Academic literature on the topic 'Stop bang scale'
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Journal articles on the topic "Stop bang scale"
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Habib, Maria, Aimen Hina Khan, Sadia Imtiaz, Jamal Ahmed, Maj Gen Jawad Khaliq Ansari, and Jawed Akbar Dars. "Predictive Abilities of Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Stop Bang in Identifying Patients at High Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 3 (2023): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023173577.
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Background: The aim of the study is to evaluate the diagnostic precision of utilizing both Stop-bang and Epworth sleepiness scale in predicting obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) for individuals with clinical suspicion, while considering polysomnography as the reference standard. Methods and Material: A cross-sectional (validation) study was conducted between 4th September 2017 and 3rd January 2018 at the Department of Pulmonology, Military Hospital Rawalpindi. A total of two hundred and eight (n=208) clinically suspected cases of OSA between age 40-60 years irrespective of gender were enrolled in the study. ESS and stop-Bang score was measured in all patients compared with apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Diagnostic accuracy of combined ESS/Stop-Bang was calculated. Results: The findings of our research indicate that the utilization of combined ESS/Stop Bang (with a cut off point of ESS>3/STOP BANG >10) yielded a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of 73.7%, 66.7%, 79.7%, 58.8% and 71.2% respectively. Conclusion: ESS/Stop-Bang when combined allow diagnosis of OSA with reasonable accuracy. The outcomes of our investigation revealed that the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV were 71.2%, 73.7%, 66.7%, 58.8% and 79.7% correspondingly. Keywords: Epworth sleepiness score, Obstructive sleep apnea, Stop-Bang
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Serebrova, E. V. "Screening diagnosis of sleep apnea syndrome in patients with ischemic stroke." Health and Ecology Issues, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2021-18-2-6.
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Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the STOP-BANG questionnaire, Berlin questionnaire, and the Epworth sleepiness scale in the screening diagnosis of sleep apnea syndrome in patients with ischemic stroke.Materials and methods. We examined 107 patients (45 women and 62 men; the median age was 64 (56; 74) (aged 36–88). The study involved questioning using the STOP-BANG questionnaire, Berlin questionnaire, Epworth sleepiness scale, and nocturnal respiratory polygraphy.Results. Among 75 patients with sleep apnea syndrome, the STOP-BANG questionnaire, Berlin questionnaire, and the Epworth sleepiness scale showed sensitivity — 91 %, 72 %, 51 %, respectively, specificity — 53 %, 78 %, 84 %, respectively, diagnostic accuracy — 72 %, 75 %, 68 % respectively, positive predictive value — 82 %, 89 %, 88 %, respectively, and negative predictive value — 71 %, 54 %, 42 %, respectively.Conclusion. The STOP-BANG questionnaire and the Berlin questionnaire are convenient and informative for the screening assessment of the risk of sleep apnea syndrome in patients with ischemic stroke, but their use should be complemented by instrumental diagnostic methods for reliable exclusion of sleep-disordered breathing.
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Dogra, Manpriya, Surabhi Jaggi, Komaldeep Kaur, Chahat Bhatia, Deepak Aggarwal, and Varinder Saini. "STOP-BANG Score versus Epworth Sleepiness Scale as a Screening Tool for Obstructive Sleep Apnea." International Journal of Applied & Basic Medical Research 15, no. 2 (2025): 116–21. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijabmr.ijabmr_557_24.
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Abstract Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep-breathing disorder. OSA is becoming highly prevalent, which means that to detect and prevent various hazardous complications, it is imperative that there are easy yet accurate techniques available to identify people with OSA. Objectives: The objective was to compare two questionnaires: The STOP-BANG score and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), used to screen the patients suspected of OSA. Polysomnography (PSG), the gold standard investigation, was used to diagnose OSA. Materials and Methods: Sixty-five suspected individuals were recruited as per inclusion/exclusion criteria. Detailed history taking, physical examination, and anthropometric examination were done in all patients. Suspects were subjected to filling up of the STOP-BANG and ESS questionnaires, following which they underwent an overnight PSG examination, which is considered the gold standard diagnostic investigation for OSA. Compiled data were used to compare the sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values (NPVs) of the two screening scores. Results: Of 65 screened patients, 57 (88%) had OSA. The sensitivity to predict OSA was the highest for the STOP-BANG questionnaire (91.23%), whereas ESS had a sensitivity of 70.18%. No difference in specificity (75%) of the two scores was noted. The positive predictive values of STOP-BANG and ESS questionnaires was 96.30% and 95.20%, respectively. NPV of STOP-BANG and ESS was 54.50% and 26.10%, respectively. Conclusion: The present study was able to provide valuable insights into OSA screening. Out of the two studied OSA screening questionnaires, we found out that both had comparatively good predictive and diagnostic accuracy, with the STOP-BANG score surpassing the ESS score in the majority of measures. Considering the high global burden of undiagnosed OSA, there is a need to upregulate the screening for OSA followed by appropriate treatment measures. This would improve sleep quality and reduce the risk of complications and future adverse health outcomes.
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Yin, S., H. Xu, C. Zhang, J. Zou, J. Guan, and H. Yi. "0601 Use of The Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the NoSAS, and the STOP-BANG Questionnaire to Identify Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (2020): A230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.598.
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Abstract Introduction A variety of scales and questionnaires regarding sleep and sleep-related disorders have been widely used in scientific research and clinical practice, as important tools for differential diagnosis and rapid screening of complex sleep disorders, especially obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, the diagnostic efficacy of different scales and questionnaires for patients with different severity of OSA and of different demographic characteristics has not been clearly described. In this study, we evaluated the ability of the most popular scales, including the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the NoSAS, and the STOP-BANG questionnaire in predicting moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by gender. Methods This cross-sectional study screened 2,031 consecutive subjects referred with suspected OSA from 2012 to 2016. Anthropometric measurements, polysomnographic data, ESS, NoSAS scores and STOP-BANG scores were recorded. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed, and the final predictive models were verified in a validation cohort. Results A total of 1,840 adults were finally included. The STOP-BANG questionnaire afforded a better diagnostic accuracy than did the ESS, with different cutoffs for the two genders: 3 in males and 1 in females. A predictive model based on STOP-BANG yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.918 (0.897-0.935), a sensitivity of 79.89%, and a specificity of 89.19%, in males; and an AUC of 0.951 (0.914-0.975), a sensitivity of 80.52%, and a specificity of 95.92%, in females. In the validation cohort, the sensitivity and specificity were respectively 85.44 and 93.00% in males and respectively 83.02 and 87.60% in females. Conclusion The STOP-BANG questionnaire was moderately effective when used to screen for moderate-to-severe OSA. A STOP-BANG-based predictive model afforded excellent diagnostic efficacy, which could be applied in clinical practice. However, gender differences must be considered. Support This study was supported by Grants-in-aid from Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology (Grant No.18DZ2260200).
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Solecka, Šárka, Karel Matler, Tomáš Kostlivý, Vojtěch Kubec, Hana Tomášková, and Jaroslav Betka. "A Comparison of the Reliability of Five Sleep Questionnaires for the Detection of Obstructive Sleep Apnea." Life 12, no. 9 (2022): 1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12091416.
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The aim of this study was to compare the reliability of five sleep questionnaires in detecting the occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The study was conducted on a group of 201 patients. The patients completed five sleep questionnaires: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the STOP-Bang questionnaire, the STOP questionnaire, the Berlin questionnaire (BQ) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Subsequently, the patients were examined using limited polygraphy, and the sensitivity and specificity of the questionnaires were evaluated. The STOP-Bang, Berlin and STOP questionnaires had the highest sensitivity for OSA detection (81.6%, 78.7%, and 74.2%, respectively), while the sensitivities of PSQI and ESS were low (50.8% and 34.5%). The ESS, STOP-Bang, STOP and Berlin questionnaires had the highest specificity (82.6%, 75%, 61.9%, and 61.9%). In our sample, we found the STOP-Bang and Berlin questionnaires to be the most suitable for OSA screening with the highest sensitivities (81.6%, 78.7%) and satisfactory specificities (75%, 61.9%). The STOP questionnaire was also relatively reliable, especially given its time-saving nature; though short, it preserved satisfactory sensitivity (74.2%) and specificity (61.9%). The ESS and PSQI were unsuitable for OSA screening.
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Tong, B., H. Dissanayake, S. Patel, et al. "O037 Diagnostic Accuracy of OSA Screening Tools for Acute Coronary Syndrome." Sleep Advances 4, Supplement_1 (2023): A14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpad035.037.
