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1
Cassel, Kerstin. "Stone Enclosures —Linking Time and Guiding Space." Current Swedish Archaeology 4, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1996.03.
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From the late Roman Iron Age, stone enclosures and houses with a stone foundation have been built on Gotland. Stone enclosures have generally been interpreted as fences between the infields and the outlying land. I will argue that this explanation is insufficient and that we also have to consider the enclosures' symbolic and social significance. The stone enclosures were part of people's everyday practice as they moved through the landscape, and the enclosures structured the reality. The stone enclosures can be seen as both linking and separating, and one interpretation put forward is that the enclosures "embody" the social structure.
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Kubarev, G. V. "OLD TURKIC STONE ENCLOSURES AT KYZYL-SHIN, SOUTHEASTERN ALTAI." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 46, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.2.079-089.
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This study outlines the results of excavations of fi ve Old Turkic stone enclosures (No. 1, 6, 9, 12, and 18) at a funerary and memorial complex Kyzyl-Shin, in the Kosh-Agachsky District of the Altai Republic. Due to soil conditions and to the presence of air in some offering chambers, unique artifacts were discovered––a wooden box, wooden dishes, armor plates, etc. These fi nds extend our knowledge of Old Turkic offerings and the Turkic ritualism in general. They enable us to reconstruct the stages in the construction of enclosures and of their separate elements. The presence of nonfunctional (votive) artifacts highlights a key feature of the Old Turkic funerary ritualism, supporting the idea that enclosures were ritual models of dwellings––abodes of the deceased persons’ spirits/ souls. Well-preserved larch trunks, dug into the ground in their centers, offered a possibility to cross-check the results of radiocarbon and dendrochronological analyses, suggesting that the enclosures date to late 6th and 7th century AD. Although the Kyzyl-Shin enclosures belong to the Yakonur type, they are contemporaneous with adjacent enclosures of the Kudyrge type, suggesting that the typology of archaeological structures does not always mirror their chronological and evolutionary relationship. Differences in the construction and arrangement of enclosures could be determined by other factors such as family or social structure.
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Chirikure, Shadreck, and Innocent Pikirayi. "Inside and outside the dry stone walls: revisiting the material culture of Great Zimbabwe." Antiquity 82, no. 318 (December 1, 2008): 976–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00097726.
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Abstract‘Any study of Great Zimbabwe has to rely a great deal on re-examining and re-assessing the work of early investigators, the men who removed all the most important finds from the ruins and stripped them of so much of their deposits’ (Garlake 1973: 14). The authors have here done us a great service in reviewing the surviving archaeological evidence from this world famous site. They challenge the structuralist interpretation – in which different parts of the site were allocated to kings, priests, wives or to circumcision rituals – and use the architectural, stratigraphic and artefactual evidence accumulated over the years to present a new sequence. The early enclosures on the hill, the Great Enclosure and the valley enclosures now appear as the work of successive rulers, each founding a new residence and power centre in accord with Shona practice.
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Pawlicki, Franciszek. "Preliminary report on the archaeological survey of the joint Kuwaiti–Polish Mission, Failaka Island, 2012." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XXIV, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0093.
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An extensive archaeological prospection along the coasts of Failaka recorded over 180 sites, different stone structures, surface pottery assemblages, farms and enclosures. These were registered, documented and mapped. Stone by stone plans were drawn up of a number of substantial structures that were cleaned and some general observations were made. All prospected and cleaned structures proved to be built of local ashlar sandstone straight on solid ground or bedrock. All kinds of mortar and plaster was used for building construction. Flat stones of similar dimensions were carefully selected. Buildings were neatly designed with entrances always in the middle of the front wall. Archaeological sites of Al-Sabbahiya, Um al-Dakhan, Matitah, Kharaib el-Desht with a density of different historical structures dating from the mid- and late Islamic period are found in the southern regions of Failaka Island.
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Kubarev, G. V. "Old Turkic Stone Enclosures at Kyzyl-Shin, Southeastern Altai." Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia (Russian-language). 46, no. 2 (2018): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0102.2018.46.2.079-089.
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Kelly, Richard S., J. S. Conway, D. Williams, and N. Hammo Yassi. "Two Late Prehistoric Circular Enclosures near Harlech, Gwynedd." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 54 (1988): 101–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x0000579x.
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Two late prehistoric circular enclosure settlements near Harlech, Gwynedd were excavated by the Gwynedd Archaeological Trust in 1980–81 in advance of upland pasture improvements. Both produced evidence for the change from timber to mainly stone as a building material, commonplace in upland Britain at this time. At Moel y Gerddi there was some evidence for earlier activity in the Neolithic period, but the principal occupation occurred in the mid-first millennium BC, and comprised a roughly circular timber palisade enclosing a fairly substantial timber roundhouse. As these structures deteriorated, they were consolidated and embanked with stone, but despite this the occupation did not last very long and the site was abandoned. Erw-wen a short distance away produced similar evidence but there was no Neolithic phase and the site was re-used in the Medieval period. The principal late prehistoric settlement there comprised a single large roundhouse standing within an imposing enclosure wall but whether or not this had been preceded by a timber palisade is not known. It was clear, however, that the stone roundhouse was a replacement for an earlier timber counterpart and, quite unlike Moel y Gerddi, the occupation lasted a considerable period of time, possibly two or even three centuries. Dating evidence from either site was poor, and acid soil conditions mitigated against the preservation of most finds. The sites were apparently aceramic and probably relied on pastoralism rather than arable farming. The environmental setting and background has been considered in some detail in the preceding paper with particular reference to soil pollen studies and a bog core dug near Moel y Gerddi. Typologically the sites belong to the Gwynedd stone-built hut-circle settlements and it is argued that they could mark the first appearance of these monuments in the landscape. But in any case, the use of timber as witnessed here, was far more commonplace than has previously been supposed on these sites.
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Biveridge, Fritz. "Ethno archaeological Clues to Stone Exploitation in Ancient Dangme-land, Greater Accra Region, Ghana." Legon Journal of the Humanities 30, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ljh.v30i2.2.
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Dangme-land is naturally replete with abundant stone resources whose exploitation facilitated the peoples’ adaptation to their environment. The objective of the researcher in this paper was to investigate for what purposes the ancient indigenous Dangme populations that occupied Sega Hill, Kpone, Shai and Prampram exploited and used stones in the remote past. It also documented the techniques and methodologies utilized by the people to exploit this resource. Data for the study were derived from ethnographic and archaeological investigations and from early European sources relating to the area. The combined evidence revealed that the people of the aforementioned settlements exploited stone for a variety of purposes, such as for the construction of agricultural terraces and protective enclosures against slavers. The ethno archaeological evidence also indicated that the four principal early vocations of the people namely; fishing, crop farming, hunting and trapping were facilitated greatly by the use of a variety of tools manufactured from stone.
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Barker, Graeme. "Cows and Kings: Models for Zimbabwes." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 54 (1988): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00005831.
