Jo, Jong Tae Song, Kihwan Kim, and Jeong-Dong Lee. "Stomatal Density Variation Within and Among Different Soybean Cultivars Across Various Growth Stages." Agriculture 14, no. 11 (2024): 2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14112028.
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Stomata regulate CO2 and water vapor exchange between leaves and the atmosphere, serving as a vital indicator of climate change resilience. Therefore, understanding the difference in stomatal numbers and patterns among different soybean cultivars across growth stages is essential to comprehending the complex mechanisms underlying soybean adaptation to climate change. The accurate measurements of stomatal density in soybean leaves are essential to understanding the complexity of stomatal density by environmental conditions. We demonstrated that the five epidermal sections and five microscopic images taken from both sides of each epidermal section at each leaf position (tip, middle, and bottom) were sufficient for stomatal measurements. Furthermore, we investigated variations in stomatal density among leaflet locations (left, right, and central) and leaf position across different growth stages. Notably, while there was no significant variation between the two leaves of the vegetative cotyledon (VC) stage and among the three leaflets of the V1 (first trifoliate) to V4 (fourth trifoliate) growth stages, leaves of the VC stage exhibited the lowest stomatal density, whereas those of the V4 stage exhibited the highest stomatal density. These findings could serve as a valuable tool for evaluating stomatal density, analyzing physiological differences under adverse climatic conditions, and phenotyping a large-scale population to identify the genetic factors responsible for stomatal density variations in soybean genotypes.
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Rahman, Refpo, Umi Salamah, M. Adeng Fadila, and Risky Hadi Wibowo. "The response of Dundubia Manifera sound effects to changes in stomata density and stomata index of water spinach as information on the rate of photosynthesis." E3S Web of Conferences 373 (2023): 03021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337303021.
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Sound waves are vibrations that propagate through a medium. Sound waves can be applied to agricultural land as a technology that is often called Plant Acoustic Frequency Technology (PAFT). This technology is applied to agricultural land by using sound that has been manipulated with a certain frequency. This study aims to provide the sound effect of Dundubia Manifera to determine the effect on stomatal density and stomatal index. This sound has been manipulated using Adobe Audition CS6 to be 4000 Hz which will be applied 30 minutes for 28 days. The results show that stomatal density and stomata index are affected by exposure to sound waves. In which, stomatal density was reduced by 89% with control plants (97,506 /mm2) and treatment plants (51,428 /mm2). Meanwhile, the stomatal index increased by 41% with control plants (0.194 m) and treatment plants (0.274 m). These results indicate that stomata have a very good impact on plants such as increasing the rate of photosynthesis, plant immune systems, surviving climate change, and increasing crop yields.
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Bheemanahalli, Raju, Chaoxin Wang, Elfadil Bashir, et al. "Classical phenotyping and deep learning concur on genetic control of stomatal density and area in sorghum." Plant Physiology 186, no. 3 (2021): 1562–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab174.
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Abstract Stomatal density (SD) and stomatal complex area (SCA) are important traits that regulate gas exchange and abiotic stress response in plants. Despite sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) adaptation to arid conditions, the genetic potential of stomata-related traits remains unexplored due to challenges in available phenotyping methods. Hence, identifying loci that control stomatal traits is fundamental to designing strategies to breed sorghum with optimized stomatal regulation. We implemented both classical and deep learning methods to characterize genetic diversity in 311 grain sorghum accessions for stomatal traits at two different field environments. Nearly 12,000 images collected from abaxial (Ab) and adaxial (Ad) leaf surfaces revealed substantial variation in stomatal traits. Our study demonstrated significant accuracy between manual and deep learning methods in predicting SD and SCA. In sorghum, SD was 32%–39% greater on the Ab versus the Ad surface, while SCA on the Ab surface was 2%–5% smaller than on the Ad surface. Genome-Wide Association Study identified 71 genetic loci (38 were environment-specific) with significant genotype to phenotype associations for stomatal traits. Putative causal genes underlying the phenotypic variation were identified. Accessions with similar SCA but carrying contrasting haplotypes for SD were tested for stomatal conductance and carbon assimilation under field conditions. Our findings provide a foundation for further studies on the genetic and molecular mechanisms controlling stomata patterning and regulation in sorghum. An integrated physiological, deep learning, and genomic approach allowed us to unravel the genetic control of natural variation in stomata traits in sorghum, which can be applied to other plants.