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Abstract Obstructive sleep apnoea(OSA) is associated with cardiovascular diseases including acute coronary syndrome(ACS). Current estimates suggest some 70% of patients with ACS have OSA. OSA in this population remains under-recognised. This high prevalence calls for effective OSA screening tools for this high-risk population. We aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Berlin and STOP-BANG questionnaire in screening for OSA in patients with ACS. 70 patients with ACS (age IQR: 58[52,63] years, BMI: 27[24,30]kg/m2) were recruited from the cardiology department following an admission for ACS. Patients were administered with the ESS, Berlin and STOP-BANG questionnaires within 6 months of ACS admission. A level 2 polysomnogram was conducted to confirm the presence and severity of OSA (AHI≥5). The diagnostic accuracy of ESS>10, Berlin questionnaire (high-risk category), STOP-BANG score ≥3 (intermediate-high risk) and STOP-BANG score ≥5 (high-risk) was compared to a level 2 polysomnogram for different OSA severity. OSA (AHI≥5 events/h) was diagnosed in 94% of patients with ACS. 67% of patients had moderate-severe OSA (AHI≥15 events/h). ESS, Berlin and STOP-BANG questionnaires have poor diagnostic accuracy across all severity of OSA (ESS>10, AUC:0.60 (95%CI: 0.42-0.79); Berlin, high risk, AUC:0.54 (95%CI: 0.39-0.68); STOP-BANG ≥3, AUC:0.69 (95%CI: 0.56-0.82); STOP-BANG ≥5, AUC: 0.66 (95%CI: 0.53-0.79)). This study confirms a very high prevalence of OSA in patients with ACS. The Berlin and STOP-BANG questionnaires alone are inadequate to identify OSA in this high-risk cohort. Simplified objective measures to screen for OSA may be better suited for this patient population.
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Howarth, Timothy, and Subash Heraganahally. "0692 Validity of the New General Practice Sleepiness Scale “GPSS” Within a Large Community Sample." SLEEP 48, Supplement_1 (2025): A301. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaf090.0692.
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Abstract Introduction The GPSS is a new tool for screening at risk patients for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) at primary healthcare. However, the GPSS was designed and developed amongst a relatively small and young population with a high pre-test probability of OSA. To better define the accuracy and validity of this tool, broader, community sampled populations are needed. Methods We utilised first visit data from the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS), defining OSA as an AHI≥15. Questions 5-8 of the GPSS (snoring, witnessed apnoeas, sleepiness and presence of hypertension/diabetes/heart disease/depression) were not directly assessed in the SHHS, thus derived from composites. We compared the GPSS against the STOP-Bang (derived in a similar manner to the GPSS) and the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS). Results 3959 (47.6% female median age 63-years, BMI 27.8) participants had data available to be included. 943 (23.8%) recorded OSA. The median GPSS was 8 (IQR 5, 11), STOP-Bang 3 (IQR 2, 4) and ESS 8 (5, 11). The total continuous GPSS score was significantly associated with OSA (OR 1.24 (95% CI 1.21, 1.26)). GPSS moderate (>7) significantly increased odds for OSA compared to mild (≤7) (OR 3.18 (95% CI 2.59, 3.90)), and GPSS severe (>13) did so compared to moderate (OR 2.59 (95% CI 2.16, 3.11)). Sensitivity and specificity of GPSS moderate was 85.8 & 41.9% respectively, correctly classifying 52.3%, and of GPSS severe was 35.1 & 87.7% respectively, correctly classifying 75.2%. Sensitivity and specificity of STOP-Bang ≥3 was 77.8 & 54.8% respectively, correctly classifying 60.3%, and ESS ≥11 was 34.6 & 74.3% respectively, correctly classifying 64.9%. The ROC, AUC for the 3-level GPSS was 0.69 (95% CI 0.67, 0.71). For the 2-level STOP-Bang this was 0.66 (95% CI 0.65, 0.68) and for the 2-level ESS 0.55 (95% CI 0.53, 0.56). Due to the higher age in the SHHS compared to the GPSS development cohort, we tested adding additional scores for age thresholds 60-75 & >75. This slightly improved the 3-level GPSS AUC to 0.70 (9%% CI 0.68, 0.72). Conclusion The GPSS is a valid and reliable tool in a community setting and appears to outperform both the STOP-Bang and the ESS. Support (if any)
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Badami, Varun, Anna Ransom, Maria Moning, et al. "0696 Results of an Inpatient Sleep Apnea Screening Pilot with STOPBANG in Patients Admitted to a Cardiology Ward." SLEEP 48, Supplement_1 (2025): A303. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaf090.0696.
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Abstract Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a widely prevalent but underrecognized condition that shares many risk factors with major cardiac disease. OSA is an independent risk factor for cardiac readmissions with an effect size exceeding that of other known predictors in heart failure readmissions. The STOP-BANG questionnaire represents an easy and cost-effective screening tool for OSA, but the feasibility and utility of implementing this screening in hospitalized cardiac patients at scale is unknown. We hypothesized that STOP-BANG can be successfully administered by nursing staff and higher STOP-BANG is associated with hospital readmission in patients admitted to a cardiac specialty ward. Methods We conducted a prospective quality improvement project in patients admitted to the Johns Hopkins Hospital Progressive Cardiac Care Unit (PCCU) from May 2022 through May 2024. Patients underwent screening with STOP-BANG upon admission intake by nursing-administered questionnaire. We analyzed proportion of patients screened and readmission rates from internal and external health record databases. Patients with known sleep disordered breathing adherent to positive airway pressure therapy were excluded from analysis. Results We screened a total of 1981 patients admitted between May 2022 and May 2024, of whom 36.7% were extended surgical recovery, 53.6% were inpatient and 9.7% were observation status. Initial screening rate was 92%; however this gradually declined through the study. 13.7%, 37.1% and 49.2% of respondents were classified by risk of OSA as high (STOP-BANG scores 5-8), intermediate (3-4), and low (≤2), respectively. The net 30 day readmission rate was 8.7%. Elevated STOP-BANG score was not associated with higher 30 day, 90 day or 1 year readmissions, or total days of hospitalization. Analysis by admission class, presence of comorbid conditions and severity of illness did not identify subgroups in whom STOP-BANG predicted elevated re-admission risk. Conclusion Among patients admitted to a cardiac ward, systematic OSA screening by nursing was feasible but OSA risk assessed by STOP-BANG did not predict hospital readmission or cumulative hospitalization days. Since cardiac patients are at risk for central sleep apnea, current screening tools may misclassify these patients. Alternative scalable methods are necessary to discern the impact of untreated sleep apnea on readmission risk in this population. Support (if any)
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Solecká, Šárka, Jan Betka, Karel Matler, and Hana Tomášková. "The importance of screening questionnaires in detecting the severity of obstructive sleep apnea." Otorinolaryngologie a foniatrie 70, no. 2 (2021): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.48095/ccorl202175.
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ntroduction: The aim of this study is to compare the importance of screening questionnaires and risk factors in detecting the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods: The study included 47 patients with suspected OSA. The patients completed 5 screening questionnaires – the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the STOP BANG questionnaire, the STOP questionnaire, the Berlin questionnaire (BQ) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Subsequently, they were examined by the limited polygraphy. AHI (number of apneas/ hypopneas per 1 hour), t90 desaturation (percentage of sleep time spent in desaturations below 90%) and ODI (number of desaturations ≥ 3% within 1 hour) were compared with questionnaire scores and selected risk factors for OSA (BMI, male gender, hypertension, age, neck circumference, abdominal circumference and abdominal/ hip circumference ratio). Results: The achieved score of any of the monitored questionnaires does not correlate with the value of AHI. BQ, STOP and STOP BANG questionnaires have the relatively highest sensitivity for OSA detection, while the sensitivity of PSQI and ESS is low. The correlation of the ESS, STOP BANG and BQ scores with the t90 desaturation, as well as the ESS and STOP BANG scores with the ODI is statistically signifi cant. The relationship of any of the selected risk factors with the AHI value has not been demonstrated. Desaturation values of t90 and ODI correlated best with BMI, neck circumference and abdominal/ hip circumference ratio. Conclusion: None of the monitored questionnaires is suitable for determining the severity of OSA, it is always necessary to perform a polygraphic or polysomnographic examination of sleep. BQ and STOPBANG are relatively most suitable for OSA screening. They both have high sensitivity and, at the same time, their score correlates with the value of nocturnal hypoxemia. Parameters measuring nocturnal hypoxemia (t90 desaturation, ODI) correlate better with risk factors than AHI. The most important parameters associated with hypoxemia are BMI, neck circumference and abdominal/ hip circumference ratio and it is appropriate to include them in the screening for OSA. Keywords: obstructive sleep apnea – Berlin questionnaire – STOP-Bang questionnaire – STOP questionnaire – Epworth sleepiness scale – Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
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saleh, Abdelbaset, Magda Ahmed, Eman El Said, Nabil Awadalla, and Amira Attia. "0524 BASET Scoring: A Novel Simple Biometric Score for Screening and Grading Obstructive Sleep Apnea." SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (2024): A225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0524.