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This paper discusses the complex societies which flourished on the central plateau of southern Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers between c. AD 800 and 1500, and the models which can be proposed for how they functioned and why they developed. The principal archaeological monuments left by these societies are their regional political centres, the stone enclosures or zimbabwes (fig. 1), of which Great Zimbabwe is the best known and most elaborate (fig. 2). (The traditional spelling zimbabwe(s) is used in this paper rather than the correct but lesser known spelling dzimbahwe singular and madzimbahwe plural.) They varied considerably in size, but the largest probably housed populations numbering several thousands — Great Zimbabwe itself has been estimated to have had a population of some 30,000 people (Huffman 1984) — and their construction implies organized labour on a substantial scale. The main population lived in densely clustered huts outside the stone enclosure. Artefacts suggest that they were commoners, with the servants of the king and minor officials living close to the central hill. Beyond was an outer ring of prestige residences with their own housing units (fig. 2). ‘Great Zimbabwe was the product of a highly stratified society: the stone walls are essentially demonstrations of the prestige of a ruling class, a symbol of political authority that spread over the whole plateau’ (Garlake 1973, 14).
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Valenti, Marco. "ARCHITECTURE AND INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE EARLY MEDIEVAL VILLAGE: THE CASE OF TUSCANY." Late Antique Archaeology 4, no. 1 (2008): 451–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000098.
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This article discusses the design and architectural structures of Early Medieval rural settlements in Tuscany, covering the period between the 7th and 10th c. It considers hut types, granaries and store-buildings, along with enclosures, roads, courtyards and artisanal structures. The construction of palisades, ditches and stone fortifications is also discussed. Technological characteristics are discussed in detail. A social interpretation of village development is presented. The origin of village settlement seems to be in the reaction of rural populations to the failure of centralised leadership in Late Antiquity, through the formation of communities, of an egalitarian nature, to cope with changed circumstances. The increasing structural complexity of the settlement is connected to the emergence of a resident elite.
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Haklay, Gil, and Avi Gopher. "Geometry and Architectural Planning at Göbekli Tepe, Turkey." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30, no. 2 (January 14, 2020): 343–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774319000660.
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The site of Göbekli Tepe in southeastern Turkey keeps fascinating archaeologists as it is being exposed. The excavation since 1995 has been accompanied by a lively discussion about the meaning and implications of its remarkable early Neolithic megalithic architecture, unprecedented in its monumentality, complexity and symbolic content. The building history and the chronological relations between the different structures (enclosures), however, remain in many ways a challenge and open to further analysis. The study presented here is an attempt to contribute in this direction by applying a preliminary architectural formal analysis in order to reconstruct aspects of the architectural design processes involved in the construction of the monumental enclosures. This is done under the premise that such investigation would shed light on the chaîne opératoire of the enclosures' construction and their history, thus enabling a fresh look as well as an evaluation of past suggestions regarding these structures and the people who built them. Indeed, the results of the analysis brought to light an underlying geometric pattern which offers a new understanding of the assemblage of architectural remains indicating that three of the stone-built large enclosures were planned and initially built as a single project.
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Grove, Richard, Joám Evans Pim, Miguel Serrano, Diego Cidrás, Heather Viles, and Patricia Sanmartín. "Pastoral Stone Enclosures as Biological Cultural Heritage: Galician and Cornish Examples of Community Conservation." Land 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9010009.
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The role and importance of a built structure are closely related to the surrounding area, with interest in a given area having a concomitant effect on the relevance given to the constructions it may hold. Heritage interest in landscape areas has grown in recent times leading to a sound valorisation process. This connects with the recent concept of biological cultural heritage (BCH), or biocultural heritage (definition still in process), that can be understood as domesticated landscapes resulting from long-term biological and social relationships. Although pastoral enclosures (in large part dry-stone walling, whose construction has been recognised by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity since 2018) arise as traditional rural constructions linked with a way of life already disappearing, engaged local communities are recovering their biocultural value in terms of identity and positive conservation outcomes. In this sense, this article focuses on valuing traditional stone-built pastoral enclosures in two locations on the Atlantic coast of western Europe: Frojám (NW Iberian Peninsula) and Ladydown Moor (SW England). Findings concerning plant communities related to current or ancient pastoralism, and artefacts of built heritage are described, and an emphasis is placed on community engagement as a mechanism for conservation. The resilience of species-rich grassland communities is identified as a manifestation of biocultural heritage and an opportunity for habitat restoration. Finally, current trends and improvements in understanding of biological heritage and community conservation are addressed.
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Astafyev, A. Е., and E. S. Bogdanov. "Offerings of Hunnic-type Artifacts in Stone Enclosures at Altynkazgan, the Eastern Caspian Region." Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia (Russian-language). 46, no. 2 (2018): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0102.2018.46.2.068-078.
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Astafyev, A. E., and E. S. Bogdanov. "OFFERINGS OF HUNNIC-TYPE ARTIFACTS IN STONE ENCLOSURES AT ALTYNKAZGAN, THE EASTERN CASPIAN REGION." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 46, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.2.068-078.
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In 2014–2015, nine enclosures built of stone slabs were excavated at Altynkazgan on the Mangyshlak Peninsula, Republic of Kazakhstan. Inside them, remains of offering ceremonies were found: vessels dug into the ground, altars made of limestone blocks, and pits for offerings. In one of these, we found a richly decorated bridle, in another, a belt set of inlaid golden plaques, and in the third, remains of a saddle (silver plates and other items). The entire assemblage has numerous parallels among the 5th and 6th century fi nds from the northern Black Sea area, North Caucasus, and the Volga basin. Ritual burial of a “golden” belt, a bridle, and a ceremonial saddle indicate an advanced cult that included offerings of prestigious belongings of a horseman. These rituals were introduced by Iranian-speaking nomads who had migrated to the eastern Caspian region during the Hunnic raids to Iran in the 5th century. At that time, owing to the regressive phase of the Caspian Sea, the semi-desert northern Caspian coast was connected with Mangyshlak by a land bridge. Our hypotheses are supported by both historical records and modern geomorphological studies of the Caspian Sea.
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Żurek, Magdalena. "Christian settlement at Failaka, Qusur site (Kuwait): excavations in 2011 and 2013." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XXIV, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 529–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0092.
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Excavations of the Qusur complex in the center of Failaka Island in Kuwait commenced in 2011 and were continued in 2013, carried out by a team from the University of Warsaw. A magnetic prospection preceded the fieldwork. In the course of two seasons three of nine units in the northernmost part of the site were investigated. Stone enclosures and small houses with white mortar floors were discovered and dated provisionally to the late pre-Islamic and early Islamic period. The settlement was cleared of practically all finds save for some refuse pottery in the courtyards.
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Stampolidis, N. "Eleutherna on Crete; an Interim Report on the Geometric–Archaic Cemetery." Annual of the British School at Athens 85 (November 1990): 375–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400015744.
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This paper gives a preliminary account of the structural and small finds from the excavations of 1985–1988 in the cemetery of Orthe Petra at Eleutherna. Discussion concerns particularly the funerary pyres in trenches with stone lining, the tomb enclosures, pithos-burials and the larger built tombs which date from protogeometric at least to the archaic period. Preliminary comparisons are made with similar customs in other regions as well as Crete, trade links are discussed between Eleutherna and the other cities of Crete, the rest of Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean, revealed particularly by the small finds.
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Kukushkin, I. A., and E. A. Dmitriev. "Sherubai-1: An Andronovo (Fedorovka) Cemetery in Central Kazakhstan." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 46, no. 4 (December 23, 2018): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0102.2018.46.4.042-048.
