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Journal articles on the topic 'Stool examination'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Mahindrakar, Arati. "Routine stool examination." Pediatric Infectious Disease 5, no. 4 (October 2013): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pid.2013.12.002.

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2

Bhat Yellanthoor, Ramesh. "Acute gastroenteritis due to Blastocystis hominis in an adolescent boy." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 12 (December 2020): e237810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-237810.

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Acute gastroenteritis with persistent vomiting, high degree fever and blood streaking stools often suggests bacterial aetiology in children. Authors report a 13-year-old boy presenting with acute watery diarrhoea with persistent vomiting, fever of 103°F, abdominal cramps and blood streaking stools who failed to show any response to parenteral third-generation cephalosporin for 72 hours. The stool examination revealed numerous cystic and amoeboid forms of Blastocystis hominis. Metronidazole was started and the boy promptly responded within 24 hours. There was no recurrence of symptoms then onwards. The case highlights the crucial stool examination in case of acute diarrhoeal disease for rare aetiology.
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3

Adler, Paul M. "Stool examination: Culture versus gram stain." Annals of Emergency Medicine 15, no. 3 (March 1986): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(86)80580-7.

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4

Parija, Subhash Chandra, Sanjay Bhattacharya, and Prasant Padhan. "Thick Stool Smear Wet Mount Examination: A New Approach in Stool Microscopy." Tropical Doctor 33, no. 3 (July 2003): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947550303300320.

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Microscopic examination of a wet mount of the stool has been the standard practice for the laboratory diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections. Here we describe a novel method of stool microscopy of 80 stool samples, 31 (38.75%) were positive by the new thick stool smear wet mount method, whereas the corresponding figure for the conventional method using lacto-phenol cotton blue was 16 (20%). The difference was found to be statistically significant ( P<0.04 by McNemar's test). The thick stool smear wet mount procedure promises to be superior to the direct wet mount method in the detection of the intestinal parasites.
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5

Koontz, Frank, and Joel V. Weinstock. "THE APPROACH TO STOOL EXAMINATION FOR PARASITES." Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 25, no. 3 (September 1996): 435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8553(05)70257-0.

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6

Cartwright, Charles P. "Utility of Multiple-Stool-Specimen Ova and Parasite Examinations in a High-Prevalence Setting." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 8 (1999): 2408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.8.2408-2411.1999.

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A retrospective analysis of the results of 2,704 ova and parasite (O & P) examinations performed on stool specimens collected from 1,374 patients between October 1996 and September 1997 was performed to evaluate the utility of performing O & P examinations on multiple, independently collected stool specimens in a high-prevalence setting. A total of 995 specimens (36.8%) examined during the study contained parasites; 546 (20.2%) contained pathogenic organisms. The positivity rate (54.5%) for the patients from whom three specimens were examined was significantly higher than for the patients from whom either two specimens (33.3%) or a single specimen (19.8%) was submitted for examination. For the group of patients from whom at least 3 specimens were submitted for O & P examination, 373 independent opportunities for diagnosing infection with intestinal parasites could be analyzed. The first stool specimen collected proved to be adequate in only 75.9% (283 of 373) of evaluated cases; however, examination of two specimens increased the sensitivity of O & P detection to 92% (343 of 373). The third specimen collected provided additional information on only 30 of 373 occasions (8%). These data indicate that in populations with a high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections, two independently collected stool specimens should be subjected to O & P examination to ensure adequate diagnostic sensitivity.
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7

van Asperen, I. A., T. Mank, G. J. Medema, C. Stijnen, A. S. de Boer, J. F. Groot, P. TenHam, J. F. Sluiters, and M. W. Borgdorff. "An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in the Netherlands." Eurosurveillance 1, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.01.02.00126-en.

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A hospital microbiologist in Spijkenisse, in the south west of the Netherlands - who had recently attended a parasitology course - identified cryptosporidial oocysts in stools from a patient with diarrhoea on 16 August 1995. Re-examination of 89 stool spe
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8

Nace, Eva K., Frank J. Steurer, and Mark L. Eberhard. "Evaluation of Streck Tissue Fixative, a Nonformalin Fixative for Preservation of Stool Samples and Subsequent Parasitologic Examination." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 12 (1999): 4113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.12.4113-4119.1999.

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We undertook a study to evaluate Streck tissue fixative (STF) as a substitute for formalin and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in fecal preservation. A comparison of formalin, PVA, (mercuric chloride based), and STF was done by aliquoting fecal samples into each fixative. Stool specimens were collected in Haiti, and parasites includedCyclospora cayetanensis, Giardia intestinalis,Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba butschlii,Endolimax nana, Ascaris lumbricoides,Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Necator americanus. Preserved stools were examined at various predetermined times (1 week, 1 month, and 3 months) to establish the quality of the initial preservation as well as the suitability of the fixative for long-term storage. At each time point, stool samples in fixatives were examined microscopically as follows: (i) in wet mounts (with bright-field and epifluorescence microscopy), (ii) in modified acid-fast-, trichrome-, and safranin-stained smears, and (iii) with two commercial test kits. At the time points examined, morphologic features remained comparable for samples fixed with 10% formalin and STF. For comparisons of STF- and 10% formalin-fixed samples, specific findings showed that Cyclospora oocysts retained full fluorescence, modified acid-fast- and safranin-stained smears of Cryptosporidium and Cyclosporaoocysts were equal in staining quality, and results were comparable in the immunofluorescence assay and enzyme immunoassay commercial kits. Stool fixed in STF and stained with trichrome showed less-than-acceptable staining quality compared with stool fixed in PVA. STF provides an excellent substitute for formalin as a fixative in routine examination of stool samples for parasites. However, modifications to the trichrome staining procedures will be necessary to improve the staining quality for protozoal cysts fixed in STF to a level comparable to that with PVA.
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9

Winters, Ryan, and Washington Winn. "Macroscopic Mimics of Helminths in Stool Specimen Examination." Laboratory Medicine 39, no. 2 (January 22, 2008): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/dvpwljbn85qw459d.

