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Journal articles on the topic "Stone Curlew"
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Triolo, Stefano, Daniela Campobello, and Maurizio Sarà. "Diurnal habitat suitability for a Mediterranean steppeland bird, identified by Ecological Niche Factor Analysis." Wildlife Research 38, no. 2 (2011): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10185.
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Context The negative effects of agricultural intensification and policies, use of pesticides, fertilisers and mechanised harvesting on several populations of pseudo-steppe birds have increasingly required more detailed and effective habitat suitability models. Distribution models of farmland species are prone to incur recordings of false absence data. Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) allows identification of environmental predictors of species distribution by using presence data only. Aims We quantified the diurnal habitat preferences and niche width of one steppe species, the stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus), with unfavourable conservations status in a Mediterranean area and reclassified a map with respect to habitat suitability classes according to the resulting distribution model. Methods Ecological Niche Factor Analysis was used with GIS cartography customised with habitat and anthropogenic variables recorded during field surveys carried out in four study plots (~500 ha) and at different spatial scales. Key results The stone curlew selected areas with low vegetation cover, such as fields following artichoke harvesting and tillage, close to rural buildings and unpaved roads. In contrast, the stone curlew avoided areas with high vegetation cover and areas highly disturbed by human-induced fires. The occurrence of natural vegetation was neither preferred nor avoided. The most robust model was based on a large-scale analysis (200 m from the bird location points), according to which the optimal area for stone curlew distribution during its breeding season was restricted to 1% of the entire study area. Conclusions Two uncorrelated factors, ‘marginality’ and ‘tolerance’, described the stone curlew’s niche in the area. The first index indicated selection for habitats that were marginal with respect to those available in the area, whereas the second indicated a species with a medium–wide environmental niche. In particular, the stone curlew occupied a much more restricted niche (low tolerance) in relation to individual variables. The use of customised databases at a large scale of analysis was found to more effectively reveal ecological requirements of this marginal and specialised species. Implications Our results allowed us to indicate practical land management actions for the stone curlew, such as prevention of human-induced fires and increase of pastoral activities. Our results indicated a potentially positive role of little-disturbed service roads along rural buildings in stone curlew distribution, which warrants further research. In addition, studies are needed to verify the presence of an ecological trap in artichoke fields, their preferred habitat. As we showed for the stone curlew, niche analyses conducted at a large scale using customised databases could greatly improve habitat suitability models of farmland species.
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Gupta, R. C., and T. K. Kaushik. "Field Observations on Stone Curlews in and around Kurukshetra, Haryana, India." Our Nature 10, no. 1 (March 13, 2013): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v10i1.7753.
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Stone Curlew, albeit claimed to be a wader bird of wetlands, is more biased towards dry or semi-dry shores of wetlands and open grasslands in Kurukshetra environs. Although, reported to be a nocturnal bird, it was often observed in day time here. The diurnal visibility of nocturnal Stone Curlews in Kurukshetra certainly points towards its distracted, disturbed, fragmented, scarce habitat so as to compel it to take shelter beside walls in a most unsafe state. The present studies hint towards the fact that, they are summer migratory often seen between April to September but certainly not in November, December and January. They shuttle between different spot in a given area indicating its habitat range up to 1 to 3 km or so. They are facing difficult circumstances due to loss of habitat; so much so, their feeding spots are not traceable at all. This study proves that the scattered and isolated groups of a nocturnal bird like Stone Curlew are compelled to retire in full view of one and all during daytime and hence are immensely vulnerable. Their survival is threatened. Given the continuance of present adverse conditions, they will no more be seen in the next 10-15 years in Haryana, specially in Kurukshetra. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v10i1.7753
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Keates, A., Trevor Collins, and Donald C. Franklin. "Aggressive behaviour by the Beach Stone-curlew." Northern Territory Naturalist 20 (September 2008): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.295510.
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MARTIN, GRAHAM R., and CADI KATZIR. "Visual fields in the Stone-curlew Burhinus oedicnemus." Ibis 136, no. 4 (April 3, 2008): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1994.tb01120.x.
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Dragonetti, Marco, Chiara Caccamo, Fausto Corsi, Fabrizio Farsi, Pietro Giovacchini, Enrica Pollonara, and Dimitri Giunchi. "The Vocal Repertoire of the Eurasian Stone-Curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus)." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 125, no. 1 (March 2013): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/12-006.1.
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Gashek, Valeriya A. "New records of vagrant Stone-curlew in the Chelyabinsk region." Fauna of the Urals and Siberia, no. 2 (2021): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.56268/24110051_2021_2_62.
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Mori, Alessia, Deborah A. Dawson, Gavin J. Horsburgh, Dimitri Giunchi, N. Emilio Baldaccini, and Mariella Baratti. "Characterisation of microsatellite markers in the stone curlew Burhinus oedicnemus." Conservation Genetics Resources 6, no. 3 (May 24, 2014): 751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12686-014-0217-5.
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Tepavac, Kristina. "The nesting of Eurasian stone-curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) on the site 'Jaroš' in SNR 'Pašnjaci velike droplje' (Great Bustard Pastures)." Zastita prirode 70, no. 1-2 (2020): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zaspri2001037t.
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In the reproductive season of 2018 a successful breeding of Stone curlew was recorded in the Special Nature Reserve "Pastures of Great Bustard" (Northern Serbia). Two breeding pairs with four chicks were monitored on the daily basis from April to late August 2018. Reproductive activities regarding nest site occupancy, egg laying, incubation, hatching, chick rearing as well as predator defensive behaviour was documented.
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Solis, J. C., and F. de Lope. "Nest and Egg Crypsis in the Ground-Nesting Stone Curlew Burhinus oedicnemus." Journal of Avian Biology 26, no. 2 (June 1995): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3677062.