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One mound and five stone enclosures were excavated at the Andronovo cemetery of Sherubai-1 in Kazakhstan. Within the enclosures, there were ten graves and burials in cists. Size differences between the funerary structures of low-ranking and highranking persons indicate considerable social stratification. In the center of the kurgan there was a triple burial—two inhumations and a cremation. Certain cultural traits point to contacts between the two Andronovo populations associated with the Fedorovka and Alakul traditions. The radial arrangement of burials, as well as graves dug in the ground, are typical of Alakul. While being rare at Fedorovka cemeteries, triple central burials, such as the one under mound 1, occur in all areas where the tradition is distributed—southern Siberia, Middle Yenisei basins, and eastern and central Kazakhstan. The Sherubai ceramic assemblage includes 14 vessels with typical features, such as round shoulders, oblique hatching, and geometric designs. The vessel shapes belong to the same type, but the paste formation techniques were different, evidencing ethnic heterogeneity. Radiocarbon analysis, conducted at the 14CHRONO laboratory of the Queen’s University Belfast, suggest a date between the early 17th and the early 16th century BC.
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Cowan, Cathy A., and Barbara L. Peckarsky. "Diel Feeding and Positioning Periodicity of a Grazing Mayfly in a Trout Stream and a Fishless Stream." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-047.
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We studied the feeding and positioning periodicity on natural substrates of the overwintering and fast-growing summer generations of a grazing mayfly, Baetis bicaudatus, in a third-order trout stream and a fishless, first-order tributary in western Colorado. At 4-h intervals over 24-h, we recorded the number of Baetis on stone tops in flow-through enclosures in situ and in streamside circular flow-through chambers. We determined the feeding periodicity of Baetis using abundance of plant pigments as an index of gut fullness. Baetis were nocturnal in the trout stream; more animals were found on stone tops and guts were fuller at night, suggesting that individuals came to stone tops to feed during darkness. However, Baetis from the fishless stream were either aperiodic or weakly nocturnal. We tested the hypothesis that nocturnal feeding by Baetis is a response to the presence of visually feeding trout by conducting transplant experiments in the circular streams. After 24 h, Baetis transferred from the trout stream to fishless water remained strongly nocturnal, while Baetis transferred from the fishless stream to trout water became significantly more nocturnal, suggesting that the risk of fish predation outweighs the benefits of relaxing nocturnal periodicity to feed continuously.
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Harding, Phil, and John Lord. "THOUGHTS ON MASSIVE FLINT CORES FROM WILTSHIRE AND EAST ANGLIA, THE MOVEMENT OF FLINT AND ITS ROLE IN LATE NEOLITHIC BRITAIN." Antiquaries Journal 97 (September 2017): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581517000026.
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This paper describes the discovery of a massive, fan-shaped flint core from West Kennett Farm, near Avebury in Wiltshire, a site that is noted for two Late Neolithic palisaded enclosures. The discovery of the core has renewed focus on three similar artefacts from East Anglia, the importance of which has been overlooked. These cores arguably constitute some of the largest individual pieces of systematically worked flint from Britain. The paper considers the implications of the discovery at West Kennett Farm, where nodules of this size are absent, with the movement of flint across Britain, and concludes by discussing the role of these ‘mega-cores’ with current thinking on the function of stone in Neolithic Britain.
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Bradley, Richard. "Time Signatures: The Temporality of Monuments in Early and Middle Neolithic Britain." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 86 (June 18, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2020.3.
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Analysis of radiocarbon dates has established the chronological contexts of three kinds of Neolithic monument in Britain: long mounds or long cairns, causewayed enclosures, and cursuses. It is more difficult to appreciate how such structures developed over time. The building of a barrow or cairn was sometimes the final act in a place that had already experienced a longer history. The construction of the monument brought activities to an end, and the site was effectively closed. Individual sequences were shorter than once thought but might be repeated at different locations over several hundred years.On the other hand, the construction of causewayed enclosures according to a widely accepted template occurred almost simultaneously. Once those earthworks were established some went out of use, but a few others were adapted and changed so that they could play an increasing variety of roles over a longer period. The same contrasts are illustrated by cursuses. Timber structures in the north had finite histories before they decayed or were destroyed by fire, whilst earthworks had a wider distribution and enjoyed a longer currency. A similar approach might shed light on later monuments, including henges, stone circles, and round barrows. It is important to consider how the chronologies of all these structures are related to past conceptions of time.
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Lau, George F. "Feasting and Ancestor Veneration at Chinchawas, North Highlands of Ancash, Peru." Latin American Antiquity 13, no. 3 (September 2002): 279–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/972112.
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The present article considers evidence for ancestor veneration and feasting in the North Highlands (Department of Ancash), Peru between A. D. 500-900. The study draws upon ethnohistorical, iconographic, and archaeological comparisons to better understand different lines of data from the ancient Recuay community of Chinchawas (3,850 masl), including public and mortuary architecture, ceramics, faunal remains, and stone sculpture. Two major programs of religious activity can be discerned: one situated within local Recuay traditions (Kayán and Chinchawasi phases, A. D. 500-800), followed by a suite of intrusive patterns associated with Wari expansion (Warmi phase, after A. D. 800). The study argues that, by A. D. 500, special public ceremonies combined ancestor worship and feasting as part of community politics at the site. Chinchawasi practices included subterranean tombs, special architectural enclosures with monolithic sculptures, and evidence for large-scale consumption. Warmi practices appear smaller in scale, focusing on aboveground mausolea, different stone sculptural forms and iconography, and increasing evidence for interregional interaction. The diachronic patterns reflect: 1) flexible sociopolitical arrangements at Chinchawas that accommodated group and entrepreneurial interests, and 2) local sociocultural transformations associated with Wari expansion (ca. A. D. 750).
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Noble, Gordon, Kenneth Brophy, Derek Hamilton, Stephany Leach, and Alison Sheridan. "Cremation Practices and the Creation of Monument Complexes: The Neolithic Cremation Cemetery at Forteviot, Strathearn, Perth & Kinross, Scotland, and its comparanda." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 83 (October 4, 2017): 213–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2017.11.
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Around the beginning of the 3rd millennium cal bc a cremation cemetery was established at Forteviot, central Scotland. This place went on to become one of the largest monument complexes identified in Mainland Scotland, with the construction of a palisaded enclosure, timber structures, and a series of henge monuments and other enclosures. The cemetery was established between 3080 and 2900 cal bc, probably in the 30th century cal bc, which is contemporary with the cremation cemetery at Stonehenge. Nine discrete deposits of cremated bone, representing the remains of at least 18 people, were identified. In most instances they were placed within cut features and, in one case, a series of cremation deposits was associated with a broken standing stone. This paper includes the first detailed assessment of the cremated remains at Forteviot and the features associated with the cemetery, and explores how the establishment of this cemetery may have been both a catalyst and inspiration for the elaborate monument building and prolonged acts of remembrance that occurred at this location over a period of almost 1000 years. The paper also outlines the parallels for Forteviot across Britain and, for the first time, draws together the dating evidence (including Bayesian modelling) for this major category of evidence for considering the nature of late 4th/early 3rd millennium cal bc society. The results and discussion have wide implications and resonances for contemplating the establishment and evolution of monument complexes in prehistoric Britain and beyond.
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Larsson, Lars. "Ritual Structures in South Scandinavian Prehistory." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 74 (2008): 193–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00000189.
