Academic literature on the topic 'Stoppers exchange'

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Journal articles on the topic "Stoppers exchange"

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Starygina, Natalya. "EXTRALINGUISTIC STOPPERS AS THE BASIS OF CROSS-CULTURAL SPACE WITHIN A LANGUAGE FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES." Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University 475, no. 5 (2023): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/1994-2796-2023-475-5-121-130.

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This article discusses the features of linguistic and cultural accents within the language for special purposes of the forest cluster. The most functional and productive markers in this sense are linguistic and extralinguistic stoppers involved in the special spaсе of the profile text. Stoppers participate in the process of information exchange based on ethnic realities, strengthen communication in the field of forestry, nature management, logging and woodworking with precedent fragments of a specific geolocative linguistic and cultural environment.
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Rowan, Stuart J., Stuart J. Cantrill, J. Fraser Stoddart, Andrew J. P. White, and David J. Williams. "Toward Daisy Chain Polymers: “Wittig Exchange” of Stoppers in [2]Rotaxane Monomers." Organic Letters 2, no. 6 (2000): 759–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol9913587.

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Sirikasemsuk, Kittiwat, Tossapol Kiatcharoenpol, Darin Luanwiset, Pradthana Rattanapuchong, and Kanogkan Leerojanaprapa. "Integrating cultural lean practices with innovations to advance quick changeover for enhanced productivity in compressor manufacturing in Thailand." International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 8, no. 1 (2025): 2083–94. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v8i1.4900.

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This study integrated cultural lean practices with innovations to enhance efficiency and streamline quick changeovers in a compressor manufacturing organization. Monthly production of compressor housing components consistently fell short of targets due to excessive changeover times, which averaged 4,733 seconds (approximately 1.31 hours) per model, impacting overall production efficiency. To address this issue, the study combined traditional lean and Single-Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) techniques, such as shifting tasks from internal to external processes, a well-known method for reducing cha
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Frumence, Etienne, Sandrine Genetet, Pierre Ripoche, et al. "Rapid Cl−/HCO3−exchange kinetics of AE1 in HEK293 cells and hereditary stomatocytosis red blood cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 305, no. 6 (2013): C654—C662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00142.2013.

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Anion exchanger 1 (AE1) or band 3 is a membrane protein responsible for the rapid exchange of chloride for bicarbonate across the red blood cell membrane. Nine mutations leading to single amino-acid substitutions in the transmembrane domain of AE1 are associated with dominant hereditary stomatocytosis, monovalent cation leaks, and reduced anion exchange activity. We set up a stopped-flow spectrofluorometry assay coupled with flow cytometry to investigate the anion transport and membrane expression characteristics of wild-type recombinant AE1 in HEK293 cells, using an inducible expression syste
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Caruana, Ralph J., Kenneth L. Smith, Charlene P. Hess, John Charles Perez, and Patricia L. Cheek. "Dialysate Dumping: A Novel Cause of Inadequate Dialysis in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) Patients." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 9, no. 4 (1989): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686088900900418.

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Inadequate control of serum chemistries and extracellular fluid volume may result in patients being changed from continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) to another form of dialysis. We report 2 patients in whom apparent inadequacy of CAPD resulted from dialysate dumping. The first patient could not control her fluid intake and required frequent hypertonic exchanges. She felt too full with these exchanges and drained a substantial portion of each exchange 30 to 60 min after infusion. Patient 2 had similar complaints but simply drained a large portion of each fresh bag directly into the
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Bárány, Michael, and Pieter P. de Tombe. "Rapid exchange of actin-bound nucleotide in perfused rat heart." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 286, no. 4 (2004): H1394—H1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00866.2003.

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In the rat heart the actin-bound nucleotide contained both ATP and ADP. The ratio of bound ATP to bound ADP depended on the functional state of the heart; it was higher in hearts stopped reversibly in diastole (low Ca2+, high Mg2+, or high K+), than in stimulated (inotropic agents or pacing) hearts. Immunoblotting and gel electrophoresis showed the existence of G-actin (30% of total actin) in the cytoplasm of the heart. Pure actin was isolated from rat hearts: in G-actin the bound nucleotide readily exchanged with ATP or ADP, and in F-actin the bound nucleotide did not exchange with ATP or ADP
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Gray, William Glenn. "“Number One in Europe”: The Startling Emergence of the Deutsche Mark, 1968–1969." Central European History 39, no. 1 (2006): 56–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906000033.