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GREEN, R. E., and G. A. TYLER. "Determination of the diet of the stone curlew (Bwhinus oedicnemus) by faecal analysis." Journal of Zoology 217, no. 2 (February 1989): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02490.x.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Stone Curlew"
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Johnston, A. "Demographic analysis of the impact of conservation action on stone curlew populations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.605662.
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The aim of this PhD was to make statistical models of demographic rates and the factors affecting them and to use these to quantify the effects of conservation management on population size and growth. I used GLMs to assess components of individual breeding attempts and models of re-nesting to estimate annual productivity. Per attempt breeding success declined through the season and annual productivity was positively affected by fieldworker interventions to prevent breeding failures. Breeding success on artificial nesting plots differed in some respects from that not on plots on arable farmland and semi-natural habitat, but the effects varied with time of year and there was no substantial reduction in breeding success associated with having large proportion of the population breeding on plots. There was no evidence that breeding success had declined over time. An analysis of survival of birds from colour-ring resightings showed that juvenile survival was negatively correlated with hatching date. Annual survival of full-grown birds increased over first year or two of life, but there was evidence of an age-related decline in annual survival later in life. There was no indication that survival rates had declined as population size had increased. A simulation model indicated that if fieldworker nest interventions were halted, then both the breeding populations in England would decline, unless all arable nesting attempts took place on specially created plots of suitable breeding habitat. The models also predicted that the loss of set-aside would not have a strong negative effect on population trends. Analyses showed that a substantial proportion of breeding attempts were on specially created artificial nesting plots, especially in the Wessex population. Plots in arable habitats had a higher probability of occupancy with increasing distance from woodland.
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Spena, Maria Teresa. "Biologia dell'Occhione (Burhinus oedicnemus) in un contesto insulare: la popolazione della penisola Magnisi, Sicilia orientale." Thesis, Universita' degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/105.
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La ricerca tratta aspetti differenti della biologia dell'Occhione (Burhinus oedicnemus (Linnaeus, 1758)), una specie di uccelli Caradriformi di elevato interesse conservazionistico che caratterizza, con la sua presenza, habitat particolari e specializzati. In particolare le indagini riguardano la biologia e il comportamento riproduttivo di questa specie; e' stata condotta inoltre una analisi genetica per meglio definirne l'attribuzione sottospecifica. La penisola Magnisi (SR) ospita una popolazione di Occhione tra le piu' interessanti in territorio siciliano che, per la natura del sito di localizzazione (ambiente agro-pastorale fortemente antropizzato) costituisce un unicum nel panorama nazionale. A partire dal 2007, sono state testate, da un punto di vista metodologico, alcune tecniche di rilevamento mai usate e finalizzate alla comprensione di quali siano i parametri importanti nella selezione del sito di nidificazione a livello di microscala. Attraverso l'analisi GIS e' stato evidenziato come i fenomeni di ruscellamento che avvengono sul terreno influenzino in modo predicibile la collocazione del nido da parte di questa specie. Le indagini sulle caratteristiche della copertura vegetazionale, correlate allo studio dei rilievi topografico-planimetrici, hanno portato alla definizione delle scelte selettive operate dall'Occhione. Le indagini su aspetti della biologia riproduttiva (scelta e selezione dell'habitat, successo riproduttivo), nonche' nell'ambito del comportamento riproduttivo ("egg retrieval"), prima non noto nemmeno a livello di gruppo, hanno approfondito e ampliato le conoscenze sulle risposte comportamentali che l'Occhione da' in aree di pascolo naturale. I risultati ottenuti rivelano la centralita' di questi ambienti nel sostegno della popolazione di Occhione della Sicilia orientale, per la stabilita' ed il successo riproduttivo dei nuclei che ospitano. L'analisi genetica, infine, suggerisce l'attribuzione della popolazione orientale alla sottospecie nominale anziche' alla saharae come riportato in letteratura per la Sicilia. I limiti tra i complessi sottospecifici fino ad oggi riconosciuti, dovranno essere riveduti in seguito al proseguire di questa linea di ricerca che sta evidenziando complessi popolazionistici nord-mediterranei distinguibili da quelli magrebini.Stone Curlew biology (Burhinus oedicnemus) in an insular context: the population of the Magnisi peninsula of eastern Sicily. The research focuses on different aspects of the biology of the Stone Curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus (Linnaeus, 1758)), a species of birds belonging to Charadriiformes that is of great interest for conservationists and that characterizes, with its presence, particular and special habitats. In particular, the investigations regarded the biology and reproductive behavior of this species; genetic analysis was also carried out to better define the subspecies attribution. The Magnisi peninsula (SR) is the home of a population of Stone Curlew among the most interesting in Sicily that, due to the nature of the site (agro-pastoral, strongly anthropized), is unique in Italy. Since 2007, some detection techniques that had never been used before, have been tested, from the methodological point of view, with the aim of determining the relevant parameters in the selection of a nesting site on the micro-scale level. Using GIS analyses it was seen how the phenomena of streams that take place on the land influence, in a predictable way, the nesting site chosen by this species. The investigations on the characteristics of vegetation cover, correlated with the study of the topographic-planimetric reliefs, led to the definition of the selective choices of the Stone Curlew. The investigations regarding the reproductive biology (choice and selection of habitat, reproductive success), as well as the reproductive behavior (à à à à à à à à à ¢ egg retrievalà à à à à à à à à ¢ ), never seen before even at the group level, have increased our knowledge on the behavioral responses that the Stone Curlew gives in an area of natural pasture land. The results show the centrality of these environments in sustaining the population of the Stone Curlew in eastern Sicily, for the stability and reproductive success of the groups that nest there. The genetic analyses suggest the attribution of the eastern Sicilian population to the nominal subspecies rather than to the saharae, as reported in literature for Sicily. The limits between the known subspecific complexes should be revised following this line of research that shows that the north-Mediterranean population complexes are distinguishable from the Maghrebian ones.