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Nurza, Imam Safir Alwan, and Chika Shafa Maura. "Analysis of Calcium Oxalate Content and Stomata Amaranth Leaves (Amaranthus tricolor var. Giti Red) as Response to Drought Stress." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 10, no. 4 (2024): 1513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i4.6354.
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Amaranth is a plant that has calcium oxalate content in leaves. One of the roles calcium oxalate in plants is to increase drought tolerance. In addition, amaranth leaves also have anomocytic stomata. Stomata plant leaves are known to be formed genetically and not affected morphoanatomically under drought stress conditions, except density and conductance. Therefore, the research aimed to find out how the response of calcium oxalate levels and stomata of amaranth leaves (Amaranthus tricolor var. Red Giti) under drought stress. The research method used was a randomized block design (RBD) with two treatments, which are watering every day (WD) and watering at 50% wilting (SD) by observing stomatal density (stomata/mm2) and calcium oxalate content (%). Data were analyzed statistically with independent T-test and chi-square. The results showed that stomatal density and calcium oxalate content were affected by drought stress with a significantly decreased response. This indicates that the amaranth plant may become a plant that is resistant to drought stress by decreasing stomatal density and calcium oxalate levels.
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Loranger, Jessy, and Bill Shipley. "Interspecific covariation between stomatal density and other functional leaf traits in a local flora." Botany 88, no. 1 (2010): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b09-103.
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Despite the importance of stomata in leaf functioning, and despite the recent interest in interspecific leaf trait covariation in functional ecology, little is known about how stomatal density relates to other leaf traits in a broad interspecific context. This is especially important because stomatal density has been widely used to deduce temporal variation in atmospheric CO2 concentrations [CO2atm] from fossilized or herbarium leaves. We therefore measured stomatal density, specific leaf area (SLA) and its components, leaf thickness, and leaf chlorophyll content in both sun and shade leaves of 169 individuals from 52 angiosperm species in southwestern Quebec. Using mixed models, we show that stomatal density decreases allometrically with increasing SLA and chlorophyll content, and increases allometrically with increasing lamina thickness. The sun–shade contrast changes the intercepts, but not the slopes, of these relationships. It is important to take into consideration these relations when correlating stomatal density with [CO2], to avoid spurious interpretations.
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Nerva, Luca, Walter Chitarra, Gianni Fila, Lorenzo Lovat, and Federica Gaiotti. "Variability in Stomatal Adaptation to Drought among Grapevine Cultivars: Genotype-Dependent Responses." Agriculture 13, no. 12 (2023): 2186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13122186.
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Leaf stomata are the primary determinants of the plant water relations. Physiological adaptations of stomata in response to water stress have been extensively reported for grapevine. On the contrary, little is known about how the plasticity in stomatal anatomical features may affect their adaptability to drought conditions. In this study, we investigated, at the molecular and anatomical level, the effect of water stress on the stomatal anatomical features of four grapevine varieties extensively cultivated in the north of Italy. Potted plants of Garganega, Glera, Moscato giallo, and Merlot varieties were subjected to a 12–13 day period of water restriction during two consecutive seasons. Stomatal density and size were investigated in newly developed young leaves, 7 days after tip separation, following the occurrence of a water stress event. Furthermore, the gene expression of three key stomagenesis genes (VvEPFL9, VvEPF1, and VvEPF2) was analysed. The response of stomatal anatomical features to drought varied among the studied varieties. Moscato and Glera showed an increase in stomatal density and a decrease in stomatal size. On the contrary, Merlot displayed a reduction in stomatal number, while Garganega remained unchanged in terms of these values. Transcript levels of VvEPFL9 were overall in agreement with stomatal densities measured in the four varieties, showing an up-regulation when drought induced an increase in stomatal density or a down-regulation when the stomatal number decreased. The wide variability in stomatal response observed in the four varieties under study suggests that anatomical changes in stomatal characteristics are genotype dependent. These variations contribute to the intra-specific variability in grapevine’s response to water stress.