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10

Kang, Jin-Yong, Elizabeth Rink, Krishna K. Sundaram, and Ian Hartley. "Factors associated with the frequency of stool examination." European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 15, no. 5 (May 2003): 531–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.meg.0000059111.41030.f5.

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11

Kang, Jin-Yong, Elizabeth Rink, Krishna K. Sundaram, and Ian Hartley. "Factors associated with the frequency of stool examination." European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 15, no. 5 (May 2003): 531–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042737-200305000-00012.

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12

Sato, Yoshiya, Yoshiyuki Shiroma, Hiromu Toma, and Jun Kobayashi. "Efficacy of Stool Examination for Detection of Strongyloides Infection." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 53, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1995.53.248.

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13

Guyatt, H. L., and D. A. P. Bundy. "Estimation of intestinal nematode prevalence: influence of parasite mating patterns." Parasitology 107, no. 1 (July 1993): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000079452.

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SummaryPrevalence of infection with intestinal helminths is usually assessed through stool examination. There are limitations in using this technique to measure infection status, since some infected individuals have no patent infection. The relationship between infection assessed by stool examination and actual infection prevalence is investigated for the three major nematode species-Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and the bookworms-using a model which describes the presence of non-egg producing worm combinations. The analysis demonstrates that stool examination under-estimates the actual infection prevalence, and that the degree of under-estimation is dependent on the level of infection, the nematode species and the parasite sex ratio. These findings have implications for the validity of epidemiological surveys and the evaluation of control programmes.
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14

Bukarica, Svetlana, Smiljana Marinkovic, Slobodan Grebeldinger, Dusanka Dobanovacki, Milanka Tatic, and Jelena Antic. "Constipation: A common problem in childhood." Medical review 58, no. 7-8 (2005): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0508357b.

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Introduction Constipation in children is defined as the infrequent and difficult passage of hard stool, not necessarily associated with infrequent stools. All healthy newborns have their first stool within the first 24 to 48 hours after birth. Intestinal transit time increases with age, therapy decreasing the frequency of stooling. Anatomy and Physiology of Anus and Rectum Acquisition of fecal continence requires: normal internal and external anal sphincters, puborectal muscle as well as intact sensory input from both the rectal vault and anal canal. Etiology and Differential Diagnosis During the first year of life, failure to have bowel movement every other day warrants evaluation. During infancy, constipation is usually due to dietary manipulations, malnutrition or some other functional abnormalities. Anatomic causes are found only in 5% of patients. Diagnosis and Therapy Diagnosis relies on history and physical examination. Digital rectal examination usually reveals a shorter anal canal with decreased sphincter tone. The rectal ampulla is dilated and filled with stool. Anorectal manometry is helpful in differentiating functional constipation from aganglionosis or other neurologic problems. Treatment varies depending on the underlying cause. Bowel retraining, aimed at establishing regular daily bowel movement, is of utmost importance in children. The response to treatment is usually dramatic. Conclusion Constipation in children causes anxiety in the family and successful treatment requires persistent reassurance and repeated reevaluation.
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15

Nakama, Hidenori, Abdul A. S. M. Fattah, Bing Zhang, and Noboru Kamijo. "Digital rectal examination sampling of stool is less predictive of significant colorectal pathology than stool passed spontaneously." European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 12, no. 11 (November 2000): 1235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042737-200012110-00011.

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16

Klontz, Erik H., Abu S. G. Faruque, Sumon K. Das, Mohammed A. Malek, Zhahirul Islam, Stephen P. Luby, and Karl C. Klontz. "Clinical and Epidemiologic Features of Diarrheal Disease due to Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides Infections Compared with Those due to Vibrio cholerae Non-O1 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Bangladesh." ISRN Microbiology 2012 (September 24, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/654819.

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Using data from the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) from 1996 to 2001, we compared the clinical features of diarrhea in patients with stool specimens yielding only A. hydrophila (189 patients; 1.4% of 13,970 patients screened) or P. shigelloides (253 patients) compared to patients with sole V. cholerae non-O1 infection (99 patients) or V. parahaemolyticus infection (126 patients). Patients exhibited similar frequencies of fever (temperature >37.8°C), stools characterized as watery, and stools containing visible mucus. Dehydration was observed more often among patients with V. parahaemolyticus or V. cholerae non-O1 infection. Compared to patients infected with V. parahaemolyticus, those with A. hydrophila, P. shigelloides, or V. cholerae non-O1 infection were less likely to report visible blood in the stool and, on microscopic examination, less likely to exhibit stool red blood cell and white blood cell counts exceeding 20 cells per high power field. The proportion of patients reporting subjective cure at the time of discharge was significantly smaller for those infected with V. parahaemolyticus. These findings suggest that A. hydrophila and P. shigelloides produce diarrheal disease that is less severe than that resulting from infection with V. cholerae non-O1 or V. parahaemolyticus.
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17

Burch, W. C., and R. P. Schneider. "Golytely™ interferes with stool examination for ova and parasites." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 35, no. 5 (September 1989): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(89)72875-3.

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18

Carroll, Marilyn J. "Routine Procedures For Examination of Stool and Blood For Parasites." Pediatric Clinics of North America 32, no. 4 (August 1985): 1041–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(16)34868-4.

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19

Kamata, K., and Y. Tokuda. "Rapid diagnosis of Campylobacter jejuni by stool Gram stain examination." Case Reports 2014, jan28 1 (January 28, 2014): bcr2013202876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2013-202876.

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20

Branda, J. A., T. Y. D. Lin, E. S. Rosenberg, E. F. Halpern, and M. J. Ferraro. "A Rational Approach to the Stool Ova and Parasite Examination." Clinical Infectious Diseases 42, no. 7 (April 1, 2006): 972–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/500937.

