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1
Zhai, Ning. "Optimal operating strategy for a storage facility." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45285.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Computation for Design and Optimization Program, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-101).
In the thesis, I derive the optimal operating strategy to maximize the value of a storage facility by exploiting the properties in the underlying natural gas spot price. To achieve the objective, I investigate the optimal operating strategy under three different spot price processes: the one-factor mean reversion price process with and without seasonal factors, the one-factor geometric Brownian motion price process with and without seasonal factors, and the two-factor short-term/long-term price process with and without seasonal factors. I prove the existence of the unique optimal trigger prices, and calculate the trigger prices under certain conditions. I also show the optimal trigger prices are the prices where the marginal revenue is equal to the marginal cost. Thus, the marginal analysis argument can be used to determine the optimal operating strategy. Once the optimal operating strategy is determined, I use it to obtain the optimal value of the storage facility in three ways: 1, using directly the net present value method; 2, solving the partial differential equations governing the value of the storage facility; 3, using the Monte Carlo method to simulate the decision making process. Issues about parameter estimations are also considered in the thesis.
by Ning Zhai.
S.M.
2
Hartnick, Megan Donna. "Evaluation of nuclear spent fuel dry storage casks and storage facility designs." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25279.
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Koeberg Nuclear Power Station (KNPS) is the only nuclear power station in Africa and it stores its spent nuclear fuel (SNF) onsite in the spent fuel pool (SFP). Additional aged SNF assemblies are stored in dry storage casks in a facility located on the KNPS site. This minor research dissertation aims at evaluating various dry storage cask found in open literature. The dissertation provides an overview of cask types, heat transfer, radiation shielding and storage facility types. Specific criteria are required in the selection of casks and the storage facility to house the casks on site. The selection criteria for casks and the storage facility were determined and technically evaluated in this dissertation. The selected casks were evaluated in terms of SNF criticality, radiation shielding, decay heat removal and heat transfer. Other aspects also determined by calculation were the seismic stability of casks and the cask footprint. The results obtained show the relationship of the spent fuel (SF) packing density between the different casks. Different shielding materials are used in the casks and it aided the heat transfer process to take place with some casks having additional features which included cooling fins and air vents for adequate cooling of the SNF. Through these some trends could be identified which could be used in the selection or design of new storage casks. Recommendations for further study are to evaluate a greater range of casks to verify and improve upon the relationship of evaluated parameters that were shown in the technical evaluation. These casks should all have similar means of maintaining sub-criticality, shielding and heat removal in order to generate comparable results.
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Ikudo, Akina. "Optimizing pumped storage hydro facility operation under uncertainty." Connect to resource, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/36405.
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Venter, Cornelia. "Recovery of petrol vapour at a bulk storage facility." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23524.
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Blair, John Anthony. "Life-cycle cost of a radium storage and processing facility." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01262010-020253/.
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Stupay, Robert Irving. "The necessity for permanence : making a nuclear waste storage facility." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70196.
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Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1991.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-75).
The United States Department of Energy is proposing to build a nuclear waste storage facility in southern Nevada. This facility will be designed to last 10,000 years. It must prevent the waste from contaminating the environment by either natural causes or by human intervention. This thesis investigates techniques of preventing curious or oblivious people from breaking into this highly toxic repository. It is a situation where the form must communicate meaning over many millennia in the absence of a cultural context.
Robert Irving Stupay.
M.Arch.
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Park, Byung Chun. "Analytical models and optimal strategies for automated storage/retrieval system operations." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24568.
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Kittell, Robert Paul. "Throughput analysis in a conveyor-fed automated storage and retrieval warehousing facility." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24243.
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Carpen-Amarie, Alexandra. "BlobSeer as a data-storage facility for clouds : self-Adaptation, integration, evaluation." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DENS0066/document.
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L’émergence de l’informatique dans les nuages met en avant de nombreux défis qui pourraient limiter l’adoption du paradigme Cloud. Tandis que la taille des données traitées par les applications Cloud augmente exponentiellement, un défi majeur porte sur la conception de solutions efficaces pour la gestion de données. Cette thèse a pour but de concevoir des mécanismes d’auto-adaptation pour des systèmes de gestion de données, afin qu’ils puissent répondre aux exigences des services de stockage Cloud en termes de passage à l’échelle, disponibilité et sécurité des données. De plus, nous nous proposons de concevoir un service de données qui soit à la fois compatible avec les interfaces Cloud standard dans et capable d’offrir un stockage de données à haut débit. Pour relever ces défis, nous avons proposé des mécanismes génériques pour l’auto-connaissance, l’auto-protection et l’auto-configuration des systèmes de gestion de données. Ensuite, nous les avons validés en les intégrant dans le logiciel BlobSeer, un système de stockage qui optimise les accès hautement concurrents aux données. Finalement, nous avons conçu et implémenté un système de fichiers s’appuyant sur BlobSeer, afin d’optimiser ce dernier pour servir efficacement comme support de stockage pour les services Cloud. Puis, nous l’avons intégré dans un environnement Cloud réel, la plate-forme Nimbus. Les avantages et les désavantages de l’utilisation du stockage dans le Cloud pour des applications réelles sont soulignés lors des évaluations effectuées sur Grid’5000. Elles incluent des applications à accès intensif aux données, comme MapReduce, et des applications fortement couplées, comme les simulations atmosphériquesThe emergence of Cloud computing brings forward many challenges that may limit the adoption rate of the Cloud paradigm. As data volumes processed by Cloud applications increase exponentially, designing efficient and secure solutions for data management emerges as a crucial requirement. The goal of this thesis is to enhance a distributed data-management system with self-management capabilities, so that it can meet the requirements of the Cloud storage services in terms of scalability, data availability, reliability and security. Furthermore, we aim at building a Cloud data service both compatible with state-of-the-art Cloud interfaces and able to deliver high-throughput data storage. To meet these goals, we proposed generic self-awareness, self-protection and self-configuration components targeted at distributed data-management systems. We validated them on top of BlobSeer, a large-scale data-management system designed to optimize highly-concurrent data accesses. Next, we devised and implemented a BlobSeer-based file system optimized to efficiently serve as a storage backend for Cloud services. We then integrated it within a real-world Cloud environment, the Nimbus platform. The benefits and drawbacks of using Cloud storage for real-life applications have been emphasized in evaluations that involved data-intensive MapReduce applications and tightly-coupled, high-performance computing applications
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Stoffle, Richard W., Michael J. Traugott, John V. Stone, Paula Drury McIntyre, Carla C. Davidson, Florence V. Jensen, and Gail E. Coover. "Social Assessment of Siting a Low-Level Radioactive Waste Storage Facility in Michigan." School of Natural Resources and Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/298951.
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This report presents findings from a social assessment of siting a low level radioactive waste storage facility in Michigan. The research focused specifically on how people perceive themselves to be affected by the proposed facility and the degree of community support for and opposition to the facility. Social assessment research in the LLRW project consisted of a telephone survey of Michigan residents and an in-depth ethnographic survey of residents in the tri-state area of Michigan, Indiana and Ohio. Findings from these studies can aid in the development and implementation of a social monitoring program and in the design of community-based measures to mitigate unwanted social impacts.
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Heath, Mitchell. "Assessment of Salt Procurement and Distribution Process." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1498583173367668.
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Fuls, Wilhelm Franz. "Development of a novel interim bulk fuel storage facility for the PBMR / W.F. Fuls." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4910.
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The PBMR is the first High Temperature Reactor being designed for commercial power generation in South Africa. It makes use of spherical fuel elements, containing coated uranium oxide particles encapsulated in a graphite matrix. The spent fuel generated from the reactor is stored in a storage system before final disposal.