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An increasing number of buildings are coming to light on prehistoric sites in Scandinavia that seem to be related to ritual, cult, or religious activities. This paper documents examples of such buildings from the Mesolithic to the Viking Period. The Late Meolithic cemetery at Skateholm provides evidence for structures associated with materials only otherwise found in grave contexts. Certain aspects of Early Neolithic long barrows and palisaded enclosures may infer ritual practices not directly of a funerary nature. The later Neolithic was marked in the cultural groupings of various regions by the construction of palisaded enclosures, wooden structures associated with graves, or pile dwellings, each often associated with a rich finds assemblage and frequent evidence for burning. These structures and their contents show obvious distinctions from the contemporary domestic settlement and burial sites with which they were associated. Bronze Age examples include rectangular stone walled and D- and C-shaped wooden structures placed beside burial areas and facing cairns. The latter forms continue into the Iron Age, for which few other clear examples of ritual structures are apparent, in spite of historical references. Those that have been identified seem to be associated with important central places. The site of Uppåkra, in southernmost Sweden, has produced an unusual small building set beside a hall around and within which were deposited hundreds of weapons and gold and glass objects. This relationship bears a striking resemblance to the description of the hall of Wodan at Valhalla in Norse mythology.
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Lane, Paul. "African archaeology today." Antiquity 75, no. 290 (December 2001): 793–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00089298.
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For most archaeologists across the globe, mention of Africa in the context of archaeological research will probably bring to mind the important discoveries of early stone tools and hominid remains in eastern and southern Africa, the spectacular stone-walled enclosures and other structures at Great Zimbabwe, and images of ‘tribal’ culture, subsistence practices, artefacts and housing that, to some Western eyes at least, can seem reminiscent of a more distant non-African past. For some, the architectural and artistic splendours of Egyptian civilization may also form part of this image of archaeology on the continent, although for complex geopolitical, historical and academic reasons the study of Egyptian archaeology, in all but a few instances, continues to be regarded as distinct from that of the rest of Africa. While accepting that the preceding sentences are something of a caricature of the non-Africanist’s understanding and perception of the work of archaeologists on the continent, and that general introductory texts on archaeological methods and theory nowadays give wider coverage of African case-studies than was the case even a decade ago (e.g. Renfrew & Bahn 1991; Fagan 1995), the level of awareness of the breadth of African archaeology, current discoveries and research issues, as well as the many problems that practitioners and managers face on a daily basis, remains abysmally low.
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Chaouali, Moheddine, Corisande Fenwick, and Dirk Booms. "Bulla Regia I: a new church and Christian cemetery." Libyan Studies 49 (October 16, 2018): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2018.18.
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AbstractThis paper reports the preliminary results from two short seasons of fieldwork that the Tunisian–British Bulla Regia Archaeological Report was able to undertake in September 2016 and 2017. In 2016, the work focused on a geophysical survey of the western cemetery and revealed a complex landscape of funerary enclosures and mausolea outside the protected boundaries of the site, likely to be of Roman date. In 2017, photogrammetric techniques were used to record and plan a Late Antique church and cemetery that was discovered during a rescue excavation in 2010. The church consists of three naves and a series of funerary annexes, which contained burials covered by mosaic or stone epitaphs, including those marking the graves of two bishops and two priests. The church is surrounded by an extensive cemetery with a variety of different tomb types, such as mosaic caissons and simple stepped masonry tombs. The mosaics, inscriptions and finds (ceramics, glass, coins) support a fourth to sixth/seventh century date for the church and cemetery.
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Jones, Samantha E., Nick Evans, Antonio Martínez Cortizas, Tim M. Mighall, and Gordon Noble. "Settlement, landscape and land-use change at a Pictish Elite Centre: Assessing the palaeoecological record for economic continuity and social change at Rhynie in NE Scotland." Holocene 31, no. 6 (February 17, 2021): 897–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683621994643.
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The first millennium AD was a transformative period when many of the medieval kingdoms of Europe began to take shape, but despite recent advances in palaeoecological and archaeological research there remains a shortage of interdisciplinary collaborative research targeting this period. For some regions we know relatively little about the societies who lived during this formative period. This current investigation focusses on an early medieval elite centre near to Rhynie in NE Scotland; an important power-centre during the fourth–seventh centuries AD as evidenced by a remarkable series of Class I Pictish symbol stones, fortified enclosures at Cairn more, Tap o’ Noth and the Craw-Stane, as well as high status metal-working and a range of continental imports from the Craw-Stane enclosure. However, by the end of the seventh century AD, elite focus appears to have shifted elsewhere with the Craw-Stane and Cairn More enclosures all being abandoned. By combining paleoenvironmental analysis with available historical and archaeological archives this paper provides new insights into societal change during the first Millennium AD, with focus on the economic, social and environmental impacts caused by the rise and subsequent abandonment of elite nodes of power. A calibrated age of AD 260–415, near the base of the core, coincides with the earliest dates for the Craw-Stane complex and pre-dates the construction of the nearby Cairn More enclosure. The results provide a rare snapshot of the Late Roman Iron Age to Medieval environment of Northeast Scotland. This centre appears to have been supported by a rich agricultural landscape, with evidence of pastoral and arable farming, and potential metal working. One of the most significant findings of this study has revealed that despite abandonment of these elite enclosed sites by the seventh century AD, people continued to utilise the surrounding landscape and available resources right through until modern times.
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Nahallage, Charmalie, and Michael Huffman. "Acquisition and development of stone handling behavior in infant Japanese macaques." Behaviour 144, no. 10 (2007): 1193–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907781890959.
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AbstractIn this study we systematically investigate the mode of acquisition and the developmental process of stone handling, a form of solitary object play, in a captive troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) housed in an outdoor enclosure at the Kyoto University Primate Research Institute, Japan. This study was conducted to evaluate two alternative hypotheses regarding the mode of acquisition of stone handling in infants: (1) environmental stimuli (availability of and exposure to stones) and (2) social stimuli (exposure to stone handling individuals). Early exposure to stones in the environment had no significant effect on when infants acquired the behavior. No significant correlations were recognized between the age of stone handling acquisition and number of stones encountered per hour from birth to acquisition, or the time spent in a specific area of the enclosure as a function of the number of available stones therein. However, being exposed to a stone handling model(s) was a social stimulus that had an effect on the age of acquisition, with a significant negative correlation between a mother's stone handling frequency and the age of acquisition by her infant. Infants of non-stone handling mothers acquired the behavior much later than others. Infant peers who acquired stone handling earlier played no significant role as stone handling models. Of the factors tested here, the timing of acquisition depended mainly on the level of proximity to a demonstrator and the frequency at which those available demonstrators performed the behavior.
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Taylor, Gary, Carol Allen, Justine Bayley, Jane Cowgill, Val Fryer, Carol Palmer, Barbara Precious, James Rackham, Tessa Roper, and Jane Young. "An Early to Middle Saxon Settlement at Quarrington, Lincolnshire." Antiquaries Journal 83 (September 2003): 231–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500077702.
