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1
Torres, Octavio. "Life cycle assessment of a pumped storage power plant." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-14543.
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Wind and solar power plants are gaining increasing attention due to low green house gas emissions associated with electricity generation. The installed capacity of these resources is rapidly growing, while it is argued that the stability of the grid is threatened since these resources depend on actual weather conditions and their output cannot be easily adjusted to follow instantenous electricity demand. Another reliable low carbon power supply such as nuclear power plants cannot help in stabilizing the grid, due to long time constant of the control system. Eventhough, nuclear power is easy to predict, it needs external grid stabilizing utilities itself.If electricity could be stored in a sufficient amount during the periouds of favourable conditions for renewable energy sources and during periods of low demand for electricity and utilized again when it is demanded, the stability of the grid would be improved and no extra installed capacity of more carbon intensive power plants would be necessary. Therefore, an increasing focus is currently given on large scale energy storage. One of the most promising options for large scale energy storage which is already operating due to its fast response to electricity demand is a pumped storage power station. Before an extensive installation, it is important to evaluate this technology from the environmental perspective in order to avoid shifting environmental problems, to assess its potential to decrease dependency of electrical grids on fossil fuels and to estimate its potential in climate change mitigation/greenhouse gas reduction.
2
Fernandez-Munoz, Raul. "Design of solar power plant with coupled thermal storage." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16722.
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Bozkurt, Melih. "Feasibility Of A Supplementary Water Storage For Birkapili Hydroelectric Power Plant." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613588/index.pdf.
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Climate change concerns, high oil prices and increasing government support are some of the driving reasons of increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives, and commercialization. Hydroelectricity is the most widely used form of renewable energy and refers to electricity generated by hydropower. In this study, a storage facility is proposed to store some additional water and increase the profitability of the existing Birkapili Hydroelectric Power Plant. The storage facility is composed of a gravity dam and an uncontrolled spillway. With the help of the proposed storage facility, maximum utilization of the water is provided and shift of the electricity generation to peak demand periods becomes possible. Consequently, feasibility of the existing power plant is improved. A number of alternatives for a spillway are taken into account and the corresponding concrete gravity dam is designed. Stability analyses and operation studies are conducted using spreadsheets to achieve an economical solution.
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Eriksson, Anders. "Energy efficient storage of biomass at Vattenfall heat and power plant." Thesis, Institutionen för energi och teknik, SLU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-153326.
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Storage of biomass is often associated with problems such as heat development, drymatter losses and reduction of fuel quality. The rise in temperature can potentiallycause a risk of self-ignition in the fuel storage. Moreover, emissions from storage pilescan cause health problems in the surrounding. The dry matter losses and reduction offuel quality can have economical effects. The aim of this thesis project is to developguidelines on how to store large amount of biomass at Vattenfalls heat and powerplants in an optimal way. Storage trials at Idbäckens CHP were done in order to studythe effect of storage on fuel quality, dry matter losses and temperature development.Two storage trials were performed over six weeks with waste wood chips and stemwood chips stored in about 4.5 m high outdoor piles. A trial over four days in whichwaste wood chips was placed on a heated surface was evaluated. A study to test thepossibility of using waste heat to dry waste wood chips was performed.Small but not negligible dry matter losses were observed in both of the piles of storedmaterial. The largest weekly losses were found during the first week of storage and adeclining behavior could thereafter be seen. The accumulated losses during six weeksof storage were 2.0 % and 1.7 % respectively, for waste wood and stem wood. Storageduring six weeks of waste wood and newly chipped stem wood did not cause anymajor deterioration of the fuel quality as such, beside the substance losses.No drying effect could be seen in the heated surface trial. The surface became warm,about 50°C, but it was not sufficient to dry the chips. The conclusion is that it is notpossible to dry large amount of chips on a heated surface with the design used hereand during four days.The overall conclusion is that in order to minimize the dry matter losses the materialshould be handled according to the LIFO (last in first out) principle. Wheneverpossible, try to purchase fuel that has been stored for a while since the more easilydegraded compounds has already been degraded through microbial activity. There is apossibility that the largest losses has already occurred. Furthermore, try also tocomminute the material (reduce the particle size) at the plant and as close in time tocombustion as possible.
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Guerreiro, Luís. "Energy optimization of a concentrated solar power plant with thermal storage." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/25594.
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One of the most relevant problems to solve at a planetary scale is the access to an affordable
clean source of energy as CO2 equivalent emissions should be reduced significantly. Some
authors aim for a zero emissions target for 2050. Renewable energies will play a leading role in
this energy transition, and solar energy with storage is a promising technology exploring a
renewable and worldwide available resource.
Within the present thesis component development like a new thermal storage thermocline tank
design or having latent heat storage capability are technological developments that have been
pursued and analyzed on a system perspective basis, focusing on reducing the LCOE value of
a commercial STE plant using TRNSYS software. Material research with molten salts mixtures
and cement based materials has been performed at lab scale. A fully validation should occur
through a 13 partners pan-European H2020 project called NEWSOL which has been developed
supported on the laboratory data obtained.
Moreover, incorporation of local available material, “modern slag” from an old mine of Alentejo
region, was also studied. The material could be used as an aggregate incorporated into calcium
aluminate cement (CAC) or as filler. This would help to solve a local environmental complex
problem related to soil, air and water pollution due to heavy metals and mining activity in Mina
de São Domingos, Southeast of Portugal.
The integration of these results underlies a broad energy transition model, a proposal is
presented in this thesis, with the aim to foster development towards a sustainable usage of
resources and promote clean technologies especially in the energy sector. This model can be
locally adapted depending on the pattern of existing industries. The goal is to achieve a smooth
transition into a clean tech energy society in line with the target of achieving zero emissions for
2050; Optimização Energética de uma Central de
Concentração Solar com Armazenamento de Energia
Resumo:
Um dos problemas mais relevantes a resolver a uma escala planetária é o acesso, com um
custo moderado, a fontes limpas de energia considerando que as emissões equivalentes de
CO2 derão ser reduzidas drasticamente. Alguns autores ambicionam mesmo um objetivo de
zero emissões em 2050. As energias renováveis irão desempenhar um papel preponderante
nesta transição energética, sendo que a energia solar com armazenamento é uma tecnologia
promissora que aproveita um recurso renovável e disponível em boa parte do Planeta.
Na presente tese foi realizado o desenvolvimento de componentes nomeadamente o design
que um novo tanque do tipo termocline, ou de novos elementos recorrendo ao calor latente,
desenvolvimentos tecnológicos que foram analizados de uma perspectiva de sistema, dando o
enfoque na redução do custo nivelado da electricidade (LCOE) para uma planta Termosolar
usando o software TRNSYS. Foi também realizada investigação em laboratório ao nível dos
materiais com várias misturas de sais fundidos inclusivé em contacto directo com materiais de
base cimenticia. Uma validação completa deverá ocorrer no projeto NEWSOL do programa
H2020 que reúne um consórcio de 13 parceiros europeus e que foi preparado e submetido
tendo por base os resultados laboratoriais obtidos.
Adicionalmente, incorporação de material disponível (escória de minério) de uma mina
abandonada da região do Alentejo foi outro dos aspectos estudados. Verificou-se que este
material poderá ser utilizado como agregado num ligante do tipo cimento de aluminato de
cálcio (CAC) ou como “filler”. Este re-aproveitamento resolveria um problema ambiental
complexo derivado do elevado conteúdo de metais pesados resultantes da actividade de
mineração e que actualamente provocam poluição do solo, água e ar na área da Mina de São
Domingos, Sudeste de Portugal.