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Abstract Introduction Polysomnography (PSG) is the gold-standard diagnostic tool for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). There is no diagnostic validated simple tool with clear cutoff point for predicting and roll out patient with OSA in primary care clinics significantly alters clinical outcomes. Our study aimed to assess the validity of BASET scoring as a new potential tool for screening and grading the severity of OSA patients. Methods After institution review board approval and formal patient consent, 144 subjects for suspected OSA and their relatives were enrolled. All subjects were subjected to a full night PSG study after history taking, sleep questionnaires, and physical examination, including BASET score components: B= Body Mass Index (BMI), A= Abdominal circumference (AC), S = Snoring, E= Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and T= Tongue teeth imprint. ROC analysis that used to assess the optimal cutoff point of the BASET score and to compare its accuracy for predicting OSA with Berlin and STOP-Bang scores. Results This study included 63 OSAS patients, 33 (52.38%) males and 30 (47.62%) females, and 81 controls; 22 (27.16%) males and 50 (72.84%) females. The Cronbach's alpha for the 5 BASET score components was 0.846, indicating the internal consistency reliability of the scale. Moreover, BASET score has a moderately strong positive significant correlation (r = 0.778, p< 0.001) with AHI. By ROC analysis, the accuracy of the three measures was generally high, with BASET score predicting OSA most accurately (AUC=0.984, 95%CI: 0.956–0.999), followed by STOP-Bang (AUC=0.939, 95%CI: (0.887–0.972) and Berlin (AUC=0.901, 95%CI: 0.841–0.945). The AUC of BASET score was significantly higher compared to the Berlin score (difference= 0.0825, 95%CI: 0.039–0.125) and STOP-Bang score (difference= 0.0447, 95%CI: 0.011–0.078). On the other hand, there was no difference between the AUC of Berlin and STOP-Bang scores (difference=0.0378, 95%CI: 0.006 - 0.081 4). BASET score was significantly (p< 0.001) associated with OSA grades, Conclusion BASET score is a convenient, reliable, and valid tool for diagnosing OSA. BASET score is more accurate for predicting OSA than Berlin and STOP-Bang scores, while there is no difference between Berlin and STOP-Bang scores. BASET score indicates OSA grades. Support (if any) No financial support
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stop bang scale"
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Sobreira, Diana Batista. "Insuficiência Cardíaca e Distúrbios do Sono: Relação estabelecida através da aplicação dos questionários STOP-Bang, PSQI e Escala de Sonolência Epworth." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/92960.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Farmacologia Aplicada apresentada à Faculdade de Farmácia<br>Sleep disorders and heart failure are highly prevalent diseases that correlate through various mechanisms, being risk factors and comorbidities of one another and, when present together, they lead to a worse prognosis. Bearing in mind that cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world and sleep disorders are frequent comorbidities in heart failure (HF) that aggravate morbidity and mortality, the determination of risk factors associated with HF such as sleep disorders, that are often underdiagnosed and untreated, is considered essential. This study aimed to assess the relationship between Sleep Disorders and Heart Failure using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and STOP-Bang questionnaires and their applicability in populations with HF. A literature review was conducted of studies where the questionnaires were applied to populations with HF in order to verify their applicability in this population and the existence of a relationship between the two diseases. The review was conducted in the PubMed database using the terms “Epworth Sleepiness Scale”, “STOP-Bang”, “PSQI” and “Heart Failure” (MeSH). Eligibility was assessed considering the defined eligibility criteria. The included publications and the most relevant topics - the effect of various treatments for HF and other comorbidities on sleep disorders and their symptoms; the impact of physical exercise on sleep disorders and HF; relationships between cognitive function / dysfunction and sleep disorders and other factors in HF; associations between sleep symptoms in HF, physical frailty and functional performance; determination of risk factors, determinants of daytime sleepiness and predictors of quality of life and health-related quality of life; comparison of subjective and objective daytime sleepiness results and their relationship with biomarkers; evaluation of the effectiveness of the questionnaires in this population and the relationship between their scores - were evaluated and discussed. The literature review strategy evaluated a total of 64 publications, 36 of which were included after eligibility assessment. Of those 36 publications, twenty-one used the ESS, four used the PSQI, one used the STOP-Bang and ten used the ESS and the PSQI together. The results obtained in this study allow us to conclude that through the application of these questionnaires it is possible to determine a relationship between HF and SD since, after treatment / intervention in HF, the scores of the questionnaires significantly improve and their application makes it possible to relate symptoms of the two diseases . ESS did not appear to be very effective in this population despite contradictory results, PSQI seemed to have good applicability in this population and there were insufficient results for STOP-Bang to formulate a conclusion about its applicability.<br>Os distúrbios do sono e a insuficiência cardíaca são patologias altamente prevalentes que se correlacionam através de vários mecanismos, sendo fatores de risco e comorbilidades uma da outra e que, quando presentes em conjunto, conduzem a um pior prognóstico. Tendo em conta que as doenças cardiovasculares são a maior causa de morbilidade e mortalidade no mundo e os distúrbios do sono são comorbilidades frequentes na IC que agravam a morbimortalidade, considera-se fundamental a determinação de fatores de risco associados à IC como os distúrbios do sono que são frequentemente subdiagnosticados e não tratados. Este estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação da relação entre os Distúrbios do Sono e a Insuficiência Cardíaca com recurso aos questionários Escala de Sonolência Epworth, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index e STOP-Bang e respetiva aplicabilidade em populações com IC. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura onde tenham sido aplicados os questionários em populações com IC de forma a verificar a sua aplicabilidade nesta população e a existência de uma relação entre as duas patologias. A revisão da literatura foi feita na base de dados PubMed utilizando os termos “Epworth Sleepiness Scale”, “STOP-Bang”, “PSQI” e “Heart Failure” (MeSH). A elegibilidade foi avaliada segundo os critérios de elegibilidade definidos. As publicações incluídas e os tópicos mais relevantes - o efeito de vários tratamentos da IC e de outras comorbilidades nos distúrbios do sono e nos seus sintomas; o impacto do exercício físico nos distúrbios do sono e na IC; relações entre função/disfunção cognitiva e distúrbios do sono e outros fatores na IC; associações entre sintomas de sono na IC, fragilidade física e desempenho funcional; determinação fatores de risco, fatores determinantes de sonolência diurna e preditores de qualidade de vida e qualidade de vida relacionada com saúde; comparação de resultados de sonolência diurna subjetiva e objetiva e a sua relação com biomarcadores; avaliação da eficácia dos questionários nesta população e a relação entre as suas pontuações - foram avaliados e discutidos. A estratégia de revisão da literatura avaliou 64 publicações no total, 36 das quais foram incluídas após avaliação da elegibilidade. Dessas 36 publicações, vinte e uma utilizaram a ESE, quatro utilizaram o PSQI, uma utilizou o STOP-Bang e dez utilizaram a ESE e o PSQI em conjunto. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo permitem concluir que através da aplicação destes questionários se consegue determinar uma relação entre a IC e os DS já que após tratamento/intervenção na IC as pontuações dos questionários melhoram significativamente e a aplicação dos mesmos torna possível relacionar sintomas das duas patologias. A ESE não pareceu ser muito efetiva nesta população apesar de haver resultados contraditórios, o PSQI pareceu ter boa aplicabilidade nesta população e para o STOP-Bang não foram obtidos resultados suficientes para formular uma conclusão acerca da aplicabilidade do mesmo.
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Ranjani, H. G. "Explicit Segmentation Of Speech For Indian Languages." Thesis, 2008. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/728.
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Speech segmentation is the process of identifying the boundaries between words, syllables or phones in the recorded waveforms of spoken natural languages. The lowest level of speech segmentation is the breakup and classification of the sound signal into a string of phones. The difficulty of this problem is compounded by the phenomenon of co-articulation of speech sounds.
The classical solution to this problem is to manually label and segment spectrograms. In the first step of this two step process, a trained person listens to a speech signal, recognizes the word and phone sequence, and roughly determines the position of each phonetic boundary. The second step involves examining several features of the speech signal to place a boundary mark at the point where these features best satisfy a certain set of conditions specific for that kind of phonetic boundary. Manual segmentation of speech into phones is a highly time-consuming and painstaking process. Required for a variety of applications, such as acoustic analysis, or building speech synthesis databases for high-quality speech output systems, the time required to carry out this process for even relatively small speech databases can rapidly accumulate to prohibitive levels. This calls for automating the segmentation process.