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Excavations undertaken at Quarrington, near Sleaford, Lincolnshire, revealed part of an Early and Middle Saxon settlement with associated fields or enclosures. Several timber buildings were identified, both round and rectangular, and there was evidence of ferrous and non-ferrous metalworking at the site. Finds included a large and regionally significant pottery assemblage, showing that Quarrington had an extensive trading network and obtained pottery from Lincolnshire and Leicestershire in the Early Saxon period. Pottery from the Northamptonshire area dominated the assemblage in the Middle Saxon period, with a smaller component from Lincolnshire and a limited quantity from Ipswich. Spatial variations in the Saxon ceramic assemblage suggest that the focus of settlement shifted towards the west or north west in the Middle Saxon period.Few rural sites of Early and Middle Saxon date have produced sufficient faunal material to permit an analysis of changes during the fifth to eighth centuries until now; the large bone assemblage from Quarrington indicates changes in diet and the husbandry of domestic animals through time, with sheep becoming more important as pig diminished. Alterations to the slaughter profiles of cattle and sheep were also evident and may indicate changes from subsistence to surplus production. An apparently isolated Neolithic cremation and a post-medieval stone building were also revealed.
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Vergès, Josep Maria, and Juan Ignacio Morales. "Polished walls as indirect evidence of both the use of caves and stone enclosures as livestock folds and dung management strategies: Ethnological and archaeological examples." Quaternary International 414 (September 2016): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.01.049.
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KASHUBA, M., M. KULKOVA, and T. SMEKALOVA. "NEW DATA ON THE HERD COMPOSITION IN THE MIDDLE AND LATE BRONZE AGE OF NORTHWESTERN CRIMEA." TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE FOR THE HISTORY OF MATERIAL CULTURE Russian Academy of Science 23 (2020): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/2310-6557-2020-23-82-96.
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The paper deals with the results of an archeo-zoological study of bone materials from a num- ber of newly discovered settlements in Northwestern Crimea (Tarkhankut-Н2, Tarkhankut-Н8, Tarkhankut-18 and Tarkhankut-22а). According to the available archaeological evidence and ra- diocarbon determinations obtained on bone remains from cultural layers and semi-closed assem- blages, the materials in question belong to the early stage of the Babino culture (Tarkhankut-18, Tarkhankut-22а) and to the Sabatinovka (Tarkhankut-Н2, Tarkhankut-22а) and Belozerka (Tarkhankut-Н8, Tarkhankut-18) cultures. In addition, the Tarkhankut-22а settlement yielded some Early Iron Age materials. Altogether, 1211 bones were studied, and 284 of them proved to be identifiable. An attempt is made to consider the herd composition in its dynamics: during the final stage of the Middle Bronze Age the herd was heavily dominated by cattle, followed by small ru- minants, while the percentage of horse remains was insignificant. The Late Bronze Age witnessed an increase in the numbers of small ruminants, and the presence of horse became perceptible in the final of the Bronze Age. The authors compare their data with the information available for the Middle and Late Bronze Age settlements of Crimea and the synchronous cultures of the North Black Sea region. The analyzed materials point to the existence of pastoral stockbreeding with stone architecture represented by livestock enclosures.
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Panyushkina, Irina, Igor Sljusarenko, Nikolay Bikov, and Eugene Bogdanov. "Floating Larch Tree-Ring Chronologies from Archaeological Timbers in the Russian Altai Between about 800 BC and AD 800." Radiocarbon 49, no. 2 (2007): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200042582.
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We obtained over 200 archaeological wood specimens from the southeastern part of the Altai Mountains (Russia) to establish accurate calendar dates of the timbers using both radiocarbon and tree-ring analyses. Most timbers came from small and elite tombs of the Pazyryk culture (Siberian Scythians of the Iron Age period). Timbers from Hun-Sarmatian and Turk times (1st millennium AD) were studied for the first time. Three floating tree-ring width chronologies of larch (Larix sibirica) with lengths of 486 yr to 144 yr were developed from the tree-ring data. Tree rings of the composite 486-yr chronology of the Pazyryk culture represent the regional scale of Altai tree-ring width variability between about 720–240 BC. The composite chronology dates the earliest construction of Pazyryk culture tombs to ∼320 BC (ordinary tombs) and the latest ones at 240 BC (Pazyryk noble tomb #5). The composite chronology might be used for tree-ring dating wood from Scythian tombs in the region. It will also help confirm the precision of 14C dating of the Scythian tombs around the Hallstatt plateau of 14C calibration curves. We developed a 110-yr decadal 14C sequence from the Kurayka site that dates Kok-Pash culture timbers back to cal AD 240 (Hun-Sarmatian period). 14C dates of wooden poles from 3 sites of Turk stone enclosures suggested wood cutting dates between cal AD 470 and 830. The results demonstrate that crossdating tree rings along with 14C dating of crossdated rings provide the most reliable and highest precision dates for these archaeological sites.
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Duan, Xiong, and Yang. "On the Melting Process of the Phase Change Material in Horizontal Rectangular Enclosures." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 12, 2019): 3100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163100.
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Phase change material (PCM) is one of the most important ways to store and manage energy. The melting process of PCM in a rectangular enclosure with the different aspect ratio is frequently related to some thermal energy storage devices. In this work, the melting of PCM in the horizontal rectangular enclosures heated from the different sides and the influence of aspect ratio of the rectangle are carefully studied. The enthalpy porosity technique and the finite volume method (FVM) are used to simulate the melting process numerically. The results show that the melting process of PCM can be dominated by conduction or natural convection due to the different heated sides. The melting of PCM in the enclosure heated from the bottom side is firstly affected by conduction and then mostly influenced by convection. In addition, the aspect ratio of the rectangular enclosure is found to play an important role in the melting process. Finally, a series of fitting correlations of the liquid fraction, Nusselt number and the energy storage are presented with the influence of aspect ratios in order to provide the reference for designing the rectangular container of PCM. This study is helpful for the selection of an appropriate aspect ratio and heating method to achieve the desired energy storage performance of encapsulated PCM.
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Whittle, A., R. J. C. Atkinson, R. Chambers, N. Thomas, M. Harman, P. Northover, and M. Robinson. "Excavations in the Neolithic and Bronze Age Complex at Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 1947–1952 and 1981." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, no. 1 (1992): 143–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x0000414x.