Estes progressos deverão ser integrados num modelo de transição energética mais amplo. Na
presente tese, uma proposta concreta é apresentada, com o objectivo de incentivar o
desenvolvimento na direção de uma utilização sustentável dos recursos e a promoção de
tecnologias limpas nomeadamente no sector da energia. Este modelo poderá ser adaptado
localmente dependendo do padrão de indústrias existente. O objectivo é atingir uma transição
suave para uma sociedade de energias limpas em linha com o objectivo de atingir zero
emissões de CO2 equivalente em 2050.
6
Yevalkar, Amol. "Integrated Combined Heat and Power Plant with Borehole Thermal Energy Storage." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-266787.
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Countries like Sweden, that experience temperatures below 0 𝑜C, have a high heating demand during winters. The heating demand in Sweden is satisfied through district heating, electric heating, heat pumps and biofuel boilers. The fossil fuels account for around 5 % of the heating market. Sweden is currently looking for alternative solutions in order to replace the fossil fuels. One of the solutions being studied is to have a Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) system that can store the excess heat produced from a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant during the summer. In previous studies, a dynamic model of BTES system was developed which was limited for a specific case. In order to design the BTES systems for different cases as well, a generic steady-state sizing model was developed. This generic steady-state sizing model is flexible can be used to determine the size of BTES in terms of number of boreholes, borehole depth, etc. as per the requirements of the user. Few key results for different input parameters from the newly developed steady-state sizing model and the existing dynamic model were compared for several simulations in order to validate the new steady-state model. The results for a reference case of 240 m borehole depth and 0.8 kg/s mass flow rate in the borehole loop were presented. Further a sensitivity analysis was done by varying the borehole depth and the mass flow rate in the borehole loop. It showed that the Net Present Value (NPV) of the entire system after 20 years and BTES efficiency were higher for lower borehole depth and higher mass flow rate in the borehole loop.Länder som Sverige, som upplever temperaturer under 0 𝑜C, har ett högt värmebehov under vintrarna. Värmebehovet i Sverige tillgodoses genom fjärrvärme, elvärme, värmepumpar och pannor eldade med biobränsle. Fossila bränslen står för cirka 5 % av värmemarknaden. Sverige letar för närvarande efter alternativa lösningar för att ersätta de fossila bränslena. En av lösningarna som studeras är att ha värmelagring i borrhål (Borehole Thermal Energy Storage, BTES) som kan lagra överskottsvärmen som produceras från en kraftvärmeanläggning under sommaren. I tidigare studier utvecklades en dynamisk modell av ett BTES-system som var begränsat till ett specifikt fall. För att utforma BTES-system även för andra fall, utvecklades en generisk modell. Denna generiska dimensioneringsmodell för stabiliseringsstatus är flexibel och kan användas för att bestämma storleken på BTES när det gäller antalet borrhål, borrhålsdjup etc. enligt användarens krav. Några nyckelresultat för olika ingångsparametrar från den nyutvecklade statiska dimensioneringsmodellen och den befintliga dynamiska modellen jämfördes för flera simuleringar för att validera den nya statiska modellen. Resultaten för ett referensfall på 240 m borrhålsdjup och 0,8 kg/s massflödeshastighet i borrhålslingan presenterades. Dessutom utfördes en känslighetsanalys genom att variera borrhålens djup och massflödeshastigheten i borrhålslingan. Det visade sig att både nettonuvärdet (net present value, NPV) för hela systemet efter 20 år och BTES-effektiviteten var högre för lägre borrhåldjup och högre massflödeshastighet i borrhålsslingan.
7
Ferruzza, Davide. "Thermocline storage for concentrated solar power : Techno-economic performance evaluation of a multi-layered single tank storage for Solar Tower Power Plant." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-172456.
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Solar Tower Power Plants with thermal energy storage are a promising technology for dispatchable renewable energy in the near future. Storage integration makes possible to shift the electricity production to more profitable peak hours. Usually two tanks are used to store cold and hot fluids, but this means both higher related investment costs and difficulties during the operation of the variable volume tanks. Another solution can be a single tank thermocline storage in a multi-layered configuration. In such tank both latent and sensible fillers are employed to decrease the related cost by up to 30% and maintain high efficiencies. The Master thesis hereby presented describes the modelling and implementation of a thermocline-like multi-layered single tank storage in a STPP. The research work presents a comprehensive methodology to determine under which market structures such devices can outperform the more conventional two tank storage systems. As a first step the single tank is modelled by means of differential energy conservation equations. Secondly the tank geometrical design parameters and materials are taken accordingly with the applications taken into consideration. Both the steady state and dynamic models have been implemented in an existing techno-economic tool developed in KTH, in the CSP division (DYESOPT). The results show that under current cost estimates and technical limitations the multi-layered solid PCM storage concept is a better solution when peaking operating strategies are desired, as it is the case for the two-tier South African tariff scheme. In this case the IRR of an optimal designed power plant can be decreased by 2.1%. However, if a continuous operation is considered, the technology is not always preferred over the two tank solution, yet is a cheaper alternative with optimized power plants. As a result the obtained LCOE can be decreased by 2.4%.
8
Bruce, Robert Alasdair Wilson. "Impacts of variable renewable generation on thermal power plant operating regimes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20387.
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The integration of variable renewable energy sources (VRE) is likely to cause fundamental and structural changes to the operation of future power systems. In the United Kingdom (UK), large amounts of price-insensitive and variable-output wind generation is expected to be deployed to contribute towards renewable energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission targets. Wind generation, with near-zero marginal costs, limited predictability, and a limited ability to provide upward dispatch, displaces price-setting thermal power plants, with higher marginal costs, changing flexibility and reserve requirements. New-build, commercial-scale, and low-carbon generation capacity, such as CO2 capture and storage (CCS) and nuclear, may impact power system flexibility and ramping capabilities. Low-carbon generation portfolios with price-sensitive thermal power plants and energy storage are therefore likely to be required to manage increased levels of variability and uncertainty at operational timescales. This work builds on a high-resolution wind reanalysis dataset of UK wind sites. The locations of existing and proposed wind farms are used to produce plausible and internally consistent wind deployment scenarios that represent the spatial distribution of future UK wind capacity. Temporally consistent electricity demand data is used to characterise and assess demand-wind variability and net demand ramp events. A unit commitment and economic dispatch (UCED) model is developed to evaluate the likely operating regimes of thermal power plants and CCS-equipped units across a range of future UK wind scenarios. Security constraints for reserve and power plant operating constraints, such as power output limits, ramp rates, minimum up/down times, and start-up times, ensure the operational feasibility of dispatch schedules. The load factors, time spent at different loads, and the ramping and start-up requirements of thermal power plants are assessed. CO2 duration curves are developed to assess the impacts of increasing wind capacity on the distribution of CO2 emissions. A sensitivity analysis investigates the impacts of part-load efficiency losses, ramp rates, minimum up/down times, and start-up/shut-down costs on power plant operating regimes and flexibility requirements. The interactions between a portfolio of energy storage units and flexible CO2 capture units are then explored. This multi-disciplinary research presents a temporally-explicit and detailed assessment of operational flexibility requirements at full 8760 hour resolution, highlighting the non-linear impacts of increasing wind capacity. The methodological framework presented here uses high spatial-and temporal-resolution wind data but is expected to provide useful insights for other VREbased power systems to mitigate the implications of inadequate flexibility.
9
Elzubair, Arwa. "Using CHP plant to regulate wind power." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-39657.
