Academic literature on the topic 'Stone enclosures'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Stone enclosures.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Stone enclosures"
1
Cassel, Kerstin. "Stone Enclosures —Linking Time and Guiding Space." Current Swedish Archaeology 4, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1996.03.
Full textAbstract:
From the late Roman Iron Age, stone enclosures and houses with a stone foundation have been built on Gotland. Stone enclosures have generally been interpreted as fences between the infields and the outlying land. I will argue that this explanation is insufficient and that we also have to consider the enclosures' symbolic and social significance. The stone enclosures were part of people's everyday practice as they moved through the landscape, and the enclosures structured the reality. The stone enclosures can be seen as both linking and separating, and one interpretation put forward is that the enclosures "embody" the social structure.
2
Kubarev, G. V. "OLD TURKIC STONE ENCLOSURES AT KYZYL-SHIN, SOUTHEASTERN ALTAI." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 46, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.2.079-089.
Full textAbstract:
This study outlines the results of excavations of fi ve Old Turkic stone enclosures (No. 1, 6, 9, 12, and 18) at a funerary and memorial complex Kyzyl-Shin, in the Kosh-Agachsky District of the Altai Republic. Due to soil conditions and to the presence of air in some offering chambers, unique artifacts were discovered––a wooden box, wooden dishes, armor plates, etc. These fi nds extend our knowledge of Old Turkic offerings and the Turkic ritualism in general. They enable us to reconstruct the stages in the construction of enclosures and of their separate elements. The presence of nonfunctional (votive) artifacts highlights a key feature of the Old Turkic funerary ritualism, supporting the idea that enclosures were ritual models of dwellings––abodes of the deceased persons’ spirits/ souls. Well-preserved larch trunks, dug into the ground in their centers, offered a possibility to cross-check the results of radiocarbon and dendrochronological analyses, suggesting that the enclosures date to late 6th and 7th century AD. Although the Kyzyl-Shin enclosures belong to the Yakonur type, they are contemporaneous with adjacent enclosures of the Kudyrge type, suggesting that the typology of archaeological structures does not always mirror their chronological and evolutionary relationship. Differences in the construction and arrangement of enclosures could be determined by other factors such as family or social structure.
3
Chirikure, Shadreck, and Innocent Pikirayi. "Inside and outside the dry stone walls: revisiting the material culture of Great Zimbabwe." Antiquity 82, no. 318 (December 1, 2008): 976–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00097726.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract‘Any study of Great Zimbabwe has to rely a great deal on re-examining and re-assessing the work of early investigators, the men who removed all the most important finds from the ruins and stripped them of so much of their deposits’ (Garlake 1973: 14). The authors have here done us a great service in reviewing the surviving archaeological evidence from this world famous site. They challenge the structuralist interpretation – in which different parts of the site were allocated to kings, priests, wives or to circumcision rituals – and use the architectural, stratigraphic and artefactual evidence accumulated over the years to present a new sequence. The early enclosures on the hill, the Great Enclosure and the valley enclosures now appear as the work of successive rulers, each founding a new residence and power centre in accord with Shona practice.
4
Pawlicki, Franciszek. "Preliminary report on the archaeological survey of the joint Kuwaiti–Polish Mission, Failaka Island, 2012." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XXIV, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0093.
Full textAbstract:
An extensive archaeological prospection along the coasts of Failaka recorded over 180 sites, different stone structures, surface pottery assemblages, farms and enclosures. These were registered, documented and mapped. Stone by stone plans were drawn up of a number of substantial structures that were cleaned and some general observations were made. All prospected and cleaned structures proved to be built of local ashlar sandstone straight on solid ground or bedrock. All kinds of mortar and plaster was used for building construction. Flat stones of similar dimensions were carefully selected. Buildings were neatly designed with entrances always in the middle of the front wall. Archaeological sites of Al-Sabbahiya, Um al-Dakhan, Matitah, Kharaib el-Desht with a density of different historical structures dating from the mid- and late Islamic period are found in the southern regions of Failaka Island.
5
Kubarev, G. V. "Old Turkic Stone Enclosures at Kyzyl-Shin, Southeastern Altai." Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia (Russian-language). 46, no. 2 (2018): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0102.2018.46.2.079-089.
Full text
6
Kelly, Richard S., J. S. Conway, D. Williams, and N. Hammo Yassi. "Two Late Prehistoric Circular Enclosures near Harlech, Gwynedd." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 54 (1988): 101–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x0000579x.
Full textAbstract:
Two late prehistoric circular enclosure settlements near Harlech, Gwynedd were excavated by the Gwynedd Archaeological Trust in 1980–81 in advance of upland pasture improvements. Both produced evidence for the change from timber to mainly stone as a building material, commonplace in upland Britain at this time. At Moel y Gerddi there was some evidence for earlier activity in the Neolithic period, but the principal occupation occurred in the mid-first millennium BC, and comprised a roughly circular timber palisade enclosing a fairly substantial timber roundhouse. As these structures deteriorated, they were consolidated and embanked with stone, but despite this the occupation did not last very long and the site was abandoned. Erw-wen a short distance away produced similar evidence but there was no Neolithic phase and the site was re-used in the Medieval period. The principal late prehistoric settlement there comprised a single large roundhouse standing within an imposing enclosure wall but whether or not this had been preceded by a timber palisade is not known. It was clear, however, that the stone roundhouse was a replacement for an earlier timber counterpart and, quite unlike Moel y Gerddi, the occupation lasted a considerable period of time, possibly two or even three centuries. Dating evidence from either site was poor, and acid soil conditions mitigated against the preservation of most finds. The sites were apparently aceramic and probably relied on pastoralism rather than arable farming. The environmental setting and background has been considered in some detail in the preceding paper with particular reference to soil pollen studies and a bog core dug near Moel y Gerddi. Typologically the sites belong to the Gwynedd stone-built hut-circle settlements and it is argued that they could mark the first appearance of these monuments in the landscape. But in any case, the use of timber as witnessed here, was far more commonplace than has previously been supposed on these sites.
7
Biveridge, Fritz. "Ethno archaeological Clues to Stone Exploitation in Ancient Dangme-land, Greater Accra Region, Ghana." Legon Journal of the Humanities 30, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ljh.v30i2.2.