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From 1946 to 1952. excavations were undertaken in advance of destruction by gravel workings of a series of Neolithic and Early Bronze Age monuments at Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxon. These included a long enclosure, a cursus, a double ditched henge, pit circles and ring ditches with primary and secondary cremation burials and a notable Beaker burial. Sites I, II, IV, V and VI, all pit circles or ring ditches, were published in 1951. This report describes sites III, VIII, IX, XI, XII, XIII and XIV. By the early 1950s much of the Neolithic complex had been quarried for gravel, and other adjacent areas subsequently were dug away. In 1981 the construction of a bypass led to the excavation of further surviving parts of the complex: site 1, a long D-shaped enclosure incorporated in the southern end of the cursus, and sites 2, 3 and 4.Both sets of sites are presented together, largely following the chronological scheme proposed for the complex by Bradley and Chambers (1988). Site VIII and site 1 are long enclosures of Earlier Neolithic date, with human remains. The latter site has a calibrated date of 3773–3378 BC. Site III is a cursus at least 1600 m long which cuts site VIII and incorporates site 1. A date of 3360–3040 BC was obtained from the primary fill of its ditch. Site XI is a three-phase ring ditch, perhaps successive enlargements of a barrow, but its innermost ditch is cut by a pit circle with cremations. There are Ebbsfleet sherds in the outermost ditch, and dates of 3037–2788 and 3024–2908 BC from the innermost, perhaps primary, ditch. Site XIV is a ring ditch succeeded by the Big Rings henge. Site 3 is a post circle between the ditches of the southern part of the cursus, with some secondary cremations. It has dates from the outer wood of its posts of 2890–2499, 2886–2491 and 2872–2470 BC; dates on charcoal associated with secondary cremations were 2880–2470, 2870–2460 and 2123–1740 BC. Site 2 is a penannular ring ditch with a primary date of 2912–2705 BC, and secondary cremations. Site XII is a notable Beaker burial within a two-phase ring ditch. An adult man was laid crouched on a bier and was accompanied by a fine W/MR beaker, a stone bracer, a tanged copper knife and a small riveted knife with at least one rivet of tin bronze. Traces of a stretcher-like feature were found in an adjacent pit which cuts the inner ring ditch. Site XIII, the Big Rings, is a large double ditched enclosure with central bank and opposed entrances. There was Beaker pottery in the primary fill of the inner ditch, but very little material was found in either ditch, and there were minimal features in the interior, part of which was stripped. Site 4 consists of two conjoined ring ditches within the southern end of the cursus. It encloses cremation burials. One, accompanied by an awl and Collared Urn, has a date of 2290–1910 BC. Traces of a ditched field system (originally referred to as a droveway, site IX) of later Bronze Age date were found cutting sites III, VIII and XIII, and paired ditches on site 1 may be related.The complex is related to its local and regional context, and the sequence of development is discussed. A timescale measured in generations is advocated, with phases of continuity and episodes of little activity both represented. Several aspects of monuments are considered: their differing scales including the monumental, their ability to endure and create tradition, and finally the choice of designs, from the locally customary to the exotic.
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Wilmsen, Edwin N., and James R. Denbow. "The Middens at Tora Nju and Their Adjacent Stone Enclosure." Journal of African Archaeology 15, no. 1 (December 7, 2017): 104–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21915784-12340005.
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Abstract Tora Nju is the local name for a collapsed stone walled enclosure situated approximately 20km from Sowa Spit, 200 m south of the Mosetse River, and 7 km east of the present strandline of Sowa Pan. The site that takes its name from this ruin includes several midden areas containing pottery, stone tools, and faunal remains along with house structures and grain bins. Excavations were carried out in parts of all these site components. The middens contained a moderately rich suite of materials including sherds, glass and shell beads, metal, and animal bones. The enclosure, however, yielded very little. Consequently, we concentrate here first on the middens before turning to the enclosure. Typical Khami vessel forms predominate throughout the midden stratigraphy; a few midden sherds are comparable with Lose wares in part contemporary with Khami ceramics. A possible earlier Leopard’s Kopje presence is also indicated. Glass beads characteristic of Khami Indo-Pacific series were also recovered from all midden levels. Three charcoal samples yielded contradictory radiocarbon dates for the middens, and we have no direct means for dating the enclosure. We evaluate evidence for a takeover of Sowa salt production by the Khami state sometime in the early 15th century. Finally, we examine historical records and incorporate current linguistic and dna studies of Khoisan and Bantu speakers to illuminate the social history of the Tora Nju region.
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Oh, Hyundok, Moonhee Kwon, and Maksim A. Stoyakin. "Geophysical Prospection on the Ancient Tombs of Katartobe Burial Ground in Kazakhstan." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 20, no. 3 (2021): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-3-36-45.
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Purpose. In 2015–2017, geophysical prospection (GPR survey and aerial photography) was conducted on Saka tombs of Katartobe burial ground in southeastern Kazakhstan. Modern methods of studying mounds supported new information to reconstruct tomb characteristics and supplement archaeological research of ancient nomads in Kazakhstan. Results. A GPR survey was carried out with mound and near-burial space at 27 tombs. On the radargrams, round, square, and oval shaped mounds covered with stones was traced. The centre of the mounds gave a weak reading, presumed to be the result of a wooden outer coffin. The boundary stones surrounding the mounds appear to be in two rows with disconnected sections on the east and west central sides. Occasionally, the role of the boundary stones was executed by a ditch enclosure. All the burial sites were damaged by robbers. Archaeological work as a whole confirmed the results of geophysical studies. Meanwhile, the GPR’s low wavelength depth is less effective to reveal inner structures of the large mounds. Aerial photography and photogrammetry methods compose an estimation model of all of Katartobe. This supplemented the accurate information regarding the amount of tombs on the site, due to the confirmed existence of eight additional mounds. It also provides data on the size and volume of each mound. According to the photo topographic analysis, ten small tombs of the Wusun period, represented by circular mounds were detected close to the big mounds. Conclusion. The results of geophysical prospection showed information about construction of mounds covered by stone and boundary stone around mounds. It also offered information about new mounds not detected by traditional archaeological methods. GPR survey and aerial photography provides a new method to be an important part for archaeological studies of ancient culture.
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Crone, Anne, I. Armit, S. Boardman, B. Finlayson, A. MacSween, and C. Mills. "Excavation and Survey of Sub-peat Features of Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Age Date at Bharpa Carinish, North Uist, Scotland." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 59 (1993): 361–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00003844.
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Excavation and survey has revealed evidence of activity around the long cairn, Caravat Barp during the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages. A series of three hearth complexes comprising stone-built hearths within an ash/charcoal spread associated with post-holes and pits were the earliest features on the site. A large sub-rectangular stone enclosure was built soon after peat had begun developing over the area. When the peat had developed to a thickness of 0.2 m another fence line was laid down, apparently utilizing the earlier enclosure. Finally, a small cairn was formed just west of the long cairn. Palynological work was carried out to establish the nature of the contemporary environment while the macrofossil record was analysed in terms of wood use and the foodstuffs available.
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Pavlík, Zbyšek, Lukáš Balík, Jiří Maděra, Milena Pavlíková, Jan Fořt, and Robert Černý. "In Situ Examination and Laboratory Testing of the Enclosure Wall of the Star Game Preserve." Advanced Materials Research 1126 (October 2015): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1126.137.
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The in-situ examination of the historical enclosure wall of the Star Game Preserve located in the capital of the Czech Republic, Prague, is presented in the paper, in order to obtain necessary information for a qualified design of renovation and reconstruction treatments. At the visual inspection of the researched structure, the previous reconstruction methods are identified and evaluated, together with possible moisture sources. Moreover, the damage extent and propagation are assessed. Most of the oldest as well as newly constructed parts of the enclosure wall are found in bad condition and dilapidating. On this account, the building stone (arenaceous marl) forming the original historical masonry is examined to find compatible materials for the reconstruction works. Its chemical composition is accessed by X-Ray Fluorescence analysis. For the researched stone, basic physical, mechanical, hygric and thermal properties are measured. Using the obtained data, the proper material for reconstruction purposes will be identified.
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Rennie, Elizabeth B. "Ardnadam, Cowal, Argyll, further Thoughts on the Origins the Early Christian Chapel." Glasgow Archaeological Journal 21, no. 1 (January 1998): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/gas.1998.21.21.29.
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Summary The 1964–82 excavations of the enclosure at Ardnadam Glen were reported in the Journal 11 (Rennie 1984). The early Christian levels of this multi-period site were not reported in detail since further analysis and more research was required. The result of this further work, including a reinterpretation of the site and its phasing, are presented here. The Early Christian monuments were all within a turf and stone bank and ditch. Although the enclosure bank may have been constructed in the Iron Age, the interior contained a chapel dating to the Early Christian era and burial ground for children.