Such storage systems are called interim storage facilities, and normally make use of small transportable containers. The PBMR design makes use of bulk storage containers, capable of holding more than half a million spent fuel spheres. This is a unique concept for nuclear spent fuel storage. Also, most nuclear reactors make use of an intermediate cooling pool before the fuel is transferred to the storage facility. For the PBMR, the spent fuel is discharged directly into the interim storage facility, thus eliminating the intermediate cooling pool.
All interim storage facilities have to comply with five basic requirements, namely: fuel sub-criticality; decay heat removal; radioactive material containment; fuel integrity protection; and radiation protection of the workers and the public. The solution for each requirement depends upon the type of fuel, as well as the philosophical criteria of the reactor design. For the PBMR, it involves a storage life of 80 years, passive cooling and bulk storage tanks. In addition to the basic requirements, the PBMR storage facility should also be able to store used fuel during reactor maintenance, and to transfer it back to the reactor or to another storage tank when required.
During the four years of the development of the storage system, the design has undergone several changes. These changes were brought on by changes of the reactor design, and also due to developments and improvements on immature areas. The result is an integrated solution, retaining virtually none of the original concept, but still complying with all requirements.
The containment design solution is a vertically suspended ASME VIII pressure vessel (or storage tank) with a loading point and an unloading device. All radioactive material is captured inside the pressure boundary, and the tank is completely sealed off when not in use. New devices were developed to systematically load the tank, and to remove the spheres from the tank. Scale tests were done to verify the performance of the new devices and to ensure proper sphere flow inside the tank.
Sub-criticality of the fuel volume is achieved by adding hollow tubes to the inside of the storage tank, thereby creating a sub-critical geometry. Bum-up credit is also taken for the fuel at 20% below the average core bum-up. The fuel is therefore passively safe even if the full contents of the reactor is transferred into a storage tank.
In order to ensure that the tank lasts for 80 years in a cost-effective manner, the tanks are cooled in a closed loop system. The closed loop air is continuously dried to a very low relative humidity, which minimises corrosion on even normal carbon steel. Corrosion tests have been performed to investigate the effect of radiolysis products that may build up in the closed loop. These tests are still under way.
The decay heat is removed from the fuel spheres by means of air convection around the tank surface. The tubes inside the tank also allow air to pass through, creating a very strong chimney effect. A new method was developed to calculate the fuel temperatures for a given cooling flow. The technique makes use of FEA and analytical equations. Solutions are obtained at a fraction of the time it takes to perform a full CFD analysis, and within 5% compared to CFD results. Full-scale tests are planned to measure and verify the heat transfer properties of the cooling tubes in order to boost the credibility of the FEA and CFD analyses.
The storage tank design is integrated into a storage unit, which performs all the nuclear functions. The storage unit can operate in four different cooling modes, namely closed loop active cooling; open loop passive cooling; open loop active cooling and closed loop conditioning. There is an automatic fallback from the active cooling mode to a passive cooling mode. The active cooling is thus only needed to prevent excessive corrosion of the tanks. A scale model has been built to demonstrate the passive cooling ability of a storage unit, and the results agree well with CFD analyses. Also, a new method was developed to calculate the passive cooling characteristics using pipe network simulation software. This method is significantly faster than CFD analyses, and allows one to easily incorporate fan characteristics and to perform sensitivity studies.
Twelve storage units make up the Sphere Storage System of the PBMR. An intricate sphere pipe system allows one to transfer fuel spheres from the reactor to any tank, from any tank back to the reactor or to another tank, or to a decommissioning cask. All maintenance intensive components are placed at accessible areas, thus protecting the workers from the radiation coming from the tanks. Measures are incorporated to detect any contamination leakage, and also to enable the IAEA to verify the nuclear inventory of the storage system.
The Sphere Storage System is a fully integrated, yet modular design that complies with all nuclear and process requirements. It presents a unique solution to the interim fuel storage of the PBMR, and is believed to be a cost-effective solution for 80 years of storage. Some future tests and developments are required to finalise immature areas, but overall, the system is sufficiently engineered such that detail design can continue.Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
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Burns, Joe 1966. "On selection and operation of an international interim storage facility for spent nuclear fuel." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16642.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 2004.Includes bibliographical references.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Disposal of post-irradiation fuel from nuclear reactors has been an issue for the nuclear industry for many years. Most countries currently have no long-term disposal strategy in place. Therefore, the concept of an intermediate nuclear spent fuel storage facility has been introduced as a method of temporarily storing the spent fuel in a central location until long-term disposal of the spent nuclear fuel is made available. General criteria that can be used to compare potential international sites for an intermediate nuclear spent fuel storage facility have been identified and elucidated. Those criteria were then utilized to compare four potential international intermediate nuclear spent fuel storage facility (IINSFSF) sites. Two of the sites are in Russia (one in the area of the old nuclear city of Krasnoyarsk-26 currently known as Zheleznogorsk and one on Sakhalin Island in the area of the town of Kholmsk), one is in China (in the area of the town of Xilinhot in the Nei Mongol province) and one in Australia (in the area of the city of Meekatharra in Western Australia). Safety and safeguard regulations for nuclear facilities were reviewed and appropriate portions that could be applied to a potential IINSFSF are recommended. An analysis was conducted to determine legal issues pertinent to an IINSFSF and a brief, limited overview of the most important legal issues is presented. The effects that nuclear fuels subjected to higher burnups (than practiced now) will have on dry cask storage was examined and recommendations for storage strategies are proposed.
(cont.) The selected criteria involve the areas of Geological Suitability, Seismic Stability, Land Area Suitability, Site Infrastructure Suitability, Transportation Infrastructure Suitability, Meteorological Suitability, Willingness of the Host Nation and Population Density. Application of the criteria to the suggested sites revealed that Krasnoyarsk - 26 is the best alternative. This is mainly due to the willingness of the host nation of Russia to accept this type of facility. Krasnoyarsk - 26 also rates as the best site with respect to the criteria of geological suitability and seismic suitability. Without consideration for the willingness of the host nation, Meekatharra would be the ideal site. Xilinhot was evaluated as the third best alternative followed by the Sakhalin Island site of Kholmsk. The legal issue that would be of most concern to an IINSFSF would be potential liability. It would be best if the host nation were a signatory of an international treaty limiting the liability of the IINSFSF operator. Of the two major international nuclear liability treaties in existence the one preferable is the Paris Convention. Economics are driving nuclear power plants in the United States to look to implement more highly enriched fuels to achieve higher burnupsHow these higher burnup spent fuels will affect dry cask storage of spent fuels at reactor sites should be examined. To determine this, the decay heat output of higher burnup spent fuels was compared to the storage capacity of a typical dry cask storage system ...
by Joe Burns.
S.M.
14
Stoffle, Richard W., David B. Halmo, Henry T. Wright, Timothy R. Pauketat, Kurt F. Anschuetz, Scott G. Beld, Marsha L. MacDowell, et al. "Cultural and Paleontological Effects of Siting a Low-Level Radioactive Waste Storage Facility in Michigan." School of Natural Resources and Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/305758.
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Adolphe, Cyril. "Commissioning the Heating and Cooling Systems on an FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading facility)." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-172775.