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Day, T. "The effects of disturbance from roads on stone curlews in southern England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598435.
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Previous studies have found that a large number of bird species avoid nesting near to roads. This is true of the stone curlew, which was previously found to have a greatly reduced nest density near to major roads in England. The stone curlew has undergone long-term population declines and is one of the most threatened breeding birds in the UK. It is important to understand if disturbance from roads has an effect on the population size and why they avoid it if the conservation importance of this issue is to be assessed. Using a model of local nest density on arable farmland on suitable soils, in relation to proximity of three road types in the same analysis, nesting stone curlews were found to significantly avoid motorways and trunk A (MT) roads in each year of the period 1985 - 2000, except for 1989. Non-trunk A (A) roads were significantly avoided in most years B (B) roads were significantly avoids in each year from 1996 to 2000. Throughout , MT roads were avoided more strongly than A roads, which were avoided more strongly than B roads. Avoidance of MT roads increased through time but that of the other two road types did not. Traffic on MT roads increased more rapidly through time than that on A roads. During the study period the stone curlew breeding population size increased. Juvenile, one-year-old and older bird survival decreased neither through time nor with increasing population size. Breeding probability for one-, two- and three-year olds decreased neither through time nor with increasing population size. Productivity decreased neither through time nor with increasing population size. There was no significant effect of road proximity on egg size, nest success, chick growth rate, chick survival or adult survival. There was a higher proportion of less-competitive than strongly-competitive breeding stone curlews near to roads. Natal dispersal of those born near to major roads was not greater than that of those born further away. Those that bred near to MT roads dispersed significantly further to their breeding site in the subsequent year.
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Gates, Jody. "An ecological study of Bush stone-curlews Burhinus grallarius on Kangaroo Island, South Australia." Title page, abstract and contents only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SM/09smg259.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-161). Documents the historical distribution and subsequent decline of bush stone-curlews in South Australia, determines their current distribution and status on Kangaroo Island, their home range sizes and movements, the characteristics of foraging habitat, day roost areas and nest sites and the availability of habitat, the diet and food resources, and potential threats to the population. As a result of the findings of this survey, bush stone-curlews have been downgraded from endangered to vulnerable in South Australia.
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Taylor, Elisabeth Claire. "Stone curlews Burhinus oedicnemus and human disturbance : effects on behaviour, distribution and breeding success." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612915.
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Emiliani, Sanz Esteban. "Evaluation of holmium: YAG laser settings for the non-contact stone fragmentation technique and the curved laser fiber”." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668071.
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La ureteroscopia flexible (fURS) con el laser de Holmio:YAG (Ho:YAG) es uno de los tratamientos estándar para la urolitiasis ya que el Ho:YAG ha demostrado destruir eficientemente cualquier tipo de urolitiasis. Aunque se han descrito diversas técnicas de litotricia, en los últimos años se han añadido nuevos parámetros al Ho:YAG y se han evaluado diferentes métodos de manejo de las fibras laser lo cual pretende mejorar la efectividad de la fURS. Por otro lado, los resultados de la fURS están asociados a limitaciones de la técnica como trabajar en ángulos agudos que pueden llevar a rotura de la fibra láser.
Las técnicas y los parámetros del laser no han sido suficientemente estudiados para tratar ese tipo de casos y hacer la técnica mas segura y efectiva.
El objetivo de esta tesis es evaluar la técnica de fragmentación sin contacto (FSC) con una variedad amplia de parámetros del Ho:YAG y tamaños de fibras laser. Asimismo estudiar in-vitro los factores de riesgo de ruptura de la fibra laser al curvarse.
Los experimentos de la FSC se realizaron con 4 piedras artificiales en un tubo de ensayo. Un ureteroscopio, fijo y con flujo constante fue insertado a través de una camisa ureteral al tubo. El laser se fijó a 1 mm de la base del tubo entre las piedras. Una combinación de 0.5-1.5 Julios, 10-20 y 40 Hz y pulso largo y corto fueron evaluados por 2 y 4 minutos, utilizando fibras de 273 and 365 μm. Los experimentos se realizaron 3 veces cada uno. Las piedras analizadas fueron pesadas antes y después del experimento para evaluar la eficiencia de la FSC. Se realizaron un total de 144 experimentos. La media de peso de las piedras por cada tubo fue de 0.23g y tras los experimentos una diferencia media de 0.7 gr (0.01-0.243). Escogiendo una reducción del 50% peso como corte para calificar la técnica de efectiva los valores predictivos que promovían una técnica adecuada fueron: El pulso largo (OR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.05 – 7.15), Tiempo de 4 min (OR = 11.4, 95% CI 3.88 – 33.29), Fibra de 273μm (OR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.08 – 0.70), y alta energía (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.09 – 1.20).
Con respecto a la evaluación de la curvatura de la fibra, se utilizaron fibras de 272 y 365m, dobladas a 9, 12, 15, 18 y 20mm de diámetro. Se evaluaron parámetros de fragmentación y pulverización laser a 7.5 Vatios. El láser fue activado por 5 minutos repitiendo los experimentos 10 veces.