The state-of-art segmentation techniques use Hidden Markov Models (HMM) for phone states. They give an average accuracy of over 95% within 20 ms of manually obtained boundaries. However, HMM based methods require large training data for good performance. Another major disadvantage of such speech recognition based segmentation techniques is that they cannot handle very long utterances, Which are necessary for prosody modeling in speech synthesis applications.
Development of Text to Speech (TTS) systems in Indian languages has been difficult till date owing to the non-availability of sizeable segmented speech databases of good quality. Further, no prosody models exist for most of the Indian languages. Therefore, long utterances (at the paragraph level and monologues) have been recorded, as part of this work, for creating the databases.
This thesis aims at automating segmentation of very long speech sentences recorded for the application of corpus-based TTS synthesis for multiple Indian languages. In this explicit segmentation problem, we need to force align boundaries in any utterance from its known phonetic transcription.
The major disadvantage of forcing boundary alignments on the entire speech waveform of a long utterance is the accumulation of boundary errors. To overcome this, we force boundaries between 2 known phones (here, 2 successive stop consonants are chosen) at a time. Here, the approach used is silence detection as a marker for stop consonants. This method gives around 89% (for Hindi database) accuracy and is language independent and training free. These stop consonants act as anchor points for the next stage.
Two methods for explicit segmentation have been proposed. Both the methods rely on the accuracy of the above stop consonant detection stage.
Another common stage is the recently proposed implicit method which uses Bach scale filter bank to obtain the feature vectors. The Euclidean Distance of the Mean of the Logarithm (EDML) of these feature vectors shows peaks at the point where the spectrum changes. The method performs with an accuracy of 87% within 20 ms of manually obtained boundaries and also achieves a low deletion and insertion rate of 3.2% and 21.4% respectively, for 100 sentences of Hindi database.
The first method is a three stage approach. The first is the stop consonant detection stage followed by the next, which uses Quatieri’s sinusoidal model to classify sounds as voiced/unvoiced within 2 successive stop consonants. The final stage uses the EDML function of Bach scale feature vectors to further obtain boundaries within the voiced and unvoiced regions. It gives a Frame Error Rate (FER) of 26.1% for Hindi database.
The second method proposed uses duration statistics of the phones of the language. It again uses the EDML function of Bach scale filter bank to obtain the peaks at the phone transitions and uses the duration statistics to assign probability to each peak being a boundary. In this method, the FER performance improves to 22.8% for the Hindi database.
Both the methods are equally promising for the fact that they give low frame error rates. Results show that the second method outperforms the first, because it incorporates the knowledge of durations.
For the proposed approaches to be useful, manual interventions are required at the output of each stage. However, this intervention is less tedious and reduces the time taken to segment each sentence by around 60% as compared to the time taken for manual segmentation. The approaches have been successfully tested on 3 different languages, 100 sentences each -Kannada, Tamil and English (we have used TIMIT database for validating the algorithms).
In conclusion, a practical solution to the segmentation problem is proposed. Also, the algorithm being training free, language independent (ES-SABSF method) and speaker independent makes it useful in developing TTS systems for multiple languages reducing the segmentation overhead. This method is currently being used in the lab for segmenting long Kannada utterances, spoken by reading a set of 1115 phonetically rich sentences.
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Ranjani, H. G. "Explicit Segmentation Of Speech For Indian Languages." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/728.
Full textAbstract:
Speech segmentation is the process of identifying the boundaries between words, syllables or phones in the recorded waveforms of spoken natural languages. The lowest level of speech segmentation is the breakup and classification of the sound signal into a string of phones. The difficulty of this problem is compounded by the phenomenon of co-articulation of speech sounds.
The classical solution to this problem is to manually label and segment spectrograms. In the first step of this two step process, a trained person listens to a speech signal, recognizes the word and phone sequence, and roughly determines the position of each phonetic boundary. The second step involves examining several features of the speech signal to place a boundary mark at the point where these features best satisfy a certain set of conditions specific for that kind of phonetic boundary. Manual segmentation of speech into phones is a highly time-consuming and painstaking process. Required for a variety of applications, such as acoustic analysis, or building speech synthesis databases for high-quality speech output systems, the time required to carry out this process for even relatively small speech databases can rapidly accumulate to prohibitive levels. This calls for automating the segmentation process.
The state-of-art segmentation techniques use Hidden Markov Models (HMM) for phone states. They give an average accuracy of over 95% within 20 ms of manually obtained boundaries. However, HMM based methods require large training data for good performance. Another major disadvantage of such speech recognition based segmentation techniques is that they cannot handle very long utterances, Which are necessary for prosody modeling in speech synthesis applications.
Development of Text to Speech (TTS) systems in Indian languages has been difficult till date owing to the non-availability of sizeable segmented speech databases of good quality. Further, no prosody models exist for most of the Indian languages. Therefore, long utterances (at the paragraph level and monologues) have been recorded, as part of this work, for creating the databases.
This thesis aims at automating segmentation of very long speech sentences recorded for the application of corpus-based TTS synthesis for multiple Indian languages. In this explicit segmentation problem, we need to force align boundaries in any utterance from its known phonetic transcription.
The major disadvantage of forcing boundary alignments on the entire speech waveform of a long utterance is the accumulation of boundary errors. To overcome this, we force boundaries between 2 known phones (here, 2 successive stop consonants are chosen) at a time. Here, the approach used is silence detection as a marker for stop consonants. This method gives around 89% (for Hindi database) accuracy and is language independent and training free. These stop consonants act as anchor points for the next stage.
Two methods for explicit segmentation have been proposed. Both the methods rely on the accuracy of the above stop consonant detection stage.
Another common stage is the recently proposed implicit method which uses Bach scale filter bank to obtain the feature vectors. The Euclidean Distance of the Mean of the Logarithm (EDML) of these feature vectors shows peaks at the point where the spectrum changes. The method performs with an accuracy of 87% within 20 ms of manually obtained boundaries and also achieves a low deletion and insertion rate of 3.2% and 21.4% respectively, for 100 sentences of Hindi database.
The first method is a three stage approach. The first is the stop consonant detection stage followed by the next, which uses Quatieri’s sinusoidal model to classify sounds as voiced/unvoiced within 2 successive stop consonants. The final stage uses the EDML function of Bach scale feature vectors to further obtain boundaries within the voiced and unvoiced regions. It gives a Frame Error Rate (FER) of 26.1% for Hindi database.
The second method proposed uses duration statistics of the phones of the language. It again uses the EDML function of Bach scale filter bank to obtain the peaks at the phone transitions and uses the duration statistics to assign probability to each peak being a boundary. In this method, the FER performance improves to 22.8% for the Hindi database.
Both the methods are equally promising for the fact that they give low frame error rates. Results show that the second method outperforms the first, because it incorporates the knowledge of durations.
For the proposed approaches to be useful, manual interventions are required at the output of each stage. However, this intervention is less tedious and reduces the time taken to segment each sentence by around 60% as compared to the time taken for manual segmentation. The approaches have been successfully tested on 3 different languages, 100 sentences each -Kannada, Tamil and English (we have used TIMIT database for validating the algorithms).
In conclusion, a practical solution to the segmentation problem is proposed. Also, the algorithm being training free, language independent (ES-SABSF method) and speaker independent makes it useful in developing TTS systems for multiple languages reducing the segmentation overhead. This method is currently being used in the lab for segmenting long Kannada utterances, spoken by reading a set of 1115 phonetically rich sentences.
Books on the topic "Stop bang scale"
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Ratcliffe, Martin. Cosmology and the Evolution of the Universe. Greenwood Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400632433.
Full textAbstract:
This volumes in the Greenwood Guides to the Universe series covers the current scientific understanding of the creation and evolution of the universe. Cosmology and the Evolution of the Universe provides readers with an up-to-date survey of the current scientific understanding of how the universe has evolved in the almost 14 billion years since the Big Bang. Scientifically sound and written with the student in mind, it is an excellent first step for students researching the science of cosmology and a resource for all who wish to know more about the evolution of the universe. Cosmology and the Evolution of the Universe discusses all areas of what is known about the subject. Topics include: the large-scale structure of the universe; the discovery and importance of cosmic microwave background radiation; and the forces and particles involved in the evolution of the universe. The book even tackles that most provocative of questions: How will the universe end?