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Sweden is working on increasing the share of wind energy, but it comes along with many challenges,one of those challenges is the uncertainty of the wind power; CHP could be an option for betterutilizing of wind power by adapting the power to heat ratio according to wind energy fluctuation.The potential for utilizing installed wind energy in Sweden using CHP plant has been studied. A CHPplant installed in the South of Sweden was considered as studied case. To match the heat andelectricity demand requested by the region with the output from the CHP plant two scenarios weresimulated. Results showed that 5.3 MW of installed wind energy in Sweden could be adjusted andset to a level of 73.6 MW if the CHP plant alone were to cover the heat demand, and 25.4 MW ofinstalled wind power in Sweden could be adjusted and set to a level of 54.2 MW with an additionalheat supply of 8 MW in the studied case.
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Streckienė, Giedrė. "Research of Heat Storage Tank Operation Modes in Cogeneration Plant." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110621_170138-31454.
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The dissertation investigates typical operation modes of the heat storage tank in the small-scale cogeneration (CHP) plant, analyses formation of thermal stratifi-cation in such storage tank and presents the simulation of the stratification. The main aim of the dissertation is to investigate peculiarities of operation modes of heat storage tank in small-scale CHP plant, develop an algorithm allowing to choose the storage tank volume and present a model allowing determination of thermal stratification in the storage tank at any time of its operation.Disertacijoje nagrinėjami būdingi šilumos akumuliacinės talpos veikimo režimai, susiformuojantys nedidelės galios kogeneracinėje jėgainėje, tiriamas šiluminės stratifikacijos susidarymas tokioje talpoje ir atliekamas jos modeliavimas. Pagrindinis disertacijos tikslas – ištirti nedidelės galios kogeneracinės jėgainės šilumos akumuliacinės talpos veikimo režimų ypatumus, sudaryti algoritmą, padedantį parinkti tokios talpos tūrį ir pateikti modelį, leidžiantį nustatyti šiluminę stratifikaciją akumuliacinėje talpoje bet kuriuo jos veikimo metu.
11
Madaly, Kamalahasen. "Identifying the optimum storage capacity for a 100-MWe concentrating solar power plant in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86276.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Central receiver power plants generate renewable electricity by exploiting the energy provided by the sun. The conditions experienced in the Northern Cape region of South Africa provide the ideal conditions for the development of these plants. Without a storage medium these plants have capacity factors in the range of 25-30%. The inclusion of a thermal energy storage medium provides the ability to increase the capacity factors of these plants. Although storage increases the costs, it results in better utilisation of the power block and a decrease in the levelised electricity cost (LEC). Eskom intends building a 100MWe central receiver dry cooled power plant in the Upington region. This research identifies the appropriate storage medium and ideal storage capacity to achieve the lowest LEC. A literature survey was performed to identify the different methods of storage that are available. The different storage methods were evaluated and the best storage medium for a central receiver power plant based on the developments of the various storage technologies was identified. To determine the costs associated with a central receiver power plant, data published by NREL was used. Different plant parameters were required to evaluate the costs. A power plant model based on efficiencies and energy balances was created to determine the required plant parameters. It provided the ability to determine the effect of changing different plant parameters on the LEC and estimate the plant output. The power block parameters were initially varied to determine the most efficient power block configuration. Once the most efficient power block configuration was identified the solar field and storage parameters were varied to determine the plant configuration which resulted in the lowest LEC. The most efficient power block configuration of 0.4206 was found for a system comprising of six feedwater heaters with the feedwater temperature of 230°C, main steam pressure 140 bar and an exit steam generator salt temperature of 290°C. A solar multiple of 3.0 with 16 hours of storage resulted in a LEC of R1.41/kWh with no system constraints. A capacity factor constraint of 60% resulted in a solar multiple of 1.8 with 8 hours of storage and a LEC of R1.78/kWh.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sonkragaanlegte met sentrale ontvangers wek hernubare elektrisiteit op deur sonenergie te ontgin. Die klimaat in die Noord Kaap-streek van Suid-Afrika is ideaal vir die oprigting van hierdie aanlegte. Sonder ’n bergingsmedium is die kapasiteitsfaktore van sulke aanlegte ongeveer 25-30%. Met die insluiting van ’n bergingsmedium vir termiese energie kan die kapasiteitsfaktore egter verhoog word. Hoewel berging aanlegkoste verhoog, lei dit terselfdertyd tot beter aanwending van die kragblok en ’n afname in die konstante eenheidskoste van elektrisiteit (LEC). Eskom beplan om ’n droogverkoelde kragaanleg van 100 MW met ’n sentrale ontvanger in die Upington-streek op te rig. Hierdie navorsing was dus daarop toegespits om die mees geskikte bergingsmedium en ideale bergingskapasiteit te bepaal om die laagste moontlike LEC uit die aanleg te verkry. ’n Literatuurstudie is onderneem om die verskeie beskikbare bergingsmetodes te bestudeer. Die verskillende metodes is beoordeel, waarna die beste bergingsmedium vir ’n kragaanleg met ’n sentrale ontvanger op grond van die ontwikkelings in die verskillende bergingstegnologieë bepaal is. Om die koste van ’n kragaanleg met ’n sentrale ontvanger te bepaal, is gepubliseerde data van die Amerikaanse Nasionale Laboratorium vir Hernubare Energie (NREL) gebruik. Verskillende aanlegparameters was egter nodig om die koste te beoordeel. Dié parameters is gevolglik bepaal deur ’n kragaanlegmodel op grond van doeltreffendheidsfaktore en energiebalanse te skep. Sodoende kon vasgestel word watter uitwerking veranderinge in die verskillende parameters op die LEC sou hê, en kon die aanleguitset geraam word. Die kragblokparameters is aanvanklik afgewissel om die doeltreffendste kragbloksamestel te bepaal. Nadat dít bepaal is, is die sonenergieveld en bergingsparameters weer afgewissel om vas te stel watter aanlegsamestel die laagste LEC tot gevolg sou hê. Die beste termiese benuttingsgraad is behaal vir ʼn stoom siklus met ses water verhitters en ʼn water temperatuur van 230 °C by die ketel se inlaat, ʼn stoom druk van 140 bar, en sout uitlaat temperatuur van 290 °C. ʼn Vermenigvuldigingsfaktor van drie vir die heliostaat veld, en 16 uur termiese energie storing gee ʼn opwekkingskoste van R 1.41/kW/h indien daar geen beperkings op die grootte of koste van die stelsel geplaas word nie. Indien die kapitaal uitgawe ʼn perk van 60 % op die kapasitiet van die stelsel plaas, verander die optimale ontwerpspunt na ʼn vermenigvuldigingsfaktor van 1.8, en die termiese stoorkapasitiet verlaag na 8 uur. In hierdie geval is die opwekkingskoste R 1.78/kWh.
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Malmberg, Malin. "Transient modeling of a high temperature borehole thermal energy storage coupled with a combined heat and power plant." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-226160.