Como resultado se vio que utilizando parámetros de pulverización ambos tamaños de fibra se rompían solo al curvarse 9 mm (p<0.05). Utilizando parámetros de fragmentación las fibras se rompían mas, al estar curvadas 12mm para fibras de 272m y 15mm para fibras de 365m (p=0,007 and 0,033 respectivamente). El pulso corto y la alta energía fueron factores de riesgo significativos para romper fibras de 365m (p=0,02) pero no de 272m (p=0,35). La frecuencia (Hz) no fue un factor de riesgo significativo para la rotura. Hubo una tendencia a una mayor rotura de fibras de 365m comparada con las fibras de 272m no siendo significativa (p>0,05). Concluimos que las fibras de 272m eran mas resistentes ya que requieren una curvatura aguda (<9mm) para su rotura. También se evidenció que la utilización de parámetros de pulverización reduce el riesgo de rotura comparado con parámetros de fragmentación.Flexible ureteroscopy (fURS) with Holmium: YAG laser (Ho:YAG) is one of the standard procedures for renal urolithiasis as Ho:YAG has shown to efficiently fragment urinary stones of any composition. Several techniques of laser lithotripsy have been described although new laser parameters have been added to the Ho:YAG in recent years and studies on laser fiber handling have provided new recommendations to improve performance. Regarding fURS, treatment outcomes are associated with technical limitations of fURS when working in acute angle calices and Ho:YAG fiber breakages can be associated with costly repairs. The techniques and laser parameters for treating such difficult cases have not been widely described. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the non contact “pop-corn” (PC) technique with a wide range of Ho:YAG settings and fiber sizes as to evaluate the risk factors for fiber fracture while curved in systematic in-vitro assessments. The evaluations for the PC were done with 4 artificial stones in a Vacutaner. A fix ureteroscope was inserted trough a ureteral access sheath allowing constant irrigation flow. The laser was placed at 1 mm from the bottom of the Vacutaner within the stones. The combination of 0.5-1.5 Joules, 10-20 and 40Hz and long and short pulse were tested for 2 and 4 minutes. 273 and 365 μm laser fibers were used. All tests were repeated 3 times. The stones were weighed before and after the experiments to evaluate the setting efficiency. Significant predictors for a highly efficient technique were assessed. A total of 144 experiments were conducted. Stone groups had a consistent weight: mean of 0.23g. After the experiment median weight difference was 0.7 gr (0.01-0.243). Choosing a cumulative percentage of 50% of the stones volume reduction as the cut-off level the significant predictors for high efficiency PC technique were the use of long pulse (OR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.05 – 7.15), longer time (4 min) (OR = 11.4, 95% CI 3.88 – 33.29), small (273μm) laser fiber (OR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.08 – 0.70), and higher power (watt) (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.09 – 1.20). We concluded that higher energy (>1.5 J), longer pulse, higher frequency of (20Hz),longer time, and small laser fiber are predictors for high efficient PC technique. As for the curved fiber evaluations, 272m and 365m fibers were employed. Five different fiber curve diameters were tested: 9, 12, 15, 18 and 20mm. Fragmentation and dusting settings were used at 7.5W. The laser was activated for 5 minutes. Each experiment was repeated 10 times. We found that with dusting settings, fibers broke more frequently at a curved diameter of 9mm f or both 272m and 365m fibers (p=0,037 and 0,006 respectively). Using fragmentation setting, fibers broke more frequently at 12mm for 272m and 15mm for 365m (p=0,007 and 0,033 respectively). Short-pulse and high energy were significant risk factors of fiber fracture for the 365m fibers (p=0,02), but not for the 272m fibers (p=0,35). Frequency was not a risk factor for fiber rupture. Fiber diameters also seemed to be involved in the failure with a higher number of broken fibers for the 365m fibers but no significant differences were found comparing to the 272m fibers (p>0,05). We concluded that small fibers are more resistant than large ones as lower bending diameters (<9mm) are required to break small fibers. In acute angles the use small-diameter fibers, at a low energy and long-pulse (dusting setting) may reduce the likelihood of fiber rupture.
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Strada, Alberto Riccardo. "Polinomi di Bernstein e curve di Bezier." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6302/.
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Questo lavoro si pone come obiettivo l'approfondimento della natura e delle proprietà dei polinomi espressi mediante la base di Bernstein. Introdotti originariamente all'inizio del '900 per risolvere il problema di approssimare una funzione continua su un intervallo chiuso e limitato della retta reale (Teorema di Stone-Weierstrass), essi hanno riscosso grande successo solo a partire dagli anni '60 quando furono applicati alla computer-grafica per costruire le cosiddette curve di Bezier. Queste, ereditando le loro proprietà geometriche da quelle analitiche dei polinomi di Bernstein, risultano intuitive e facilmente modellabili da un software interattivo e sono alla base di tutti i più moderni disegni curvilinei: dal design industriale, ai sistemi CAD, dallo standard SVG alla rappresentazione di font di caratteri.
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Anderson, Jennifer Christine. "QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATIONS INTO URINARY CALCULI USING INFRARED MICROSPECTROSCOPY." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1173303815.
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Melo, Franco Lenon Rogerio de. "A maldição como processo = leituras de Gaspard de la Nuit." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270320.
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Orientador: Suzi Frankl SperberDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituo de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T22:23:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MeloFranco_LenonRogeriode_M.pdf: 1830662 bytes, checksum: d63fce9d22e9ed1808c6436f83f0a25d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: A dissertação se ocupa da recepção da obra francesa Gaspard de la Nuit: fantaisies à la manière de Rembrandt et de Callot desde sua publicação nos anos românticos até nossos dias. As leituras de Sainte-Beuve, Baudelaire, Mallarmé e André Breton, sobretudo, são revisadas à luz de exames sincrônicos e diacrônicos. Os diferentes acolhimentos do texto são oportunidade e aporte para discutirmos seus aspectos prevalentes, tais como a relação da poesia com as artes plásticas, a fundação de um novo gênero que é o poema em prosa moderno e a noção de poète maudit. Após o decantamento crítico de numerosos leitores, apresentamos então nossa exegese particular da obra - que se acrescenta a esses registros recepcionais que foram analisados
Abstract: Not informed
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Literatura Geral e Comparada
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Gates, Jody A. "An ecological study of Bush stone-curlews Burhinus grallarius on Kangaroo Island, South Australia." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/110441.