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The dollars—and pounds, and francs—came pouring in. Speculators and small savers across Western Europe raced to exchange their currencies for the Deutsche Mark. “Hot money” flowed into Germany at astounding rates. The reserves of West Germany's central bank, the Bundesbank, shot up by DM 9.4 billion ($2.15 billion) in the first three weeks of November 1968—with DM 7.3 billion arriving in just three days of trading. Airports in Germany barred exchanges of more than one hundred francs at a time; train stations in Zurich stopped accepting French notes altogether.
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Zanizdra, Artur. "DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF INTERNATIONAL DERIVATIVES EXCHANGE TRADING IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION." Economic scope, no. 199 (April 14, 2025): 39–44. https://doi.org/10.30838/ep.199.39-44.

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The article highlights the close connection between the development of international exchange trading in derivative contracts and the processes of globalization and especially its negative consequences, in particular global events, such as military conflicts and trade wars, which are currently ongoing. It is noted that globalization, as a world-wide process, cannot be stopped, even if it has negative consequences. Today, globalization covers all spheres of economic activity of market participants at both the microeconomic and macroeconomic levels. It is noted that one of the important and key
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Nair, R., H. S. Plendl, E. P. Gavathas, et al. "Pion-nucleus single charge exchange induced by stopped negative pions." Physical Review C 53, no. 2 (1996): 811–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.53.811.

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Nierengarten, Iwona, Eric Meichsner, Michel Holler, et al. "Preparation of Pillar[5]arene-Based [2]Rotaxanes by a Stopper-Exchange Strategy." Chemistry - A European Journal 24, no. 1 (2017): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201703997.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stoppers exchange"

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Becharguia, Nihed. "Préparation de rotaxanes incorporant une sous-unité pillar[5]arène." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023STRAF058.

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Les rotaxanes constituent un domaine de recherche particulièrement actif en chimie. Dans cette thèse, nous décrivons le potentiel de la stratégie de synthèse développée dans notre groupe pour la synthèse de rotaxanes par des réactions d’échange de bouchons. Nous avons ainsi montré qu’un [2]rotaxane possédant deux bouchons activés peut être mono-fonctionnalisé avec des rendements quasi-quantitatifs. Les dérivés de [2]rotaxanes mono-fonctionnalisés peuvent alors être utilisés pour conduire soit à des [2]rotaxanes, soit à des [3]rotaxanes, suivant la nature de la diamine utilisée. Ces méthodes de
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Skinner, J. G. "Optimisation of xenon-rich stopped-flow spin-exchange optical pumping for functional lung imaging." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41416/.

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Spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) is a hyperpolarisation method used in the hyperpolarisation of noble gases and can enhance nuclear spin polarisation by five orders of magnitude. Hyperpolarised (HP) 129-Xe has many properties that make it ideally suited to clinical lung imaging, but since its first demonstration in animals in 1994 and humans in 1996, translation to the clinic has been hampered by challenges associated with scaling up production. Within this thesis, construction and demonstration of a clinical-scale stopped-flow hyperpolariser is described, the design of which is based on t
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Ranta, Kaili. "Clinical-Scale Hyperpolarization of 129Xe and 131Xe via Stopped-Flow Spin Exchange Optical Pumping." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1282.

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The fundamental physics of spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) has been explained in detail by many brilliant scientists since its discovery in the 50’s and 60’s. Although some interactions remain only tenuously understood, mathematical relationships have been mapped across many trajectories with meticulous care. Despite these foundational descriptions, many of the larger scale dynamics remain capricious in practice, especially as SEOP strives to take advantage of rapidly developing laser technologies. This presents a difficulty for implementing the large-scale production of hyperpolarized ga
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Molway, Michael Jhon. "EXPERIMENTAL ADVANCES IN CLINICAL-SCALE PRODUCTION OF HYPERPOLARIZED 129XE AND 131XE VIA STOPPED-FLOW SPIN-EXCHANGE OPTICAL PUMPING." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2360.

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Spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) produces hyperpolarized noble gases (e.g. 129Xe and 131Xe) that have been used to improve spatial resolution and speed of biological magnetic resonance imaging, enhance NMR signals of molecules and materials, and utilized in fundamental physics experiments. In SEOP, circularly polarized laser light optically pumps an alkali metal vapor (e.g. Cs or Rb) into an electronically spin-polarized ground state. This electronic spin polarization can then be transferred to the nucleus of a noble gas during gas phase collisions. Over time, a bulk nuclear spin polarizat
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Book chapters on the topic "Stoppers exchange"

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Priest, Hannah. "Unravelling Constance." In Dark Chaucer. punctum books, 2012. https://doi.org/10.21983/p3.0018.1.11.