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Coupling High-Temperature Borehole Thermal Energy Storages (HT-BTES) with existing Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems is a promising approach to increase energy efficiency of district energy systems through recovery of otherwise wasted heat. This solution is currently being discussed in Sweden by the company Tekniska Verken in Linköping AB, for storing waste heat from their CHP operation in summer in a HT-BTES and to utilize it during peaks in winter. This would increase the flexibility between energy supply and demand in one of their plants. The available supply temperature during charge of the BTES is around 95C. There is, though, still limited experience of HT-BTES operation with just a few installations throughout the world. The aim of this Master´s thesis has been to evaluate a potential system design configuration for effective extraction and storage of waste heat from the Gärstadverket CHP-plants in connection to a HT-BTES. Data from previous operation of the CHP-plants and an existing TRNSYS model, developed at KTH and Bengt Dahlgren AB based on the well-known DST approach (Duct Ground Heat Storage Model), was used as a starting point to the development of a new, more complete model that includes a heat pump. The heat pump model was developed from manufacturer’s data for a non-standard 50 MW heat pump system using R717 as refrigerant. As an additional objective, design and operational experience of already existing HT-BTES installations has been compiled and analyzed. The BTES design were simulated with varied number of boreholes and borehole depth. The system was furthermore simulated with two different borehole heat exchangers (BHEs): double U-pipes and coaxial. Based on the results three optimized designs were found: 1 400 boreholes with double U-pipes and a borehole depth of 300 m, 1 300 boreholes with coaxial BHEs and a borehole depth of 300 m, and a design with 1 500 boreholes and 275 m borehole depth – all three designs with a borehole spacing of 5 m and with loops of 3 boreholes connected in series. The three BTES designs showed similar results with a potential to store around 107 GWh/year and to extract around 93 GWh/year with the use of a GSHP. The resulting discharge temperature from the BTES ranges between 40-60C, and up to 70C in the initial discharge period in the tenth simulation year. Further investigation is though needed regarding if there are any coaxial BHE available on the market that can work with the high temperatures in the BTES. Coupling High-Temperature Borehole Thermal Energy Storages (HT-BTES) with existing Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems is a promising approach to increase energy efficiency of district energy systems through recovery of otherwise wasted heat. This solution is currently being discussed in Sweden by the company Tekniska Verken in Linköping AB, for storing waste heat from their CHP operation in summer in a HT-BTES and to utilize it during peaks in winter. This would increase the flexibility between energy supply and demand in one of their plants. The available supply temperature during charge of the BTES is around 95C. There is, though, still limited experience of HT-BTES operation with just a few installations throughout the world. The aim of this Master´s thesis has been to evaluate a potential system design configuration for effective extraction and storage of waste heat from the Gärstadverket CHP-plants in connection to a HT-BTES. Data from previous operation of the CHP-plants and an existing TRNSYS model, developed at KTH and Bengt Dahlgren AB based on the well-known DST approach (Duct Ground Heat Storage Model), was used as a starting point to the development of a new, more complete model that includes a heat pump. The heat pump model was developed from manufacturer’s data for a non-standard 50 MW heat pump system using R717 as refrigerant. As an additional objective, design and operational experience of already existing HT-BTES installations has been compiled and analyzed. The BTES design were simulated with varied number of boreholes and borehole depth. The system was furthermore simulated with two different borehole heat exchangers (BHEs): double U-pipes and coaxial. Based on the results three optimized designs were found: 1 400 boreholes with double U-pipes and a borehole depth of 300 m, 1 300 boreholes with coaxial BHEs and a borehole depth of 300 m, and a design with 1 500 boreholes and 275 m borehole depth – all three designs with a borehole spacing of 5 m and with loops of 3 boreholes connected in series. The three BTES designs showed similar results with a potential to store around 107 GWh/year and to extract around 93 GWh/year with the use of a GSHP. The resulting discharge temperature from the BTES ranges between 40-60C, and up to 70C in the initial discharge period in the tenth simulation year. Further investigation is though needed regarding if there are any coaxial BHE available on the market that can work with the high temperatures in the BTES.Koppling av högtemperatur-borrhålslager (HT-BTES) med befintliga kraftvärmeverk (CHP) är ett lovande tillvägagångssätt för att öka energieffektiviteten i fjärrvärmesystem genom återvinning spillvärme. Denna lösning diskuteras för närvarande i Sverige av Tekniska Verken i Linköping AB, för att lagra spillvärme från kraftvärmeproduktion sommartid i en HT-BTES och utnyttja denna under effekttoppar på vintern. Detta skulle öka flexibiliteten mellan energiförsörjning och efterfrågan i en av deras anläggningar, Gärstadverket. Den tillgängliga framledningstemperaturen under laddning av borrhålslagret är ca 95 ℃. Det finns dock fortfarande begränsad erfarenhet av HT-BTES med bara några få installationer i drift över hela världen. Syftet med detta masterexamensarbete har varit att utvärdera en potentiell systemkonfigurationskonfiguration för effektiv utvinning och lagring av spillvärme från Gärstadverkets kraftvärmeverk kopplat till ett HT-BTES. Data från tidigare drift av kraftvärmeverket och en befintlig TRNSYS-modell, utvecklad hos KTH och Bengt Dahlgren AB baserat på den välkända DST-metoden (Duct Ground Heat Storage Model), användes som utgångspunkt för utvecklingen av en ny, mer komplett modell som inkluderar en värmepumpsmodell. Värmepumpsmodellen utvecklades utifrån data från en värmepumpstillverkare för ett icke-standardiserat 50 MW värmepumpsystem, med R717 som kylmedium. Som ett ytterligare mål har designparametrar och erfarenheter från drift av redan befintliga HT-BTES installationer sammanställts och analyserats. BTES-designen varierades genom simuleringar med olika antal borrhål och borrhålsdjup. Systemet simulerades fortsatt med två olika borrhålsvärmeväxlare (BHE): dubbla U-rör och koaxiala BHE. Baserat på resultaten hittades tre optimerade BTES-geometrier: 1 400 borrhål med dubbla U-rörs BHE och 300 m borrhålsdjup, 1 300 borrhål med koaxiala BHE och 300 m borrhålsdjup samt en design med 1 500 borrhål med dubbla U-rör och ett borrhålsdjup på 275 m – alla tre konfigurationer med ett borrhålsavstånd på 5 m och borrhålsloopar med tre borrhål kopplade i serie. De tre BTES-geometrierna visade liknande resultat med potential att lagra cirka 107 GWh / år och att extrahera runt 93 GWh / år med användning av en värmepump. Den resulterande urladdningstemperaturen från borrhålslagret varierar mellan 40-60 °C och upp till 70 °C i början av urladdningsperioden under det tionde simuleringsåret. Vidare studie krävs dock för att undersöka tillgängligheten av koaxiala BHE på marknaden som kan fungera med de höga temperaturerna i borrhålslagret.
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Lugand, Thomas. "Contribution to the Modeling and Optimization of the Double-Fed Induction Machine for Pumped-Storage Hydro Power Plant Applications." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENT118.