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The project under discussion is the FPSO Ichthys. The FPSO is a ship comprising the offshore production facility for an oil&gas field, financed by INPEX/Total. An oil platform extracts the product received via the flexible risers and separates it into gas and condensate. The condensate is transferred to the FPSO, which processes it, and separates it between natural gas and oil. The oil is stored in the FPSO and then exported via a tanker. The gas is transferred via a pipeline. An FPSO is a complex installation in many respects. It is a condensate treatment factory, installed on a 450-metre-long ship. It should have the capacity to store one week’s condensate production. The FPSO is self-sufficient in terms of energy production (electricity, heating and cooling). Owing to the proximity of the hazardous production area to the living quarters, strict safety regulations are applied. For instance, all equipment has to be designed with redundancy (2x50% or 3x33% for critical equipment); the heating and cooling systems are managed with the help of emergency logic diagrams. These enable vital functions to be maintained even in cases of extreme failure. Despite its complexity, the FPSO has to be constructed within a short period of time. However, safety issues are important, and maintenance of defective equipment is expensive since the ship will be located 300km away from the coast. This is the reason why the constructor contracted Actemium, a part of VINCI Energies. Actemium commissions the FPSO. The commissioning mission has to prove that the systems function in accordance with the designs. Commissioning occurs right after the pre-commissioning (de-energized verifications). Commissioning is divided into three main activities: functional tests (which prove that individual pieces of equipment work in accordance with the designs); operational tests (which prove that all subsystems work in accordance with the designs of different modes); and piping and vessels pressurization (which prove that there is no leak). This master thesis describes the requirements of such projects and focuses on the operational tests. A description of the installation is detailed. Secondly, the subcontractor for the commissioning of the project, Actemium, and the method used for the commissioning are presented thereafter. Finally, the operational test procedures of the cooling and heating systems are examined in detail.
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Fortkamp, Jonathan C. "Characterization of the radiation environment for a large area interim spent nuclear fuel storage facility /." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488188894437725.
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Khoza, Best. "Physics and engineering aspects of South Africa's proposed dry storage facility for spent nuclear fuel." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31697.
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The continual increase in electricity dependence for the advancement of society has led to increased demand in electricity globally. This increased demand, among other things such as global warming interventions and energy security have encouraged the need to diversify electricity generation sources. Civilian use of nuclear power dates back to the 1950s. The United States of America and France are currently leading with the highest nuclear power generation in the world, generating 101 GWe and 63 GWe, respectively. Several countries such as China and the United Arab Emirates have committed to new nuclear build in order to increase their nuclear power generation capacities. Standing against the prospects of growth of the nuclear power industry are technical and nontechnical challenges. These include proliferation risk, safety, high capital costs and high-level waste management. Most spent nuclear fuel from power reactors is currently stored in the spent fuel pools on reactor sites, and some have been reprocessed. It is estimated that about 32% (370 000 tons of Heavy Metal) of the total spent fuel generated from power reactors have been reprocessed up to date. With most of the spent fuel pools filling up, alternative interim and long term disposal of spent nuclear fuel solutions have been under investigation from as early as the 1970s. South Africa has planned an interim dry storage facility for the spent nuclear fuel to be established at the existing Koeberg power station. The interim dry storage facility will make use of HI-STAR 100 multi-purpose casks to store spent nuclear fuel until the country decides on final disposal solution. There are many aspects that are critical to safe, efficient and cost-effective long term storage of spent nuclear fuel. Some of the physics and engineering aspects concerning dry storage facilities are briefly discussed. The aspects presented here are: radiation containment, spent fuel, sub-criticality, decay heat removal, site location aspects, response to seismic events, cask corrosion, transportation infrastructure, operability and monitoring. The study of the three existing dry cask storages from the USA, Hungary and Belgium gives an overview of the dry cask technology in use today. These presentations are based on publicly available reliable information. The proposed dry storage facility at Koeberg will be in the existing power station footprint using the HI-STAR 100 casks. The decision to have the proposed dry storage facility at Koeberg will minimise related licence applications and part of security installations as the site already has some security. The location of the facility in the power station’s footprint also allows for cost-effective and safe transportation of casks from the reactor building to the proposed facility. The modularity aspect of the dry cask storage facility at MV Paks in Hungary should also be employed at Koeberg to allow for more storage. This will cater for additional casks that may need to be stored if more nuclear power plants are procured in the future. South Africa’s air traffic around the Western Cape is not as congested as Belgium’s. There is, therefore, no need for the casks to be housed in concrete buildings like Doel’s. Most of Koeberg’s high-level waste would have had a longer cooling time in the pools compared to the minimum cooling time required for the chosen cask technology. This will provide a conservative, safe approach for Koeberg’s facility. Dry cask storage technology has provided a reliable interim dry storage solution for several countries. Despite uncertainties for long term disposal options, the proposed dry cask storage facility at Koeberg is a suitable interim storage alternative for South Africa to allow continuous operation of the plant. This conclusion is based on the physics and engineering aspects that have been presented in this minor dissertation.
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Ikudo, Akina. "Maximizing Gross Margin of a Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Facility Under Uncertainty in Price and Water Inflow." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243970453.
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Lee, Yu Kwan Gloria. "A critical analysis of public engagement in Hong Kong case study on the siting of Permanent Aviation Fuel Facility (PAFF) in Tuen Mun Area 38 /." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2008. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-sa-b22723237a.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2008."A dissertation undertaken in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts in Public Policy & Management, City University of Hong Kong." Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Sept. 24, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 41-43)
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Szabo, Jeffrey Gillen. "Performance of a Wet Weather Treatment Facility for Control of Combined Sewer Overflows." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1053719877.
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Edwards, Christopher Lance. "IMPROVEMENT OF STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL AT ST. JUDE MEDICAL'S CARDIAC MANUFACTURING FACILITY." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/771.
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Sig sigma is a methodology where companies strive to reproduce results ending up having a 99.9996% chance their product will be void of defects. In order for companies to reach six sigma, statistical process control (SPC) needs to be introduced. SPC has many different tools associated with it, control charts being one of them. Control charts play a vital role in managing how a process is behaving. Control charts allow users to identify special causes, or shifts, and can therefore change the process to keep producing good products, free of defects.
There are many factories and manufacturing facilities having implemented some sort of statistical process control. St. Jude Medical implemented control charts to monitor different tools on the manufacturing line. How the data is entered and stored poses a difficult situation for the person monitoring the processes. The program used to keep the control charts is not user friendly and difficult to use. Another program can be produced to provide a greater level of efficiency.
The goals of this project are to stress how important control charts are in the manufacturing world, what problems are currently seen for operators and supervisors, and how a new and improved program can help fix the current situation. This paper goes into the reasons for the change as well has what has been improved.
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Kaisavelu, Anand. "Criticality analyses of the used and spent fuel storage facility of the 400 MWth PBMR plant / Anand Kaisavelu." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4021.
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The development of the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor entails the design of numerous
systems for various purposes. One such system of significant importance is the Sphere
Storage System (a subsystem of the Fuel Handling and Storage system) where fuel spheres
that are unloaded from the core will be stored until approximately eighty years after the
power plant has been decommissioned.
Over and above the normal conventional safety analyses that one expects to be performed
for any new system being designed, in the case of the Sphere Storage System a detailed
Criticality Safety Analysis must be performed. The universally accepted Effective Neutron
Multiplication Factor, keff, was used to indicate the margins of subcriticality for all the
conditions modelled.
Since this Used and Spent Fuel storage facility is a Critical Safety-relevant system that will
store nuclear fuel for a long time, it is required by regulation that the Criticality Safety
Analyses be performed to verify whether this system will always remain “critical safe” (keff
>
0.95) under all plausible conditions.
This study covers a variety of tasks, from the modelling of a single fuel sphere to modelling of
the entire Sphere Storage System for the normal and various off-normal conditions, and for
the determination of keff values for the system under these conditions. Additional models
were also created to investigate the phenomena of clustering of low burnup fuel spheres and
the effects of graphite spheres being mixed with the fuel spheres in the storage containers.
The entire study was done using the SCALE 5.1 computer code package. SCALE 5.1 is
licensed by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US NRC) and is a package
that is widely used in the US and around the world to perform criticality safety analyses as
well as other nuclear-related calculations. For this study the control module CSAS6 was
specifically used to develop the appropriate models because of its suitability for the modelling
of pebble fuel and its advanced geometric modelling capabilities. It also automatically
invokes the specific functional modules using the sequence CSAS26 in order to obtain the
appropriate information as required by another functional module KENO-VI, which calculates
keff for the specified input models. 3
The results from the models for the various scenarios representing normal and off-normal
conditions show that the design of the proposed current design of the Sphere Storage
System remains critical safe (keff < 0.95) for all the plausible scenarios considered. Any
change to the current design requires new Criticality Safety Analyses to be performed.