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21

Chisholm, Stephanie A., Claire L. Watson, E. Louise Teare, Seth Saverymuttu, and Robert J. Owen. "Non-invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in adult dyspeptic patients by stool antigen detection: does the rapid immunochromatography test provide a reliable alternative to conventional ELISA kits?" Journal of Medical Microbiology 53, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05502-0.

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Stool antigen-testing allows non-invasive detection of Helicobacter pylori that is indicative of active infection. Three commercial kits are currently marketed in the UK for stool antigen-testing. The aim of this study was to conduct a comparative evaluation of the performances of each of these tests, compared with culture and histological examination of gastric biopsies, for pre-treatment diagnosis of infection in an adult dyspeptic population in south-east England. Examination of 112 stool samples by the Premier Platinum HpSA ELISA (Meridian Diagnostics) and by the Amplified IDEIA HpStAR ELISA (DakoCytomation) kits demonstrated that the latter was more sensitive (81.3 versus 93.8 %, respectively) and specific (91.7 versus 100.0 %, respectively). Additionally, the IDEIA HpStAR was easier to interpret, with OD readings of positive and negative results being far from the recommended cut-off, whereas equivocal results that were generated by the HpSA kit were difficult to interpret. Additional testing of 87 of the 112 stools by the ImmunoCard STAT! HpSA kit (Meridian Diagnostics) demonstrated that this test was easier to perform than ELISA and was more sensitive than the HpSA kit but, compared with the IDEIA HpStAR kit, the ImmunoCard test was less sensitive (87.8 versus 95.9 %, respectively) and specific (89.4 versus 100.0 %, respectively). Furthermore, the ImmunoCard test generated weakly positive results, correlating with lower OD readings for both ELISA kits, that were difficult to interpret. The Amplified IDEIA HpStAR kit is therefore the most sensitive and specific of the three tests that are available for pre-treatment, non-invasive detection of H. pylori in stool samples in an English adult dyspeptic population.
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22

Akhter, J., J. Markley Burdette, S. M. Hussain Qadri, and S. H. Myint. "Aetiology of Gastroenteritis at a Major Referral Centre in Saudi Arabia." Journal of International Medical Research 22, no. 1 (January 1994): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006059402200106.

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To determine the causes of gastroenteritis at a major referral centre in Saudi Arabia, retrospective study was carried out on 58,110 fresh stools from 42,035 patients. Examination of stool specimens for pathogens was based on the clinical judgement of the physician responsible, so that all specimens were not tested for the presence of all pathogen groups. Bacterial enteropathogens were found in 7.7% of patients; Salmonella species (51.7%) were found to be the most frequent pathogens followed by Campylobacter jejuni (28%) and Shigella species (14.9%). Protozoan or metazoan parasites were detected in 27.8% of patients examined, the most common being Giardia lamblia and Hymenolepsis nana. Of the patients tested for viruses in stool, 14.1% had rotavirus, 5.3% adenovirus, 1.2% small round viruses and 0.3% coronavirus. Clostridium difficile toxin was also found in 9.5% of patients examined.
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El Morshedy, H., A. Y. Shehab, A. Zaki, and H. F. Farag. "Intra-specimen and day-to-day variations of Fasciola egg counts in human stools." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 8, no. 4-5 (August 31, 2021): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2002.8.4-5.619.

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Intra-specimen and day-to-day variations of Fasciola egg counts in stools were investigated for 16 cases of established fascioliasis. For each case six Kato slides from a single stool sample were examined daily for 5 consecutive days. The results indicated the presence of significant intra-specimen variations in more than one-third of the examined series, while the inter-specimen variation was almost negligible. The sensitivity of the Kato-Katz test for diagnosing Fasciola infection with three Kato slides from the same specimen or on different days ranged from 96.0%-99.1%. The examination of three Kato smears from a single stool specimen, which is more feasible in field studies, would give an accurate diagnosis of fascioliasis. Used as such, the Kato-Katz technique is highly sensitive in the diagnosis of fascioliasis
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24

Qvarnstrom, Yvonne, Theresa Benedict, Paula L. Marcet, Ryan E. Wiegand, Barbara L. Herwaldt, and Alexandre J. da Silva. "Molecular detection ofCyclospora cayetanensisin human stool specimens using UNEX-based DNA extraction and real-time PCR." Parasitology 145, no. 7 (November 8, 2017): 865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017001925.

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AbstractCyclospora cayetanensisis a coccidian parasite associated with diarrheal illness. In the USA, foodborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been documented almost every year since the mid-1990s. The typical approach used to identify this parasite in human stools is an examination of acid-fast-stained smears under bright-field microscopy. UV fluorescence microscopy of wet mounts is more sensitive and specific than acid-fast staining but requires a fluorescence microscope with a special filter not commonly available in diagnostic laboratories. In this study, we evaluated a new DNA extraction method based on the Universal Nucleic Acid Extraction (UNEX) buffer and compared the performances of four published real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the specific detection ofC. cayetanensisin stool. The UNEX-based method had an improved capability to recover DNA from oocysts compared with the FastDNA stool extraction method. The best-performing real-time PCR assay was aC. cayetanensis-specific TaqMan PCR that targets the 18S ribosomal RNA gene. This new testing algorithm should be useful for detection ofC. cayetanensisin human stool samples.
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Zaglool, Abdulla Muhammad, Abdul Wahid Khodari, and Usman Farooq. "Blastocystis hominis and allergic skin diseases; a single centre experience." Journal of Health Sciences 2, no. 1 (April 15, 2012): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17532/jhsci.2012.66.