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GÜLER, Sinem, Birhan KUNTER, and Aysun ŞEHİT. "Stomatal density, type and their relationships with leaf morphological traits in Vitis vinifera L. varieties." International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences 8, no. 1 (2024): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2024.1.9.
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This study was carried out to determine the relationships between stomatal density and type and some leaf morphological traits in 10 grapevine varieties (Vitis vinifera L.). The study was performed during the vegetation period of 2022-2023 in the vineyards of the Research Station for Viticulture of Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture in Kalecik-Ankara. ‘Lival’, ‘Tekirdağ Seedless’, ‘Beauty Seedless’, ‘Michele Palieri’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Narince’, ‘Syrah’, ‘Kalecik Karası’, ‘Alphonse Lavallée’ and ‘Hasandede’ varieties, grafted on 5BB rootstock, were evaluated as experimental materials in the study. The results revealed that there have been significant variations among varieties in terms of stomatal density, distribution of stomatal types, the proportion of trichomes, and leaf thickness. In general, stomatal density ranged from 168.17 to 268.27 stomata mm-2 in the varieties. The presence of the three different stomatal types (same level, raised above, and sunken) was detected by SEM images. The percentage of stomatal types varied between 39-59 for the same level, 25-42 for the raised above and 10-26 for the sunken. The percentage of the same level stomatal type was found to be higher than the other two types in all varieties. In addition, the same level stomatal type exhibited negative correlations with the raised above and the sunken stomatal types. In terms of leaf characteristics, the proportion of trichomes showed a negatively significant correlation (r = -0.309; p&lt;0.01) with stomatal density. However, the relationship between leaf thickness and stomatal density was not significant.
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Hill, Kathryn E., Robert S. Hill, and Jennifer R. Watling. "Do CO2, temperature, rainfall and elevation influence stomatal traits and leaf width in Melaleuca lanceolata across southern Australia?" Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 8 (2014): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14300.
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Herbarium specimens and contemporary collections were used to investigate the effects of environment and CO2 concentration on stomatal density, stomatal size, maximum potential water loss through stomata (gwmax) and leaf width of Melaleuca lanceolata Otto in southern Australia. Variation in CO2 had no effect on stomatal size and density, or gwmax of M. lanceolata. In contrast, stomatal density was negatively correlated with annual rainfall and there were significant, positive relationships between both elevation and mean maximum temperature and stomatal density. There was also a positive relationship between gwmax and maximum temperature. Leaf width was negatively correlated with both maximum temperature and elevation. We suggest that the increase in stomatal density and gwmax with increasing maximum temperatures enhances the potential for evaporative cooling of M. lanceolata leaves. It could also allow plants to maximise opportunities for carbon fixation during the sporadic rainfall events that are typical of drier, northern regions. This occurs in conjunction with a narrowing of the leaves in warmer climates and higher elevations, which results in a decrease in the thickness of the boundary layer. This combination of smaller leaves and increased potential for evaporative cooling through increased stomatal density and gwmax would allow the leaf to stay closer to its optimal temperature for photosynthesis.
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Camargo, Miguel Angelo Branco, and Ricardo Antonio Marenco. "Density, size and distribution of stomata in 35 rainforest tree species in Central Amazonia." Acta Amazonica 41, no. 2 (2011): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672011000200004.
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Stomata are turgor-operated valves that control water loss and CO2 uptake during photosynthesis, and thereby water relation and plant biomass accumulation is closely related to stomatal functioning. The aims of this work were to document how stomata are distributed on the leaf surface and to determine if there is any significant variation in stomatal characteristics among Amazonian tree species, and finally to study the relationship between stomatal density (S D) and tree height. Thirty five trees (>17 m tall) of different species were selected. Stomatal type, density (S D), size (S S) and stomatal distribution on the leaf surface were determined using nail polish imprints taken from both leaf surfaces. Irrespective of tree species, stomata were located only on the abaxial surface (hypostomaty), with large variation in both S D and S S among species. S D ranged from 110 mm-2 in Neea altissima to 846 mm-2 in Qualea acuminata. However, in most species S D ranges between 271 and 543 mm-2, with a negative relationship between S D and S S. We also found a positive relationship between S D and tree height (r² = 0.14, p < 0.01), but no correlation was found between S D and leaf thickness. The most common stomatal type was anomocytic (37%), followed by paracytic (26%) and anisocytic (11%). We conclude that in Amazonian tree species, stomatal distribution on the leaf surface is a response most likely dependent on the genetic background of every species, rather than a reaction to environmental changes, and that somehow S D is influenced by environmental factors dependent on tree height.