Full textAbstract:
Les centrales hydrauliques de pompage turbinage fonctionnent principalement en utilisant des alternateurs de type synchrone évoluant à vitesse fixe. Cependant, utiliser des alternateurs à vitesse variable et, en particulier, des Machines Asynchrones à Double Alimentation (MADA) apporte des avantages non négligeables: contrôle de la puissance en mode pompe, opération au point de meilleur rendement en mode turbine et plus grande stabilité en cas de perturbation. Cette thèse a pour objectifs la progression des connaissances des phénomènes électromagnétiques régissant le fonctionnement de la MADA et d’établir une démarche en vue de son optimisation. Tout d'abord, un modèle analytique reposant en partie sur la méthode des intégrales de frontière est proposé et validé par simulations éléments finis. Ce modèle analytique prend en compte plusieurs éléments tels que la saturation du circuit magnétique, les harmoniques générés par les bobinages du stator et du rotor mais également les harmoniques dus à la forme non constante de l’entrefer. Ensuite, le modèle est appliqué à l’étude de quatre sujets d'importance pour l'ingénieur électricien: calcul des harmoniques de tension statorique à vide, calcul des pertes fer, calcul des harmoniques de couple et calcul des forces radiales électromagnétiques. Enfin une procédure de dimensionnement de la MADA reposant sur l’optimisation par algorithme génétique est décrite. Cette procédure est appliquée à la transformation d'une machine synchrone existante à pôles saillants en une MADA. Deux cas sont traités: dans un premier temps seul le rotor est remplacé tandis que le stator reste le même, dans un deuxième temps la machine est entièrement redimensionnée.Mots Clés : Centrales Hydrauliques de Pompage Turbinage, Machine Asynchrone à Double Alimentation, Machine Synchrone à Pôles Saillants, Modélisation, Optimisation, Méthodes des Intégrales de FrontièresPumped-storage hydro power plants have been mainly working with fixed-speed synchronous motor-generators. However, using variable-speed machines and more particularly, Double-Fed Induction Machines (DFIM) brings many benefits: control of the power in pump mode, operation at the best efficiency point in turbine mode, higher stability in case of a perturbation. This work improves the knowledge of the electromagnetic behavior of the DFIM and proposes an optimization process of its design. The first part develops an analytical model standing mainly on the boundary element method and validates it using finite element simulations. This model makes it possible to consider several phenomena such as the magnetic circuit saturation, the harmonics generated by the stator and rotor windings and also the harmonics due to the doubly-slotted airgap. The second part applies the developed model to four subjects of interest for the machine designer: study of the no-load stator-voltage shape, calculation of the iron losses, electromagnetic torque harmonics and radial electromagnetic forces. Finally, the third part studies the dimensioning of the DFIM by using a genetic optimization algorithm. The process is applied to the transformation of an existing salient-pole synchronous machine into a DFIM. Two cases are treated: first, only the rotor is replaced while the stator remains unchanged and second, the machine is completely redesigned.Key words: Pumped-Storage Hydro Power Plants, Double-Fed Induction Machine, Salient-Pole Synchronous Machine, Modeling, Optimizing, Boundary-Element Method
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Edwall, Bill. "Virtual Power Plant Optimization Utilizing the FCR-N Market : A revenue maximization modelling study based on building components and a Battery Energy Storage System. Based on values from Sweden's first virtual power plant, Väla." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279520.
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Renewable energy resources are projected to claim a larger part of the Swedish power mix in coming years. This could potentially increase frequency fluctuations in the power grid due to the intermittency of renewable power generating resources. These fluctuations can in turn cause issues in the power grid if left unchecked. In order to resolve these issues, countermeasures are employed. One such countermeasure is for private actors to regulate power; in exchange they are financially compensated through reserve markets. The reserve market studied in this thesis is called Frequency Containment Reserve – Normal (FCR-N). Currently hydroelectric power provides almost all regulated power within this market. As the need for power regulation is expected to increase in the coming years, there exists a need to study other technologies capable of power regulation. This thesis focuses on one such technology called, virtual power plants. While virtual power plants are operating in other parts of the world, there were no virtual power plants operating in Sweden. As a result, the nature of an optimized virtual power plant and the economic benefits of optimization had not been previously investigated. To answer such questions, this thesis modelled and optimized the revenue of a virtual power plant. The examined virtual power plant consisted of cooling chillers, lighting, ventilation fans and a battery energy storage system. Where varying their total power demand allowed for them to provide power regulation. With the virtual power plant market in Sweden being in its infancy, this thesis serves as a first look into how an optimized virtual power plant using these components could function. To put the economic results of the optimization into context, a comparative model was constructed. The comparative model was based on a semi-static linear model. This is what the thesis’s industry partner Siemens currently uses. For the simulated scenarios, the optimized model generated at least 85% higher net revenues than the semi-static linear model. The increase in revenue holds potential to increase the uptake of virtual power plants on the Swedish market, thus increasing stability in the power grid and easing the transition to renewable energy.Då förnyelsebara energiresurser antas omfatta en större roll av den svenska elproduktionen inom kommande år, så kan detta leda till att frekvensfluktueringar i elnätet ökar. Detta sker på grund av att den oregelbundna elproduktionen från förnyelsebara energiresurser inte matchas med konsumtion. Om dessa fluktueringar inte hanteras kan det i sin tur leda till skadliga störningar inom elnätet. För att motverka detta och således stabilisera elnätet används diverse lösningar. Ett sätt att åstadkomma ökad stabilisering i elnätet är att låta privata aktörer kraftreglera. De privata aktörerna som står för kraftregleringen gör detta i utbyte mot ekonomisk kompensation, genom att delta i reservmarknader. Den reservmarknad som studerades inom detta examensarbete kallas Frequency Containment Reserve – Normal (FCR-N). I nuläget står vattenkraft för nästan all reglerad kraft inom den här marknaden. Men då behovet av kraftreglering antas öka inom kommande år så behövs nya teknologier studeras som kan bistå med kraftregleringen. Den studerade teknologin inom detta examensarbete var ett virtuellt kraftverk. Då inga virtuella kraftverk var i bruk i Sverige då denna uppsats skrevs fanns det osäkerheter kring hur man optimalt styr ett virtuellt kraftverk och de ekonomiska fördelarna som detta skulle kunna leda till. Detta examensarbete modellerade och optimerade ett virtuellt kraftverk ur ett vinstperspektiv. Det virtuella kraftverket var uppbyggt utav kylmaskiner, ljus, ventilationsfläktar och ett batterisystem. Deras kraftkonsumtion styrdes på ett sådant sätt som lätt de bidra till kraftreglering på reservmarknaden. För att kunna analysera de ekonomiska resultaten från det optimerade virtuella kraftverket, så byggdes en jämförelsemodell. Denna jämförelsemodell är baserad på en semistatisk linjär modell, vilket är det som examensarbetets industripartner Siemens använder. Den ekonomiska jämförelsens resultat påvisade att inkomsten från den optimerade modellen var minst 85% högre än den semistatiskt linjära modellen, inom de studerade scenarierna. Denna inkomstökning skulle potentiellt kunna öka användningen av virtuella kraftverk på den svenska reservmarknaden vilket i sin tur skulle medföra högre stabilitet på elnätet. Genom att öka stabiliteten på elnätet kan således förnyelsebara energiresurser i sin tur lättare implementeras.
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Darle, Maria, and Saga Lindqvist. "Identification of AdvantagesConnected to Aggregation of SeveralBattery Energy Storage Systems." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448432.
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In this study, an examination regarding what benefits an aggregatedpopulation of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) could result incompared to when the individual units in the population are being usedseparately has been executed. The increased flexibility and reducedsafety margins as results of the aggregation was also examined. Thestudy was executed on behalf of the smart energy service companyCheckWatt AB and the study furthermore rests upon results of earlierperformed master theses on behalf of the company. By investigating previous work and studies through a literature study,the enabling of anumerical study was done. The numerical study wasbased on a simple model of a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) where severalBESSs are smartly controlled in order to be used for both local peakshaving and as common providers of the frequency reserve FrequencyContainment Reserve - Normal (FCR-N). The study involved the formation of a numerical model which simulated cases of both aggregated and non-aggregated populations of up to 45 load profile units, this in order for advantages and differences to be distinguished. The data used inthe simulations was received mainly from the CheckWatt AB andconsisted of photovoltaic (PV) electricity production and load data of 45 customers of the company. A sensibility analysis of the numericalstudy was also performed, which showed that the studied model andsystem were quite stable. The results of the simulations of the case of the study proved thatthere are some advantages connected to aggregation of several BESSs,and that the aggregation enabled an added value and a higher level offlexibility within the system. The safety margins connected todelivery of FCR-N could be reduced when aggregating several BESS,while a more extensive study is requested regarding safety marginsconnected to peak shaving. The study’s results further showed that anaggregator can be used as a sustainable and flexible solution forbalancing the electrical grid in the transition to a sustainableenergy system allowing a higher penetration of intermittentenergy sources.