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Introduction: Blastocystis hominis in stool samples of individuals with allergic cutaneous symptoms were evaluated to study a possible link between them.Methods: The study was done from June 2010 to December 2011, in dermatology and parasitology department of central laboratory, Alnoor Specialist Hospital, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. A total of218 stool sample for patients who attended dermatology clinic and diagnosed as chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis, or pruritus of unknown origin were included in the study. Standard laboratory tests for the detection of allergic etiology were performed for all patients. Detection of Blastocystis hominis has been made by microscopic examination of stool samples by direct examination and concentration technique.Results: Overall, 30(13.7%) stool samples were infected by Blastocystis hominis with age group (26-35) and male predominace 15(6.9%) and 18(8.2%), respectively. No other allergic cause of urticaria was discovered.Conclusion: Blastocystis hominis could be the etiology of chronic urticaria.
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Nakama, Hidenori, Bing Zhang, ASM Abdul Fattah, Noboru Kamijo, and Xing Zhang. "Characteristics of Colorectal Cancer that Produce Positive Immunochemical Occult Blood Test Results on Stool Obtained by Digital Rectal Examination." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 15, no. 4 (2001): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/468125.

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OBEJCTIVE: To clarify the clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer that show positive results on an immunochemical fecal occult blood test of stool obtained by digital rectal examination.METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 9952 subjects received both an immunochemical fecal occult blood test of stool obtained by digital rectal examination and colonoscopy annually over a nine-year period of medical checkups; 64 patients with colorectal cancer were identified. The study subjects comprised 39 patients with colorectal cancer who had positive results (positive group) and 25 patients with colorectal cancer who had negative results (negative group) on an immunochemical fecal occult blood test of stool obtained by digital rectal examination. The positive and negative groups were compared in terms of their individual factors, such as site, size, Dukes classification and histological type of the cancer lesions.RESULTS: The prevalence of rectal cancers was higher in the positive group than in the negative group (P<0.05), but there were no differences between the two groups with respect to any other factors.CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that stool obtained during the digital rectal examination is unsuitable for detecting fecal occult blood, especially for the detection of proximal colon neoplasms.
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Gil, Gaby S., Shobhana Chaudhari, Ahmed Shady, Ana Caballes, and Joe Hong. "Blastocystissp. Infection Mimicking Clostridium Difficile Colitis." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2016 (2016): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7264387.

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We report an unusual case of severe diarrhea related toBlastocystissp. infection in a patient with end stage renal disease on hemodialysis. The patient was admitted due to profuse diarrhea associated with fever and leukocytosis. Pertinent stool work-up such as leukocytes in stool, stool culture, clostridium difficile toxin B PCR, and serology for hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C and cytomegalovirus screening were all negative. Ova and parasite stool examination revealedBlastocystissp. The patient was given intravenous metronidazole with clinical improvement by day three and total resolution of symptoms by day ten.
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Church, Deirdre, Karena Miller, Angelika Lichtenfeld, Heather Semeniuk, Brenda Kirkham, Kevin Laupland, and Sameer Elsayed. "Screening for Giardia/Cryptosporidium Infections Using an Enzyme Immunoassay in a Centralized Regional Microbiology Laboratory." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 129, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 754–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2005-129-754-sfciua.

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Abstract Context.—Stool parasitologic testing for Giardia and Cryptosporidium (G/C) previously relied on staining (ie, modified iron hematoxylin-kinyoun), ethyl acetate concentration procedures, and microscopy (the stool ova and parasite method). In April 1999, a microplate enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (ProSpecT G/C, Remel, Inc, Lenexa, Kan) for routine screening of all stool specimens was implemented. Objective.—To determine the clinical and laboratory impact of this service change. Design.—Changes were made to the regional microbiology requisition so that physicians could order either a G/ C EIA screen or stool ova and parasite examination. During a 3-year period (May 1999 through April 2002), changes in physician ordering practice, the rate of detection of G/ C infections, and test turnaround times were monitored. The economic outcomes have also been studied and compared annually since implementation and up to the current fiscal year (2004). Results.—The following effects have been noted since G/ C EIA screening was implemented: (1) 70% of all stool parasite tests ordered were converted to G/C EIA screens versus stool ova and parasite tests, (2) stool parasitologic volumes decreased by up to 30% because of physicians ordering a single test per patient, (3) most stool parasite results (70%–80%) were reported within 24 hours of specimen receipt, and (4) the screening assay has improved detection of cryptosporidiosis cases. Although the G/C EIA tests cost more than stool ova and parasite examination, the equivalent of 1.8 full-time employees have been freed up to perform other duties. Conclusions.—Routine stool G/C EIA screening in our region is not only clinically relevant but also improves the timeliness and efficiency of detection of these important enteric parasite infections.
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George, John Titus, Asisha M. Janeela, Elanthenral Sigamani, and Alice Joan Mathuram. "A fatal case of levamisole induced bone marrow failure." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 9 (September 2019): e231167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-231167.

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A 20-year-old college student presented with high grade, intermittent fever for 10 days associated with blood stained loose stools after taking tablet levamisole for 17 days for vitiligo vulgaris. He was febrile, had a toxic appearance and appeared pale. Investigations showed neutropaenia with thrombocytopaenia. Blood cultures were sterile and stool cultures did not grow any enteric pathogens. His bone marrow examination was suggestive of an aplastic anaemia. He was administered empirical antibiotics, granulocyte colony stimulating factor and platelet transfusions. However, his fever and blood stained stools persisted. A repeat bone marrow examination after 2 weeks still revealed a hypoplastic marrow. Hence, a diagnosis of a levamisole induced bone marrow failure was made. While being worked up for an allogeneic stem cell transplantation, he developed neutropaenic enterocolitis and refractory septic shock with carbapenem resistantKlebsiella pneumoniaeand succumbed to his illness.
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UTZINGER, J., M. BOOTH, E. K. N'GORAN, I. MÜLLER, M. TANNER, and C. LENGELER. "Relative contribution of day-to-day and intra-specimen variation in faecal egg counts ofSchistosoma mansonibefore and after treatment with praziquantel." Parasitology 122, no. 5 (May 2001): 537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182001007752.