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She came from the sea, mazed, amazed —masen —confused, bewildered, senseless. Deceived, deranged, crazed. They stopped and asked her who she was. When they stopped and asked her who she was, she said she did not know. She said she was so mazed in the sea, that she forgot her mind. Her mind —mynde — seat of memory, faculty of memory, individual remembrance. Reason, understanding. Will, desire, purpose. She forgot her mind, when she lost herself. Constance forgets Constance. Constance is lost. Distress teaches us to be inventive, says the nightingale, but blank Constance does not invent. Once, s
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Desmond, Adrian. "6. Founding the Museum." In Reign of the Beast. Open Book Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0393.06.

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In 1831 Saull moved his business to larger premises at 15 Aldersgate Street. That April he bought James Sowerby’s fossils, added them to his own, and in June declared his wine-depot museum open. In these months, Reform Bill fever was running high. Henry Hetherington started his class-conscious Poor Man’s Guardian, and the museum fossils, arranged stratigraphically, were to show Hetherington’s dispossessed “scum” how life’s perfecting principle promised a brighter future. Accordingly, where Sowerby’s museum had had a hefty entrance fee, Saull’s was free; nor were letters of introduction needed.
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Moir, Nathaniel L. "After the Shooting Stopped." In Reporting World War II. Fordham University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9781531503093.003.0012.

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The Nuremberg Trials marked a watershed moment in the history and development of international law. Journalists reporting on the trials recorded substantial evidence and recounted complex proceedings, such as the testimony of the Third Reich’s top leaders and their exchanges with prosecutor Robert H. Jackson. In addition, journalists at the trials also played a significant role in documenting the Holocaust and Nazi war crimes that led to much of Europe’s destruction. This chapter assesses how reporters covered the trials, described the proceedings’ legal origins, maintained day-to-day operatio
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"Stop and Frisk." In Advances in Religious and Cultural Studies. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8541-5.ch008.

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This chapter focuses on the topic of stop-and-frisk. Stop-and-frisk describes an encounter where one (i.e., a civilian) is stopped and frisked without giving consent for the exchange with an officer. Stops-and-frisks are related to the Fourth Amendment and the 14th Amendment, respectively. With that being said, civilians and/or citizens who are stopped are astronomically people of color, and there has been protest and legal contest regarding the matter. After exploring those issues, a brief discussion of solutions and recommendations will take place.
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Adams, Olga Y. "State approaches to non-state interactions." In Shadow Exchanges along the New Silk Roads. Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462988934_ch08.

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The chapter focuses on cross-border relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, examining the attempts of respective states to intervene in and/or co-opt long-established traditions of transborder flows. Despite having existed on opposite sides of closely guarded borders for most of the 20th century, the two adjoining regions managed to keep alive long-established traditions of cross-border interactions thanks to shared ethnic, cultural, and linguistic features. The frontier societies there today have lived through multiple challenges – the indi
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Obermeier, Sebastian, and Stefan Böttcher. "Protecting a Distributed Voting Schema for Anonymous and Secure Voting Against Attacks of Malicious Partners." In Mobile Opportunities and Applications for E-Service Innovations. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2654-6.ch016.

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A distributed protocol is presented for anonymous and secure voting that is failure-tolerant with respect to malicious behavior of individual participants and that does not rely on a trusted third party. The proposed voting protocol was designed to be executed on a fixed group of N known participants, each of them casting one vote that may be a vote for abstention. Several attack vectors on the protocol are presented, and the detection of malicious behavior like spying, suppressing, inventing, and modifying protocol messages or votes by the protocol is shown. If some participants stop the prot
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"The International Dignitary Caps a Distinguished Career." In Let America Be America Again, edited by Christopher C. De Santis. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192855046.003.0006.

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Abstract Hughes was highly regarded throughout the world in the final years of his career, and although he was the subject of critiques by some younger writers, who perceived his later work as lacking in complexity and, at times, out of step with Black nationalist political commitments and aesthetics, he was frequently sought after for his perspectives on art, race, politics, and the role and responsibilities of Black writers. In the 1960s, his fifth decade working as a professional writer, Hughes still perceived himself primarily as a propaganda writer, and he retained a belief in the power o
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Pinto, Marcus V. R., and P. James B. Dyck. "Difficult-to-Treat Polyradiculoneuropathy." In Mayo Clinic Cases in Neuroimmunology, edited by Andrew McKeon, B. Mark Keegan, and W. Oliver Tobin. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197583425.003.0043.