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Sofiyanti, Nery, Putri Intan Wahyuni, and Dyah Iriani. "Stomatal Characteristics of 5 Citrus L. Species (Rutaceae) From Pekanbaru, Riau Province." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 22, no. 1 (2022): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v22i1.3100.
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Stomata of leaf is one of the important trait in plant taxonomic study. This trait can be used to characterisize the members of a plant group including Citrus.This genus is one of fruit plant that commonly known in Pekanbaru, Riau. The aim of this study was to examine the characteristic of stomata of 5 Citrus species from Pekanbaru, Riau Province, Indonesia. Leaves were collected from the field. The stomatal preparations were conducted using replica method. Stomata were then observed and photographed using Mikroskop Binokuler Olympus CX23 and Mikroskop LCD Digital Celestron Model 44340. The results show that stomata of all Citrus species examined in this study shows the similar type, hypostomatic with reniform-shaped stomata. However, the variations are found in stomata density and index, as well as the length and length of stomata. C. hystrix and C. aurantifolia have the lowest (419.89/1 mmò).), and the highest stomatal density (685.89/1 mmò).), respectively. The size of stomata varies within the species. C. microcarpa has the biggest stomata size (20.5 x 18.5 õm). àStomatal density of Citrus examined in this study are high (> 500 / mm2) in C. aurantifolia and C. limon) and medium (300 - 500 / mm2) in C. amblicarpa, C. hystrix and C. microcarpa. The density, index and size of stomata can be used to characterize each Citrus members that examined in this study.
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Saparso, Muhammad Bachtiar Musthafa, Rama Adi Pratama, and Hilman Catur Prahanda. "Stomatal behavior supporting growth and yield of various vegetables by various sources of hydroponic nutrient." BIO Web of Conferences 158 (2025): 03011. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202515803011.
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Nutrients in NFT hydroponic are very crucial because plant roots grow in a shallow layer circulating water, nutrients and oxygen for plants. Commonly, the nutrient used in hydroponic is AB mix. Compound fertilizers contain nutrients needed by plants, but until now these fertilizers have not been used as a solution for hydroponic cultivation. From an economic perspective, compound fertilizer may be cheaper than using AB mix fertilizer. This research aims was to show the influence of various hydroponic nutrient sources on stomatal behavior that affects growth and yield of various vegetables. The design used was a split plot design. The main-plot was the type of nutrient used in the NFT hydroponic system, namely AB mix, NPK 15:15:15, and Hyponex. The sub-plot are plants used in the hydroponic cultivation of the NFT system, kangkong, lettuce, and pak choy. The implementation of this research is that compound fertilizer can be used as an alternative type of solution for cultivation in NFT hydroponics. The variables observed in this study are stomatal density, stomatal openings, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh plant weight, and leaf greenness. The type of hydroponic nutrients causes differences in stomatal behavior in the form of stomatal density and stomatal openings in the three types of vegetables. Meanwhile, stomatal behavior in the form of stomata density affects plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area. While stomatal behavior in the form of stomata openings affects plant height and number of leaves.
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Robertson, Brittany Clare, Tianhua He, and Chengdao Li. "The Genetic Control of Stomatal Development in Barley: New Solutions for Enhanced Water-Use Efficiency in Drought-Prone Environments." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (2021): 1670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081670.
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Increased drought frequency due to climate change is limiting the agronomic performance of cereal crops globally, where cultivars often experience negative impacts on yield. Stomata are the living interface responsible for >90% of plant water loss through transpiration. Thus, stomata are a prospective target for improving drought tolerance by enhancing water-use efficiency (WUE) in economically important cereals. Reducing stomatal density through molecular approaches has been shown to improve WUE in many plant species, including the commercial cereals barley, rice, wheat and maize. Rice with reduced stomatal density exhibit yields 27% higher than controls under drought conditions, reflecting the amenability of grasses to stomatal density modification. This review presents a comprehensive overview of stomatal development, with a specific emphasis on the genetic improvement of WUE in the grass lineage. Improved understanding of the genetic regulation of stomatal development in the grasses, provides significant promise to improve cereal adaptivity in drought-prone environments whilst maximising yield potential. Rapid advances in gene-editing and ‘omics’ technologies may allow for accelerated adaption of future commercial varieties to water restriction. This may be achieved through a combination of genomic sequencing data and CRISPR-Cas9-directed genetic modification approaches.