Book chapters on the topic "Stop bang scale"
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Shahid, Azmeh, Kate Wilkinson, Shai Marcu, and Colin M. Shapiro. "STOP-Bang Questionnaire." In STOP, THAT and One Hundred Other Sleep Scales. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9893-4_92.
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Bertulessi, Luca. "Frequency Synthesizers Based on Fast-Locking Bang-Bang PLL for Cellular Applications." In Special Topics in Information Technology. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62476-7_3.
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AbstractThe fractional-N frequency synthesis based on Digital Phase Locked Loop (DPLLs) has become a conventional design approach for the new radio wireless applications. The advantage of the digitally-intensive design style is the possibility to implement low-power and very accurate digital calibration techniques. Most of these algorithms run in the background tracking PVT variations and either relax or, in some cases, completely remove the performance limitations due to analog impairments. Moreover, the digital loop filter area is practically negligible with respect to the one in analog PLLs. These benefits become even more relevant in the scaled CMOS technology nodes. This chapter identifies the design parameters of a standard DPLL architecture and proposes a novel locking scheme to overcome the intrinsic limitations of the digital frequency synthesizers approach. To prove this new scheme a sub-6 GHz fractional-N synthesizer has been implemented in 65 nm CMOS. The synthesizer has an output frequency from 3.59 GHz to 4.05 GHz. The integrated output jitter is 182fs and the power consumption of 5.28 mW from 1.2 V power supply leads to a FoM of −247.5 dB. This topology exploits a novel locking technique that guarantee a locking time of 5.6 s, for a frequency step of 364 MHz, despite the use of a single bit phase detector.
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Goody, R. M., and Y. L. Yung. "Band Models." In Atmospheric Radiation. Oxford University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195051346.003.0006.
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Radiative heating calculations in the atmosphere involve four distinguishable scales of frequency. First, there is the comparatively slow variation with frequency of the Planck function and its derivative with respect to temperature. About one-half of the radiation from a black body at terrestrial temperatures lies in a wave number range of 500 cm-1. The second scale is that of the unresolved contour of a band. For atmospheric molecules other than water vapor, the Planck function is effectively constant over a single band; water vapor bands must be divided into sections of the order of 50 cm-1 wide before this is so. For a rotating molecule, the next relevant scale of frequency is that of the spacing between rotation lines, approximately 1-5 cm-1. Finally, there is the monochromatic scale on which the absorption coefficient may be treated as a constant, and for which Lambert’s absorption law is obeyed: of the order of one-fifth of a line width ≃ 2 x 10-2 cm-1 for a gas at atmospheric pressure, down to 2 x 10-4cm-1 for a Doppler line in the middle atmosphere. This step takes us to a division of the frequency scale that, when taken together with other features of the calculation, presents a formidable computation task. Calculations can, of course, be made and are made at this limiting spectral resolution (line-by-line calculations) but, despite the fact that they are technically feasible with modern computers, such calculations are rare and are usually performed to provide a few reference cases. The great majority of investigations make use of averages over many lines, embracing spectral ranges that are small compared to a band contour (narrow-band models), or over complete bands (wide-band models), or over the entire thermal spectrum (emissivity models.) There are a number of reasons for working with spectral averages. Practical considerations are that important classes of laboratory measurements, and most atmospheric observations (e.g., satellite radiometry) are made with some spectral averaging, often comparable to that of narrow-band models.
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Fuad, Iqmal Irsyad M., Jang Hyun Lee, Berihun Mamo Negash, and Nur Asyraf Md Akhir. "Enumeration Approach in Condensate Banking Study of Gas Condensate Reservoir." In Unconventional Methods for Geoscience, Shale Gas and Petroleum in the 21st Century. IOS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/aerd230023.
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This paper presents Enumeration Method in gas condensate reservoir simulation to study the condensate banking complex physics phenomena. Initially, coarse scale grid is commonly used for gas condensate reservoir simulation study. Nevertheless, the coarse scale simulation disregards the condensate bank or it is not able to demonstrate the precise distribution and effects. By introducing Local Grid Refinement (LGR) in simulation model arguably brings a better representation of the condensate bank effect near wellbore but significantly increases the run time. This become severe especially in full field modeling with comingled production. Therefore, enumeration initialization approach was developed to divide the simulation explicitly in coarse scale simulation. During the stops, a region near wellbore was designed where condensate bank parameters were modified based on the history matching. Hence, the drastic change of well performance due to condensate banking could be captured. This drastic change could not physically described in conventional coarse scale simulation model, thus affect prediction accuracy. Comparison between enumeration ways with conventional approach were then investigated. It was found that enumeration method shows a better prediction in investigating the behavior. This is due to its ability to predict mobility changes due to condensate banking, consequently, improve the condensate bank characterization.
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Zhang, Ying, Xiaomin Li, Peng Huang, Xinan Ding, and Wenxiu Zhu. "Study on the Deformation and Stability of Flood Discharge Atomized Slope." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220973.
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Flood discharge atomization is the large-scale rainfall and diffuse phenomenon in local area of downstream during hydraulic engineering flood discharge, which endangers the normal operation of hydraulic structures and stability of downstream bank slope. This paper compares the safety of the flood discharge atomized slope after 13 days’ flood discharge and 7 days’ drainage with 4 and 5 drainage tunnels respectively. The results show that the slope is stable both in the natural and rainstorm condition, and it still stable in the long-term fog and rain condition. Atomized rain infiltration, the slope displacement increase, and the maximum value appeared in the whole slope reached saturation point, and the displacement is reduced after the flood stop. Except for the slope foot, the calculation results of the two drainage tunnel design schemes have little difference, and the addition of a drainage tunnel is beneficial to suppress the water head at the slope foot, which provides the basis for the design of the slope support.
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Adam, Frédéric. "Mobile Content and Walking Documentary." In Advances in Multimedia and Interactive Technologies. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8838-4.ch016.
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This chapter presents creative strategies to teach Science using Smartphones and focuses on projects by researchers and teachers from the international “Big History” network. They teach scientific based knowledge from a cosmic point of view starting from the theory of the Big Bang. A large number of contributors believe that connecting learning to the physical, natural world is the key to stimulating the interest of students before studying the theory in the classroom. This is where Mobile Content is invaluable. A general selection of interesting outdoor learning projects are presented, together with experimental, hypermedia creations achieved by the author in collaboration with scientists. The original concept of a “Walking Documentary” is advanced as a way for students to experience large scales of space and time by walking with a smartphone synchronized with every step of the walker. Finally, some emerging technologies are mentioned, announcing new ways to teach and learn Science with technology.
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Adam, Frédéric. "Mobile Content and Walking Documentary." In Wearable Technologies. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5484-4.ch070.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter presents creative strategies to teach Science using Smartphones and focuses on projects by researchers and teachers from the international “Big History” network. They teach scientific based knowledge from a cosmic point of view starting from the theory of the Big Bang. A large number of contributors believe that connecting learning to the physical, natural world is the key to stimulating the interest of students before studying the theory in the classroom. This is where Mobile Content is invaluable. A general selection of interesting outdoor learning projects are presented, together with experimental, hypermedia creations achieved by the author in collaboration with scientists. The original concept of a “Walking Documentary” is advanced as a way for students to experience large scales of space and time by walking with a smartphone synchronized with every step of the walker. Finally, some emerging technologies are mentioned, announcing new ways to teach and learn Science with technology.
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Chaturvedi, Chetna. "STUDY OF COPING BEHAVIOUR AND STRESS MANAGEMENT AMONG MOTHERS OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDER BY PRACTICING RAJYOGA." In Futuristic Trends in Management Volume 3 Book 23. Iterative International Publisher, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bhma23p1ch11.