Full textAbstract:
Dangme-land is naturally replete with abundant stone resources whose exploitation facilitated the peoples’ adaptation to their environment. The objective of the researcher in this paper was to investigate for what purposes the ancient indigenous Dangme populations that occupied Sega Hill, Kpone, Shai and Prampram exploited and used stones in the remote past. It also documented the techniques and methodologies utilized by the people to exploit this resource. Data for the study were derived from ethnographic and archaeological investigations and from early European sources relating to the area. The combined evidence revealed that the people of the aforementioned settlements exploited stone for a variety of purposes, such as for the construction of agricultural terraces and protective enclosures against slavers. The ethno archaeological evidence also indicated that the four principal early vocations of the people namely; fishing, crop farming, hunting and trapping were facilitated greatly by the use of a variety of tools manufactured from stone.
8
Barker, Graeme. "Cows and Kings: Models for Zimbabwes." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 54 (1988): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00005831.
Full textAbstract:
This paper discusses the complex societies which flourished on the central plateau of southern Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers between c. AD 800 and 1500, and the models which can be proposed for how they functioned and why they developed. The principal archaeological monuments left by these societies are their regional political centres, the stone enclosures or zimbabwes (fig. 1), of which Great Zimbabwe is the best known and most elaborate (fig. 2). (The traditional spelling zimbabwe(s) is used in this paper rather than the correct but lesser known spelling dzimbahwe singular and madzimbahwe plural.) They varied considerably in size, but the largest probably housed populations numbering several thousands — Great Zimbabwe itself has been estimated to have had a population of some 30,000 people (Huffman 1984) — and their construction implies organized labour on a substantial scale. The main population lived in densely clustered huts outside the stone enclosure. Artefacts suggest that they were commoners, with the servants of the king and minor officials living close to the central hill. Beyond was an outer ring of prestige residences with their own housing units (fig. 2). ‘Great Zimbabwe was the product of a highly stratified society: the stone walls are essentially demonstrations of the prestige of a ruling class, a symbol of political authority that spread over the whole plateau’ (Garlake 1973, 14).
9
Valenti, Marco. "ARCHITECTURE AND INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE EARLY MEDIEVAL VILLAGE: THE CASE OF TUSCANY." Late Antique Archaeology 4, no. 1 (2008): 451–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000098.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses the design and architectural structures of Early Medieval rural settlements in Tuscany, covering the period between the 7th and 10th c. It considers hut types, granaries and store-buildings, along with enclosures, roads, courtyards and artisanal structures. The construction of palisades, ditches and stone fortifications is also discussed. Technological characteristics are discussed in detail. A social interpretation of village development is presented. The origin of village settlement seems to be in the reaction of rural populations to the failure of centralised leadership in Late Antiquity, through the formation of communities, of an egalitarian nature, to cope with changed circumstances. The increasing structural complexity of the settlement is connected to the emergence of a resident elite.
10
Haklay, Gil, and Avi Gopher. "Geometry and Architectural Planning at Göbekli Tepe, Turkey." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30, no. 2 (January 14, 2020): 343–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774319000660.
Full textAbstract:
The site of Göbekli Tepe in southeastern Turkey keeps fascinating archaeologists as it is being exposed. The excavation since 1995 has been accompanied by a lively discussion about the meaning and implications of its remarkable early Neolithic megalithic architecture, unprecedented in its monumentality, complexity and symbolic content. The building history and the chronological relations between the different structures (enclosures), however, remain in many ways a challenge and open to further analysis. The study presented here is an attempt to contribute in this direction by applying a preliminary architectural formal analysis in order to reconstruct aspects of the architectural design processes involved in the construction of the monumental enclosures. This is done under the premise that such investigation would shed light on the chaîne opératoire of the enclosures' construction and their history, thus enabling a fresh look as well as an evaluation of past suggestions regarding these structures and the people who built them. Indeed, the results of the analysis brought to light an underlying geometric pattern which offers a new understanding of the assemblage of architectural remains indicating that three of the stone-built large enclosures were planned and initially built as a single project.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stone enclosures"
1
Löfving, Axel. "Tingsplatsens ordning : Tingsväsendets organiserande roll i svensk vikingatid." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Arkeologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-30953.
Full textAbstract:
This essay provides a study of five Swedish locales in the Mälar Valley and Öland, namely Arkels tingstad, Aspa löt, Tingstad flisor, Anundshög and Signhilds kulle/Fornsigtuna, and their possible use as sites of Viking Age thing assemblies. Historical texts, place names and archaeological excavations are queried through the aid of a theoretical assemblage drawing on De Landa, Deleuze & Guattari, as well as Icelandic, British and Scandinavian research. Following this, I propose that the locales chosen as thing sites were communicational nexuses localised on commons in borderzones between land domains. Thus, space commonly understood as in the elite's periphery insteadbecomes of central importance.
2
Fernstål, Lotta. "Delar av en grav och glimtar av en tid : Om yngre romersk järnålder, Tuna i Badelunda i Västmanland och personen i grav X." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-277.
Full textAbstract:
Grave X was found in 1952 during construction work in Tuna in Badelunda parish, in the province of Västmanland. Objects from this 3rd Century grave were dispersed and the stone grave covering and cist-like wooden burial chamber were cut almost in half as a result of the construction work that unearthed it. The purpose of this dissertation is to create a better understanding of Tuna in Badelunda and to place Grave X and the person buried there in context. Due to my interest in Grave X and the person in this grave, the scope of the study is limited to Tuna during the Late Roman Iron Age. What kind of place may Tuna in Badelunda have been during that time? Which kinds of knowledge may the person in Grave X have possessed and what roles may this person have had in local society? How may this person have acted in Tuna in Badelunda in particular? Why was this person buried in the specific type of structure that was Grave X? To answer these questions, ancient monuments and phenomena in the Tuna area, objects from the grave and construction details of the grave are discussed. Specifically, I examine the name Tuna, stone enclosures, hillforts of Bejby borg-character and travel routes, beads, golden rings in the shape of snakes, vessels and serving utensils, and the stone grave covering and cist-like chamber. Since Grave X was partly ruined when discovered, comparisons are made to about 20 similar graves from other parts of Scandinavia in order to get an idea of what may have been lost from Grave X. A performative-constructive gender perspective is of importance in this dissertation, as well as the concept of creolization. The kinds of knowledge and the societal roles the person in Grave X may have had can be summarized in five categories or contexts of action: production within the (social-political) economy of the farm, ritual performances, physical communication, textile production, and oral performances with the telling of stories and relating of memories. Possible personal strategies in relation to the activities the person in question was involved in are seen as important. One way this dissertation takes up this subject is through the discussion of the role the person may have had in greetings and farewells in the yard of the farm (Sw. tun, gårdsplan). Greetings and farewells were probably of importance, and Tuna is discussed as a crossroads. This means that although a local perspective is advocated in this dissertation, Tuna may not be seen as an isolated community, but rather as a small place that to a great extent partook in the larger world. This can also be seen in Grave X; when the person in this grave was buried, the living made choices that both expressed local traditions and made reference to far-away places. In contrast to the surrounding graves, the person in Grave X was not cremated. One of many possible reasons may have been a desire to emphasize the person’s personality and gender as well as roles in society.Auktoriserad namnform i LIBRIS: Fernstål, Charlotte, 1974-
3
Kruhm, Kathryn Elizabeth. "Four Houses: A Language of Transition from Earth to Sky." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36004.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis of this project is to develop a language of architecture for the design of a rural house.