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Documents the historical distribution and subsequent decline of bush stone-curlews in South Australia, determines their current distribution and status on Kangaroo Island, their home range sizes and movements, the characteristics of foraging habitat, day roost areas and nest sites and the availability of habitat, the diet and food resources, and potential threats to the population. As a result of the findings of this survey, bush stone-curlews have been downgraded from endangered to vulnerable in South Australia.Thesis (M.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Environmental Biology, 2002.
Books on the topic "Stone Curlew"
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Richard, Vaughan. The stone curlew: Burhinus oedicnemus. Falmouth: Isabelline Books, 2005.
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Hazel, Alexandra. Using GIS to target breeding sites for the stone curlew Burhinus oedicnemus in the Chiltern hills. [Oxford]: Oxford Brookes University, 2002.
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Burne, H. J. K. H.J.K. Burne field notes: With nesting sites of stone curlew, crossbill, & red-backed shrike in Breckland. Brighton: Oriel Stringer, 1985.
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Keene, Michael. Folklore and legends of Rochester: The Mystery of Hoodoo Corner & Other Tales. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2011.
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Schwartz, Steven A. The Big Book of Nintendo Games. Greensboro, USA: Compute Books, 1991.
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Tom, Badgett, ed. Ultimate Unauthorized Nintendo Classic Game Strategies. New York, N.Y.: Bantam Books, 1991.
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Tom, Badgett, ed. Ultimate Unauthorized Nintendo Classic Game Strategies. 2nd ed. New York: Bantam Books, 1992.
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Lightsey, Whitney, and Adam Love. Calvarymen: The Cursed Stones. Independently Published, 2021.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Stone Curlew"
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Wendland, D., M. Gielen, and V. Korensky. "The construction and stereotomy of the medieval vaults in Notre-Dame: Planning, stone-cutting and building of the double-curved shells." In History of Construction Cultures, 333–40. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003173434-147.
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"Stone-curlews." In Birds of Australia, 136–37. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400865109.136b.
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"STONE-CURLEWS: Burhinidae." In Birds of New Guinea, 309. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400865116.309.
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Lewis, Adrian, and Derek Pomeroy. "Family Burhinidae: Thicknees, Stone Curlews." In A Bird Atlas of Kenya, 182–83. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315136264-39.
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Walters, Holly. "Turning to Stone." In Shaligram Pilgrimage in the Nepal Himalayas. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463721721_ch06.
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Shaligram origin stories are as variable as the stones themselves. Whether formed by the vajra-kita (thunderbolt worm) whose stone-carving capabilities continue to link religious creation stories with ammonite paleontology or by any number of curses levied at Vishnu for betraying the chastity of the goddess Tulsi, the mountain and river birth of a Shaligram is always preceded by a complex narrative of time, place, and personhood. The core conceptualization of bodies as landscapes, however, remains constant. The birth-death-rebirth processes of the landscape then becomes metonymic for the karmic birth-death-rebirth cycle shared by humans, their deities, and their Shaligrams.
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Adak, Mustafa, and Peter Thonemann. "The Teian ‘Dirae’ (Documents 2–3)." In Teos and Abdera, 95–149. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845429.003.0004.
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The richest sources for the institutional history of Classical Teos, and for ongoing relations between Teos and Abdera in the generations after the Teian colonizing enterprise, are a pair of Greek inscriptions from Teos of the early fifth century BC, recording public curses to be read out by magistrates at major Teian festivals. The first of these two texts, ‘Dirae I’, has been known since the early eighteenth century, but no previous edition of the text has been based on full knowledge of the surviving copies of the stone, and as a result the text has (it is argued here) been significantly misunderstood in various respects. The second of these texts, ‘Dirae II’, was first published by Peter Herrmann in 1981; the text is inscribed on all four faces of a rectangular stone, and Herrmann read the faces in the wrong order. A full new edition of both texts is offered here, and a new interpretation of the relationship between the two texts and their significance for the institutional relationship between Teos and Abdera is proposed.
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Turanboy, A., and E. Ülker. "Using the distribution curves to optimize the block exploitation in natural stone quarries." In Rock Engineering and Rock Mechanics: Structures in and on Rock Masses, 631–35. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16955-108.
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Wani, Zishan Ahmad, and Shreekar Pant. "Plant Species Used by Locals as Ethno-Medicine in Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary, Kashmir Himalaya (India)." In Advances in Medical Diagnosis, Treatment, and Care, 285–300. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1320-0.ch015.
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Villages in the Indian Himalayan Region have a rich repository of the indigenous knowledge and practices. Documentation of such knowledge is urgently required in view of the advent of modernization. Therefore, an attempt is made to document the indigenous uses and practices of the plants utilized by the local inhabitants of the Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary, Jammu and Kashmir., India. A total of 48 plant species belonging to 46 genera and 25 families are used traditionally to cure various diseases. Various plant parts of these species are used to cure cold, cough, fever, liver disorder, kidney stones, skin diseases, and eye and ear complaints. Such kinds of studies will help in developing a comprehensive database of the plants used traditionally, strengthening the health care system in the villages, and conserving traditional knowledge for the future.
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Tadiparthi, Sujatha. "Skin substitutes." In Burns (OSH Surgery), 203–12. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199699537.003.0025.
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Skin substitutes are a heterogeneous group of wound coverage materials that aid in would closure and replace the functions of the skin. They were developed as an adjunct or alternative to autografts. They are available in large quantities, they can provide a mechanical barrier to infection and fluid loss, and enable a neo-dermal base that may help minimize scar contraction. However, they can be expensive, difficult to store with a short half-life and there is a learning curve for their clinical application and use. Skin substitutes can provide either temporary wound cover (eg. Biobrane, TansCyte) or permanent wound cover (eg. Intergra, Matriderm, Alloderm). The features, advantages and disadvantages of the main types of skin substitutes currently in common use are described in this chapter.