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Autism can have many meanings, many combinations. No professional can even have this diagnosis for the first time and know what the child's response will be in the future. But there is a period when counselling or assessment takes place, only after that it can be known what the present situation of the child is. According to the new classification, this disorder is also called Autism Spectrum Disorder. The spectrum is taken in Rainbow term, and it is said that autism is sometimes very severe on one side and sometimes very mild on the other side. Many times, many types of combinations are also found with autism. In which ASD reduces the ability of intelligence, some may suffer epileptic seizures. In some cases, other types of medical problems may also occur. And if there is no problem in any of these and there is mild ASD and IQ level is normal or above normal then life can be almost normal. Autism is not a disease. Being diagnosed with autism does not mean that these children will not be able to do any type of work or job in future or those children cannot get involved in any further work. They can do all the work; the only difference is that they can do it in a slightly different way from other children. Their ability to understand all the things and do it in their own ways. Sometimes they react seriously to very small incidents and sometimes even big incidents do not affect them. Earlier, autism was also called autistic disorder, red Syndrome and also called Asperger’s Childhood distinguishing Syndrome. Combination of all these, now it has been named “Autism Spectrum Disorder” If we understand Autism Spectrum Disorder in simple language, then they lack social understanding. Most of these children are Remain fixed on only one thing. If we talk about social understanding, it can be understood in two ways: Going to school, studying, writing and giving exams and being up to the marks in exams. If you look at it from the other side, you go out, meet people, look them in the eyes and talk, you can make them understand what you say, how to read their facial expressions and how to make friendship with them, all these things come under social intelligence, which is lacking in autistic children. Children who are found to have problems with autism speak some things, but as they move on, they forget that language. Seeing this situation, parents get worried and go to the doctors, child specialist, psychiatrist, psychologist, neurologist, and sometimes they take the name of God. Overall, parents do whatever they can for their children, their efforts are to ensure that their children become normal by whatever means, sometimes parents also misunderstand that they gave less time to their children in childhood, which is why If their child is lacking in literacy because of this, then it is very important to clarify that it is not the parents’ fault. It is genetic and the study shows that 8 out of 10,000 children have this problem, which starts before the age of 3 years and can persist throughout life. The study shows that in such children, this problem can be treated with assessments and therapies but sometimes it persists for life. Symptoms of autism are found in these children, they may be good at some specific skills, but it has also been observed that those children forget those skills as they grow older and new skills appear in them. They also keep repeating their activities. They may have their own unique ways of understanding, learning, moving around or paying attention to instructions. They especially have communication problems. They seem to be very narrow interest. For example, Sometimes the sound of a clock ticking. They listen to it very attentively and sometimes hear a huge bang. And sometimes even the loud sound of the bang is ignored. When the parents notice all these symptoms, they wonder whether it is the case that they are unable to hear. Thinking so, they even take them to an ENT doctor, to check their hearing. Tests are also done which are often found to be normal. Apart from this, if we see, sometimes children have abnormal things like hand flapping, Toe walking, odd playing with their own way etc. Apart from this, pronoun reversal like not understanding the difference between you and me, yours and mine, poor eye contact, lack of emotions. It is not that they want to go only to their parents or family members, they go to anyone and talks to anyone. Most such children live in imagination. ASD begin before age of 3 years as received literature and may be last throughout life. Study shows its symptoms may improve overtime sometime its symptoms in children show ASD within one year and in other hand its symptoms cannot be seen throughout life. Some children with ASD may be good in some specific skills and we can see that development during 18 to 24 months of their age. But after that they stop gaining or even loss skills which they gained earlier. Children with ASD may have problem with social interaction and communication. They stick towards restricted behaviour and do their activities repetitively. They may have loss Interest, in other word children with ASD have their different ways of learning, moving, or paying attention in instructions. The role of a mother is very important for their children’s life, and it is also very much important in their growth and development. No mother wants to see their children in trouble and when their children are diagnosed with autism disorder, they feel stressed. It becomes natural to have stress, tension, depression, anxiety and different types of negative thoughts in them. As it was further told that autism is genetic, and it happens to those who are destined to have it. So, in such a situation, it has been told to such mothers how to get out of through rajyoga meditation. In the study, 10 such mothers were taken for experiment whose children had some kind of autism symptoms and who had become completely hopeless. And they started believing that their children would never improve and that the mothers themselves were responsible for their condition. They believed that their children suffering due to not taking proper care of them in their childhood and not giving them sufficient time, that is why these conditions have been happened and they also started believing that it is the result of her actions that her children are suffering which is now never going to be cured. General health questionnaire was used to know all 10 mother’s mental health conditions. Personal meetings were conducted, telephonic talks were also done. To bring the mothers out of their mental condition, their perception of autism and indifference towards life, they were given the practice of rajyoga meditation for 30 days. This study deals with stress tension depression anxiety and negative and positive behaviour and coping situation with practicing rajyoga. Study shows that how rajyoga helped mothers having negative attitude and behaviours towards their children who are facing autistic spectrum disorder and it was found that how lower level of confidence and higher level of negativity affects children's development who facing autistic spectrum disorder. 10 mothers dealing with ASD children were taken for study and examine using parent attitude scale and general health questionnaire. Accepting ADS Child’s limitations is very much important for their confidence and development. When parents dealing with their children’s conditions. To know that they are accepted and loved for as they are. This accepts their uniqueness and capabilities even if they are not like other children. Every child increases their confidence and self-stream when they do something good in their life.
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Chimenti, Dale, Stanislav Rokhlin, and Peter Nagy. "Waves in Periodically Layered Composites." In Physical Ultrasonics of Composites. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195079609.003.0011.
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Composite materials, unless they are quite thin, often include periodic layering, where laminated plates composed of alternating uniaxial plies in two or more directions result in more evenly distributed in-plane stiffness. The oriented plies can generally be reduced to a unit cell geometry which repeats throughout the laminate and is composed of sublayers each having highly directional in-plane stiffness, but identical out-of-plane properties. As the transverse isotropy of a uniaxial fibrous ply derives from the geometry of the two-phase material, composite laminates of these plies will have microscopic elastic stiffness tensors which change only in the plane of the laminate, as we saw in Chapter 1. The elastic properties normal to the laminate surface remain unchanged from ply to ply. In this chapter we take up the subject of waves in periodically layered plates. Unusual guided wave dispersion effects have been observed experimentally in periodically layered plates. Shull et al. found, for guided waves polarized in the vertical plane in plates of alternating aluminum and aramid–epoxy composites, that dispersion never scales with the frequency–thickness product, as it would in homogeneous isotropic, or layered transversely isotropic, plates. Instead, grouping of the mode curves has been observed. In an attempt to understand this behavior in terms of periodic layering, Auld et al. have analyzed the simpler case of SH wave propagation in periodically layered plates and have demonstrated that these observed phenomena can be attributed to the pass band and stop band structure caused by the periodic layering. In this section, we will show that Floquet modes play a critical role in the behavior of guided waves in plates that are periodically layered. To analyze the problem, we apply an extension of the stiffness matrix method of the previous chapter. Floquet modes, which are the characteristic modes for the infinite periodically layered medium, can be thought of as the analogy—in a periodically layered medium—to the quasilongitudinal and quasishear modes for the infinite homogeneous medium. On the topic of infinite periodic media, many calculations, both approximate and exact, have been performed to model elastic wave propagation in this important class of structures.
Conference papers on the topic "Stop bang scale"
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Hassan, S. M., A. Mubarik, W. Burney, et al. "Diagnostic Accuracy of the STOP-BANG Questionnaire and the EPWORTH SLEEPINESS SCALE in Detecting Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Bariatric Surgery Candidates." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a3881.
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Thakkar, Neel, Kapil Salgia, Pratibha Singhal, Swapnil Kulkarni, Vivek Toshniwal, and Indu MadathiparambilChandran. "Comparison of STOP-BANG questionnaire (SBQ) & Epworth Sleepiness scale (ESS) to assess pre-test probability of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA)." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa2291.
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Bosompra, N. O. A., J. E. Orr, P. N. DeYoung, et al. "Validating Sleep Questionnaires in People Living with HIV: Stop-Bang Outperforms the Berlin Questionnaire and Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Identifying Obstructive Sleep Apnea." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a4155.
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Ekete, O. A., S. K. Dede, O. T. Ojo, and O. B. Ozoh. "Predictive Value of the STOP BANG Questionnaire and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for the Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in a Resource Limited Setting." In American Thoracic Society 2022 International Conference, May 13-18, 2022 - San Francisco, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a4868.
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Novais, Aurea Maria Lago, Beatriz Santos Rogério, and Renan Carvalho Castello Branco. "Stroke profile in patients with high risk of obstructive sleep apnea: a transversal study." In XIV Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.141s1.558.