Parameters for this language are specified through program, ideas about living in a country home, and the importance of integrating the building with its site. The parameters are reaffirmed through the materials and elements of architecture.
In order to develop a cohesive language, four houses have been designed for four different sites. Each house implements the specified parameters in a manner appropriate to the setting of the surrounding landscape. The houses themselves become a transition between the inside and the outside and between the natural and the man-made. Thus this thesis is: Four Houses - A Language of Transition from Earth to Sky.
Our experience-space is necessarily in conflict with the space of nature. The space that nature offers us rises above the ground and is oriented entirely towards the earth's surface. The contrast between the mass of the earth below and the space of the air above, which meet at the surface of the earth, is the primary datum of this (experience) space.
Dom H. Van Der Laan, "Architectonic Space" (E.J. Brill, 1983), p. 5Master of Architecture
4
Hillman, Anne. "Common rights to stone, coaland peat, in the barony of Kendal before and after enclosure." Thesis, Leeds Beckett University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533354.
Full text
5
Gibson, Alex M. "Middle and Late Neolithic Enclosures in Britain." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9898.
Full text
6
Yerka, Stephen Jay. "Geophysical Study at Old Stone Fort State Archaeological Park, Manchester, Tennessee." 2010. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/845.
Full textAbstract:
The Old Stone Fort State Archaeological Park covers over 800 acres within Manchester, Tennessee, and is owned and managed by the Tennessee Division of State Parks. The central archaeological site within the park boundary is The Old Stone Fort mounds that enclose about 50 acres on a plateau above the convergence of the Big Duck and the Little Duck Rivers. The hilltop enclosure dates to the Middle Woodland Period, and radiocarbon dates obtained at the site range from the first to the fifth century A. D. Because of its size and apparent complexity, previous investigations of the site have been quite limited in areal exposure. Many questions remain as to the overall structure of the site, including the relationship of built and natural features, the presence of any structures or other anthropogenic features, and the occurrence of presence of any domestic remains.
This research project utilizes detailed digital topographic survey, geographical information system (GIS) analysis, geophysical survey, limited re-excavation of previously investigated portions of the site, and manual coring to locate and characterize archaeological deposits within the enclosure and mounds. Magnetometer, resistance, electromagnetic susceptibility, conductivity, and ground penetrating radar techniques were used during the investigations. Geophysical data, using these instruments, were collected over the same area in many cases. All together 20,000 m2 were examined during the project.
Results indicate potential archaeological features and deposits within the plateau interior. Analysis suggests the presence of several geophysical anomalies potentially associated with prehistoric use of the site, especially within the Eastern Gateway complex. One such anomaly, or complex of anomalies, represents a possible structure. Historic archaeological deposits are also indicated by the geophysical data. Excavations at the site were limited to minimize impact. In a re-excavated trench, a lens of black shale within the stone mound construction may indicate a building stage not previously observed at Old Stone Fort. A second excavation confirmed a ditch feature detected in the geophysical survey. Archaeological deposits located during the survey are interpreted as evidence of sustained use of the ceremonial site during the Middle Woodland Period by local corporate groups to maintain and intensify membership for individuals who were settled in nucleated villages throughout most of the year.
Books on the topic "Stone enclosures"
1
Schmidt, Klaus. Göbekli Tepe: A Neolithic Site in Southeastern Anatolia. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0042.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses findings from excavations at Göbekli Tepe. Though only partially excavated, it has become increasingly obvious that these findings may contribute significantly to our understanding of the transition from a subsistence pattern based exclusively on hunting and foraging at the end of the Pleistocene to the appearance of agriculture and animal husbandry in the course of the early Holocene. Göbekli Tepe is unique not only in its location on top of a hill and in its monumental architecture, but also its diverse set of objects of art, ranging from small stone figurines, through sculptures and statues of animals, to decorated megaliths, all of which set it apart. The most characteristic feature of the monuments of Göbekli Tepe are the monumental T-shaped pillars. These are arranged in round or oval enclosures, always with a pair of free-standing pillars in the center. It is highly probable that the T-shaped pillars are meant to represent anthropomorphic beings.
2
Bailey, Doug. Cutting the Ground. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190611873.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter presents a detailed description, discussion, and reinterpretation of the Neolithic causewayed enclosure at Etton in southern Britain. Discussion focuses on the sequences of digging-filling-resurfacing-redigging at the site, and examines the differences between the ditches and the interior filled-pits, as well as the eastern and the western segments of the site, and the distribution of different categories and conditions of artifacts. One result is a rethinking of the existing understanding of the site as connected to structured deposition, ground stone artifacts, and human lives. The proposal is that the reader interprets the site as a textured surface that was cut, resurfaced, and then cut again. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relevance of this rereading of Etton for our understanding of the pit-houses at Măgura and at similar sites.
Book chapters on the topic "Stone enclosures"
1
Migon, Piotr. "Granite Landscapes Transformed." In Granite Landscapes of the World. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199273683.003.0018.