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Barua, Ranjit, Sumit Bhowmik, Arghya Dey, and Jaydeep Mondal. "Advances of the Robotics Technology in Modern Minimally Invasive Surgery." In Design and Control Advances in Robotics, 91–104. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5381-0.ch006.
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Currently, numerous robotically controlled steerable needle-based methods have been offered, which can precisely maintain needle tip deflection to monitor premeditated curved paths inside soft tissue. Percutaneous interventions via MIS methods can deliver patients with improved consequences and earlier recovery times than traditional or open surgeries. Precise needle insertions are important for effective procedures, and dynamically piloted needles can intensify system exactness. Current robotic technology can overcome individuals' limitations and upturn the attainment of minimally invasive percutaneous treatment. Needle insertion can also be applied as a “satellite access” area, and parallel calculus can be pushed or broken into the renal pelvis. The main access is applied for the removal of stones, in that way avoiding the formation of various channels and efficiently caring for kidney function. Here, the authors will present the present state-of-the-art insertion needles for MIS, concentrating on the limitations and challenges still open for their application in the medical area.
Conference papers on the topic "Stone Curlew"
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Wang, Shyh-Jen. "Modulus of Toughness Measurements of Urinary Calculi." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2636.
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Abstract Objective: To improve the efficacy of ESWL treatment, it is desirable to identify the physical properties of urinary calculi that could offer direct correlation with their fragilities during ESWL and thus could be used to guide treatment procedures for more effective stone fragmentation. Method: The 30 stone specimens removed surgically were compressed by an axial testing system to measure the compressive strength and trace the stress-strain curve. Image analysis software SigmaScan (Jandel Co.) was used to calculate the area under the stress-strain curve, the modulus of toughness, for each stone. Result: The values of compressive strength measured were similar to those reported by other researchers. The modulus of toughness of urinary calculi correlates with the stone fragility during ESWL clinically. Conclusion: The modulus of toughness could be an index to evaluate the physical property of urinary calculi that could be used to guide treatment procedures for more effective stone fragmentation.
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Gupta, Subodh. "Issue with Stone-II Three Phase Permeability Model, and A Novel Robust Fundamentals-Based Alternative to It." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205883-ms.
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Abstract The objective of this paper is to present a fundamentals-based, consistent with observation, three-phase flow model that avoids the pitfalls of conventional models such as Stone-II or Baker's three-phase permeability models. While investigating the myth of residual oil saturation in SAGD with comparing model generated results against field data, Gupta et al. (2020) highlighted the difficulty in matching observed residual oil saturation in steamed reservoir with Stone-II and Baker's linear models. Though the use of Stone-II model is very popular for three-phase flow across the industry, one issue in the context of gravity drainage is how it appears to counter-intuitively limit the flow of oil when water is present near its irreducible saturation. The current work begins with describing the problem with existing combinatorial methods such as Stone-II, which in turn combine the water-oil, and gas-oil relative permeability curves to yield the oil relative permeability curve in presence of water and gas. Then starting with the fundamentals of laminar flow in capillaries and with successive analogical formulations, it develops expressions that directly yield the relative permeabilities for all three phases. In this it assumes a pore size distribution approximated by functions used earlier in the literature for deriving two-phase relative permeability curves. The outlined approach by-passes the need for having combinatorial functions such as prescribed by Stone or Baker. The model so developed is simple to use, and it avoids the unnatural phenomenon or discrepancy due to a mathematical artefact described in the context of Stone-II above. The model also explains why in the past some researchers have found relative permeability to be a function of temperature. The new model is also amenable to be determined experimentally, instead of being based on an assumed pore-size distribution. In that context it serves as a set of skeletal functions of known dependencies on various saturations, leaving constants to be determined experimentally. The novelty of the work is in development of a three-phase relative permeability model that is based on fundamentals of flow in fine channels and which explains the observed results in the context of flow in porous media better. The significance of the work includes, aside from predicting results more in line with expectations and an explanation of temperature dependent relative permeabilities of oil, a more reliable time dependent residual oleic-phase saturation in the context of gravity-based oil recovery methods.
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Morimoto, Tania K., Michael H. Hsieh, and Allison M. Okamura. "Robot Guided Sheaths (RoGS) for Percutaneous Access to the Pediatric Kidney: Patient-Specific Design and Preliminary Results." In ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2013-3917.
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Robot-guided sheaths consisting of pre-curved tubes and steerable needles are proposed to provide surgical access to locations deep within the body. In comparison to current minimally invasive surgical robotic instruments, these sheaths are thinner, can move along more highly curved paths, and are potentially less expensive. This paper presents the patient-specific design of the pre-curved tube portion of a robot-guided sheath for access to a kidney stone; such a device could be used for delivery of an endoscope to fragment and remove the stone in a pediatric patient. First, feasible two-dimensional paths were determined considering workspace limitations, including avoidance of the ribs and lung, and minimizing collateral damage to surrounding tissue by leveraging the curvatures of the sheaths. Second, building on prior work in concentric-tube robot mechanics, the mechanical interaction of a two-element sheath was modeled and the resulting kinematics was demonstrated to achieve a feasible path in simulation. In addition, as a first step toward three-dimensional planning, patient-specific CT data was used to reconstruct a three-dimensional model of the area of interest.
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Won, Dong-Ok, Byung-Do Kim, Ho-Jung Kim, Tae-San Eom, Klaus-Robert Müller, and Seong-Whan Lee. "Curly: An AI-based Curling Robot Successfully Competing in the Olympic Discipline of Curling." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/870.