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Mantilla, Gutierrez Weimar. "Towards Flexible Power Generation Short-term Optimization of a Combined Cycle Power Plant Integrated with an Inlet Air Conditioning Unit." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263904.
Full textAbstract:
Combined cycle gas turbine power plants (CCGT), as part of the electricity generation fleet, are required to improve their flexibility to help balance the power system under new scenarios with high shares of variable renewable sources. Among the different possibilities to enhance the power plant performance, an inlet air conditioning unit offers the benefit of power augmentation and “minimum environmental load” reduction by controlling the gas turbine intake temperature using cold thermal energy storage and a heat pump. In this thesis, an evaluation of the conditioning unit impact over a power-oriented CCGT under a day-ahead optimized operation strategy is presented. To establish the hourly dispatch of the power plant and the right operation mode of the inlet condition unit bringing the desired benefits, a mixed-integer linear optimization was formulated aiming to maximize the operational profit of the plant within a 24 hours horizon. To assess the impact of the proposed unit operating under this control strategy, annual simulations of a reference power plant were developed with and without the unit, allowing to a comparison of their performance by means of technical and economic indicators. Furthermore, a case study changing equipment sizes was performed in order to identify trends of the power plant performance related to such parameters; and lastly, a sensitivity analysis on market conditions to test the control strategy response was included. The results indicate that the inlet conditioning unit together with the dispatch optimization increase the power plant operational profit trough the gain of power variation over peak and off-peak periods. For the specific case study in northern Italy, it is shown that a power plant integrated with the conditioning unit is more profitable in terms of net present value based on the undertaken investment figures. Related to the technical performance, it also shows that the unit reduces by 1,34% the minimal environmental load when part-load operations are required and that it can increase the net power output by 0.17% annually. All in all, this study presents the benefits of a dispatch optimization strategy when couple to a novel solution to increase CCGT flexibility.Elproducerande kombikraftverk (CCGT) förväntas förbättra sin flexibilitet för att kunna bidra till stabilisering av elnätet i framtida scenarier med ökande andel variabla, förnybara energikällor. Av de diverse metoder som finns att tillgå för att förbättra ett kraftverks prestanda, erbjuder en inluftsbehandlingsenhet både fördelar med kraftförbättring samt minskning av “minimun environmental load”; genom att med hjälp av kall termisk energilagring och en värmepump kontrollera gasens inluftstemperatur till gasturbinen. I den här uppsatsen undersöks hur en sådan inluftsbehandlingsenhet påverkar prestandan hos en kraftproduktionsfokuserad CCGT när en optimerad driftsstrategi introduceras. För att bestämma kraftverkets elproduktion vid varje timme och det korrekta driftläget för luftbehandlingsenheten (för att uppnå tidigare nämnda eftersökta fördelar) formulerades ett linjärt optimeringsproblem med syfte att maximera kraftverkets driftsförtjänst under ett 24-timmars tidsspann. För att bedöma den föreslagna inluftsbehandlingsenhetens inverkan under den optimerade driftsstrategin genomfördes simuleringar av ett referenskraftverk med och utan nämnda enhet, varpå en jämförelse med avseende på teknisk prestanda och ekonomi genomfördes. Vidare genomfördes en fallstudie där storlek på diverse utrustning varierades för att kunna identifiera trender i kraftverksprestanda baserat på dessa parametrar; slutligen genomfördes en känslighetsanalys rörande hur luftbehandlingsenheten och kontrollstrategin reagerar vid olika marknader.. Resultaten indikerar att en inluftsbehandlingsenhet tillsammans med en optimerad driftsstrategi ökar kraftverkets driftsvinning genom en ökad variation i kraftuttag över peak och off-peak timmar. För fallstudien i norra Italien fanns att ett kraftverk med integrerad luftbehandlingsenhet är mer lönsamt sett till nuvärdesanalys. Gällande teknisk prestanda visade resultaten att enheten minskar den minsta miljöbelastningen med 1,34 % när delbelastningsdrift fordras, och att det kan öka nettokraftuttag med 0,17% årligen. Sammanfattningsvis presenterar denna studie fördelarna med ett driftsoptimerat kraftverk kopplat till en ny lösning för att öka flexibilitet hos CCGT:er.
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Weerathunga, Lahiru. "ANALYSIS FOR AN ECONOMICALLY SUITABLE COAL TO PUTTALAM COAL POWER STATION TO RUN THE PLANT IN FULL LOAD CAPACITY." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-16344.
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Sri Lanka is an island at the Indian Ocean with 65234 km2 and it has a power demand of 2000 MW. The hydro power was the main power source before year 2000, after maximum usage of hydro power Sri Lanka installed fossil fuel power plant to achieve the demand. Then the electricity price gradually increased due to higher increment of fuel price. As the solution for this higher price of electricity the government has to go to new profitable power source the coal power. Finally year 2011 Puttalam coal power plant 300 MW x 1 was installed with the hope of providing the low cost reliable energy supply to Sri Lanka and it will be extended to 300MW x 3 plan in year 2015. Therefore the puttalam coal power plant is the key power plant to the Sri Lankan power generation and it is expected to have the maximum output (base load) to the Power demand of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka is a tropical country and it has two different weather seasons as rainy season and dry season. The puttalam power plant situated at Kalpitiya peninsula and it has normally dry weather condition, Months of April, October November and December have heavy rain condition (Meteorological Department, Sri Lanka, 2012). The puttalam coal power plant may not achieve full load because of high moisture content at rainy season. So this Thesis carried out to find the capability to achieve the full load with available plant, plant capacity by using different coal qualities. Then find the economical benefits and effect on the environment with the recommended coal for different seasons and also design a storage plan to coal storage at existing coal yard. Based on the historical data and the Meteorological department rain fall data and by doing a technical analysis the recommended coal type was selected and the capability of plant equipment capacity to the recommended coal to achieve the full load was analyzed. Then the coal storage plan was designed according to annual requirement of the different recommended coal and economical benefit was analyzed by considering last year cost for generated power and the generation cost, if recommended coal is used for last year. Finally flue gas analysis was carried out for the recommended coal to find the effect on the environment. The recommended coal for rainy season is with the heating value of 6600 kcal/kg and for dry season it is 6300 kcal/kg. The capacities of main boiler and other plant equipments are capable for the recommended coal to achieve the full load of the plant. Then the design of the coal storage plan was given under figure 4.2 and table 4.1. It was calculated that a profit of 3.932 million US$ can be achieved by using the recommended coal for the last year and also when compared with the changing price of oil and coal it will be more profitable for the future. Because the oil price increases very rapidly and the increase in coal price is very low compared to the oil price. Finally the SOx and NOx emissions from recommended coal were analyzed and it was within the environmental limits because of the high quality emission reduction plant equipments.
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Nuutinen, Antti, and Giovanni Graziano. "Towards Flexible Cogeneration: Techno-economic Optimization of Advanced Combined Cycle Combined Heat and Power Plants integrated with Heat Pumps and Thermal Energy Storage." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235820.