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Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disease of upper airways, diagnosed with polisomnography, that is well associated with stroke throught diverse mechanisms. Despite that, it still lacks studies about stroke profile in patients with high risk of OSA. Objectives: This study aims to describe the diferences between stroke in patients with high and low risk of OSA. Methods: We performed a transversal study, part of a cohort of stroke patients. Patients were evaluated of risk of OSA with STOP-Bang and SOS scores; also, data of wake-up stroke, stroke type and etiology, transient ischemic attack (TIA), thrombolysis, circulation evolved, ASPECTS (Alberta stroke program early computed tomography score), PC-ASPECTS (posterior circulation - acute stroke prognosis early computed tomography score), hemorragic transformation and its type (ECASS), ABCD2, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and death during internment were colectted. Results: We obtained 190 patients. 62.1% were classified as high risk with STOP-Bang and (mean NIHSS 6.59 ± 5.13) and 8.5% died: 5.9% had a TIA (mean ABDC2 5.14 ± 1.21), 22% a wake-up stroke and 81.4% had a ischemic stroke (24 patients were cardioembolic, 34 atherotrombotic and 26 indeterminate), of which 12.7% were thrombolysed and 15.3% had hemorragic transformation. In ´patients with low risk, 2.8% died and we had mean NIHSS 7.64 ± 5.55, 18.3% had wake up stroke and 8.5% a TIA (mean ABCD2 4.17 ± 1.60), 74.6% were ischemic strokes (24% cardioembolic, 23 indeterminated); 12.7% patients were thrombolysed and 21% evolved with hemorragic transformation. Conclusion: We verified a lower NIHSS mean and a higher rate of wake-up stroke, hemorragic transformation and TIA in patients with low risk of OSA. Althought this would suggest better outcomes in population with high risk, they had 5% more deaths: so, despite the aparent better initial state (that we can hypothesize about a type of “lucid interval” in this group), they still evolve worst.
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Grangeiro, Adriano Filipe Barreto, Lucy de Oliveira Gomes, Cristina da Silva Cunha, and Otávio de Toledo Nóbrega. "Effectiveness of Expressive Therapies in Sleep Disorders in Elderly Hyperfrequent of Primary Health Care." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.358.
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Background: Sleep disorders have multifactorial causes affecting 25 to 30%of the adult population, which can consist of primary or secondary conditions, representing a serious risk to public health. They are risk factors for the elderly population, estimating that 50% of this age group have symptoms related to sleep. Objectives: to verify the efficacy of expressive therapies (ET) in sleep disorders in hyperfrequent elderly (HE) of Primary Health Care (PHC). Methods: Quasi-experimental study, with 69 elderly people assisted at PHC in a metropolitan region of the Midwest, divided into two groups: intervention (hyperfrequent elderly) and control (non-hyperfrequent). The sleep questionnaires were used: Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESE), Insomnia severity index (ISI) and STOP-Bang (SB), in addition to the investigation of sociodemographic and anthropometric variables. and related to health services. For data analysis, chi-square tests, multivariate analysis of variance and Wilks’ Lambda test were used, considering p ≤ 0.05. Results: The intervention group (IG) showed a decrease in the scores of PSQI (p = 0.003), ESE (p = 0.006), ISI (p <0.001), SB (p = 0.002) with significant differences between groups. Conclusions: Expressive therapies were effective in hyperfrequent elderly, mitigating sleep disorders. Thus, by reducing sleep disorders in the group of hyperfrequent elderly people using non-pharmacological intervention in PHC, it is possible to improve sleep quality and, consequently, decrease the use of health services, reducing financial costs for the public health system.
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Cai, Liang-Wu. "Using Stop Band Formation for Characterizing Interphase Properties of Composite Models Having Square Fiber Arrangements." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0233.
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Abstract The formation of stop bands over which waves cannot propagate through composites having square fiber arrangements has been observed in previous full-scale deterministic simulations. In this paper, characteristics of the cut-off frequency of the stop band are investigated via systematic full-scale simulations and related to the physical properties of the interphase in a three-phase composite model.
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Matsuoka, Taichi, Katsuaki Sunakoda, Kazuhiko Hiramoto, et al. "Seismic Performance of Vibration Control Device That Generates Power." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77695.
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In a previous paper the authors proposed a semi-active vibration control device (VCD) that generates power. The device utilizes a ball screw, and has inertial and damping forces. The damping coefficient is adjusted by altering resistance at the terminal of the power generator. A small-scale VCD was manufactured for experimental testing. Frequency responses of a small-scale spring mass structure were measured in order to confirm the effects of vibration suppression within a wide range of frequencies. In this paper, as the next step, vibration tests using a benchmark structure with an installed VCD that has a 30 kN capacity are carried out at the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) in Taiwan. The benchmark structure has three stories with a 3 m height and a mass of 6 tons at each floor level for a total height and weight of 9 m and 18 tons, respectively. The VCDs are installed between adjacent floors with steel chevron braces. A simple control law that is based on a minimized Lyapunov function and employs bang-bang operation is used as a variable current controller instead of the modifying the resistance level of the VCD. Scaled earthquake motions including the Imperial Valley El Centro north-south component that is normalized to be a peak level of 0.5 m/s2, are applied to the base of the steel framed structure in the horizontal direction by a shaking table. Experimental responses of each floor for the uncontrolled and controlled cases are compared with analytical responses, and effects of vibration suppression for the large-scale model are discussed quantitatively.
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Perez, Angel, Julie Linsey, Joanna Tsenn, and Michael Glier. "Identifying Product Scaling Principles: A Step Towards Enhancing Biomimetic Design." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63975.
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Designers are often faced with the problem of taking a solution at one scale and mapping it to another, often occurring with design-by-analogy and bioinspired design. Despite various scaling laws for specific systems, scaling a solution is a difficult process since different physical principles are often used (causing scaling laws to be invalid) and numerous other changes must be made. This is one of the likely reasons that bioinspired design is difficult. An empirical product study method was used to determine five scaling principles by studying numerous example products. As an initial validation, a design case study applied these principles to a single passenger, low-cost, golf transportation system. Few solutions exist for a single passenger golf transportation system due to difficulties in meeting the customer’s needs, including a portable design which fits in an average sized car trunk at an affordable price. Utilizing the golf bag push cart, full-size two passenger golf cart and scaling principles, a solution was established that fulfilled the design problem. By performing this case study, the general scaling principles are confirmed as a viable aid in product design scaling. This study provides an initial step in creating new innovative designs based on existing solutions in nature or other products that occur at very different scales. Much further work is needed by studying additional products and bioinspired examples. The design principles also need to be more robustly validated.
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Lee, Chang-Yong, Michael J. Leamy, and Jason H. Nadler. "Acoustic Band-Gap Formulation in Infinite Periodic Porous Media With a Multi-Layered Unit Cell: Multi-Scale Asymptotic Method." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11358.
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This article introduces a numerical formulation for studying frequency band structure in multi-periodic acoustic composite structures. Herein, multi-periodic acoustic composite structures are defined as periodically-layered acoustic media wherein each layer is composed of periodically-repeated unit fluid cells, especially those arising from the study of rigid-frame porous materials. Hence, at least two periodic scales (microscopic and mesoscopic, respectively) comprise the macroscopic acoustic media. Under the Floquet-Bloch’s condition, exploitation of the multi-periodicity allows for efficient generation of dispersion curves via a multi-scale asymptotic method (for homogenizing the mesoscale) coupled to original acoustic transfer matrix methods (for the macroscale). The combined numerical formulation results in a general analysis procedure for evaluating complex dispersion relationships. The dispersion curves can be used to reveal frequency stop bands wherein the wave vector is highly imaginary—i.e., plane waves experience rapid attenuation. The formulation is applied to four infinite, multi-periodic acoustic composite structures in order to demonstrate the formulation’s utility and to reveal novel properties, particularly those which can be influenced by design of the mesoscopic unit cell.
Reports on the topic "Stop bang scale"
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Saha, Amrita, Jodie Thorpe, Keir Macdonald, and Kelbesa Megersa. Linking Business Environment Reform with Gender and Inclusion: A Study of Business Licensing Reform in Indonesia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.001.
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Business environment reform (BER) targets inadequate business regulations. It is intended to remove constraints to business investment, enabling growth and job creation, and create opportunities for international business to contribute to and benefit from this growth. However, there is a lack of detailed knowledge of the impact of BER on gender and inclusion (G&I). While a review of existing literature suggests that in general, there is no direct link between BER and G&I, indirect links are likely through the influence of BER on firm performance. Outcomes will be influenced by the differential ways in which women-led firms experience the business environment when compared to their male counterparts, with disparities based on how they are treated under the law, as well as structural and sociocultural factors. The fact that in many countries, female-led firms are fewer and smaller than those of their male counterparts, and may operate in different sectors, also affects these dynamics. This research offers new insights through an in-depth analysis of the impact of the Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu (PTSP) or one-stop shop business licensing reform in 2009 on firm performance in Indonesia, and how these impacts vary based on the gender of firm leadership. The results find that on average, firms benefited from improved business performance (sales), as a direct or indirect effect of this reform, as well as an increase in the number of medium and large-scale firms. Outside Jakarta (Bali, Banten, Lampung), women-led firms experienced a small but significant benefit relative to male-led firms, related to both sales and the number of medium and large-scale firms they run. In Jakarta, women-led firms continued to lag behind men and there were no significant effects on employment, and this held across province and gender. These findings are based on an analysis of the PTSP reform using data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES), a survey of small, medium and large firms (i.e. with more than four employees) which took place in Indonesia between 2009 and 2015.