However, the methodology developed in this study can be used as a guide for future studies.Thesis (M.Sc. (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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ROY, NILANJAN. "ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF 2D SEISMIC DATA OVER THE ANCONA GAS STORAGE FACILITY, ILLINOIS, USING PETREL VISUALIZATION SOFTWARE." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1229924769.
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Estaña, Garcia Guillermo, and Julian Iñigo Ruiz. "Feasibility of converting a Science Park in a cold climate into an “off-grid” facility using renewable energies and seasonal storage systems." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för byggnadsteknik, energisystem och miljövetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-30417.
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The collateral effects of fossil fuels push humanity to seek solutions to these adversities. Energy efficiency and renewable energies have gone from being almost imaginary concepts to necessary. Several studies have shown that self-sufficiency through photovoltaic systems and wind energy is possible. In addition, it is necessary a storage of the surpluses of both since it increases notably the efficiency of these systems and supposes to the short/medium term a saving of money in the consumer. Due to the mentioned before, the aim of the thesis is to convert a science park located in a cold climate such as Sweden into a complex that does not depend energetically on external sources. For this purpose, a series of data from the park were first collected and then simulated and optimised using the HOMER software for different energy configurations. At the same time, a computer code was created in MatLab to enable the energy produced to be used responsibly. The proposed system consists of PV panels, wind turbines and a battery. Thanks to it, a 64 % renewable fraction is achieved, which means a reduction of 27.45 tons of CO2 per year. In addition, through the energy management system created, the electricity contract is reduced, reducing the purchase of electricity during peak hours. It is concluded that the implementation of both proposed systems contributes significantly to the achievement of the sustainable goals set for 2 030 by the main world leaders, even though a total disconnection with the electrical grid has not been achieved.
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Lind, Philip. "A study of modelling the energy system of an ice rink sports facility : Modelling the heating and cooling of ABB arena syd and implementation of renewable energy sources using TRNSYS." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-40054.
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Environmental issues are important challenges for today’s society. Lots of the energy used by humans comes from fossil energy sources resulting in the environmental threats. A considerable amount of this energy is used in the building sector. Industrial buildings and sports facilities are large users of energy and thus becomes very interesting in an optimization point of view. Modelling of the systems allows for cheap and effective optimizing of the energy usage and effectivity measures can be investigated and implemented. This study creates a model of the indoor ice rink arena of ABB arena syd in Västerås using TRNSYS as the main software for simulation. Focus is placed on the heating of the arena through heat pumps and district heating, and cooling of the ice in the arena using cooling machines. The effect of PV as well as a battery storage in the arena is also investigated as an effectiveness scenario. The results from the study revealed that it is possible to simulate the heating demand for the arena, accurately identifying the normal demand as well as the instances when the demand peaks and the magnitude of the peaks. It is also possible to simulate the cooling demand for the ice over extended time periods. However, this study could not identify the peaks for cooling demand. It is also beneficial for the system to install PV, but not a battery storage. With current price levels for electricity it is however not a very beneficial deal. With higher electricity prices the investment is preferable. The study also concludes that TRNSYS can be used for modelling an ice rink sports arena, however it leaves room for improvement on that aspect.
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Chiu, Yu-yeung, and 趙汝揚. "Environmental radiation monitoring at the low level radioactive waste storage facility in Siu A Chau and development of a particledispersion model in marine environment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38573611.
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Chiu, Yu-yeung. "Environmental radiation monitoring at the low level radioactive waste storage facility in Siu A Chau and development of a particle dispersion model in marine environment." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38573611.
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Ozyuksel, Alaettin Arda. "Development Of Sled Range Test Facility For Store Separation Model." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608508/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to develop a test facility in order to validate the safe separation of a store model from the aircraft model with the analysis of the acquired data. Different alternatives are considered in the conceptual design and a facility is selected which contains the rail constructed 5 meters above the ground. 300 meter test range is used to accelerate the aircraft model, attached to the carriage with solid rocket engines. The concept is to accelerate the carriage within the first 100 meters, to perform the separation
of the model at the desired velocity when the rocket engine is burned out, and in the last 100 meters, to decelerate the carriage in order to recover the models. After the parts of the carriage are designed with respect to the requirements of the separation and completing the similitude study of scaled models with the ratio of 1/8, separation tests are performed. These tests are constrained with 0.9 Mach due to the store and test aircraft limitations. Doppler radar is issued to measure the velocity and photogrammetry method is used to validate and analyze the separation and to obtain the vertical
trajectory of the store model. Measured trajectory of the store model is compared with the trajectory of the full scale store.
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Djouadi, Inès. "Prise en compte de l'anisotropie dans le comportement instantané des géomatériaux pour les calculs d'ouvrages souterrains." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0323/document.
Full textAbstract:
Dans le cadre de la gestion des déchets radioactifs dits de moyenne activité à vie longue et de haute activité, la France a fait le choix du stockage géologique profond dans une formation rocheuse située à l’est du bassin parisien, dans une zone tectoniquement stable. Cette formation d’argilites du Callovo-Oxfordien a été choisie pour ses propriétés de rétention des radionucléides puisqu’elle est très peu perméable. Un laboratoire de recherche souterrain a été construit à environ 500 mètres de profondeur afin d’étudier in-situ les propriétés de la roche. Il a été montré que l’argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien présente une anisotropie liée à sa formation géologique. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de pouvoir reproduire le comportement mécanique anisotrope à l’aide d’un modèle de comportement élasto-plastique. Le modèle de comportement thermo-élasto-viscoplastique et isotrope nommé LKR est la résultante de tout le savoir-faire et l’expertise d’EDF en ce qui concerne le dimensionnement d’ouvrages souterrains. On cherche donc à appliquer une méthode de prise en compte de l’anisotropie structurelle caractérisant plusieurs types de géomatériaux dont l’argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien à ce modèle de comportement. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, deux méthodes de prise en compte de l’anisotropie développées dans la littérature scientifique sont appliquées à un modèle de Drucker-Prager à écrouissage linéaire négatif et sont comparées. La première méthode consiste à introduire un tenseur de microstructure ou de fabrique permettant de définir les orientations préférentielles du matériau. La seconde méthode est l’approche par plan de faiblesse qui consiste à décrire le comportement anisotrope du matériau via deux mécanismes distincts, l’un décrivant le comportement de la matrice rocheuse isotrope et l’autre décrivant les plans de faiblesse. C’est par ce deuxième mécanisme que l’anisotropie est introduite. Ces deux applications ont été faites dans le logiciel libre de simulation en mécanique, Code Aster, développé par EDF et ont permis d’appréhender les difficultés numériques de chacune de ces méthodes, et de choisir l’approche la plus pertinente pour l’extension du modèle LKR. Ainsi, c’est la méthode avec le tenseur de fabrique qui est, dans notre cas, la plus adaptée. Elle a donc été appliquée au modèle LKR. Cette nouvelle extension au modèle permet de prendre en compte la dépendance à l’orientation du matériau des résistances en compression. Dans ces travaux, on se place dans le cadre de la mécanique des milieux continus. L’anisotropie est introduite seulement dans le mécanisme élasto-plastique du modèle de comportement LKRWithin the framework of radioactive waste management, for long-lived and high-level radioactive waste, France has chosen deep geological storage. This storage will be located in a rock formation, in the east of the basin Parisian, in a tectonically stable area. This Callovo-Oxfordian claystone formation was chosen for its radionuclides retention properties since it is not very permeable. An underground research laboratory was built 500 meters deep to study the properties of the rock in-situ. The Callovo-Oxfordian claystone has been shown to exhibit anisotropy related to its geological formation. The main objective of this PhD thesis is to reproduce anisotropic mechanical behaviour using an elasto-plastic constitutive model. The thermo-elasto-viscoplastic and isotropic behaviour model named LKR is the result of all EDF’s knowledge and expertise in the design of underground structures. Therefore, we seek to apply a method of taking into account structural or inherent anisotropy characterizing several types of geomaterials including Callovo-Oxfordian claystone to this LKR constitutive model. In order to achieve this objective, two methods of taking anisotropy into account and developed in the scientific literature are applied to a Drucker-Prager model with linear softening and then are compared to each other. The first method consists of introducing a microstructure or fabric tensor to define the preferential orientations of the material. The second method is the weakness plane approach which consists of describing the anisotropic behaviour of the material through two distinct mechanisms, one describing the behaviour of the isotropic rock matrix and the other describing the weakness planes. It is through this second mechanism that anisotropy is introduced. These two applications were made using the free mechanical simulation software, Code Aster, developed by EDF. This allowed to understand the numerical difficulties of each of these methods, and to choose the most relevant approach for the extension of the LKR model. Thus, it is the method with the fabric tensor which is, in our case, the most suitable. It was therefore applied to the LKR model. This new extension to the model enables the material orientation dependency of the compression strengths to be taken into account. In this work, the mechanics of continuous media are considered. Anisotropy is introduced only into the elasto-plastic mechanism of the LKR behaviour model
30
Ettehadtavakkol, Amin 1984. "Gas storage facility design under uncertainty." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-12-496.