Full textAbstract:
The liberalization of electricity markets and a growing penetration of renewables is changing operation of electrical grids. The boundary conditions for the operation of conventional power plants are changing and, as such, an improved understanding of the varying loads and prices on the electricity grid is required to assess the performance of emerging combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) concepts and to further optimize their design for these new markets in the pursuit of increasing their profitability, especially when considering combined heat and power (CHP). To increase the flexibility of CCGT-CHP plants, three new plant layouts have been investigated by integrating different storage concepts and heat pumps in key sections of the traditional plant layout. The present study analyses the influence that market has on determining the optimum CCGT-CHP plant layout that maximizes profits (in terms of plant configuration, sizing and operation strategies) for a given location nearby Turin, Italy, for which hourly electricity and heat prices, as well as meteorological data, have been gathered. A multi-parameter approach for design and operation was followed using KTH’s and EPS’ techno-economic modeling tool DYESOPT. Results are shown by means of a comparative analysis between optimal plants found for each layout and the state-of-the art CCGT-CHP. It is shown that a plant configuration in which a cold storage unit is integrated together with a heat pump at the inlet of the gas turbine unit increases the net present value of the plant by approximately 0.3% when compared against conventional plant layouts. Using the same concept with a heat pump alone can improve lifetime profitability by 1.6%. A layout where district heating supply water is preheated with a combination of a heat pump with hot thermal tank increases plant profitability by up to 0.5%. This work has been performed as part of the PUMP-HEAT project, an EU Horizon 2020 research project in which KTH collaborates with other 13 stakeholders including industry and research institutions. The results will directly influence future work of the project.
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Ličman, Petr. "Návrh záložního energetického zdroje pro rodinný dům." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221216.
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This master's thesis deals with a design of backup power system, which will be using renewable energy sources, particularly solar energy. The first part describes the potential of solar power plant in the Czech Republic. The next parts describe types of photovoltaic systems, their components, design of photovoltaic systems and possibilities of controlling power consumption. Due to the fluctuating supply from renewable energy sources the thesis also deals with possibilities of predicting of the production electricity from these sources. In the practical part the design of backup power system for the house is done, which will also be working in summer as an optimizer for own consumption. A financial evaluation was done for this proposal.
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Santo, Luca. "AA-CAES physical modelling: integration of a 1D TES code and plant performance analysis." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad kärnfysik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-360448.
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The focus of this thesis work was the development of an approachto couple a previosly existing Thermal Energy Storage (TES) modelwritten in C++ with a Simulink/Simscape plant model to simulate anAdvanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage (AA-CAES) plant.After the creation and validation of such tool, the complete modelwas used to run simulations, with the aim of assessing the AA-CAESplant's performance under multiple patterns of charge anddischarge.Most of the works found in the literature only provide values ofstorage efficiency obtained from analytical approaches, whilethose that use simulation tools provide average values ofefficiencies when the plant is performing a series of identicalcycles of charge and discharge. During this thesis project,instead, simulations were performed for consecutive irregularcycles determined as the plant response to the electric grid powerrequest. The average efficiency values obtained provide thereforea better representation of how the plant would perform in realapplications.The results show that, under the assumptions made, the AA-CAESplant's overall storage efficiency is influenced very weakly byalterations of the charge-discharge patterns, and that goodperformances can be expected not only for identical chargedischargeconsucutive cycles, but for any pattern that observesthe cavern pressure limits, as long as the thermal energy storageis sized wisely.In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed in order toassess the influence of turbomachinery efficiency on overallstorage efficiency, for a specified plant layout. The results showthat the turbine efficiency is the most affecting parameter to theplant's performance, while the impact of the main compressors'sinefficiency is mitigated by the thermal recovery that takes placein the TES.The present work confirms that AA-CAES is a promising technologyand that storage efficiencies above 70% can be achieved even inrealistic production scenarios.Finally, future steps for more accurate simulations of plants'performances and more detailed energy production scenarios areproposed.MSc ET 18007Examinator: Joakim WidénÄmnesgranskare: Ane HåkanssonHandledare:
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Zhou, Jieyun. "Real options valuation in energy markets." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33985.
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Real options have been widely applied to analyze investment planning and asset valuation under uncertainty in many industries, especially energy markets. Because of their close analogy to financial options, real options can be valued using the classical financial option pricing theories and their extensions. However, as real options valuation often involves complex payoff structures and operational constraints of the underlying real assets or projects, accurate and flexible methods for solving the valuation problem are essential. This thesis investigates three different approaches to real options valuation and contributes to aspects of modeling realism and computational efficiency. The contributions are illustrated through two important applications of real options in energy markets: natural gas storage and power plant valuation.
Because spread options are commonly used in basic real options valuation techniques, the first part of the thesis addresses the problems of spread option pricing and hedging. We develop a new
closed-form approximation method for pricing two-asset spread options. Numerical analysis shows that our method is more accurate than existing analytical approximations. Our method is also extremely fast, with computing time more than two orders of magnitude shorter than one-dimensional numerical integration. Closed-form approximations for the Greeks of spread options are also developed. In addition, we analyze the price sensitivities of spread options and provide lower and upper bounds for digital spread options.
We then further generalize the above results to multi-asset spread options on an arbitrary number of assets. We provide two new closed-form approximation methods for pricing spread options on a basket of risky assets: the extended Kirk approximation and the second-order boundary approximation. Numerical analysis shows that
both methods are extremely fast and accurate, with the latter method more accurate than the former. Closed-form approximations for important Greeks are also derived. Because our approximation
methods enable the accurate pricing of a bulk volume of spread options on two or more assets in real time, it offers traders a potential edge in a dynamic market environment.
In the third part of this thesis, we propose a market-based valuation framework for valuing natural gas storage facility with realistic operational characteristics. The operational process is modeled as a multi-stage stochastic optimization problem. We develop a Gaussian quadrature scheme to solve for the dynamically
optimal spot trading strategy and show that the computational efficiency of this method exceeds existing approaches in about two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, with this flexible quadrature scheme, we propose to value a gas storage based on a novel hybrid trading strategy that successfully incorporates both spot and
forward trading, thus improving the storage valuation significantly by accounting for both the inter-month and intra-month operational flexibilities and price volatility.
In the fourth part of this work, we develop a continuous-time formulation for power plant valuation in infinite time horizon. We propose a real-option-based model for a power plant to account for the embedded operational flexibility. This model incorporates start-up and shut-down costs as two major operational constraints.
Under this continuous valuation model, spark spread is modeled directly as a continuous stochastic process to take account of the
long term co-integration relationship between electricity and fuel prices. Instead of discretizing the stochastic process, we
preserve continuity of the stochastic spark spread process and work directly with the value function. Closed-form of value function under threshold policy is obtained. The corresponding
optimal operational strategy can then be solved. The advantage of this approach is that it reduces computational complexity while incorporates major operation characteristics. It enables fast
computation of a power plant value that approximates the real market value and sensitivity analysis of the asset value with
respect to the cost parameters of a power plant and the distribution parameters of spark spread.
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Havránek, Miroslav. "Větrná elektrárna grid-off, princip, účinnost, návratnost." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220157.
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This Master´s thesis deals with problematics of wind powered generators and their use in off-grid systems. In its first chapters aspects of wind as a power source are analyzed. Further on the thesis focuses on individual components of the off-grid systems. Also designing procedures of these systems are presented in the paper. The key parts of the thesis are 3 off-grid wind power system designs, which can be used to power a family house, and their energetical and economical evaluation.
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Klein, Jackson Alexander. "Energy Harvesting Opportunities Throughout the Nuclear Power Cycle for Self-Powered Wireless Sensor Nodes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78031.