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Moreda, Fekadu, Benjamin Lord, Mauro Nalesso, Pedro Coli Valdes Daussa, and Juliana Corrales. Hydro-BID: New Functionalities (Reservoir, Sediment and Groundwater Simulation Modules). Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009312.
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The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) provides financial and technicalsupport for infrastructure projects in water and sanitation, irrigation, flood control, transport, and energy, and for development projects in agriculture, urban systems, and natural resources. Many of these projects depend upon water resources and may be affected negatively by climate change and other developments that alter water availability, such as population growth and shifts in land use associated with urbanization, industrial growth, and agricultural practices. Assessing the potential for future changes in water availability is an important step toward ensuring that infrastructure and other development projects meet their operational, financial, and economic goals. It is also important to examine the implications of such projects for the future allocation of available water among competing users and uses to mitigate potential conflict and to ensure such projects are consistent with long-term regional development plans and preservation of essential ecosystem services. As part of its commitment to help member countries adapt to climate change, the IDB is sponsoring work to develop and apply the Regional Water Resources Simulation Model for Latin America and the Caribbean, an integrated suite of watershed modeling tools known as Hydro-BID. Hydro-BID is a highly scalable modeling system that includes hydrology and climate analysis modules to estimate the availability of surface water (stream flows) at the regional, basin, and sub-basin scales. The system includes modules for incorporating the effects of groundwater and reservoirs on surface water flows and for estimating sediment loading. Data produced by Hydro-BID are useful for water balance analysis, water allocation decisions, and economic analysis and decision support tools to help decision-makers make informed choices among alternative designs for infrastructure projects and alternative policies for water resources management. IDB sponsored the development of Hydro-BID and provides the software and basic training free of charge to authorized users; see hydrobidlac.org. The system was developed by RTI International as an adaptation of RTI's proprietary WaterFALL® modeling software, based on over 30 years of experience developing and using the U.S. National Hydrography Dataset (NHDPlus) in support to the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In Phase I of this effort, RTI prepared a working version of Hydro-BID that includes: (1) the Analytical Hydrography Dataset for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC AHD), a digital representation of 229,300 catchments in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean with their corresponding topography, river, and stream segments; (2) a geographic information system (GIS)-based navigation tool to browse AHD catchments and streams with the capability of navigating upstream and downstream; (3) a user interface for specifying the area and period to be modeled and the period and location for which water availability will be simulated; (4) a climate data interface to obtain rainfall and temperature inputs for the area and period of interest; (5) a rainfall-runoff model based on the Generalized Watershed Loading Factor (GWLF) formulation; and (6) a routing scheme for quantifying time of travel and cumulative flow estimates across downstream catchments. Hydro-BID generates output in the form of daily time series of flow estimates for the selected location and period. The output can be summarized as a monthly time series at the user's discretion. In Phase II of this effort, RTI has prepared an updated version of Hydro-BID that includes (1) improvements to the user interface; (2) a module to simulate the effect of reservoirs on downstream flows; (3) a module to link Hydro-BID and groundwater models developed with MODFLOW and incorporate water exchanges between groundwater and surface water compartments into the simulation of sur
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Naddafi, Rahmat, Göran Sundblad, Alfred Sandström, et al. Developing management goals and associated assessment methods for Sweden’s nationally managed fish stocks : a project synthesis. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.31cfjep2i0.
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This report summarizes and synthesizes results from the Swedish Agency of Marine and Water Management (SwAM, or HaV) funded project “Förvaltningsmål för nationella arter (Management goals for nationally managed species)”. The objectives of the project have been to promote the development of management goals and associated status assessment methods and indicators, as well as reference points, for some nationally managed fish stocks both in coastal as well as freshwater areas. The report focusses largely on species and stocks that can be defined as data-poor. Such stocks are characterised by marked limitations in data availability and/or resources allocated to detailed analytical stock projections. Data-poor stocks also often lack carefully formulated management goals and associated methods and indicators for assessing stock status. In this report, we provide an overview of potential assessment methods and indicators and try to synthesise how they work and what the strengths and weaknesses are by applying them to selected data poor stocks such as pikeperch, pike, whitefish, and vendace. We also discuss how they relate to different potential management goals and provide recommendations for their application. We grouped the indicators and assessment methods by the three categories that are now used in the yearly status assessment framework provided by SLU Aqua (Resursöversikten/Fiskbarometern) – i) mortality, ii) abundance/biomass and iii) size/age structure. The results are also described for these three main categories of assessment indicators. Included is also a status report from a size- and age-based population dynamics model (Stock Synthesis 3) that is being developed for pikeperch in Lake Hjälmaren. An important experience from the project is that to improve the assessment methods for Swedish national fish stocks, it is important that managers develop both general as well as more detailed quantitative goals for the individual stocks. This should ideally be conducted in various forms of collaboration with the main stakeholders and scientists involved with assessment as participatory processes foster legitimacy. Carefully articulated management goals, which are possible to translate into quantitative targets, will facilitate the development of various approaches and methods to monitor stock statuses. Given the strong and complex interactions of fish and their environments it is also important to consider other pressures than fisheries when developing indicators and assessment methods. Our synthesis highlights a number of areas where the assessment of data-poor stocks can be improved: 1. Apply precautionary principles for data-limited stocks, particularly ones that are known to be vulnerable to exploitation. 2. Tailor approaches to how fisheries are managed in Sweden. Swedish nationally managed fish stocks are not managed by quotas (with one exception, vendace in the Bothnian Bay) and do not aim for maximum sustainable yield. Instead, the coastal and inland fisheries are managed by regulating the effort in the small-scale commercial fisheries (number of fishers/licenses and amount of gear). Regulation of recreational and subsistence fisheries effort, in terms of licenses or number of fishers) is not applied, nor possible since the fisheries is lacking obligatory notification and reporting systems. All national fisheries, however, are regulated by various technical measures (closed areas, size-limits, bag-limits, gear restrictions etc). Thus, goals and assessment methods that result in harvest limits or quota recommendations expressed in e.g. biomass/numbers are difficult to use as basis for management. Instead, there is a need for alternative management goals and associated assessment methods. 3. Use best practice methods and indicators and adapt as scientific knowledge is developed. Data-limited methods are developing rapidly, and new methods/approaches are proposed in the scientific literature every year. It is thus important to be updated on the most recent developments. 4. Clearly describe limitations/assumptions of methods used. It is important to be aware of and critically evaluate the assumptions underlying the analyses, and to carefully communicate uncertainty together with the stock status assessment. 5. Be particularly careful with low sample numbers. Many indicators and methods can be applied also on small sample sizes, however, the accuracy and precision of the estimates risk being low in such cases. 6. Accept that there is no "gold standard" for fisheries assessment. Each case study is unique and needs to be balanced against data availability, local needs and other important factors. This also means that analysts need to be careful when using generic reference levels or “borrowing” data from other stocks. 7. If possible, use several different methods/indicators. Although several indicators aim to measure similar aspects of the stock, small methodological differences can support the overall interpretation of individual indicator values. It is particularly important to incorporate many aspects and indicators (size/age/abundance/mortality) in order to produce a balanced assessment. 8. Develop means of communication. Indicators and goals should be easy to understand. However, interpretation of results from multi-indicator frameworks can be challenging. There is thus a need for finding ways of communication that can convey complicated results in a simple-to-understand manner. 9. For details on additional improvements, we refer the reader to the sub-header “recommendations for the future” found under each chapter. The implementation of Stock Synthesis for pikeperch in Lake Hjälmaren showed that it is possible to develop a more ambitious and detailed stock assessment model for a relatively data-poor stock. The model results partly support earlier interpretations of the development of the stock and the importance of the changes in regulations in 2001 (increased minimum size, increased mesh size and reduced mortality of undersized pikeperch). Before the model can be implemented and used for practical management, a number of actions for improvement are needed, which are highlighted in the relevant chapter. The most important next step is establishing management goals and reference levels for this stock. We recommend that such a dialogue is initiated by managers. The fisheries management goals should consider both biomass, fisheries mortality and size-based targets. To conclude, we stress the importance of improving all ongoing aspects related to the assessments of data-poor Swedish stocks. Strong local stocks and sustainable fisheries are vital for a variety of fisheries-related businesses and practices, particularly in rural areas, providing economical and societal value. Fishes also have important roles in aquatic food-webs and it is important that ecological values are managed wisely in order to reach targets for water quality, ecosystem structure and diversity. Given the strong and complex interactions of fish and their environments it is also important to consider other pressures than fisheries when developing indicators and assessment methods.