Full textAbstract:
In the screening and concept selection stages of gas storage projects, many estimates are required to value competing projects and development concepts. These estimates are important because they influence which projects are selected and which concept proceeds into detailed engineering. In most cases, there is uncertainty in all of the estimates. As a result, operators are faced with the complex problem of determining the optimal design. A systematic uncertainty analysis can help operators solve this problem and make better decisions. Ideally, the uncertainty analysis is comprehensive and includes all uncertain variables, and simultaneously accounts for reservoir behavior, facility options, and economic objectives. This thesis proposes and demonstrates a workflow and an integrated optimization model for uncertainty analysis in gas storage. The optimization model is fast-solving and eliminates most constraints on the scope of the uncertainty analysis. Using this or similar workflows and models should facilitate analysis and communication of results within the project team and with other stakeholders.text
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Correia, Michelle. "Criticality analysis for a uranium storage facility." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/18569.
Full textAbstract:
research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. School of Physics. Johannesburg, 2015.Protection against accidental criticality is of utmost importance due to the potential of extremely high doses (such as the 17 Sv in the case of the Toikamura accident) to personnel involved in a criticality accident. In this study a criticality study is performed on a storage facility for uranium-containing residue. A criticality safety evaluation is the method used to determine the criticality safety of a system. Various internationally accepted methods exist which can be used during a criticality safety evaluation, including the use of a validated calculational technique. The three-dimensional Monte Carlo code, MCNP, was used in this study to determine multiplication factors, keff, for several different theoretical storage configurations. The internationally accepted subcritical limit of keff = 0.95 was used to determine whether a specific configuration is safe in terms of criticality. This study determines whether the theoretical storage configurations will be safe in terms of criticality, and it also evaluates the influence of various moderators on the multiplication factor, as well as the effect of distance between individual canisters on the multiplication factor. This criticality safety evaluation aims to show that the proposed theoretical storage configurations are safe in terms of criticality. It also provides recommendations of how the storage capacity can be increased, based on the results of the study.
32
Chou, Chii-Long, and 周啟隆. "Information Storage and Retireval Facility based on CORBA." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38883504747426427360.
Full text
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Garneau, Philippe. "Oxygen consumption in a northern Canada tailings storage facility." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10170/516.
Full textAbstract:
Oxygen consumption from sulphide mine tailings was measured under a partial thermal
granular cover in a Northern Canada tailings storage facility. The reclamation concept for the
filtered-pressed tailings uses permafrost to maintain the tailings in a permanent frozen state by
use of a thermal granular cover. The decrease in the oxygen concentration in a sealed chamber at
the tailings – cover interface allowed to calculate the oxygen flux at the tailings surface using
fundamental gas diffusion laws. The average measured oxygen flux at the tailings surface was 47
moles / m² / year, an 83% decrease over previous data collected on uncovered tailings. Despite
the decrease in the oxidation rate, oxidation still takes place under the partial cover. This initial
use of the testing apparatus will allow refinement of the testing method for future measurement
campaigns.
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Tsao, Shuo-Hsiu, and 曹碩修. "Study on Seismic Response of Spent Fuel Dry Storage Facility." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80407421155876490295.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
95
Storage of spent fuel is very important for the operation of nuclear power plant (NPP). In Taiwan, the space of water pools for temporary storage of spent fuel in the 1st NPP is running out, and the site of final storage facility is not decided yet. Therefore, the installation of dry type interim storage facility is imperative. In most dry storage facilities, storage casks are free-standing on the foundation pad, leading to concerns of their stability such as excessive sliding and overturning when subjected excitations. Consequently, this research focuses on the seismic response of the spent fuel dry storage facility. For analyzing the seismic responses, two types of method are often used. One is to establish a cask-pad-soil coupled model by which the effect of soil-structure interaction (SSI) effect and the nonlinear contact behavior between the cask and pad are simulated at once. The other includes two steps. A simplified model for SSI analysis is established first to deduce the pad motions. Then it is used as the input motion for a pad-cask model in which the contact behavior on the interface is considered. The former assesses accurately the seismic response of dry storage facility, but the computational cost is expensive; the latter reduces the cost apparently, yet the results may be unsatisfactory. In this study, the computer program ABAQUS is adopted to establish a coupled model and a decoupled model to analyze the seismic response of dry storage facility. Base on the results obtained, it can be found the decoupled model will have unreasonable high frequency acceleration and unconservative sliding and rocking motion. To overcome this difficulty, a modified decoupled model is proposed, in which the equivalent soil impedance is introduced in the pad-cask model. It can reduce the high frequency responses substantially. However, when using this approach, it should noted that the interaction between the SSI effect and the contact behavior on interface is still not taken into account.
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Gabriel, Kerron Jude. "Modeling and Optimization of a Bioethanol Production Facility." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-08-9953.
Full textAbstract:
The primary objective of this work is to identify the optimal bioethanol production plant capacity and configuration based on currently available technology for all the processing sections involved. To effect this study, a systematic method is utilized which involves the development of a superstructure for the overall technology selection, process simulation and model regression of each processing step as well as equipment costing and overall economic evaluation. The developed optimization model is also designed to incorporate various biomass feedstocks as well as realistic maximum equipment sizing thereby ensuring pragmatism of the work. For this study, the criterion for optimization is minimum ethanol price.
The secondary and more interesting aim of this work was to develop a systematic method for evaluating the economics of biomass storage due to seasonal availabilities. In essence, a mathematical model was developed to link seasonal availabilities with plant capacity with subsequent integration into the original model developed. Similarly, the criterion for optimization is minimum ethanol price.
The results of this work reveal that the optimal bioethanol production plant capacity is ~2800 MT biomass/day utilizing Ammonia Fiber Explosion pretreatment technology and corn stover as the preferred biomass feedstock. This configuration provides a minimum ethanol price of $1.96/gal. Results also show that this optimal pretreatment choice has a relatively high sensitivity to chemical cost thereby increasing the risk of implementation. Secondary to this optimal selection was lime pretreatment using switchgrass which showed a fairly stable sensitivity to market chemical cost.
For the storage economics evaluation, results indicated that biomass storage is not economical beyond a plant capacity of ~98 MMgal/yr with an average biomass shortage period of 3 months. The study also showed that for storage to be economical at all plant capacities, the storage scheme employed should be general open air land use with a corresponding biomass loss rate as defined in the study of 0.5 percent per month.