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Hill, Kathryn E., Greg R. Guerin, Robert S. Hill, and Jennifer R. Watling. "Temperature influences stomatal density and maximum potential water loss through stomata of Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustissima along a latitude gradient in southern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 8 (2014): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14204.
Full textAbstract:
It is well known that physical leaf traits influence leaf functions, and that these traits vary across environmental gradients. Stomata can influence leaf function, with changes in density and size affecting potential water loss, CO2 uptake, and also leaf cooling. Plasticity in stomatal traits occurs in response to environmental factors; however, identifying which factors have the greatest influence is often difficult. We investigated variation in leaf size, stomatal density and size, and potential water loss from open stomata (gwmax), in the Australian native shrub Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustissima, across a range of environmental factors including temperature, rainfall and CO2. We used herbarium specimens collected across a latitudinal gradient, and also sampled along an elevation gradient in southern Australia. There were significant relationships between mean summer maximum temperature and stomatal density, and gwmax. We found no significant relationships between rainfall or CO2 and the leaf traits we studied. Increased stomatal density at warmer locations may result in an increase in the potential for transpiration, as a means for evaporative cooling. Alternatively, it may enable increased CO2 and nutrient uptake during the short, winter-growing season.
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Yang, Jiangwei, Ning Zhang, Jiangping Bai, et al. "Stu-miR827-Targeted StWRKY48 Transcription Factor Negatively Regulates Drought Tolerance of Potato by Increasing Leaf Stomatal Density." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (2022): 14805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314805.
Full textAbstract:
Stomata are specialized portals in plant leaves to modulate water loss from plants to the atmosphere by control of the transpiration, thereby determining the water-use efficiency and drought resistance of plants. Despite that the stomata developmental progression is well-understood at the molecular level, the experimental evidence that miRNA regulates stomata development is still lacking, and the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This study demonstrates the involvement of stu-miR827 in regulating the drought tolerance of potato due to its control over the leaf stomatal density. The expression analysis showed that stu-miR827 was obviously repressed by drought stresses and then rapidly increased after rewatering. Suppressing the expression of stu-miR827 transgenic potato lines showed an increase in stomatal density, correlating with a weaker drought resistance compared with wildtype potato lines. In addition, StWRKY48 was identified as the target gene of stu-miR827, and the expression of StWRKY48 was obviously induced by drought stresses and was greatly upregulated in stu-miR827 knockdown transgenic potato lines, suggesting its involvement in the drought stress response. Importantly, the expression of genes associated with stomata development, such as SDD (stomatal density and distribution) and TMM (too many mouths), was seriously suppressed in transgenic lines. Altogether, these observations demonstrated that suppression of stu-miR827 might lead to overexpression of StWRKY48, which may contribute to negatively regulating the drought adaptation of potato by increasing the stomatal density. The results may facilitate functional studies of miRNAs in the process of drought tolerance in plants.
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Lopes de Morais, Andréia, Bruna Lara Alvarenga, Elisa Mitsuko Aoyama, Moises Zucoloto, and Vinicius De Souza Oliveira. "STOMATAL CHARACTERIZATION IN LEAVES OF BANANA CULTIVARS OF THE TYPE PRATA AND MAÇÃ." Revista Ifes Ciência 9, no. 1 (2023): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.36524/ric.v9i1.1658.