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A 51-year-old healthy man sought care for a 6-month history of progressive, distal, lower extremity weakness, imbalance, and numbness in the feet. Neurologic examination showed a steppage gait, upper and lower extremity weakness, distal greater than proximal, absent tendon reflexes, and large fiber–predominant sensation loss in the feet. Nerve conduction studies showed marked temporal dispersion and slowed conductions. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed an increased protein concentration, 1 white blood cell/µL, and normal glucose level. Lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging showed enlargeme
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Clark, Peter. "Organization." In British Clubs and Societies 1580-1800. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198203766.003.0007.

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Abstract Riven by disputes, the Royal Society erupted in 1783, complaints against the president, Sir Joseph Banks, being ‘stopped by a clamour more worthy of a Covent Garden rabble than the fellows of a learned society’. A decade later An Authentic Narrative of the Dissensions and Debates in the Royal Society recorded renewed faction fighting over admissions and elections? Despite all the rhetoric of associational solidarity and the mechanisms for controlling admission and enhancing cohesion, societies often experienced internal conflict. The Royal Academy of Arts was set up in 1768 following
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Nelson, Scott Reynolds, and Carol Sheriff. "War’s Miseries The Confederate Home Front." In A People at War. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195146547.003.0012.

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Abstract On a late April day in 1862, forty-year-old Leah Black was tidying up after the midday meal when the alarmed squawks and cries of the farm animals sent her to the window. If she at first suspected that her four young sons were up to mischief, the reality proved much worse: Twenty to thirty Union infantrymen, maybe more, were scattered across her southwestern Tennessee farmyard, trying to corral her livestock. With her husband away from the house, Black huddled inside with her children while some of the men outside scooped up chickens and geese, slaughtered hogs, prodded cows, and harn
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Conference papers on the topic "Stoppers exchange"

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Shelby, Jason L., and Krishna Kota. "Design of a High-Effective Wavy Channel Heat Exchanger for Cryogenic Applications." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52833.

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Long duration thermal control of cryogenic propellants is a high priority mission activity for NASA. A 20 K cryocooler capable of 20 W of refrigeration would offer a significant mass savings in cryogen storage by facilitating propellant zero boil-off and hence long term cryogen storage, which would provide scope for long duration missions beyond low Earth orbit (LEO). For direct current (DC) type cryocoolers, as well as open cycle liquefaction systems, effective recuperative heat exchange is a highly critical function. Coefficient of Performance (COP) of cryocoolers is greatly sensitive to hea
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Aspect, Alain. "Laser Manipulation of Atoms." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1994.tutorial.b.

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Momentum exchange between atoms and photons allow laser physicists to control atomic motion. It is possible to decelerate and/or focus an atomic beam, to stop it. The average velocity of the almost stopped atoms can be decreased to very small values close to or even below the one photon recoil velocity V R = ħk L /M, corresponding to temperatures in the microkelvin range or below. Laser manipulation of atoms is also essential for the recently developing field of atom optics.
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Funabiki, Ayako, Taisei Yabuki, and Masahito Oguma. "Optimum Heating Pattern of a Ground Source Heat Reference Map." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49117.

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A ground source heat reference map (GSHRM) shows the minimum necessary thermal performance of the ground heat exchanger (GHE) of a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system. Thermal performance depends on thermal properties of the ground, the ground temperature profile, heat advection by groundwater flow, and the GHE operating pattern. This study modeled optimum heating and cooling modes for a GSHRM. First, continuous and intermittent operation modes were compared, and a standard operation time was defined. In a standard household GSHP system, the quantity of heat transferred from the ground depen
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Bausseron, Thomas, Philippe Baucour, Raynal Glises, Sylvain Verschelde, and Didier Chamagne. "Heat Modeling of the Catenary’s Contact Wire During the Electrical Power Supply of Trains in Station." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36745.

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The overheating problem of the railroad catenary at the contact with the pantograph when the train is stopped and electrically fed is responsible of many incidents. This paper describes an experimental study and a numerical model of a catenary/pantograph system used during the preconditioning of the train. Several incidents of wire breakage have highlighted the importance of the catenary/pantograph heating problem, in those incidents the contact wire had melted and broke itself. The experimental setups consists of estimating the contact’s thermal resistance and area in order to calculate which
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Pint, Bruce A., Bruce N. Anderson, Wendy J. Matthews, Chris M. Waldhelm, and William Treece. "Evaluation of NiCrAl Foil for a Concentrated Solar Power Application." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94939.