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Lin, Hsiao-lun, and 林筱倫. "Evaluation of Blast Wall Design Criteria of Bulk Silane Storage Facility." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57830900671796581217.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
環境工程研究所
97
Because of the highly successful development of the semiconductor and liquid crystal display industries and the rapidly emerging solar cell manufacturing in Taiwan, the consumption of silane has increased tremendously over the years. To meet the increasing demand, existing and new fabrication facilities have shifted from the traditional gas cabinet to bulk special gas supply system with cylinders 10 times larger than regular cylinders in volume. A distinct advantage of the so-called Y-cylinder, in addition to ample supply, is the reduced frequency of cylinder change since a notable percentage of accidents involving silane is caused by improper handling or erroneous cylinder change procedures. However, consequences of an accidental release of silane from Y-cylinders are much more severe than regular cylinders. Ignition and/or subsequent explosion of silane releases are difficult to predict because of the variations in gas yard geometry and the ambient conditions since it is required by Taiwan regulations to locate the gas yard outdoors. In addition, according to Public Hazardous Substances and Flammable Pressurized Gases Establishment Standards and Safety Control Regulations, a safety distance of 15 meters has to be maintained between an adjacent building and the hazardous substances if the floor area of the storage facility is greater than 25 square meters. Since such a safety distance is not readily available in most high-tech facilities, a compromised solution to reduce the safety distance by one half is the installation of blast wall between the building and the hazardous substances. Unfortunately, no specific design criteria such as shape, size, location, etc. have been provided by the competent authority. This study presents computer simulation results of silane release and subsequent explosion from the pressure relief device of a Y-cylinder. The Flame Acceleration Simulator is used in this study because of its flexibility in handling plant geometry and fuels. It is assumed that explosion characteristics of the released silane can be described by vapor cloud explosion. Effects of the blast wall’s shapes, dimensions and locations on reducing overpressure of the silane blast wave are studied in detail. To broaden the scope of this study, two silane release rates are employed. It is hoped that results of this study can be used to improve the design and installation of blast walls in bulk silane storage facilities.
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Hung, Yu-Hsiung, and 洪宇軒. "Developing a Smart Monitoring System for Cold Storage Facility by Wireless Sensor Network." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2m4m64.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
食品科學系
105
The purpose of this study is to develop a cold storage facility monitoring system based on a wireless sensing network (WSN). The system uses a sensing node to collect data continuously (e.g. current and temperature sensors). The data collected is first aggregated to the router through Zigbee wireless transmission, and then the router converts the signal from the short distance Zigbee to the long distance LoRa, in order to transmit to the gateway, which broadcasts the data to the remote computer, by means of user packet protocol. This system is developed to measure a variety of cold storage facilities, including display refrigerator, two-door domestic refrigerator, freezer and cold storage, and finally introduced into the food facility. The temperature of the cold storage facility is controlled by the compressor. When the temperature rises to the preset value for temperature difference, the compressor kicks in and starts to cool the storage down, until the temperature drops to a certain desired value set by the user. During the cooling period, the correlation between the temperature fluctuation and the compressor current can be observed. Users can use the management interface to generate curve graph for any specific time, to observe current and temperature, and monitor the operation of the facility, as well as identifying any abnormalities with reference to the generic cold storage equipment diagnostic decision tree. Traditional methods of temperature monitoring can only see the occurrence of abnormal temperature events, and it is difficult to determine whether the cause of abnormal temperature is due to equipment malfunctioning or human operation error. This study includes an additional current data to compare with the temperature, making it much easier to analyze the root cause of problems related to the facility temperature. This system was introduced into the actual production of food production facility. It identified that the severe loss in freezer temperature was caused by frequent power shutdowns and a large volume of items in room temperature entering the freezer regularly. As for cold storage, the frequent action of opening and closing doors resulted in constant operation of the compressor. This system aims to identify the potential food safety hazard and energy waste that is associated with cold storage facilities, and to offer solutions to prevent food safety incidents from occurring, and ultimately to reduce the operating costs of cold storage facilities.
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Koca, Robert W. "Energy conservation through evaporator fan cycling in a refrigerated controlled atmosphere apple storage facility." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/36386.
Full textAbstract:
A two year experiment demonstrated electrical energy savings
through evaporator fan cycling in part of a full-sized refrigerated
controlled atmosphere apple storage facility in Yakima, Washington.
Room cooling demand and evaporator fan operation was controlled by
the bulk fruit temperature. Refrigerant temperature was regulated
by a computer controlled ramping sequence and a weighted average
of three thermistors rather than a room thermostat. Evaporator fans
remained off 60-65% of the time during periods of fan cycling
operation. Seasonal average fan energy savings approached 50-55%
when the product remained in storage for a typical length of time.
Room environment conditions, product mass loss, and fruit quality
were not compromised. Bulk fruit temperature was exceptionally
stable as compared to fruit stored in non-fan cycled rooms
controlled by traditional means.
Less fan motor heat input in the fruit storage space also
results in compressor energy savings. Total electrical energy
savings were projected to an 18 room fruit storage facility
implementing computer controlled evaporator fan cycling. Projected
electrical energy savings achievable through evaporator fan cycling
for the state of Washington were made based on reported apple
storage capacity.Graduation date: 1993
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Fuls, Wilhelm Franz 1973. "Development of a novel interim bulk fuel storage facility for the PBMR / W.F. Fuls." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4607.
Full textAbstract:
The PBMR is the first High Temperature Reactor being designed for commercial power generation in South Africa. It makes use of spherical fuel elements, containing coated uranium oxide particles encapsulated in a graphite matrix. The spent fuel generated from the reactor is stored in a storage system before final disposal.
Such storage systems are called interim storage facilities, and normally make use of small transportable containers. The PBMR design makes use of bulk storage containers, capable of holding more than half a million spent fuel spheres. This is a unique concept for nuclear spent fuel storage. Also, most nuclear reactors make use of an intermediate cooling pool before the fuel is transferred to the storage facility. For the PBMR, the spent fuel is discharged directly into the interim storage facility, thus eliminating the intermediate cooling pool.
All interim storage facilities have to comply with five basic requirements, namely: fuel sub-criticality; decay heat removal; radioactive material containment; fuel integrity protection; and radiation protection of the workers and the public. The solution for each requirement depends upon the type of fuel, as well as the philosophical criteria of the reactor design. For the PBMR, it involves a storage life of 80 years, passive cooling and bulk storage tanks. In addition to the basic requirements, the PBMR storage facility should also be able to store used fuel during reactor maintenance, and to transfer it back to the reactor or to another storage tank when required.
During the four years of the development of the storage system, the design has undergone several changes. These changes were brought on by changes of the reactor design, and also due to developments and improvements on immature areas. The result is an integrated solution, retaining virtually none of the original concept, but still complying with all requirements.
The containment design solution is a vertically suspended ASME VIII pressure vessel (or storage tank) with a loading point and an unloading device. All radioactive material is captured inside the pressure boundary, and the tank is completely sealed off when not in use. New devices were developed to systematically load the tank, and to remove the spheres from the tank. Scale tests were done to verify the performance of the new devices and to ensure proper sphere flow inside the tank.
Sub-criticality of the fuel volume is achieved by adding hollow tubes to the inside of the storage tank, thereby creating a sub-critical geometry. Bum-up credit is also taken for the fuel at 20% below the average core bum-up. The fuel is therefore passively safe even if the full contents of the reactor is transferred into a storage tank.
In order to ensure that the tank lasts for 80 years in a cost-effective manner, the tanks are cooled in a closed loop system. The closed loop air is continuously dried to a very low relative humidity, which minimises corrosion on even normal carbon steel. Corrosion tests have been performed to investigate the effect of radiolysis products that may build up in the closed loop. These tests are still under way.