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Most artificial intelligence (AI) based learning systems act in virtual or laboratory environments. Here we demonstrate an AI-based curling robot system named `Curly' that competes on a real-world curling ice sheet. Curly encompasses (1) an AI-based curling strategy and simulation engine under consideration of the high `icy' uncertainty, (2) the thrower robot enabled by autonomous driving with traction control, and (3) the skip robot that allows to recognize the curling field and stone configuration based on vision technology. The Curly performed well both: in classical game situations and when interacting with human opponents, namely, the top-ranked Korean amateur high school curling team.
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Zhou, Zaoyang, Xueping Zhang, Kunlun Lv, Jun Wu, Zhenqiang Yao, and Lifeng Xi. "Simulating the Sequential Honing Process of Engine Cylinder Bore by Modeling Abrasives in Honing Stone." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-3049.
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Abstract Sequential honing process is usually implemented in engine cylinder bore processing to obtain the cross-hatched surface texture with excellent function to balance lubricant storage capacities and supporting performance. Many researches have devoted to correlating honed surface quality of cylinder bore with honing process parameters by means of experiments or simulations. Quite a few efforts have addressed the effect of sequential multiple steps on the surface texture in the honing of engine cylinder bore. However, these researches cannot provide an explicit and analytical methodology to predict honed surface texture efficiently and accurately. This paper presents an analytical and explicit methodology to incorporate a proposed microscale abrasive model into the analytical simulation process of sequential honing. The proposed abrasive model synthetically considers the shape, size, posture, and position of abrasives randomly distributed in honing stone, which is incorporated into honing head motions in terms of rotation, oscillation and feeding. The kinematics of honing head is calculated by space-time discretization to capture the interaction between honing stones and cylinder bore surface. The above procedure acts as each single step for the sequential honing processes. This study investigates the sequential honing of two stages including semi-finish honing and plateau honing at different feeding speeds by applying the abrasive model with different abrasive sizes. The formation of cross-hatched surface texture was successfully achieved sequentially by semi-finish honing and plateaus honing. Then the Abbott-Firestone Curve of the honed surface can be obtained to analyze the influences of abrasive size and honing time of two stages on the surface roughness. Correctness of surface roughness predicted by the model is verified by comparing with a group of experiment measurements in terms of Abbott-Firestone Curve. Most errors of all the predicted Rk roughness family roughness parameters in the two honing stages are less than 15%. Based on the model, simulations are done to analyze the influences of abrasive size and honing duration time of two stages on the surface roughness. The result shows that the larger abrasive used in finish honing leads to the decrease of the material portions Mr1, Mr2 and the increase of the reduced valley depth Rvk. The longer plateau honing duration time is preferred to produce the larger Mr1, Mr2 and the smaller Rvk.
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Omar, Tarek A., Nabih E. Bedewi, and Azim Eskandarian. "Recurrent Artificial Neural Networks for Crashworthiness Analysis." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-1190.
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Abstract The initial velocity and structural characteristics of any vehicle are the main factors affecting the vehicle response in case of frontal Impact. Finite Element (FE) simulations are essential tools for crashworthiness analysis, however, the FE models are getting bigger which increases the simulation time and cost. An advanced recurrent Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used to store the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of the vehicle structure. Therefore, hundreds of impact scenarios can be performed quickly with much less cost by using the trained networks. The equation of motion of the dynamic system was used to define the inputs and outputs of the ANN. The back-propagation learning rule was used to adjust the connecting weights and biases of the developed Network. To include the dynamics of the system, the delayed acceleration was fed back as an input to the ANN together with the velocity and displacement. A Finite Element (FE) model for a simple box beam with rigid mass attached to it was developed to represent a general crushable object. The simulation results were performed by impacting this model into a rigid wall with different initial velocities. The displacement, velocity and acceleration curves obtained from the simulation — for the C.G. of the moving mass — were used to train the ANN. After a successful training phase, the ANN was tested by predicting a new acceleration curve. The points of the acceleration curve were predicted sequentially since only one point of the curve is predicted through one cycle of the NN operation. The predicted acceleration curve showed a good correlation with the actual curve obtained from the simulation. During the recall phase, the predicted acceleration of a new state was integrated twice to obtain the velocity and displacement by using a second order integration scheme. Then, the displacement, velocity and acceleration of this new state were fed to the ANN to predict the next state acceleration, and so forth. The results indicated that the recurrent ANN can accurately capture the frontal crash characteristics of any impacting structure, and predict the crash performance of the same structure for any other crash scenario within the training limits. The current paper considered only the front impact, however, an offset and oblique impact scenarios will be included in further research.
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Villanueva, German B., Konno Sensuke, and John Fenton. "EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLE BINDING SITES OF HIRUDIN IN THROMBIN." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644666.
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A highly purified hirudin with a specific activity of 13, 950 AT units/mg was used in these studies. Investigation of the circular dichroism of hirudin and thrombin showed that the CD spectrum of the thrombin-hirudin complex deviates significantly from additivity towards a less organized structure (i.e. loss of a-helix).A sigmoidal curve, rather than a hyperbolic curve, is generated when the deviation from additivity is plotted against hirudin concentration. This suggests cooperativity of the binding process. At low concentation, aScatchard plot of the data fits intoa straight line clearly indicating one binding site per mole of thrombin.This site binds hirudin with a dissociation constant of 500 nM. However, the data cannot be fitted to a straight line at higher concentration ofhirudin suggesting that hirudin binds also to another site with a different affinity. These results agree with the findings of Stone and Hofsteenge (Biochemistry 25, 4622-4628, 1986) and support the idea that initially hirudin binds at a site distinct from the active site, which then rearranges through a conformational change (detected by CD) to form a tigher complex in which hirudin is also bound to the active site.