Full textAbstract:
An analysis of granite landscapes would not be complete if the modifying human factor were ignored (Godard, 1977). Over the millennia humans have used the resources provided by granite, whether in a solid or weathered state, taken advantage of the spatial configuration of granite landforms, or mimicked natural granite features for various purposes. The combination of rock outcrops, regolith-mantled surfaces, and soil characteristics has acted as a significant constraint on many human activities, especially in the past. Hence many granite areas have very specific histories of human impact. The monumentality of many granite landforms has inspired fear, awe, and spiritual experience, whereas in the modern era the distinctiveness of many granite terrains has become a magnet for tourism. Each of these activities has left its imprint on granite landscapes, to the extent that some of them easily fall into the category of ‘cultural landscapes’, while in others, man-made features have evidently overwhelmed the natural configuration of the land. In this closing chapter of the book a few aspects of human transformation on natural granite landscapes will be briefly addressed. The coverage, and particularly the selection, of examples are by no means exhaustive, and the historical context has not been explored. The intention is rather to review some of the most characteristic relationships between humans and granite landscapes and to show that the characteristics of natural granite landforms dictate very specific adjustments, uses, and strategies of landscape change. Therefore, extensive referencing has also been avoided. The middle and late Neolithic in western Europe (3500–1700 BC) was a period of extraordinary construction activity using local and imported stone. It was not limited to granite lands, but the availability of durable monumental stone was certainly important. Therefore, uplands and rolling plains underlain by granitoid rocks abound in a variety of megalithic structures, including standing stones, stone circles and rows, passage tombs, simple dolmens, burial mounds (cairns), and stone enclosures. Extensive assemblages of Neolithic monuments occur on the Alentejo plain in southern Portugal, in western Spain, in Brittany, France, and on the uplands of south-west England, from Dartmoor through Bodmin Moor, Carnmenellis to Land’s End.
2
Bradley, Richard, Colin Haselgrove, Marc Vander Linden, and Leo Webley. "Regional Monumental Landscapes (3700–2500 BC)." In The Later Prehistory of North-West Europe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199659777.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
By about 3700 BC every region of the study area had been settled by farmers (Fig. 3.1), although there must have been local differences between the areas that were colonized by immigrants and those where the indigenous population had changed its way of life. The expansion of agriculture would extend little further and, when it did so, it would be mainly a feature of Fennoscandia. In some of the regions discussed here farming had already been practiced for between a thousand and fifteen hundred years. That was certainly true in the Rhineland, the southern Netherlands, and parts of France, but in other areas it had been adopted only recently. Such was the case in the northern Netherlands, Jutland, Britain, and Ireland, but by the period considered in this chapter the process was virtually complete. Not only did these parts of the study area have different histories, there were significant contrasts in the roles played by local monuments. For the most part such structures were not a feature of the earliest Neolithic period, although even here there were significant contrasts. In the Rhineland, the earthwork enclosures of the LBK were associated with the last settlements in that tradition, and in certain cases may even have taken the place of houses that had been abandoned. In Brittany, on the other hand, the first stone monuments seem to be closely related to the oldest evidence of farming. There was a significant difference between developments in those two regions. From the beginning, the LBK had been associated with enormous longhouses, but on the Atlantic coast of France early settlers may not have occupied such impressive structures. Here stone monuments, especially menhirs, could have been erected from the outset. A similar contrast was found in other regions studied in Chapter 2, but it is even more apparent in the phase considered now, for this was a time when enclosures and mounds were built at an increasing pace. There is little evidence of houses except in Scandinavia, Ireland, and the Northern Isles of Scotland.
3
Bradley, Richard, Colin Haselgrove, Marc Vander Linden, and Leo Webley. "Late Foragers and First Farmers (8000–3700 BC)." In The Later Prehistory of North-West Europe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199659777.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter spans an important period division. It considers both the ‘Mesolithic’ hunter-gatherers of the study area, and the first ‘Neolithic’ farmers. The relationship between them is one of the most important issues to be investigated by prehistoric archaeology, but it is also one of the most contentious. The period between 8000 and 3700 BC saw the change from a reliance on wild resources to a new subsistence economy based on the ownership of domesticated plants and animals. It must have involved completely new forms of social organization. The transition between these phases occurred at different times in different parts of north-west Europe, but in all instances it is where two distinctive kinds of scholarship impinge on one another. To some extent the distinction between these kinds of research is determined by the kinds of evidence that are available. For the most part Mesolithic activity is characterized by hearths, scatters of stone tools, shell middens, and other food remains. In some regions there are graves, but traces of domestic buildings are comparatively rare. There is little sign of more monumental structures. The Neolithic period, on the other hand, is characterized by durable wooden houses, enclosures, mounds, and stone-built tombs, and by a much wider range of artefacts. This contrast has implications for the kinds of research that can be undertaken. With notable exceptions, students of the Mesolithic are most concerned with food production, settlement patterns, and lithic technology and place a particular emphasis on ecology and adaptation. Specialists on the Neolithic period do not neglect these fields, but they are also able to consider monumental architecture. Because they can draw on a wider range of data, their studies extend to ritual and social organization in a way that is more difficult to achieve in the archaeology of foragers. That contrast has become even wider with recent increases in the scale of fieldwork. Mesolithic sites contain comparatively few subsoil features and are difficult to detect by remote sensing or sample excavation.
4
Silva, António Manuel S. P., Paulo A. P. Lemos, Sara Almeida e. Silva, and Edite Martins de Sá. "São Julião da Branca (Albergaria-a-Velha) - Investigação e valorização de um povoado do Bronze Final." In Arqueologia em Portugal 2020 - Estado da Questão - Textos, 1065–81. Associação dos Arqueólogos Portugueses e CITCEM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/978-989-8970-25-1/arqa77.
Full textAbstract:
The archaeological site of São Julião is a Late Bronze Age settlement, located on the coastal platform between Douro and Vouga rivers, which has been the subject of systematic research projects since 2014. Its most striking structures are the stone wall that delimited the enclosure and a megalithic mound, violated or reused in modern or contemporary times. The archaeological collection includes a significant set of ceramics, objects in stone and metals, with emphasis on a pair of gold earrings, perhaps related to the evidence of metallurgy that is observed in the place. Currently, a site’s archeological conservation and enhancement program is underway, with the support of the Municipality.
5
Bradley, Richard. "The Enormous Room." In The Idea of Order. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199608096.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
It is ironic that anyone studying the domestic architecture of Copper Age Sardinia must turn to underground tombs as a source of information, whilst the monumental ‘houses’ of the Bronze Age are among the most conspicuous structures anywhere in Europe. The contrast between these two periods introduces a new theme. The first part of this chapter will study stone towers and related structures in the West Mediterranean. In every case they were associated with settlement sites and some may have been domestic buildings in their own right. Over time, they came to favour a circular plan. This section considers monuments in Sardinia, Corsica, and the Balearics and compares them with sites in Spain. It also asks whether they represent a single phenomenon. The second part considers three groups of timber buildings in Britain and Ireland and the enclosures with which they are associated. In this case they date from different periods. Although they resemble one another on the ground, there were few direct connections between them and, in at least two instances, they are thought to have been ceremonial centres. These sites in the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic are considered together in the light of a recent analysis of monumental architecture in the eastern USA. Both sections are designed to complement one another. The first considers the development of Great Houses in a series of well-populated landscapes. The second works at a larger geographical scale and studies the ways in which such buildings, and the earthworks associated with them, were related to a still more extensive area, until the most elaborate of all could be considered as microcosms of the wider world. Chapter Four discussed the domus de janas of Sardinia, the surprisingly realistic copies of domestic interiors provided for the dead during the Ozieri Culture. They were lavishly decorated and have produced radiocarbon dates which suggest that they were contemporary with the later phases of megalithic art in Western Europe. At the same time, most of the Sardinian structures were roughly square or rectangular and only a minority were designed as depictions of roundhouses. That reflects the results of excavation at the comparatively few surviving settlements of the same date.