The decay heat is removed from the fuel spheres by means of air convection around the tank surface. The tubes inside the tank also allow air to pass through, creating a very strong chimney effect. A new method was developed to calculate the fuel temperatures for a given cooling flow. The technique makes use of FEA and analytical equations. Solutions are obtained at a fraction of the time it takes to perform a full CFD analysis, and within 5% compared to CFD results. Full-scale tests are planned to measure and verify the heat transfer properties of the cooling tubes in order to boost the credibility of the FEA and CFD analyses.
The storage tank design is integrated into a storage unit, which performs all the nuclear functions. The storage unit can operate in four different cooling modes, namely closed loop active cooling; open loop passive cooling; open loop active cooling and closed loop conditioning. There is an automatic fallback from the active cooling mode to a passive cooling mode. The active cooling is thus only needed to prevent excessive corrosion of the tanks. A scale model has been built to demonstrate the passive cooling ability of a storage unit, and the results agree well with CFD analyses. Also, a new method was developed to calculate the passive cooling characteristics using pipe network simulation software. This method is significantly faster than CFD analyses, and allows one to easily incorporate fan characteristics and to perform sensitivity studies.
Twelve storage units make up the Sphere Storage System of the PBMR. An intricate sphere pipe system allows one to transfer fuel spheres from the reactor to any tank, from any tank back to the reactor or to another tank, or to a decommissioning cask. All maintenance intensive components are placed at accessible areas, thus protecting the workers from the radiation coming from the tanks. Measures are incorporated to detect any contamination leakage, and also to enable the IAEA to verify the nuclear inventory of the storage system.
The Sphere Storage System is a fully integrated, yet modular design that complies with all nuclear and process requirements. It presents a unique solution to the inten'm fuel storage of the PBMR, and is believed to be a cost-effective solution for 80 years of storage. Some future tests and developments are required to finalise immature areas, but overall, the system is sufficiently engineered such that detail design can continue.Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
40
Katanchi, Bobby. "In situ chemical oxidation using unactivated sodium persulphate at a former fuel storage facility." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6011.
Full textAbstract:
Petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contamination poses a serious threat to aquifer systems worldwide. Accidental releases of PHCs due to gasoline spills and leakage from underground storage tanks can often result in PHC subsurface contamination. The main compounds of concern associated with gasoline spills are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX), trimethylbenzenes (TMBs) and naphthalene, due to their high mobility and potential human health risks.
Sodium persulphate is one of the newest oxidants to gain widespread use for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), however its effectiveness in treating PHCs is not fully understood. In this study, the ability to use unactivated sodium persulphate as a remediation tool in treating dissolved and residual BTEX contamination was tested during a bench-scale laboratory study and within a pilot-scale field investigation. In both cases unactivated sodium persulphate was used at a concentration of 100 g/L.
A laboratory-scale degradation potential batch test was conducted to assess the efficacy of unactivated sodium persulphate to oxidize petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater in conjunction with aquifer material from a field site. Data from the control reactions indicated that persulphate was stable for the entire 35-day experimental period and that the decrease in PHC concentrations for most of the samples followed a first-order degradation.
The behaviour and ability for sodium persulphate to oxidize dissolved and residual BTEX contamination was further evaluated in a controlled pilot scale field study. 200 kg of sodium persulphate was dissolved in 2000 L of water and injected into the subsurface. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, sodium, persulphate, sulphate and BTEX concentrations were all monitored throughout the 158-day study period.
Field research showed that there was a strong correlation between EC and sodium concentrations. Hence, this relationship allowed for real-time EC measurements to be used to effectively predict the extent of the injectate.
Based on the calculated aqueous density of sodium persulphate at a concentration of 100g/L, predicted simulation model results and observed tracer field results, density effects were present and played a very important role in the transport of the injectate.
The heterogeneous geology of the site also greatly influenced the transport of the injectate. The majority of the injectate appeared to have flowed out of the layers with higher hydraulic conductivity that intersected the upper and lower portion of the injection well’s screen length. The extent of the injected slug in the layers with lower hydraulic conductivity located in the centre portion of the injection well’s screen length was less in comparison.
In general, areas with elevated tracer, persulphate and sulphate concentrations, also showed a decrease in BTEX concentration. Four main responses were observed. Group 1 consists of sampling points where tracer levels were elevated along with a corresponding short-term decrease in dissolved BTEX. Group 2 consists of sampling points where elevated tracer levels was observed along with a long-term apparent decrease in dissolved BTEX. Group 3 consists of sampling points where the tracer was elevated however dissolved BTEX levels remained essentially at background levels. And finally, group 4 consists of sampling points where the tracer was not observed to be elevated hence no decrease in dissolved BTEX was observed.
Laboratory studies showed that the oxidation of BTEX compounds by unactivated sodium persulphate could be very successful. However, field study results showed that complexities such as heterogeneity of the field site and injectate density effects play a key role in the success of the remediation system.
41
Choi, Bong-Sik. "A feasibility study for construction of an AFR Spent Fuel Storage Facility in Korea." 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/13491473.html.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1986.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-79).
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Fowler, Ellen Frances. "Optimization techniques applied to the trading of natural gas from a restricted storage facility." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12454.
Full textAbstract:
We apply operations research techniques to the trading of natural gas from a restricted storage
facility. In particular, we consider a gas trading firm that has entered into a one-year contract for
gas storage whose terms restrict the balance held at any time and the quantities withdrawn and
injected each day. Based on price forecasts assumed to be accurate, mathematical models
identify optimal trading plans each day with the objective of maximizing net trading proceeds for
the year.
We conduct a two-part numerical study. First, we contrast the financial performance of a year of
trades prescribed by the optimization model to the outcome according to a "naive" strategy,
which represents the strategy of a hypothetical trader unaided by such a model. Comparisons are
made using perfect price information, to isolate the value of optimization, and using forecasted
prices, in order to make a more practical evaluation. Second, we compare the financial outcomes
of our optimal trading decisions when hedging is required and when it is not, in order to gain
insight into the opportunity cost of hedging.
As expected, optimization models lead to better financial performance than naive strategies in all
instances when perfect price information is in place. When prices are forecasted and trading
decisions are therefore hampered by forecast inaccuracy, the optimization model outperforms the
naive strategy on average although not in every instance. The second component of our analysis
suggests that a hedging policy, while eliminating price risk, has a dramatic opportunity cost.
43
Lee, Ta-Chun, and 李大椿. "The Characteristics of Storage Facility and Occupant Storing Behavior in Apartment Buildings in Taipei Area." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86413248704469213926.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
91
There are three objectives in this research : (1) To investigate the characteristics of the household’s objects and storage facilities, including the quantity of both and manufactural categories of storage facilities. (2) To investigate the storing behaviors of the households in apartment buildings. (3) To summarize storage problems in apartment buildings and propose strategies to resolve the problems. The findings of this research are : 1. The inhabitants of apartment buildings in Taipei area own an average quantity of 19.2 M3/per household or 4.8 M3/per member in articles, include about 1/5 unstored objects and the others stored. Where most of the unstored objects are distributed over those spaces of balcony, Japanese rooms and bedrooms, and most of the entire objects and storage facilities are located in the bedrooms, kitchen and family room, that occupy more than a half quantity of the entire housing unit. Also, the inhabitants own an average quantity of 20.6 M3/ per household or 4.86 M3/per member in storage facilities. In which of six types of manufactural categories of storage facilities, the inhabitants prefer to adopt the shop-saled storage furniture far than the others. 2. The storage facilities are needed the most in the studio, living room, master room and kitchen. Most of the inhabitants occupy the public lobby to settle storage facilities for storing shoes, slippers and outdoor articles such as raincoats etc. Most of the inhabitants tend to reduce the household’s objects and increase the storage capacity to match the storage demand, with more than 70%. The inhabitants subjectively willingly prefer to adopt the systematic pre-assembled furniture, the shop-saled the second and the DIY products the third, which shows comparative differentials between the practical existing which mentioned above and the subjective willing of the inhabitants. Most of the inhabitants are unsatisfied with the existing storage situations owing to the housing supply policy and building design issued to the storage demand. The shop-saled furnitures are popularly acceptable for it’s convenient and with various types. At the meantime, most of the inhabitants complain that the storage facility is not enough, especially over the spaces of balcony, Japanese room, master bedroom and studio. Through the field survey, the storage space’s occupation ratio is unefficient even though the inhabitants self-suppose that it’s efficient, in which there is about 1/3 space unused, and also the wasted articles kept in house is up to 18.67%. 3. It is proposed to provide 8.0 M3 /per household member of storage facilities for each or at least 5.6 M3 for each member, or 0.86 M3/per ping in well and 0.6 M3/per ping in low limitation. It is suggested to improve the housing developing programme and building design, also in the interior furnishing and furniture design, by the investors, architects and interior/furniture designers. For the aspect of the users, the well-management could leads to a better results in articles storage by promoting the storage efficiency and throwing away appropriately those wasted articles kept in house.