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Sunil, Rugma, Parvathy Panicker L, R. Megha, Athira K. Vijayan, and Ramaswamy K. P. "Preparation and Properties of Alkali Activated Coarse Aggregates Using Fly Ash and Slag." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.45.
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Coarse aggregate is an essential component of concrete which influences the properties of concrete. Generally, natural crushed stones are being used for the concrete production. The increased demand of aggregates for concrete production can be countered by using alternate aggregates. Production of artificial aggregates from industrial wastes appear as a promising and sustainable alternative to natural aggregates as it helps in utilizing large amount of industrial byproducts in concrete, reduces environmental pollution and also relieves the issues involved in their waste disposal. Hence, this study aims at the utilization of industrial wastes (fly ash and slag) for the manufacture of synthetic aggregates which could be a potential sustainable alternative for the coarse aggregates. Cold bonded pelletized aggregates were prepared by using alkali-activated Class F fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Alkali mixture of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and 10M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution were used for the chemical activation of fly ash and slag. Two types of synthetic aggregates were prepared using the fabricated disc pelletizer; mix containing only slag and another mix with equal proportion of fly ash and slag, and the aggregates were heat cured for 24 hours. Tests were done to determine properties such as aggregate surface texture and shape, particle size distribution, bulk density and specific gravity, and the results were compared with the properties of normal aggregates (natural crushed stones). The results indicate that synthetic aggregates made by alkali activation of fly ash and slag could be a potential alternative to the crushed stones.
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Tsai, Shang-Wei, and Meng-Ju Lin. "Design and Analysis of Hemispherical Electrostatic Micro Deformable Focusing Mirror." In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58265.
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For uniform deformation, based on bulk microfabrication with isotropic etching, two types of hemispherical electrostatic micro deformable focusing mirror are designed. One of the focusing mirrors is center-anchored, and the other is circular clamped. Using theory of shells, theoretical solution of deformation under uniform electrostatic force is derived. For more detail analysis of the electrostatic and elastic forces coupling problem, finite element is used to analyze the deformation of the mirror structure. Applying electrostatic force, the profile of micro focusing mirror will be not the spherical and change to become a curve like parabolic surface. Using least square method, the curve is fitted as a parabolic curve and the focal lengths of the focusing micro mirror are obtained. The result shows the focal length without applying electrostatic force can be determined by different micro mirror radius and isotropic etching depth. When the electrostatic forces are applied, the deformation and the focal length change differently between the two types of focusing mirror. For circular clamped micro mirror, the deformation is larger near circular clamped region and uniform in the center regime. Therefore, the relation of focal length and applying voltage is a concave curve with minimum values. That is, the focusing length decreasing as the applying voltage increasing and reaches a limit values. When the applying voltage continues increasing after reaching the minimum value, the focal length increases fast. It also shows the thicker structure layer needs larger applied voltage. But the focal length changes in larger stroke. The pull-in voltage is about 100 volt when the structure layer are both 2 μm. However, the pull-in voltage increases nonlinearly as gap increasing. When the gap increases to 4 μm, the pull-in voltage is about 300 volt. The result shows center-anchored micro mirror has better performance. The deformation is more uniform and the focal length increases nonlinearly as applied voltage increasing. It is found the stroke of focal length is larger and the applied voltage is less. The results shows even when the gap and structure layer is 4 and 2 μm, the pull-in voltage is about 62 volts. However, the stoke changes from 990 to about 1320 μm when applying voltage is from 0 to 60 volts. Therefore, with low applied voltage and large focal length stoke, the center-anchored micro mirror has good performance.
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Zhou, Zaoyang, Xueping Zhang, Zhenqiang Yao, and Lifeng Xi. "Predicting Multi-Scale Dimensional Accuracy of Engine Cylinder by Honing." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2673.
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The deviations of cylinder bore dimensional accuracy have tremendous influence on engine performances including friction power loss, vibration, leak tightness between piston ring and cylinder wall, and abrasive resistance. Many researches were devoted to capturing cylinder dimensional accuracies by honing using analytical, experimental and simulation methods. These researches investigated the topography and roughness of the honed surface, the relationship between the process parameters and the dimensional accuracies. However, most researches focused on macro-scale dimensional accuracy and micro-scale surface texture respectively. To overcome the limitation, a multi-scale model for cylinder bore honing is proposed to predict the dimensional accuracy and surface texture of cylinder bore at macro-scale and micro-scale simultaneously. The model integrates the microscale factors of the honing stone abrasives distribution characteristics, abrasive wear process, previous cylinder surface topography, and macro-scale factors of cylinder geometry and honing head motion trajectory. A Force matching method is adopted to determine the feed depth of cylinder honing process. Thus the model can predict the roundness, cylindricity, roughness and Abbott-Firestone curve of the honed cylinder bore at multi-scale levels. Simulation results show that material removal distribution is closely related to cylinder bore initial shape deviations. The deviations with long wavelengths cannot be eliminated by the sequential honing.
Reports on the topic "Stone Curlew"
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Deo, Salil, David McAllister, Naveed Sattar, and Jill Pell. The time-varying cardiovascular benefits of glucagon like peptide-1 agonist (GLP-RA)therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of multinational randomized trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.7.0097.
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Review question / Objective: P - patients with type 2 diabetes melllitus already receiving routine medical therapy; I - patients receiving glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP1 receptor agonist) therapy (semaglutide, dulaglutide, liraglutide, exenatide, lixisenatide, efpeglenatide, abiglutide); C - patients receiving standard therapy for diabetes mellitus but not receiving GLP1 agonist therapy; O - composite end point as per invididual trial, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, stoke. Condition being studied: Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Study designs to be included: Randomised controlled trials which enroll a large number of patients (defined as > 500) and are multinational in origin. Studies included will need to have published Kaplan and Meier curves for the end-points presented in the manuscript.