6
Harding, Dennis. "Chronology." In Iron Age Hillforts in Britain and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695249.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
Hillforts are conventionally regarded as a phenomenon of the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age of temperate Europe, with some sites being constructed or reoccupied in the post-Roman Iron Age or Early Medieval period. In broad chronological terms, 1000 BC to AD 1000 covers the two millennia of the ‘long Iron Age’ in which hillforts are a major field monument. The concept of enclosure nevertheless has a much longer ancestry, from at least the earliest Neolithic. Some enclosed sites of the Neolithic and earlier Bronze Age in central Europe may be located on elevated ground or on promontories and may involve palisades or earthworks around their perimeter, just like Iron Age hillforts, so that the question arises whether these should not qualify as hillforts. To argue that their topographic location, or the scale or layout of enclosure, is not indicative of a primarily defensive purpose will not do, because some Iron Age hillforts seem to be compromised on these criteria. Nevertheless, by not entirely rational convention, hillforts as a regular class of field monuments are generally recognized from the Late Bronze Age, when their appearance in central and western Europe coincides with an intensification in the quantity and number of types of weaponry and defensive armour associated especially with the Urnfield culture. There are a number of hillfort sites in Britain where there is underlying evidence of Neolithic occupation, including occupation that was originally defined by enclosing works of earth or stone. There is no question of claiming continuity of occupation from Neolithic to Iron Age, but since the earlier earthworks would almost certainly still have been visible—at Maiden Castle, for instance, where the earliest Iron Age hillfort follows almost exactly the extent of the Neolithic enclosure—there is every reason to suppose that the existence of earthworks that would have been recognized as ancient, even if they were not formally venerated as places of ancestors, may have encouraged choice of these sites. An alternative interpretation would be simply to assume that the same advantages of location that commended themselves to Neolithic communities coincidentally satisfied equally the requirements of their Iron Age successors. But in that event the earlier monuments, like the Hambledon Hill long barrow or the Foel Trigarn cairns (Plate 14b), would hardly have been accorded the respect by later occupants that their condition indicates they were.
7
Harding, Dennis. "Function 2: Social, Economic, Ritual." In Iron Age Hillforts in Britain and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695249.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
In southern England, in terms of prevailing environmental conditions most hillforts could have been occupied or used on a permanent rather than seasonal basis. With the exception of Exmoor and Dartmoor in the far south-west, none are located above the 300m contour and therefore could potentially have sustained a mixed agricultural regime. In northern England, Wales, and Scotland, on the other hand, there are hillforts at altitudes that make seasonal use more likely, although even with some of the larger hillforts in southern Scotland and Northumberland, like Eildon Hill, Hownam Law, and Yeavering Bell, higher altitude may not have precluded occupation on a significant scale. We have already seen that some hillforts in southern Scotland and the Cheviots show ample evidence of occupation in the form of house stances, so that a residential function as a primary purpose is hardly in doubt. Sites like Hayhope Knowe or Camp Tops may be categorized as protected villages, and though some might seem scarcely to qualify as hillforts at all (Frodsham et al. 2007), others like Sundhope Kipp boast defensive earthworks, which seem almost disproportionate in scale to the area of the internal settlement. Sometimes the houses are so densely arranged within the interior as to exclude the possibility of division into different activity zones, unless some of these seemingly identical roundhouses actually served as workshops or stores rather than just for domestic occupation. Despite their relatively high altitude and exposed locations, there is every reason to believe that some sites were permanently occupied, since evidence of cord-rig agriculture often lies in immediate proximity to the enclosure. Even so, these cultivation plots must have been on the margins of viability in the Iron Age, and it is possible that these Borders upland sites by the later first millennium BC were used only seasonally. Indeed, progressive environmental deterioration may be a reason why the earthwork phase of enclosure at Hayhope Knowe was never completed. Archaeologically it is hard to point to evidence that might distinguish seasonal from permanent occupation. The number of buildings may be indicative of the intensity of use, but might stake-wall construction with numerous episodes of rebuilding indicate seasonal construction, as opposed to more permanent post-built houses? On the other hand, stone foundations could have been renovated seasonally in a manner than might be hard to distinguish archaeologically from permanent use.
8
"Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation." In Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation, edited by Thomas J. Minello. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569124.ch7.
Full textAbstract:
<em>Abstract.</em> —The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act) of 1996 requires the identification of essential fish habitat (EFH) for fishery species under federal fishery management plans (FMPs). As defined in the Magnuson-Stevens Act, EFH includes waters and substrate necessary for spawning, breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity. Without EFH, fishery species will be unable to maintain the productivity needed to support a sustainable fishery or contribute ecologically to aquatic ecosystems. The highly productive estuaries in the northern Gulf of Mexico contain many habitat types that are potentially essential for species under FMPs such as brown shrimp <em>Penaeus aztecus, </em> white shrimp <em>P. setiferus</em> , pink shrimp <em>P. duorarum, </em> gulf stone crab <em>Menippe adina, </em> red drum <em>Sciaenops ocellatus</em> , gray snapper <em>Lutjanus griseus</em> , and bluefish <em>Pomatomus saltatrix</em> ; these species spend their juvenile life stages in estuarine nurseries. Estuarine habitats also may be important for prey required as forage by managed species and for other fishery species not under FMPs. My objective in this paper was to summarize information on densities of juvenile fishery species and other animals (all generally <100 mm total length) in shallow-water estuarine areas of Texas and Louisiana. I attempted to identify where these species live (delineate their habitat) and to analyze density patterns within habitats that would be useful in distinguishing EFH. My analysis was restricted to data collected with enclosure sampling techniques because these techniques have been shown to provide comparable density estimates among highly diverse shallow-water areas. Habitat types evaluated included <em>Spartina alterniflora </em> marsh edge (SAME), mixed-vegetation marsh edge, inner marsh (>5 m from open water), submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), oyster reefs, and shallow nonvegetated bottom (SNB). Data also were categorized by season, salinity regime, estuarine system, and year of collection. Mean densities among habitat types frequently varied in relation to salinity regime, but overall, SAME was used most by brown shrimp, white shrimp, blue crab <em>Callinectes sapidus</em> , spotted seatrout <em>Cynoscion nebulosus</em> , and southern flounder <em>Paralichthys lethostigma</em> . Highest densities of pink shrimp, red drum, and sand seatrout <em>Cynoscion arenarius </em> were found in SAV. Stone crabs had highest mean densities on oyster reefs and gulf menhaden <em>Brevoortia patronus </em> on SNB. Each of the six habitat types examined ranked first or second in use by at least one of these fishery species. Thus, all of these habitat types are likely essential for some fishery species. The analysis highlighted many of the challenges confronted in determining habitat-use patterns and emphasized the need for additional systematic sampling to examine geographic variability in habitat use and to examine distribution patterns within habitats. However, in addition to analyses of intrahabitat densities, the identification of EFH requires information on functional relationships between fishery species and habitat characteristics.