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There is evidence that faecal egg counts ofSchistosoma mansonivary considerably from day to day, which results in poor sensitivity of single stool readings. Intra-specimen variation ofS. mansoniegg counts may also be considerable, but has previously been considered as the less important component. We quantified the relative contribution of these two sources of variation among 96 schoolchildren from an area in Côte d'Ivoire highly endemic forS. mansoni. Stool specimens were collected over 5 consecutive days, and 5 egg-counts were made in each specimen by the Kato–Katz technique. The point prevalence of the first sample was 42.7% and the cumulative prevalence after the maximum sampling effort was 88.5%. Using generalized linear mixed models we found that the presence ofS. mansonieggs in a stool sample varied much more between days than within specimens, indicating that stool sample examination over multiple days is required for accurate prevalence estimates. However, using the same approach, we found that among infected children intra-specimen variation in egg counts was 4.3 times higher than day-to-day variation. After praziquantel administration, day-to-day variation was more important than before, since most infections were very light and thus likely to be missed altogether by stool examination on a single day. We conclude that diagnostic sensitivity in high transmission areas is maximized by making several stool readings on several days, but examining 1 stool specimen several times can make reasonable estimates of infection intensity.
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Bohlin, Johan, Erik Dahlin, Julia Dreja, Bodil Roth, Olle Ekberg, and Bodil Ohlsson. "Longer colonic transit time is associated with laxative and drug use, lifestyle factors, and symptoms of constipation." Acta Radiologica Open 7, no. 10 (October 2018): 205846011880723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2058460118807232.

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Background Gastrointestinal symptoms and changes in colonic transit time (CTT) are common in the population. Purpose To evaluate consecutive patients who had been examined for CTT, along with completion of a diary about laxative and drug use, lifestyle factors, and gastrointestinal symptoms, to identify possible associations with longer or prolonged CTT. Material and Methods A total of 610 consecutive patients had undergone the radiopaque marker method with an abdominal X-ray for clinical purposes. The patients had completed a diary regarding medical treatment, lifestyle factors, stool habits, and their perceived constipation and abdominal pain during the examination period. The associations between CTT and laxative use, lifestyle factors, stool habits, and symptoms were calculated by logistic regression. Results Women had longer CTT (2.5 [1.6–3.9] vs. 1.7 [1.1–3.0] days, P < 0.001), lower weekly stool frequency (6 [3–10] vs. 8 [5–12], P = 0.001), and perceived more constipation ( P = 0.025) and abdominal pain ( P = 0.001) than men. High coffee consumption ( P = 0.045), bulk-forming ( P = 0.007) and osmotic ( P = 0.001) laxatives, and lower stool frequency, shaped stool, and perceived constipation ( P for trend < 0.001) were associated with longer CTT. In total, 382 patients (63%) were treated with drugs affecting motility. In the 228 patients without drug treatment, longer CTT was associated with female sex and smoking, and lower frequency of symptoms and prolonged CTT were observed compared to patients using drugs. Tea, alcohol, and abdominal pain did not associate with CTT. Conclusions Female sex, coffee, smoking, drug use, infrequent stools, shaped stool, and perception of constipation are associated with longer or prolonged CTT.
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Stojecki, K., J. Sroka, J. Karamon, P. Kusyk, and T. Cencek. "Influence of selected stool concentration techniques on the effectiveness of PCR examination in Giardia intestinalis diagnostics." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2014-0003.

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AbstractGiardia intestinalis is a widespread parasitic protozoa which has great significance as a public health threat. Molecular diagnostics of stool sample can be unreliable because of the presence of inhibitors of enzymatic reactions. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of selected pre-treatment methods of fecal samples for further PCR-based diagnostics of G. intestinalis, and the effect of each component of pre-treatment solutions on PCR reactions. Seven stool concentration techniques were compared. The results showed that the most efficient concentration method for stool sample preparation for detection of G. intestinalis by PCR is centrifugal flotation with Percoll (with saturated NaNO3as the flotation solution). This method is relatively inexpensive, less labor-intensive, and suitable for epidemiological monitoring and clinical investigations.
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Swierczewski, Brett, Elizabeth Odundo, Janet Ndonye, Ronald Kirera, Cliff Odhiambo, and Edwin Oaks. "Comparison of the Triage Micro Parasite Panel and Microscopy for the Detection ofEntamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar,Giardia lamblia, andCryptosporidium parvumin Stool Samples Collected in Kenya." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/564721.

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Entamoeba histolytica,Giardia lamblia, andCryptosporidium parvumare three of the most important parasitic causes of acute diarrhea worldwide. Laboratory diagnosis of these parasites is usually done by ova and parasite examination (O&P examination) via microscopy. The sensitivity and specificity of O&P examination varies among laboratories and can be labor intensive and time consuming. The Triage Micro Parasite Panel (BioSite, San Diego, California) is an enzyme immunoassay kit that can detectE. histolytica/E. dispar,G. lamblia, andC. parvumsimultaneously using fresh or frozen stool. The present study evaluated the Triage Micro Parasite Panel in detectingE. histolytica/E. dispar,G. lamblia, andC. parvumcompared to O&P examination in 266 stool samples collected at medical facilities in Kenya. The sensitivity and specificity results for the Triage Micro Parasite Panel were: forE. histolytica/E. dispar: 100%, 100%,G. lamblia: 100%, 100% andC. parvum: 73%, 100%. There was no evidence of cross reactivity using the kit with other parasites identified in the stool specimens. These results indicate that the Triage Micro Parasite Panel is a highly sensitive kit that can be used for screening purposes in large scale studies or outbreak investigations or as a possible alternative to O&P examination.
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Wong, Weng Kin, Phiaw Chong Foo, Mohamad Noor Mohamad Roze, Chau Dam Pim, Puvaneswari Subramaniam, and Boon Huat Lim. "Helminthic Infection and Nutritional Studies among Orang Asli Children in Sekolah Kebangsaan Pos Legap, Perak." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1326085.