Full textAbstract:
In banana trees, morphogenetic characters such as stomatal density, stomatal index, polar and equatorial diameter act as morphological markers to understand relations between genetic, environmental and pathological factors. The present study was analyzed as stomatal characteristics in leaves of six banana cultivars of the type Prata and Maçã. The banana cultivars selected were: Prata-Anã, BRS Platina and Pacovan Ken and of the type Maçã: BRS Tropical, Maçã and BRS Princesa. The states and epidermal cells were counted, measuring the polar diameters (PD) and the equatorial diameter (ED). The difference in number of epidermal cells (NEC), number of stomata (NS) and stomatal density (SD) in the leaves of six banana cultivars was verified. A Prata Anã cultivar showed a higher content of leaf material abaxial and higher than the other cultivars under analysis. Regarding the application of the stomata (PD / ED), such as the cultivars BRS Platina and Pacovan Ken, of the Prata type, and the BRS Princesa, of the Maçã type, are more flexible stomata. The different cultivars of bananas of the type Prata and Maçã are among the anatomical and morphological characteristics of the stomata.
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Berger, Dieter, and Thomas Altmann. "A subtilisin-like serine protease involved in the regulation of stomatal density and distribution in Arabidopsis thaliana." Genes & Development 14, no. 9 (2000): 1119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.14.9.1119.
Full textAbstract:
Stomata are specialized cellular structures in the epidermis of aerial plant organs that control gas exchange (H2O release and CO2 uptake) between leaves and the atmosphere by modulating the aperture of a pore flanked by two guard cells. Stomata are nonrandomly distributed, and their density is controlled by endogenous and environmental factors. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating stomatal distribution, Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with altered stomatal characteristics were isolated and examined. The sdd1-1 mutant exhibits a two- to fourfold increase of stomatal density and formation of clustered stomata (i.e., stomata that are not separated by intervening pavement cells), whereas the internal leaf architecture is not altered. TheSDD1 gene was identified by map-based cloning. It encodes a subtilisin-like serine protease related to prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins. We propose that SDD1 acts as a processing protease involved in the mediation of a signal that controls the development of cell lineages that lead to guard cell formation.
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Sun, Manli, Ülo Niinemets, Qiying Li, Yabing Jiao, Weihao Yao, and Peijian Shi. "An Inverse Scaling Relationship between Stomatal Density and Mean Nearest Neighbor Distance: Evidence from a Photinia Hybrid and One of Its Parents." Plants 12, no. 21 (2023): 3701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12213701.
Full textAbstract:
Stomata are involved in transpiration and CO2 uptake by mediating gas exchange between internal plant tissues and the atmosphere. The capacity for gas exchange depends on stomatal density (SD), stomatal size, and pore dimensions. Most published work on stomatal quantification has assumed that stomatal distribution and stomatal density are spatially homogeneous across the leaf, but this assumption has been seldom tested. We selected 32 leaves from a Photinia hybrid, Photinia × fraseri ‘Red Robin’, and one of its parents, P. serratifolia. For each leaf, the leaf surface was divided into three or four equidistant layers along the apical–basal axis, and, in each layer, two positions, one closer to the midrib and the other closer to the leaf margin, were further selected. We calculated SD and mean nearest neighbor distance (MNND) for each lamina section and tested the scaling relationship between SD and MNND of the sampled stomatal centers using reduced major axis protocols. In addition, we calculated the stomatal aggregation index (SAI) for each lamina section to examine the spatial arrangement of stomata at the given size of field of view of 1.2 mm × 0.9 mm. We observed that SD decreased from the lamina apex towards the base for central lamina areas but varied little at leaf margins. An inverse scaling relationship between SD and MNND was observed for both species. This relationship could be used for SD estimation using the rapidly estimated trait, MNND. SAI did not vary significantly throughout leaf lamina, and the numerical values of SAI for all fields of view were greater than one, which indicates significant spatial repulsion between stomata. The study suggests that SD varies across leaf lamina to fine-tune plant water use and maximize carbon gain. However, spatial structures of stomata from different lamina sections exhibit similar patterns (i.e., spatial inhibition between stomata at small scales), probably due to hierarchical leaf vein patterns.
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Rathnasamy, Sakthi Ambothi, Rohit Kambale, Allimuthu Elangovan, et al. "Altering Stomatal Density for Manipulating Transpiration and Photosynthetic Traits in Rice through CRISPR/Cas9 Mutagenesis." Current Issues in Molecular Biology 45, no. 5 (2023): 3801–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb45050245.