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Wild, Kristin. "Coupled operation of a wind farm and pumped storage facility: techno-economic modelling and stochastic optimization." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3761.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis applies a stochastic programming approach to the techno-economic analysis of a wind farm coupled with a pumped storage facility. The production of an optimal day-ahead generating schedule is considered. Wind forecasts contain an element of random error, and several methods of addressing this uncertainty in the optimization process are compared. The methods include robust and reliability-based design optimization in addition to a combination of both approaches, and results indicate that reliability-based design optimization is best-suited to this particular problem. Based on a set of wind forecast error scenarios and historical data, a probability-weighted forecast wind generation scenario set is developed. Reliability constraints are imposed to meet a minimum of 80% of the generating schedule time intervals. This methodology is applied to a case study on Vancouver Island. Preliminary results show that when compared to the base case of a standalone wind farm on Vancouver Island, a wind farm coupled with pumped storage can prove to be economically competitive with pumped storage capital costs below $1.53 million/MW installed pumped storage capacity and a firm energy price of $130/MWh.Graduate
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Renken, Karin, Ernest K. Yanful, and David Mhina Mchaina. "Soil cover research to mitigate potential ARD in combined dry and wet closure of tailings storage facility." 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/9009.
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Tompkins, Zia A. "A Methodology for Establishing Zones of Acceptable CAAS Coverage for a New Storage Facility Utilizing MCNP 5 in Adjoint." 2008. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/474.
Full textAbstract:
ANSI/ANS 8.3 “Criticality Accident Alarm System”, Appendix B states “Determining the adequacy of criticality alarm detector placement is far from an exact process”. With this statement in mind a novel method for establishing areas of acceptable Criticality Accident Alarm System (CAAS) coverage was developed and demonstrated utilizing Los Alamos’ Monte Carlo N-Particle Code 5 (MCNP5) in multigroup Adjoint. Validation of the methodology was shown in the comparison of benchmark calculations with empirical results of Sandia testing and with hand calculations utilizing ANS 8.3. Demonstration involved the determination of zones of CAAS coverage from detector sensitivity maps generated by MCNP5 for a conceptual geometry of a new storage facility involving homogenized concrete and BoroBond® slabs. Multiple detector coverage was further demonstrated through the superimposing of several maps corresponding to differing detector locations.
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Liu, Chun Kuang, and 劉純光. "research in the analytic model of gamma-ray dose rate at the site boundary of a radiation waste storage facility." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42694874219401449221.
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Meng-RuTsay and 蔡孟儒. "Urban Area Storage Facility Designation of Location and Capacity Assessment：A Case Study of Hou-Jing Stream in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q2556b.
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碩士國立成功大學
都市計劃學系
102
Floods frequently occur in Taiwan and when there are climate change and land use changing which may cause bigger problems. Comprehensive water governance and management is a strategy which combines construction and non-construction methods and is intended to minimize harm to the environment and to maintain sustainable development of a river basin. The main purpose of this research is to minimize the harm to environment and use two main sectors which are location of water facility and capacity of water facility to simulate the assessment of flooding risk circumstances. Firstly, to gather hydrological data of Hou-jin basin and to use the physiographic inundation-drainage model for simulation of the phenomenon of inundation and drainage under different scenarios. Secondly, using physiographic inundation-drainage model to calculate the rates of water exchange in the basin and it revealed that the external water contributes mostly in Hou-jin basin. The model indicates that the simulated inundation range is within the investigated inundation range, which indicates that the model is able to simulate the inundation of the studied area reasonably well. It's important to deal with the interior water during flooding and to take care of flooding caused by external water. The implementation of comprehensive water governance and management is to select open spaces and to simulate the effect of dealing flooding when it's a single open spaces or multiple open spaces. And then the final results revealed that when there is only single open space with different depths, water capacity is not proportional to the depth of a water facility and when there are multiple open spaces, water capacity is not proportional to the number of water facilities. In the past, because of the complexity of hydrological function and theory, the techniques are still used by professional hydrologists. The purpose of this research is to be pioneering research and it combines urban planning and hydrological engineering.
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Grindley, Suzanne. "Modelling the effects of trees on a contaminated groundwater plume from a gold tailings storage facility in the Orkney district." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/17201.
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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science. 2014.The aim of this dissertation was to determine the likely impacts that planting woodlands would have on the storage, transport and discharge of mine water and contaminants, over a plume originating from the West Complex tailings storage facility within the Vaal River mine lease. The hydrological model MIKE SHE was run on a grid comprising of 120m square cells, for a pre-woodland period from 2001 to 2010. Sulphate was used as an indicator of the contaminant plume concentrations and transport across the study area. Six future woodland planting scenarios (2025 to 2034) were then simulated to determine the effects of mature Searsia lancea, Eucalyptus dunnii and Tamarix usneoides, and different planting scenarios on the contaminant plume. Results indicated that planting these deep-rooted species will be effective in decreasing the groundwater levels, groundwater flux and the quantity of contaminants reaching the river. Before tree water and contaminant uptake can be further modelled with improved accuracy within MIKE SHE, the limitations of the use of only one contaminant uptake value for the vegetation needs to be overcome, so that different uptake rates among different tree species can be shown.
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Uys, Dirk Cornelius. "Converting an ice storage facility to a chilled water system for energy efficiency on a deep level gold mine / Dirk Cornelius Uys." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/15615.
Full textAbstract:
The South African gold mining sector consumes 47% of the mining industry’s electricity. On a deep level gold mine, 20% of the energy is consumed by the refrigeration system. The refrigeration system cools 67 ˚C virgin rock temperatures underground. Underground cooling demand increases significantly with deeper mining activities. Various cooling systems are available for underground cooling. This study focuses on the electricity usage of an ice storage system versus a chilled water system for underground cooling.
An energy-savings approach was developed to determine possible power savings on the surface refrigeration system of Mine M. The savings approach involved converting an ice storage system to a chilled water system and varying the water flow through the system. The water flow was varied by installing variable speed drives on the evaporator and condenser water pumps. The feasibility of the energy-efficiency approach was simulated with a verified simulation model.
Simulation results indicated the feasibility of converting the thermal ice storage to a chilled water system and implementing the energy-efficiency approach on Mine M. Simulated results indicated a 9% electricity saving when using a chilled water system. Various problems encountered by the mine were also a motivation to convert the thermal ice storage system.
Converting an ice storage facility to a chilled water system for energy efficiency on a deep level gold mine
Energy management is achieved through the monitoring, controlling and reporting of the implemented savings approach.
Converting the glycol plant and recommissioning the chilled water plant gave the mine an additional chiller as backup to sufficiently meet underground demand. An annual summer power saving of 1.5 MW was achieved through the conversion and control strategy. It is concluded that conversion of the thermal ice storage system on Mine M results in an energy- and cost saving.MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015