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Background. Orang Asli (aborigine) children are susceptible to soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections due to their lifestyle and substandard sanitation system.Objectives.This study aimed to examine the helminthic and nutritional status of Orang Asli school children in Sekolah Kebangsaan Pos Legap, a remote primary school at Kuala Kangsar District in the state of Perak, Malaysia. In addition, the sensitivities of four STH stool examination techniques were also compared.Methods.Demography and anthropometry data were collected by one-to-one interview session. Collected stools were examined with four microscopy techniques, namely, direct wet mount, formalin ether concentration (FEC), Kato-Katz (KK), and Parasep™.Results.Anthropometry analysis showed that 78% (26/33) of children in SK Pos Legap were malnourished and 33% (11/33) of them were stunted. Stool examinations revealed almost all children (97%) were infected by either one of the three commonest STHs. FEC was the most sensitive method in detection of the three helminth species.Conclusion. This study revealed that STH infections and nutritional status still remain a health concern among the Orang Asli children. These communal problems could be effectively controlled by regular monitoring of STH infection loads, administration of effective antihelminthic drug regimen, and also implementation of effective school nutritional programs.
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Hsieh, Meng-Hsuan. "Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Foreigners Detected by Stool Examination in Taiwan." Open Infectious Diseases Journal 5, no. 1 (December 13, 2011): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874279301105010135.

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Suputtamongkol, Y., D. Waywa, S. Assanasan, Y. Rongrungroeng, J. W. Bailey, and N. J. Beeching. "A Review of Stool Ova and Parasite Examination in the Tropics." Clinical Infectious Diseases 43, no. 6 (September 15, 2006): 793–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/507103.

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Sapkota, K., K. Sapkota, S. P. Dumre, K. Malla, and S. Singh. "Role of serology, neuroimaging and stool examination in diagnosis of neurocysticercosis." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14 (March 2010): e300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.2152.

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38

Lindo, J. F., R. D. Robinson, S. I. Terry, P. Vogel, A. A. Gam, F. A. Neva, and D. A. P. Bundy. "Age-prevalence and household clustering ofStrongyloides stercoralisinfection in Jamaica." Parasitology 110, no. 1 (January 1995): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000081099.

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The epidemiology ofStrongyloides stercoraliswas studied in families of clinical (reference) cases and their neighbours at endemic foci in Jamaica. Thirteen foci were studied based on the place of residence of a reference case. For each household of a reference case, the 4 most proximal neighbourhood households (spatial controls) were included in the study. Out of 312 persons contacted 244 were followed up using questionnaires, stool examination and serology. Prevalence of infection based on stool examination was 3·5% and on ELISA 24·2%. Prevalence increased with age but was not related to gender. Reference cases were significantly older than the general study population. The prevalence of infection based on both serology and stool examination was significantly higher in reference than in neighbouring households (the reference cases, themselves, were not included in the analysis). Furthermore, prevalence of infection was highest among persons who shared a bedroom with a reference case and decreased significantly with increasing spatial separation. This is indicative of close contact transmission which has not been previously shown for a geohelminth, but which is common among microparasites.
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Kandla Sharma and Ankit Mangla. "Managing Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea With Pseudomembranous Colitis: A Case Report." International Healthcare Research Journal 2, no. 2 (May 10, 2018): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26440/ihrj/02_02/165.

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Antiobiotic associated diarrhea is a usual adverse event during antibiotic therapy. We present the case of a 32-year-old female diagnosed with diarrhea induced by antibiotics. After eradication of Helicobacter pylori by using antibiotics, she presented with hemorrhagic stools. The faecal examination was positive for, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) although no toxins were detectable. Vancomycin was initiated for the C. difficile infection but the condition worsened due to treatment non-compliance. Finally oral metronidazole was prescribed. Stool abnormality improved and faecal test became negative after metronidazole treatment.
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Yasawy, Mohamed Ismail, Abdel Rahman El Shiekh Mohamed, and Mohamed Ali Al Karawi. "Comparison between Stool Examination, Serology and Large Bowel Biopsy in Diagnosing Schistosoma Mansoni." Tropical Doctor 19, no. 3 (July 1989): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947558901900313.

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This report evaluates the diagnostic method in 167 patients with colonic schistosomiasis. These patients formed a part of a large number of patients who had sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy for various gastrointestinal problems. During sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy examination, typical intestinal Schistosomia lesions could be seen and at the same time several biopsies could be taken. Stool examination showed Schistosoma mansoni ova in only 19 patients (11.37%) of the 167 patients whose colonic biopsies were positive for Schistosoma mansoni. Serological tests were carried out in 115 of these patients and 88 patients (52.69%) had a titre of 64 or more. This study shows that endoscopic colonic biopsy is a better method than stool examination and serological tests in the diagnosis of intestinal or hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.
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Rajič, Borko, Jurica Arapović, Kazimir Raguž, Mladen Bošković, Senaida Marina Babić, and Suzana Maslać. "Eradication of Blastocystis hominis prevents the development of symptomatic Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a case report." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 9, no. 07 (July 30, 2015): 788–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.4851.

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In this case report we describe a 49 year-old man who presented with chronic urticaria, angioedema and soft stool consistency. During diagnostic examinations Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was found even though the patient never had clear symptoms of this disease. Blastocystis hominis was isolated through a stool microbiologic examination, implicating that this parasite can cause the development of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and chronic urticaria. After two-weeks treatment with metronidazole the Blastocystis hominis was eradicated, then urticaria and angioedema disappeared. During the four years of follow-up, the patient presented without any symptoms, whereas thyroid hormones were normalized and anti-thyroid antibodies declined. For the first time in the literature we show that eradication of Blastocystis hominis can prevent the development of both symptomatic Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and chronic urticaria.
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42

Snell, K. S., C. W. Boudreaux, and J. A. C. King. "Ultrastructural Examination of an Opportunistic Organism in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600018845.