Full textAbstract:
Stomata regulates conductance, transpiration and photosynthetic traits in plants. Increased stomatal density may contribute to enhanced water loss and thereby help improve the transpirational cooling process and mitigate the high temperature-induced yield losses. However, genetic manipulation of stomatal traits through conventional breeding still remains a challenge due to problems involved in phenotyping and the lack of suitable genetic materials. Recent advances in functional genomics in rice identified major effect genes determining stomatal traits, including its number and size. Widespread applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in creating targeted mutations paved the way for fine tuning the stomatal traits for enhancing climate resilience in crops. In the current study, attempts were made to create novel alleles of OsEPF1 (Epidermal Patterning Factor), a negative regulator of stomatal frequency/density in a popular rice variety, ASD 16, using the CRISPR/Cas9 approach. Evaluation of 17 T0 progenies identified varying mutations (seven multiallelic, seven biallelic and three monoallelic mutations). T0 mutant lines showed a 3.7–44.3% increase in the stomatal density, and all the mutations were successfully inherited into the T1 generation. Evaluation of T1 progenies through sequencing identified three homozygous mutants for one bp insertion. Overall, T1 plants showed 54–95% increased stomatal density. The homozygous T1 lines (# E1-1-4, # E1-1-9 and # E1-1-11) showed significant increase in the stomatal conductance (60–65%), photosynthetic rate (14–31%) and the transpiration rate (58–62%) compared to the nontransgenic ASD 16. Results demonstrated that the genetic alterations in OsEPF1 altered the stomatal density, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic efficiency in rice. Further experiments are needed to associate this technology with canopy cooling and high temperature tolerance.
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MEGIA, RITA, RATNASARI ., and HADISUNARSO . "Karakteristik Morfologi dan Anatomi, serta Kandungan Klorofil Lima Kultivar Tanaman Penyerap Polusi Udara Sansevieria trifasciata." Jurnal Sumberdaya Hayati 1, no. 2 (2016): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsdh.1.2.34-40.
Full textAbstract:
Sansevieria trifasciata is an unique houseplant that can provide clean air to occupied room because it can absorb harmful substances from the air. This research aim to compare morphological, and anatomical characters and chlorophyll content of five cultivars of this plant. Morphological characters of all S. trifasciata cultivars observed varied in pattern, colour, and size of the leaf. Stomata can be found on both leaf surfaces; abaxial side have higher stomatal density than adaxial side. Distribution of single stomata was presented in all cultivars, while clustered stomata were also found in cv. Moonsine. Among all cultivars, stomatal density and stomatal index were found the highest in cv. Moonsine. The highest chlorophyll content, the longest leaf, widthest leaf and the thinnest leaf were found in cv. African Dawn. Potentially, S. trifasciata cv. African Dawn and S. trifasciata cv. Moonsine could absorb air pollution better than the other cultivars.
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Li, Ning, Fanfan Dong, Tongtong Liu, et al. "Quantitative trait loci mapping and candidate gene analysis of stoma-related traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) glumes." PeerJ 10 (April 8, 2022): e13262. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13262.
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The photosynthesis of wheat glumes makes important contributions to the yield. Stomata play a crucial role in regulating photosynthesis and transpiration in plants. However, the genetic base of wheat glume stomata is not fully understood. In this study, stomatal length (SL), stomatal width (SW), stomatal density (SD), potential conductance index (PCI) of stomata, stomatal area (SA), and stomatal relative area (SRA) were measured in different parts of wheat glumes from a doubled haploid (DH) population and their parents. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of these traits were anchored on a high-density genetic linkage map of the DH population. A total of 61 QTLs for stoma-related traits were mapped onto 16 chromosomes, and each one accounted for 3.63 to 19.02% of the phenotypic variations. Two QTL hotspots were detected in two marker intervals, AX-109400932∼AX-110985652 and AX-108972184∼AX-108752564, on chromosome 6A. Five possibly candidate genes (TraesCS6A02G105400, TraesCS6A02G106400, TraesCS6A02G115100, TraesCS6A02G115400, and TraesCS6A02G116200) for stoma-related traits of wheat glumes were screened out , according to their predicted expression levels in wheat glumes or spikes. The expression of these genes may be induced by a variety of abiotic stresses. These findings provide insights for cloning and functional characterization of stoma-related candidate genes in wheat glumes.