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Kirk, Trevor, George Williams, A. Caseldine, J. Crowther, I. Darke, T. Darvill, A. David, K. Murphy, P. A. Ward, and J. Wilkinson. "Glandy Cross: A Later Prehistoric Monumental Complex in Carmarthenshire, Wales." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66 (2000): 257–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00001821.
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Excavations at the Glandy Cross monumental complex during 1991 and 1992 formed part of an integrated programme of evaluation, rescue, and research by Dyfed Archaeological Trust (DAT). Enclosures, pit circles, standing stones, and cairns were excavated and their environs systematically surveyed. Radiocarbon dates show the monumental complex to have been constructed between c. 2190–1530 cal BC. However, the earliest activity at the site may date to c. 4470–4230 cal BC. A defended enclosure was constructed on the peripheries of the complex c. 830–510 cal BC.The 1991–92 excavation results are presented along with a summary of survey, salvage, and research spanning the period 1981 to 1992. This new data set is tentatively interpreted in terms of historical process and the social practice of monumental construction. A brief commentary on heritage management at Glandy Cross is also presented.A note on authorship: one of the authors (George Williams) directed the Glandy Cross excavations during 1991–92 and prepared an initial draft of the project report. Following his retirement from DAT a project editor (Trevor Kirk) was commissioned by Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments to guide the project towards publication. This paper was largely penned by the project editor, though the excavation and survey data were produced by George Williams and his fieldwork team. The excavation and survey archives are held at the offices of DAT.
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Nadel, Dani, Guy Bar-Oz, Uzi Avner, Elisabetta Boaretto, and Dan Malkinson. "Walls, ramps and pits: the construction of the Samar Desert kites, southern Negev, Israel." Antiquity 84, no. 326 (November 25, 2010): 976–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00067028.
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Archaeological investigations of ‘desert kites’ in south Israel show them to have been animal traps of considerable sophistication and capacity, constructed in the Early Bronze Age or earlier. Extensive stone-wall arms gather in gazelles from their habitual trails and canalise them into a sunken enclosure, cunningly hidden from view of the galloping herd until it was too late…
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Astafiev, Andrey E., and Evgeniï S. Bogdanov. "The Discovery of Altÿnkazgan." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 22, no. 1 (July 26, 2016): 141–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341297.
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This article is devoted to the recently discovered site from the Hunnic period within the territory of the Mangÿshlak Peninsula (Kazakhstan). Inside a stone enclosure the silver facing of a saddle was found bearing depictions of animals and birds. The article provides a cultural interpretation of the site and a stylistic and semantic analysis of the depictions on the facings.
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Füzesi, András, Knut Rassmann, Eszter Bánffy, Hajo Hoehler-Brockmann, Gábor Kalla, Nóra Szabó, Márton Szilágyi, and Pál Raczky. "Test excavation of the “pseudo-ditch” system of the Late Neolithic settlement complex at Öcsöd-Kováshalom on the Great Hungarian Plain." Dissertationes Archaeologicae 3, no. 8 (March 30, 2021): 141–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17204/dissarch.2020.141.
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In 2018, the RGK’s research team led by Knut Rassmann undertook the magnetometer survey of the Late Neolithic site of Öcsöd-Kováshalom over a roughly 65 ha large area. An enclosure system of three concentric semi-circular ditches was detected around the tell-like mound that formed the core of the settlement. In order to resolve these issues, we organised a small field school excavation with the support of the RGK and with the participation of the archaeology students of the ELTE Institute of Archaeological Sciences between July 13 and 25, 2020. We opened an 8×2 m trial trench across the north-eastern part of the innermost ditch appearing on the magnetogram. We uncovered a ditch segment with a V-shaped cross-section, a width of 315 cm and a depth of 295 cm. We recovered a total of 17,430 finds with a weight of 194.4 kg (pottery sherds, daub, animal bones, bone tools, chipped and polished stone implements, quern stones, mussels, and ochre). In our preliminary report, we made a reconstruction of infilling process based on the quantitative distribution of the finds (frequency and weight data) and the different characteristics of the fill layers.
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Johnstone, Nicholas. "Iron Age domestic activity at Dornoch, Sutherland." Scottish Archaeological Journal 43, no. 1 (March 2021): 27–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/saj.2021.0153.
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Archaeological works in 2015 within an agricultural area to the north of Dornoch have provided evidence for the prehistoric occupation of the area. The 2015 excavation uncovered evidence of Iron Age settlement, including a palisade enclosure within which was a post-built structure as well as a collection of hearth pits and large stone-lined pits. The recovery of a pivot stone from one later Iron Age feature is evidence for the former presence of a domestic structure. While the artefactual evidence and a programme of radiocarbon dating strongly indicates an Iron Age origin for the majority of the remains identified, a single calibrated date recovered from a shell midden indicates the likely reworking of Neolithic material, and one hearth structure may potentially overlie a large Neolithic pit feature. An artefact assemblage of worked coarse stone, worked antler, and Iron Age pottery was recovered.
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Noble, Gordon, Meggen Gondek, Ewan Campbell, and Murray Cook. "Between prehistory and history: the archaeological detection of social change among the Picts." Antiquity 87, no. 338 (November 22, 2013): 1136–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00049917.
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The development of small-scale kingdoms in the post-Roman world of northwestern Europe is a key stage in the subsequent emergence of medieval states. Recent excavations at Rhynie in north-eastern Scotland have thrown important light on the emergence of one such kingdom, that of the Picts. Enclosures, sculptured ‘symbol stones’ and long-distance luxury imports identify Rhynie as a place of growing importance during the fifth to sixth centuries AD. Parallels can be drawn with similar processes in southern Scandinavia, where leadership combined roles of ritual and political authority. The excavations at Rhynie and the synthesis of dated Pictish enclosures illustrate the contribution that archaeology can make to the understanding of state formation processes in early medieval Europe.
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Darvill, Timothy, Geoffrey Wainwright, Vanessa Constant, Yvette Staelens, Anna Stocks, and Judith Wainwright. "Stone Circles, Oval Settings and Henges in South-west Wales and Beyond." Antiquaries Journal 83 (September 2003): 9–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500077660.
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Topographical and geophysical surveys carried out in August 2002 at three monuments in the Preseli Hills of Pembrokeshire are reported: Bedd Arthur, Gors Fawr and Meini Gwyr. Previously unrecorded features were revealed at all three sites, most spectacularly at Meini Gwyr which, from the evidence of geophysical survey, appears to be a multi-phase monument that includes a double pit-circle, hengi-form monument and embanked enclosure with an internal stone circle. Comparisons are made with plans prepared by Flinders Petrie in 1926, published here for the first time. A viewshed analysis of the surveyed sites and others of similar kind in the area allows an appreciation of landscape setting and intervisibility. It is suggested that the stone circles are sited in relation to upland stone sources. All the monuments considered here are compared with contemporary structures recorded elsewhere in the British Isles. It is concluded that while the stone circles and oval setting fit comfortably within a distribution pattern that extends across most of the British Isles, the later phases of Meini Gwyr at least belong to a more localized tradition of monument building focused on the Irish Sea region.
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Holomuzki, Joseph R., and R. Jan Stevenson. "Role of Predatory Fish in Community Dynamics of an Ephemeral Stream." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 11 (November 1, 1992): 2322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-255.