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Since the emergence of HIV and its counterpart,acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), rare opportunistic organisms have become increasingly prevalent. This increased prevalence has provided an opportunity for ultrastructural evaluation of these infectious organisms. Herein is presented a case of intestinal Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) in a middle-aged male with uncertain HIV status at diagnosis.A 56 year-old black male presented to University of South Alabama Medical Center complaining of shortness of breath, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, six month weight loss, and bloody diarrhea. His evaluation was negative for stool ova and parasites and fecal white blood cells. Stool culture and hepatitis viral panel was negative. Iron deficiency anemia and multiple calcified granulomas in both lungs were identified. On his third hospital day, he developed an acute abdomen. At exploratory celiotomy, segmental resection of jejunum and a liver biopsy were performed. Post-operatively the patient's cardiopulmonary status steadily declined and he died three days later.
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El Khéchine, Amel, Mireille Henry, Didier Raoult, and Michel Drancourt. "Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms in the stools of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis." Microbiology 155, no. 7 (July 1, 2009): 2384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.026484-0.

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The laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis mainly relies on the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) organisms in the sputum. In patients who do not give sputum, alternative respiratory tract specimens can be obtained only by invasive procedures. Based on the known survival of MTC organisms in the gastric fluid, we hypothesized that swallowed MTC organisms would be detectable in stool samples. We compared the presence of MTC organisms in respiratory tract specimens and stool specimens collected in parallel from the same patients. MTC was detected in cultures grown on egg-based medium after appropriate decontamination, by microscopic examination after Ziehl–Neelsen staining and by real-time PCR detection of IS6110 using internal controls. A case of pulmonary tuberculosis was defined by the presence of (i) clinical and radiological signs and symptoms suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis, and (ii) culture of MTC organisms from at least one respiratory tract specimen or (iii) the presence of acid-fast bacilli in the sputum that were subsequently identified as MTC organisms by real-time PCR. The observation of 134 patients suspected to be suffering pulmonary tuberculosis led to the identification of 24 cases and 110 non-infected control patients. Cases and controls did not significantly differ with respect to sex but cases were significantly younger than controls. The sensitivity/specificity was 37.5 %/100 % for the microscopic examination of stools, 54.2 %/100 % for culturing and 100 %/97.3 % for real-time PCR. The positive predicted value was 100 %, 100 % and 88.9 %, respectively, and the negative predicted value was 88 %, 90.9 % and 100 %, respectively. In four patients, a stool specimen initially yielded the correct diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis before evaluation of the respiratory tract specimen confirmed the diagnosis. These data indicate that stools could be used in conjunction with sputum testing or as an alternative specimen upon which to base the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis by molecular identification of acid-fast bacilli and culture. This non-invasive alternative procedure is of particular interest for patients who cannot expectorate.
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Deding, Ulrik, Anna Sharon Henig, Peter Hindersson, Christian Torp-Pedersen, and Henrik Bøggild. "Determinants of non-participation in colon examination following positive stool sample in colorectal cancer screening." European Journal of Public Health 29, no. 6 (April 24, 2019): 1118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz072.

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Abstract Background Social inequalities has been shown for participation in colorectal cancer screening and recently in the initial stool sample blood test. If these differences persist at follow-up colon examination after a positive stool test, it would suggest that social inequality in screening may be greater than the inequality observed in initial stool sample blood test. Methods All data were derived from national registers. Using logistic regression analyses, odds of non-participation for follow-up colon examination were estimated based on age group, educational level, income quartile, immigration status and marital status in men and in women, who had participated in initial stool sample test for blood with a positive result. Results Among 20 849 men and 16 565 women invited for follow-up colonoscopy in the period 2014–15, 10.63 and 11.37%, respectively, did not attend. In men, odds of non-participation were higher in the eldest, those with lower income and lower educational level, in immigrants and in singles. Odds ratio (OR) in males of highest income quartile was 0.54 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.46; 0.63] compared with lowest income quartile. In women, the differences were not as large. OR in females of highest income quartile was 0.73 (95% CI 0.61; 0.87) compared with lowest income quartile. Conclusion Sociodemographic differences in odds of non-participation exist in follow-up colon examination in the Danish colorectal cancer screening. Differences were evident in all subgroups of the male population. The same patterns were seen in women. Social inequalities in participation for follow-up colon examination can increase overall social inequality and consequently, lead to health disparities.
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Aiemjoy, Kristen, Eda Altan, Solomon Aragie, Dionna Fry, Tung Phan, Xutao Deng, Melsew Chanyalew, et al. "1118. Viral Species Richness and Composition in Young Children With Loose or Watery Stool in Ethiopia." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.951.

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Abstract Background Stool consistency is an important diagnostic criterion in both research and clinical medicine and is often used to define diarrheal disease. Methods We examine the pediatric enteric virome across stool consistency to evaluate differences in richness and community composition using fecal samples collected from children participating in a clinical trial in the Amhara region of Ethiopia. The consistency of each sample was graded according to the modified Bristol Stool Form Scale for children (mBSFS-C) before a portion of stool was preserved for viral metagenomic analysis. Stool samples were grouped into 29 pools according to stool consistency type. Differential abundance was determined using negative-binomial modeling. Results Of 446 censused children who were eligible to participate, 317 presented for the study visit examination and 269 provided stool samples. The mean age of children with stool samples was 2.7 years old. Species richness was highest in watery-consistency stool and decreased as stool consistency became firmer (Spearman’s r = −0.45, P = 0.013).The greatest differential abundance comparing loose or watery to formed stool was for norovirus GII (7.64, 95% CI 5.8, 9.5) followed by aichivirus A (5.93, 95% CI 4.0, 7.89) and adeno-associated virus 2 (5.81, 95% CI 3.9, 7.7). Conclusion We documented a difference in pediatric enteric viromes according to mBSFS-C stool consistency category, both in species richness and composition. Our results suggest that loose or watery stool, as measured by the mBSFS-C, may signal enteric viral infection in young children. Additional studies are warranted to confirm these findings. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Adhikari, Sunil, Suraj Rijal, and Ashish Shrestha. "Salmonella gastroenteritis outbreak in a family: a case report." Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpahs.v6i2.27230.