9
"Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation." In Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation, edited by Thomas J. Minello. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569124.ch7.
Full textAbstract:
<em>Abstract.</em> —The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act) of 1996 requires the identification of essential fish habitat (EFH) for fishery species under federal fishery management plans (FMPs). As defined in the Magnuson-Stevens Act, EFH includes waters and substrate necessary for spawning, breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity. Without EFH, fishery species will be unable to maintain the productivity needed to support a sustainable fishery or contribute ecologically to aquatic ecosystems. The highly productive estuaries in the northern Gulf of Mexico contain many habitat types that are potentially essential for species under FMPs such as brown shrimp <em>Penaeus aztecus, </em> white shrimp <em>P. setiferus</em> , pink shrimp <em>P. duorarum, </em> gulf stone crab <em>Menippe adina, </em> red drum <em>Sciaenops ocellatus</em> , gray snapper <em>Lutjanus griseus</em> , and bluefish <em>Pomatomus saltatrix</em> ; these species spend their juvenile life stages in estuarine nurseries. Estuarine habitats also may be important for prey required as forage by managed species and for other fishery species not under FMPs. My objective in this paper was to summarize information on densities of juvenile fishery species and other animals (all generally <100 mm total length) in shallow-water estuarine areas of Texas and Louisiana. I attempted to identify where these species live (delineate their habitat) and to analyze density patterns within habitats that would be useful in distinguishing EFH. My analysis was restricted to data collected with enclosure sampling techniques because these techniques have been shown to provide comparable density estimates among highly diverse shallow-water areas. Habitat types evaluated included <em>Spartina alterniflora </em> marsh edge (SAME), mixed-vegetation marsh edge, inner marsh (>5 m from open water), submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), oyster reefs, and shallow nonvegetated bottom (SNB). Data also were categorized by season, salinity regime, estuarine system, and year of collection. Mean densities among habitat types frequently varied in relation to salinity regime, but overall, SAME was used most by brown shrimp, white shrimp, blue crab <em>Callinectes sapidus</em> , spotted seatrout <em>Cynoscion nebulosus</em> , and southern flounder <em>Paralichthys lethostigma</em> . Highest densities of pink shrimp, red drum, and sand seatrout <em>Cynoscion arenarius </em> were found in SAV. Stone crabs had highest mean densities on oyster reefs and gulf menhaden <em>Brevoortia patronus </em> on SNB. Each of the six habitat types examined ranked first or second in use by at least one of these fishery species. Thus, all of these habitat types are likely essential for some fishery species. The analysis highlighted many of the challenges confronted in determining habitat-use patterns and emphasized the need for additional systematic sampling to examine geographic variability in habitat use and to examine distribution patterns within habitats. However, in addition to analyses of intrahabitat densities, the identification of EFH requires information on functional relationships between fishery species and habitat characteristics.
10
"Context Types of site Figurines have been found in four broad categories of sites: village sites in the open (30 figurines, 18 sites); occupied caves (11 figurines, 3 sites); caves and rock-shelters used for burial and other cult purposes (8 figurines, 5 sites); other funerary sites (11 figurines, 4 sites). There seems to be a clear chronological distinction in the types of context. In the earlier period the vast majority of figurines come from settlement contexts — either open villages or occupied caves — while a few come from cult caves. By contrast, all but one of the 12 figurines of the later period (Late Neolithic and Copper Age) come from burials, mostly individual, either from the tombs themselves or from votive pits closely associated with graves. As we shall see, there are also typological distinctions between the types of figurines found in different contexts. Some of these may represent chronological rather than (or as well as) contextual differences, but a possible difference may also be detected between the figurines from settlement sites and those from cult caves within the earlier Neolithic time range. There are also regional differences in the proportions of different types of context occurring. In northern Italy, 13 sites have produced figurines; of these 8 are village sites, 2 are occupied caves, 1 is a tomb and the other 2 are either certainly or possibly cult cave/ rockshelter sites. In central Italy only 4 sites, all settlements, have produced figurines, while in southern Italy, 9 sites have produced figurines; of these 6 sites are settlements, 1 is a tomb and 2 are cult caves. The situation in Sicily stands out as markedly different in many ways: here 5 sites have produced figurines, of which only 2, both Neolithic, are occupation sites (one cave, one village), 2 are cemetery sites of Copper Age date, and 1 is a cult cave, used in both the Neolithic and the Copper Age (but yielding 2 figurines one definitely, the other presumptively, from Neolithic levels). Specific contexts Unfortunately we have specific evidence of location for very few of the figurines. For those coming from settlement sites, none seem to have been associated with buildings of any kind, domestic or other. Some are unstratified surface finds, while others were found in residual layers, redeposited from earlier levels. The only clear contexts in which figurines have been found is in pits (Rivoli, Vhò), a hollow (Alba) and a compound ditch (Passo di Corvo) and in all cases these may represent secondary depositions, as rubbish. In the occupied caves the figurines, when stratified at all, are found either in original occupation layers or in later layers with other redeposited material. The situation is a little better with the cult caves/rock-shelters. While two figurines, one from Grotta di Ponte di Vara (no. 17) and one from Grotta di San Calogero (no. 51), are unstratified, those from Riparo Gaban (nos 8-10) and Grotta di San Calogero (no. 50) come from stratified Neolithic deposits. Moreover, we have two examples from primary and significant depositions: these are the two distinctive clay heads from the central Apulian cult caves of Grotta di Cala Scizzo (no. 39) and Grotta Pacelli (no. 40). The first was found placed in the corner of an artificial stone enclosure at the back of a small cave used for cult purposes, in a layer with late Serra d'Alto and Diana wares and a C date of c.4340 - 3710 cal.BC (lc). The second was placed face downwards on a hearth inside a limestone slab-built monument; the pottery from this level was of Serra d'Alto type, typologically slightly earlier than that from Grotta di Cala Scizzo. On the basis of their contexts, it seems reasonable to interpret these two figurines as performing some function in the rituals carried out in these caves. This is discussed further below. For some of the 11 figurines from cemeteries or individual tombs we have more detailed evidence of context. Of the two stone figurines attributed to the Late-Final Neolithic, the one from Arnesano (no. 46) in southeast Italy apparently came from a rock-cut tomb of." In Gender & Italian Archaeology, 109–10. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315428178-20.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Stone enclosures"
1
Mazet, Sylvain. "Habitat and Stone Enclosure of Corsica: What is the Function of the Enclosed Area during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age?" In 2006 First International Symposium on Environment Identities and Mediterranean Area. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iseima.2006.345020.