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In enclosed runs in a third-order ephemeral stream in west-central Kentucky, the effects of predatory sunfish (Lepomis) on benthic macroinvertebrates, benthic algae, and detritivory were compared (1) before stream intermittence, (2) after stream intermittence when transport was restricted, and (3) between substrata offering differential cover from fish predation. Ambient fish densities had little effect on total macrobenthic densities and processes on lower trophic levels before intermittence. Fish modestly affected macroinvertebrate densities after intermittence, when surface exchange of prey was interrupted by sections of dry stream. Among substrata, fish influenced macroinvertebrates on bedrock, but not on stony, coarse substrata. Densities of two taxa were significantly affected by fish, and this significantly altered the relative abundance of functional feeding groups in enclosures on bedrock by increasing the proportion of invertebrate predators in fish treatments. Macroinvertebrate densities in microhabitats on both substrata were not affected by fish presence. Dense growths of the stalked diatom Cymbella generally covered microhabitats and added structural complexity, particularly to bedrock surfaces. Unobstructed, natural migration of prey in the large (40 m2) fencelike enclosures (versus containers), ample refuge space, and low natural densities of fish were important in minimizing fish effects in enclosures.
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Xing, Guoqi, Qing-hai Li, Jingjie Yu, and Wei Xuan. "Seismic Performance of Enclosure Wall in Postearthquake Temporary Prefabricated Light-Weight Steel Structure." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (July 24, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9742050.
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For the postearthquake temporary prefabricated light-weight steel structure, the enclosure walls composed of prefabricated slender columns and prefabricated strip slabs were used in the structure, which were manufactured from construction waste, such as fragments of bricks and tiles, concrete fragments, and chippings of stones. In order to obtain more accurate seismic performance of enclosure walls, a full-scale two-story experimental model was built to be placed on a shake table. In the test, acceleration transducers were fixed to the enclosure walls and steel frame, which were used to obtain the maximum acceleration of the enclosure walls and steel frame as well as natural frequency of the experimental model subjected to the seismic signal including Kobe wave and El-Centro wave. Moreover, pull-on the rope displacement transducers fixed to the exterior walls parallel to the direction of vibration were used to obtain the story drifts. The results of the shake table test show that when the experimental model is subjected to earthquake with maximum acceleration, enclosure walls are not damaged, owing to flexible connection between the steel frame and enclosure walls. Earthquake reduces the stiffness of enclosure walls, and the natural frequency of the experimental model decreases with increasing maximum acceleration of the seismic signal. In addition, based on the acceleration amplification coefficient, the collaborative performance of the steel frame and enclosure wall is better. Besides, when the experimental model is subjected to earthquake with maximum acceleration, the maximum story drift angle is only 1/2615.
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Greaney, Susan, Zoë Hazell, Alistair Barclay, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Elaine Dunbar, Irka Hajdas, Paula Reimer, Joshua Pollard, Niall Sharples, and Peter Marshall. "Tempo of a Mega-henge: A New Chronology for Mount Pleasant, Dorchester, Dorset." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 86 (August 20, 2020): 199–236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2020.6.
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Radiocarbon dating and Bayesian chronological modelling have provided precise new dating for the henge monument of Mount Pleasant in Dorset, excavated in 1970–1. A total of 59 radiocarbon dates are now available for the site and modelling of these has provided a revised sequence for the henge enclosure and its various constituent parts: the timber palisaded enclosure, the Conquer Barrow, and the ditch surrounding Site IV, a concentric timber and stone monument. This suggests that the henge was probably built in the 26th century cal bc, shortly followed by the timber palisade and Site IV ditch. These major construction events took place in the late Neolithic over a relatively short timespan, probably lasting 35–125 years. The principal results are discussed for each element of the site, including comparison with similar monument types elsewhere in Britain and Ireland, and wider implications for late Neolithic connections and later activity at the site associated with Beaker pottery are explored.
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Wyrwa, Andrzej M., Tomasz Goslar, and Justyna Czernik. "AMS 14C Dating of Romanesque Rotunda and Stone Buildings of a Medieval Monastery in Łekno, Poland." Radiocarbon 51, no. 2 (2009): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200055867.
Full textAbstract:
Archaeological excavations performed for many years in Łekno, central Poland, have exposed relicts of wooden fortified settlements, and in its enclosure also basements of stone buildings, consisting of Romanesque rotunda and a Cistercian monastery, including an oratory, church, and abbot's house. Earlier archaeological, structural, and stratigraphical studies have shown that these buildings were constructed in a sequence and represented several phases of development.In this paper, we present results of radiocarbon dating of stone buildings of the rotunda and the monastery. For 14C dating, we used tiny pieces of charcoal retrieved from calcareous and gypsum mortar binding stone elements from the buildings. These pieces were incorporated in mortar during the firing process, where the fuel used for firing was wood. Most of the obtained 14C dates formed clear groups, confirming that individual buildings were constructed in separate periods. Calibrated 14C dates of these phases agree well with the constraints provided by historical sources, and enable us to set their ages with accuracy better than previously available. In particular, we have learned that the oldest rotunda was built at the boundary of the 10/11th centuries, and the church and the abbot's house, before AD 1250. However, some samples gave much too old 14C ages, clearly reflecting the use of old wood for firing. These problems were revealed only for samples from the rotunda and for the gypsum stone ornamental details.
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Lombardo, Grazia. "Traditional Building Materials for Innovative Envelope." Applied Mechanics and Materials 253-255 (December 2012): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.358.
Full textAbstract:
The present paper is part of a research that is developed within the sustainable building design through the revisiting of the traditional construction materials. The results obtained show that the natural stone, enhanced by technological innovations, are often capable of providing excellent performance. Based on the tests, it was possible to verify and validate the hypothesis that the proposed new system of external vertical opaque enclosure consisting in a panel in dry-assembled and pre-compressed blocks of natural stone through reinforcing steel, has good performances when used both in the case of new design in the case of recovery of modern buildings, when the intervention is being addressed within of an overall building improvement regarding the security, sustainability, functionality and image. This paper reports the first results obtained by the study of the feasibility of the envelope being tested, through the definition of all the details of links with the existing building structure.
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Lange, O. L., H. Reichenberger, and H. Walz. "Continuous Monitoring of CO2 Exchange of Lichens in the Field: Short-Term Enclosure with an Automatically Operating Cuvette." Lichenologist 29, no. 3 (May 1997): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1996.0076.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractField measurements of CO2 exchange by lichens are difficult because these poikilohydric organisms rely on direct hydration by rain, dew or fog. Continuous enclosure of thalli in conditioned, measurement cuvettes is, therefore, not experimentally reasonable. Porometric instruments with brief enclosure times, have proved useful for studies of lichen gas exchange but allow only spot measurements and recording is not easily possible for extended time periods. We describe a newly developed, automatically operating cuvette that allows long-term monitoring of lichen photosynthetic and respiratory CO2 exchange in the field. Samples, e.g. flat stone slabs covered with epilithic lichens, are positioned on the base of the cuvette where, when the cuvette is open, they are exposed to the same environmental conditions as naturally growing thalli. At regular intervals (typically 30 min), an upper lid automatically encloses the lichen for c. 3 min in a stirred cuvette; CO2 exchange is measured using IRGA techniques and microclimate data arc recorded. The successful operation of the cuvette is illustrated by means of diel time courses of CO2 exchange for selected, very different weather conditions.