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Khatiwada, Homnath, Deepak Raj Pant, and Giri Prasad Joshi. "Stomatal Variation in Wheat-Thinopyrum elongatum Disomic Addition Lines." Far Western Review 1, no. 1 (2023): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/fwr.v1i1.58276.
Full textAbstract:
Stomatal characteristics are inconsistent and greatly influenced by genetics of the plant and environmental conditions. Present study aimed to determine the impact of addition of a pair of chromosomes from Thinopyrum elongatum (2n=14, Genome EE) to common wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. “Chinese Spring”; 2n=42, Genome AABBDD) on stomatal characteristics. Altogether, seven Wheat-Th. elongatum disomic addition lines and a control (Chinese Spring) were used to characterize the density, length, and width of stomata, and the total stomatal area in normal and flag leaves by using leaf impression method. The leaf impressions were made from the middle of the leaves of different wheat lines. The leaves used for impression cast were of the same age. Stomatal density was measured in terms of number of stomata under the field of vision at 400X magnification, while the size (length and width) measurements of individual stomata were done by using ImageJ software. With the exception of flag leaves of 1E disomic addition line, the total stomatal area in leaves of all the lines were significantly lower than that in the control, irrespective of leaf types (normal or flag). These results indicate the potential role of additional chrormosomes of Th. elongatum in stress tolerance in wheat.
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Wang, Tiange, Linna Zheng, Dongliang Xiong, et al. "Stomatal Ratio Showing No Response to Light Intensity in Oryza." Plants 12, no. 1 (2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010066.
Full textAbstract:
Stomata control carbon and water exchange between the leaves and the ambient. However, the plasticity responses of stomatal traits to growth conditions are still unclear, especially for monocot leaves. The current study investigated the leaf anatomical traits, stomatal morphological traits on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, and photosynthetic traits of Oryza leaves developed in two different growth conditions. Substantial variation exists across the Oryza species in leaf anatomy, stomatal traits, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance. The abaxial stomatal density was higher than the adaxial stomatal density in all the species, and the stomatal ratios ranged from 0.35 to 0.46 across species in two growth environments. However, no difference in the stomatal ratio was observed between plants in the growth chamber and outdoors for a given species. Photosynthetic capacity, stomatal conductance, leaf width, major vein thickness, minor vein thickness, inter-vein distance, and stomatal pore width values for leaves grown outdoors were higher than those for plants grown in the growth chamber. Our results indicate that a broad set of leaf anatomical, stomatal, and photosynthetic traits of Oryza tend to shift together during plasticity to diverse growing conditions, but the previously projected sensitive trait, stomatal ratio, does not shape growth conditions.
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Idris, Aisha, Alona C. Linatoc, Aisha M. Aliyu, Surayya M. Muhammad, and Mohd Fadzelly Bin Abu Bakar. "Effect of Light on the Photosynthesis, Pigment Content and Stomatal Density of Sun and Shade Leaves of Vernonia Amygdalina." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.30 (2018): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.30.22122.
Full textAbstract:
Light affects the growth and development of plants by influencing the physical appearance of one leaf as well as the appearance of the whole plant. Plant photosynthesis, stomata density, and pigment contents are all influenced by light The objective of this research is to determine the effect of light on the photosynthesis, pigment content and stomatal density of Sun and Shade Leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. Gas exchange was measured using Li-6400 and the data obtained was used to create a light response curve where parameters including light saturation point (LSP), light compensation point (LCP) and apparent quantum yield were estimated. Photosynthetic pigment were quantified spectrophotometrically. Moreover, the stomatal density was counted under light microscope, after making a nail polish impression of the leaf. The results discovered shows that as the light intensity increases, the gas exchange and stomatal density increases while the photosynthetic pigment of the studied plant decreases (P<0.05). In addition, LSP and LCP increases with increasing light intensity. Besides, statistically significant negative correlation (P<0.05) was achieved among stomatal density and transpiration rate thereby leading to a conclusion that sun leaves of Vernonia amygdalina contribute the highest assimilation rate to the plant than shade leaves. Yet, the higher stomatal density of sun leaves provides water saving to the plant.