Full text
2
Khakpour, Yasmin, and Jamal Seyed-Yagoobi. "Natural Convection in an Enclosure With Blend of Micro Encapsulated Phase Change Materials." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17637.
Full textAbstract:
This numerical study investigates the effect of using a blend of micro-encapsulated phase change materials (MEPCMs) on the heat transfer characteristics of a liquid in a rectangular enclosure driven by natural convection. A comparison has been made between the cases of using single component MEPCM slurry and a blend of two-component MEPCM slurry. The natural convection is generated by the temperature difference between two vertical walls of the enclosure maintained at constant temperatures. Each of the two phase change materials store latent heat at a specific range of temperatures. During phase change of the PCM, the effective density of the slurry varies. This results in thermal expansion and hence a buoyancy driven flow. The effects of MEPCM concentration in the slurry and changes in the operating conditions such as the wall temperatures compared to that of pure water have been studied. The MEPCM latent heat and the increased volumetric thermal expansion coefficient during phase change of the MEPCM play a major role in this heat transfer augmentation.
3
Sterner, Hakan, and Dieter Rittscher. "The AVR (HTGR) Decommissioning Project With New Strategy." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7040.
Full textAbstract:
The 15-MWel prototype pilot reactor AVR is a pebble bed HTGR. It was designed in the late 50s and was connected to the grid end of 1967. After 21y of successful operation the reactor was shut down end of 1988. In 1994 the first decommissioning license was granted and work with defueling, dismantling and preparation of a Safe Enclosure started. The primary system is contaminated with the fission products Sr90 and Cs137 and the activation products are Co60, C14 and H3. Due to the large amounts of Sr and Cs bound to graphite dust, the dismantling of systems connected to the pressure vessel is very tedious. In 2003 the AVR company was restructured and the strategy of the decommissioning was changed from safe enclosure to green field, i.e. the complete direct dismantling of all facilities and clean up of the site. The highlight during the dismantling is the removal of the reactor vessel (diameter ca. 7.6m and length ca. 26m) in one piece. Before handling the reactor vessel it will be filled with low density cellular concrete. Subsequently the reactor building will be cut open and the reactor vessel (total weight ca. 2100Mg) lifted out and transported to an interim store.
4
Hari, Yogeshwar. "Finite Element Analysis of a Slab Tank." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2686.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this paper is to verify design of a slab tank. The slab tank is to store various criticality liquids used in today’s industry. The initial over all dimensions of the slab tank are determined from the capacity of the stored liquids. The design function is performed using the flat plate theory. The slab tank design is broken up into (a) two long side members, (b) two short side members, (c) top head, and (d) bottom head. It is supported from the bottom at a height by a rectangular plate enclosure. It is anchored at the rectangular plate enclosure. The deflection of the linear space is a critical requirement. Stresses are usually acceptable because the requirement is on the deflection. For vacuum condition the long side plates will deflect inwards. Flat plate equations are used to determine deflection and stress. For internal pressure condition the design pressure consists of working internal pressure plus static head pressure. For this the long side plates will deflect outwards. The heads are designed for internal pressure at the bottom where the pressure is the maximum. The designed dimensions are used to recalculate the stresses for the slab tank. The dimensioned slab tank is modeled using STAAD III finite element software. The stresses from the finite element software are compared to the stresses obtained from recalculated stresses obtained using flat plate theory. The difference in the stress values is explained. This paper’s main objective is to compare the flat plate theory to the finite element analysis. The design is found to be safe for the specific configuration considered.
5
Putrus, Johnathon P., Stanley T. Jones, Badih A. Jawad, Giscard Kfoury, Selin Arslan, and Peter Schihl. "Solving Military Vehicle Transient Heat Load Issues Using Phase Change Materials." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52187.
Full textAbstract:
Thermal management systems (TMS) of armored ground vehicle designs are often incapable of sustained heat rejection during high tractive effort conditions and ambient conditions. Latent heat energy storage systems that utilize Phase Change Materials (PCMs) present an effective way of storing thermal energy and offer key advantages such as high-energy storage density, high heat of fusion values, and greater stability in temperature control. Military vehicles frequently undergo high-transient thermal loads and often do not provide adequate cooling for powertrain subsystems. This work outlines an approach to temporarily store excess heat generated by the transmission during high tractive effort situations through the use of a passive PCM retrofit thereby extending the operating time, reducing temperature transients, and limiting overheating. A numerical heat transfer model has been developed based on a conceptual vehicle transmission TMS. The model predicts the transmission fluid temperature response with and without a PCM retrofit. The developed model captures the physics of the phase change processes to predict the transient heat absorption and rejection processes. It will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of proposed candidate implementations and provide input for TMS evaluations. Parametric studies of the heat transfer model have been conducted to establish desirable structural morphologies and PCM thermophysical properties. Key parameters include surface structural characteristics, conduction enhancing material, surface area, and PCM properties such as melt temperature, heat of fusion, and thermal conductivity. To demonstrate proof-of-concept, a passive PCM enclosure has been designed to be integrated between a transmission bell housing and torque converter. This PCM-augmented module will temporarily strategically absorb and release heat from the system at a controlled rate. This allows surging fluid temperatures to be clamped below the maximum effective fluid temperature rating thereby increasing component life, reliability, and performance. This work outlines cooling system boundary conditions, mobility/thermal loads, model details, enclosure design characteristics, potential PCM candidates, design considerations, performance data, cooling system impacts, conclusions, and potential future work.