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Five members of a family were brought to emergency with complaints of high grade fever, pain abdomen, diarrhoea and vomiting. The symptoms started after five hours of food, the vegetable curry by this family. Four of them were in hypovolemic shock and two had significant pus cells in stool examination. All of them were discharged by seven days. Stool culture of three of these patients showed salmonella.
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Guimarães, Semíramis, and Maria Inês L. Sogayar. "Occurence of Giardia lamblia in children of municipal day-care centers from Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 37, no. 6 (December 1995): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651995000600005.

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Considering that the number of day-care centers for pre-school-age children has expanded rapidly in developing countries, and that these institutions presenting conditions that facilitate the transmission of many enteric agents, a parasitological survey was carried out in three municipal day-cares from Botucatu: two in the urban area (one in downtown area and the other one in the city periphery area) and the third in the rural area. Three separate stool specimens were collected from 147 children ranging from 0 to 72 months old and 20 staff members. Each stool specimen was processed by Lutz and zinc sulfate flotation methods. The frequency of giardiasis observed among children of downtown, periphery and rural day-cares was 69.6%, 52.7% and 69.6%, respectively. Only one employee was positive for G. lamblia. The examination of three stool specimens increased the positivity for G. lamblia: from the ninety three final positive examinations, 24 (25.5%) and 8 (8.5%) were positives only after examination of the second and third samples, respectively. Others intestinal organisms like Ascaris lumbricoides (20.4%), Trichuris trichiura (19.0%). Hymenolepis nana (8.8%), Entamoeba coli (22.4%) and Blastocystis hominis (32.0%) were frequently found in the children. There was no significant association among localization of the day-cares, sex of the children and the levels of G. lamblia infection. According to the age, G. lamblia was found mainly in children between 12 to 47 months old.
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AL-Khayat, Fadia Abd Al-Muhsin. "Prevalence of Giardia lamblia in Asymptomatic Patients by Direct Examination and ELISA Methods." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 39, no. 1 (June 4, 2015): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v39i1.200.

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Stool samples from 182 asymptomatic patients were collected from two hospitals in Baghdad (Al-Yarmok and Central Child) during the period from the beginning of March to the end of June/2014 and subjected to microscopic and ELISA diagnostic techniques for Giardia lamblia detection; the sensitivity and specificity for ELISA were calculated. Cysts of G. lamblia were observed in 37 and 49 stool samples of asymptomatic patients from a total 182 examined samples with prevalence recorded 20.32, 26.92% by direct examination and ELISA respectively. Of 145 samples showed negative result in microscope examination, 12 samples were positive in ELISA, sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 75.51 and 100%. Higher prevalence rates were observed in asymptomatic children aged 2-8 years old 27.84% (22+ve/79) in contrast with 26.21% prevalence rate in asymptomatic adults aged 21-57 years old (27+ve /103). According to gender, males showed higher prevalence 28.94% (33+ve/114) while females showed lower prevalence rate 23.52% (16+ve/68). No differences in the level of infection in both age and gender were recorded. Conclusion: The superior sensitivity of the rapid enzyme assay in detecting asymptomatic cases of giardiasis when a single stool specimen is analyzed, the availability of an immunodiagnostic assay which can detect small amounts of antigens in the feces which have a potential tools to improve the diagnosis.
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Couturier, Brianne A., Ryan Jensen, Nora Arias, Michael Heffron, Elyse Gubler, Kristin Case, Jason Gowans, and Marc Roger Couturier. "Clinical and Analytical Evaluation of a Single-Vial Stool Collection Device with Formalin-Free Fixative for Improved Processing and Comprehensive Detection of Gastrointestinal Parasites." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, no. 8 (May 27, 2015): 2539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00838-15.

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Microscopic examination of feces is a standard laboratory method for diagnosing gastrointestinal parasite infections. In North America, the ovum and parasite (O&P) examination is typically performed using stool that is chemically fixed in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and formalin, after which the stool is concentrated by filtration to enhance sensitivity. Mini Parasep solvent-free (SF) tubes allow collection and concentration within a single collection vial. The goal of the study was to determine whether consolidated processing and concentration with the Parasep tubes using an alcohol-based fixative (Alcorfix) provide O&P examinations equivalent to or better than those done by processing of PVA-formalin-fixed stool using a SpinCon concentration device. Parasep tubes revealed filtration performance equivalent to that of the SpinCon concentration device using PVA-formalin-fixed stool containing protozoa. Specimens cocollected in Parasep tubes containing PVA-formalin and Alcorfix revealed comparable morphology and staining for various protozoa. Alcorfix effectively fixed liveCryptosporidiumand microsporidia such that morphology and staining were conserved for modified acid-fast and modified trichrome stains. A work flow analysis revealed significant time savings for batches of 10 or 30 O&P specimens in tubes with Alcorfix compared to the amount of time that it took to analyze the same number of specimens in tubes with PVA-formalin. The direct hands-on time savings with Mini Parasep tubes were 17 min and 41 s and 32 min and 1 s for batches of 10 and 30 specimens, respectively. Parasep tubes containing Alcorfix provide significant work flow advantages to laboratories that process medium to high volumes of O&P specimens by streamlining processing and converting to a single tube. These improvements in work flow, reduction of the amount of formalin used in the laboratory, and equivalent microscopy results are attractive advancements in O&P testing for North American diagnostic parasitology laboratories.
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Gonçalves, Elenice Messias do Nascimento, Iaiko Horroiva Uemura, Magali Orban, Vera Lúcia Pagliusi Castilho, and Carlos Eduardo Pereira Corbett. "Microsporidiosis in a Brazilian University Hospital: case report." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 48, no. 6 (December 2006): 351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652006000600010.

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This is the report on a patient with chronic diarrhea caused by microsporidia. He is married, infected with HIV and has low CD4 cell count. The diagnosis was established through stool parasite search using concentration methods and Gram - chromotrope staining technique. Ileum biopsy was also performed in this case. The etiological diagnosis may be established in a clinical laboratory, by chromotrope staining technique in routine microscopic examination of stool specimens.
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