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A NiCrAl-type foil (alloy 214) was selected for evaluation for heat exchanger applications for a concentrated solar power (CSP) system. Due to the formation of a protective alumina surface oxide, this class of alloys can operate at higher temperatures than conventional stainless steels or even Ni-base alloys, such as alloy 625. Laboratory testing is being conducted at 1000° and 1050°C in dry air using 10 h thermal cycles in order to simulate the CSP duty cycle at a high temperature to accelerate the degradation process. Mass change data showed indications of degradation of the foils with expos
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Aoshima, Atsushi, and Kazuhiko Tanaka. "Vitrification Technology Development Plan in Tokai Reprocessing Plant." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89430.

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The Tokai Vitrification Facility (TVF) is the only operating vitrification plant in Japan, constructed and operated by JAEA, to vitrify concentrated high radioactive liquid waste (HALW) in the Tokai Reprocessing Plant (TRP). JAEA started TVF hot operation in 1995 and produced 218 canisters as of March, 2006. An existing melter is the second melter, which was installed from 2002 to 2004 in place of the first melter stopped its operation by damage of a main electrode. JAEA has estimated that the damage was caused by accumulation of noble metal. Therefore, melter bottom structure was improved to
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Jerković, Emina. "LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE INTRODUCTION OF THE EURO AS THE OFFICIAL CURRENCY IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22414.

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The 1992 Maastricht Treaty defined the conditions for the introduction of the euro as a common currency in the European Union. These are macroeconomic indicators that measure the level of nominal convergence achieved and thus the state’s readiness to participate in monetary union. These conditions (convergence criteria) relate to price stability, stability and sustainability of public finances, which includes budget deficits and public debt, exchange rate stability and convergence of long-term interest rates. In addition to nominal convergence, the degree of legal convergence is also assessed
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Orynyak, Igor, Maksym Zarazovskii, and Mykhaylo Borodii. "The Method for Structural Reliability Estimation of the Heat Exchanger Tubes of Steam Generator of WWER NPPs." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63710.

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After the replacement due to the well known problem of weld seam #111 the steam generators (SG) of the Ukrainian WWER-1000 type nuclear power plants (NPP) have been in operation for almost 25 years. So now, the main practical problem related to the SG is the leakage/breaking of heat exchanger tubes (HET). If the leakage criterion is not satisfied the NPP Unit has to be stopped until the corresponding HET is plugged, which leads to unexpected huge financial losses. Every year at least 12.5% of the SG HETs are controlled by eddy current inspection, after which some of the HETs are plugged accord
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Altinay, Mehmet. "INTEGRATION OF ONLINE EDUCATION TO TOURISM EDUCATION: CROSS CULTURAL STUDENT VOICES." In eLSE 2021. ADL Romania, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-21-044.

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Covid-19 pandemics had great impacts both in the manufacturing and service industries. Tourism is one of the service industries that had been affected in all its dimensions. Tourism services were heat as all modes of transport to a great extend have stopped after covid-19, but education continued by introducing on line systems all over the world including tourism education. Just before covid-19 the developments in tourism contributed to foreign exchange earnings, growth of the economies and also to employment. This paper aims to evaluate perceptions of tourism education students on online educ
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Warren, Joshua, and George Khawly. "Commissioning and Operation of an Inventory Management System." In ASME Turbo Expo 2024: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2024-129457.

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Abstract The DOE STEP 10 MWe Pilot Scale sCO2 Power Plant encompasses several pieces of turbomachinery that utilize dry gas seals to contain the process fluid. The system also has a large piping loop and multiple heat exchangers making it a large volume to fill with CO2. The plant requires an inventory management system (IMS) in order to supply the dry gas seal systems, fill the process volume, and allow for the system to change load while operating. The size of this system is important to have the ability to support the operation of the plant. In order to allow the plant to change load quickl
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Reports on the topic "Stoppers exchange"

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Carrasquilla-Barrera, Alberto, Arturo José Galindo-Andrade, Gerardo Hernández-Correa, et al. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia - July 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.07-2020.

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In Colombia, as well as in the rest of the world, the Covid-19 pandemic has seriously damaged the health and well-being of the people. In order to limit the damage, local and national authorities have had to order large sectors of the population to be confined at their homes for long periods of time. An inevitable consequence of isolation has been the collapse of economic activity, expenditure, and employment, a phenomenon that has hit many countries of the world affected by the disease. It is an unprecedented crisis in modern times, not so much for its intensity (which is undoubtedly immense)
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