6
Yilmaz, Emin. "Development of a More Efficient Defrost Control System for Heat Pumps." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15142.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this research project was to design a more efficient defrost control system for residential heat pumps. Defrost systems are used to melt the accumulated ice on evaporator coils of outdoor units. The purpose of the new control system is to prevent the initiation of defrost cycle when there is no substantial ice accumulation on the outdoor unit. Two of the envisioned ice accumulation sensing methods were (a). Increase in pressure loss across the evaporator coil and (b). Resistance change across two electrodes when ice bridges the electrodes. A differential pressure sensor was used to sense an increase in pressure loss across outdoor coil for this research project. Results indicate that, although maximum time interval of 90 minutes was used, about 55% of defrost cycles initiated were not necessary since there was no ice to melt. An ASYST based data acquisition system was used to monitor, measure and store key parameters. It is expected that with the new control system one can improve efficiency by about 3%. A similar project has been undertaken on a heat pump recently installed on our HVAC experimental unit as an undergraduate research project. Installation of temperature and humidity controlled enclosure, and thermocouples have been completed. Some results were reported here. If any additional progress is made, results of this project will be reported at the meeting.
7
Yilmaz, Emin. "Development of a More Efficient Defrost Control System for Residential Heat Pumps." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15141.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this research project was to design a more efficient defrost control system for residential heat pumps. Defrost systems are used to melt the accumulated ice on evaporator coils of outdoor units. The purpose of the new control system is to prevent the initiation of defrost cycle when there is no substantial ice accumulation on the outdoor unit. Two of the envisioned ice accumulation sensing methods were (a). Increase in pressure loss across the evaporator coil and (b). Resistance change across two electrodes when ice bridges the electrodes. A differential pressure sensor was used to sense an increase in pressure loss across outdoor coil for this research project. Results indicate that, although maximum time interval of 90 minutes was used, about 55% of defrost cycles initiated were not necessary since there was no ice to melt. An ASYST based data acquisition system was used to monitor, measure and store key parameters. It is expected that with the new control system one can improve efficiency by about 3%. A similar project has been undertaken on a heat pump recently installed on our HVAC experimental unit as an undergraduate research project. Installation of temperature and humidity controlled enclosure, and thermocouples have been completed. Some preliminary results were reported. If any, other results will be reported at the meeting.
8
Carta, Federica, Diego Ros McDonnell, and Pedro Enrique Collado Espejo. "El Castillo de La Atalaya (siglo XVIII), en Cartagena (Región de Murcia, España). Análisis formal y constructivo." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11366.
Full textAbstract:
The Atalaya Castle (eighteenth century), in Cartagena (Region of Murcia, Spain). Formal and constructive analysisThe Atalaya Castle (eighteenth century) is one of the military fortifications that were part of the defense of Cartagena. The defensive system of the period was composed of an important walled enclosure, which surrounded the city, the arsenal, and a group of fortresses outside the city wall, located on the nearby hills. One of these defensive constructions is the Atalaya Castle or Fort, located to the west of the city from its position it protected the population from attacks both by land and by sea. To the north and west by land, through the Almarjal and the Pelayo mountains, the south by sea covered the possible landings in the bays of the Algameca Grande and the Algameca Chica. The building is a magnificently construction, the fort has a pentagon ground plan with five bastions at each angle. It has an interior building in U arranged on a solid bastioned platform the whole complex is surrounded by a dry moat. The fortification present certain formal elements used in other constructions that had been lifted in the city at that time, circumstance gave unity to the whole. The materials consisted of employed mainly stone and brick, the constructive elements introduce certain heterogeneity. The purpose of the communication is to present the results of the comprehensive analysis carried out in the Atalaya Castle as well as to contribute, through its dissemination to raise awareness of the need for its restoration and enhancement. Research has studied the characteristics of the formal and constructive system of the fortification currently in a state of semiabandonment, a proposal has also been conducted for a new cultural use as a guarantee of its correct recovery and conservation.
9
Hari, Yogeshwar. "Determination of MAWP of a Slab Tank Using FEA." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93176.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this paper is to determine the maximum allowable working pressure per ASME Code [1] of a slab tank using finite element analysis [2]. The slab tank is to store various criticality liquids used in today’s industry. The slab tank has been designed on the basis of the capacity of the stored liquids. The slab tank design is consists of (a) two long side members, (b) two short side members, (c) top head, and (d) bottom head. The slab tank is supported from the bottom at a height by a rectangular plate enclosure. The heads are designed for internal pressure and static pressure at the bottom where the pressure is the maximum. The slab tank has been designed to withstand internal pressure plus static pressure due to liquid head. The procedure used to determine MAWP is as follows: (1) The dimensioned slab tank is modeled using STAAD III finite element software. (2) Two loading conditions are used: (a) internal pressure; (b) static pressure due to liquid head; (c) combined internal pressure plus static pressure. The maximum stress and deflection is evaluated at the above three conditions for determination of MAWP. The stress due to the static pressure due to liquid will remain the same. Only the stress due to internal pressure can be changed by changing the internal pressure. New internal pressure is calculated to meet the ASME code stress criteria, which then will be the MAWP condition. A procedure is established to determine the MAWP of slab tanks using FEA.
10
Hari, Yogeshwar. "Reinforcement Analysis of a Slab Tank." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71272.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this paper is to reduce the stresses and deflection of an existing slab tank [2]. The slab tank is to store various criticality liquids used in today’s industry. The preliminary overall dimensions of the slab tank are determined from the capacity of the stored liquids. The slab tank design is broken up into (a) two long side members, (b) two short side members, (c) top head, and (d) bottom head. The slab tank is supported from the bottom at a height by a rectangular plate enclosure. The deflection of the linear space is a critical requirement. The deflection is controlled by providing external supports from the bottom at a height by adjustable bolts. The analysis of the slab tank showed excessive stresses at the concentrated supports. The slab tank was modified by providing reinforcement on the long side members. Several reinforcement arrangements were considered. The slab tank is subjected to two conditions. First, vacuum condition, the long side plates will deflect inwards. Second, internal pressure condition the design pressure consists of working internal pressure plus static head pressure. For this the long side plates will deflect outwards. The heads are designed for internal pressure at the bottom where the pressure is the maximum. The vacuum pressure is not critical. The dimensioned slab tank is modeled using STAAD III finite element software. The slab tank showed excessive stresses. The concentrated supports were removed. The long side member was reinforced by a Channel section. The slab tank analysis was simplified by modeling a single long side member and three cases of Channel section reinforcement were considered. The reinforced arrangement was analyzed by STAAD III finite element software. Further analysis by changing the Channel section by plate reinforcement was found to be better.