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Dedicated sensors are widely used throughout many industries to monitor everyday operations, maintain safety, and report performance characteristics. In order to adopt a more sustainable solution, much research is being applied to self-powered sensing, implementing solutions which harvest wasted ambient energy sources to power these dedicated sensors. The adoption of not only wireless sensor nodes, but also self-powered capabilities in the nuclear energy process is critical as it can address issues in the overall safety and longevity of nuclear power. The removal of wires for data and power transmission can greatly reduce the cost of both installation and upkeep of power plants, while self-powered capabilities can further reduce effort and money spent in replacing batteries, and importantly may enable sensors to work even in losses to power across the plant, increasing plant safety. This thesis outlines three harvesting opportunities in the nuclear energy process from: thermal, vibration, and radiation sources in the main structure of the power plant, and from thermal and radiation energy from spent fuel in dry cask storage. Thermal energy harvesters for the primary and secondary coolant loops are outlined, and experimental analysis done on their longevity in high-radiation environments is discussed. A vibrational energy harvester for large rotating plant machine vibration is designed, prototyped, and tested, and a model is produced to describe its motion and energy output. Finally, an introduction to the design of a gamma radiation and thermal energy harvester for spent nuclear fuel canisters is discussed, and further research steps are suggested.Master of Science
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Zeman, Daniel. "Návrh technického provedení FVE včetně systému řízení pro komerční objekt v souladu s platnými pravidly pro program ÚSPORY ENERGIE - FVE." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377121.
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Main purpose of the thesis is to create proposal of the photovoltaic hybrid system for commercial building in accordance with applicable rules for energy savings program. The introductory part of the thesis describes the rules regarding the photovoltaic system parts. The next part of the thesis describes the available technical solution for realization of the photovoltaic system design and the possibilities of electric energy accumulation in these systems and how to deal with power overflows using the power flow controller and what is the negative impacts on the distribution network when switching the connected load. In the next part the design of the PV system is carried out according to the valid assumptions described in the theoretical part of the thesis. Verification of power flow controller and measurement results in UEEN laboratories. The last part of the thesis is an evaluation of the economic part of the proposed system.
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Lind, Mårten. "Opportunities and uncertainties in the early stages of development of CO2 capture and storage." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10985.
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The topic of this thesis is carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS), which is a technology that is currently being promoted by industries, scientists and governments, among others, in order to mitigate climate change despite a continued use of fossil fuels. Because of the complex nature of CCS and the risks it entails, it is controversial. The aim of this thesis is to analyse how the technology may be further developed in a responsible manner. In the first part of the thesis different methods for capturing CO2 from industrial processes as well as power plants are analysed. The aim is to identify early opportunities for CO2 capture, which is considered important because of the urgency of the climate change problem. Three potential early opportunities are studied: i) capturing CO2 from calcining processes such as cement industries by using the oxyfuel process, ii) capturing CO2 from pressurised flue gas, and iii) capturing CO2 from hybrid combined cycles. Each opportunity has properties that may make them competitive in comparison to the more common alternatives if CCS is realised. However, there are also drawbacks. For example, while capturing CO2 from pressurised flue gas enables the use of more compact capture plant designs as well as less expensive and less toxic absorbents, the concept is neither suitable for retrofitting nor has it been promoted by the large and influential corporations. The second part of the thesis has a broader scope than the first and is multidisciplinary in its nature with inspiration from the research field of Science and Technology Studies (STS). The approach is to critically analyse stakeholder percep-tions regarding CCS, with a specific focus on the CCS experts. The thesis sheds new light on the complexity and scientific uncertainty of CCS as well as on the optimism among many of its proponents. Because of the uncertain development when it comes to climate change, fossil fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions, the conclusion is that CCS has to be further developed and demonstrated. A responsible strategy for a future development of CCS would benefit from: i) a search for win-win strategies, ii) increasing use of appropriate analytical tools such as life-cycle analysis, iii) a consideration of fossil fuel scarcity and increasing price volatility, iv) funding of unbiased research and v) increasing simultaneous investments in long-term solutions such as renewable energy alternatives and efficiency improvements.QC 20100727
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Streckienė, Giedrė. "Kogeneracinės jėgainės šilumos akumuliacinės talpos veikimo režimų tyrimai." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110621_170130-49881.
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Disertacijoje nagrinėjami būdingi šilumos akumuliacinės talpos veikimo režimai, susiformuojantys nedidelės galios kogeneracinėje jėgainėje, tiriamas šiluminės stratifikacijos susidarymas tokioje talpoje ir atliekamas jos modeliavimas. Pagrindinis disertacijos tikslas – ištirti nedidelės galios kogeneracinės jėgainės šilumos akumuliacinės talpos veikimo režimų ypatumus, sudaryti algoritmą, padedantį parinkti tokios talpos tūrį ir pateikti modelį, leidžiantį nustatyti šiluminę stratifikaciją akumuliacinėje talpoje bet kuriuo jos veikimo metu.The dissertation investigates typical operation modes of the heat storage tank in the small-scale cogeneration (CHP) plant, analyses formation of thermal stratifi-cation in such storage tank and presents the simulation of the stratification. The main aim of the dissertation is to investigate peculiarities of operation modes of heat storage tank in small-scale CHP plant, develop an algorithm allowing to choose the storage tank volume and present a model allowing determination of thermal stratification in the storage tank at any time of its operation.
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Straka, Michal. "Využití fotovoltaických systémů v Off-grid aplikacích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219396.
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This masters thesis deals with the use of off-grid photovoltaic systems. First we explain the problems associated with the power and energy potential of photovoltaic system components, design of photovoltaic systems for autonomous operation and the financial evaluation. The result of the masters thesis is to create an application used to design the island system in the whole output range (the smallest power systems to house systems application). The conclusion of the masters thesis is devoted to designing three type of projects from our application – a garden cottage, a family cottage and the house.
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Beltran, San Segundo Hector. "Energy storage systems integration into PV power plants." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/77922.
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The boom experienced by renewable sources in recent years has changed their consideration as a marginal component of the electrical system mix into a major player with an important role in the demand coverage in many countries. Regarding the PV technology, its weight within the electrical systems in countries such as Germany, Spain and Japan suggests that integration problems may arise if the current installation trends are maintained. Most of these problems are connected to one of its main handicaps: its stochasticity and its high level of intermittency, both characteristics clearly dependent on weather.
This work is dedicated to the analysis of one possible solution to achieve a higher penetration rate of the photovoltaic technology in the grid which is, according to the literature, the introduction of an energy storage system in parallel with PV plants. The ultimate objective in the study reported in this Thesis dissertation is to provide PV power plants with the ability to generate solar energy in a controlled and, if possible, constant way so that these could access both the day and intraday electricity markets.
The analysis of the storage system characteristics , focusing the interest on the amount of energy and power that this system would require when operating the photovoltaic plant in accordance with a specific energy management strategy while avoiding saturations, requires a good knowledge of solar resource. At present, there has not been any major and exhaustive campaign to measure the radiation with sampling periods below 15 minutes. Therefore, the solar resource can only be estimated by using statistically-based data and weighted averages. These data come from sources in the space (satellites) and from meteorological stations in the Earth's surface. This work uses information extracted from one of the most accepted solar radiation databases, the PVGIS database developed by the European Union. Moreover, real data measured in a particular place in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, where the analysis of the energy storage requirements has been centered, are also used. Both data sets have been cross validated in order to verify their credibility and agreement degree.
On the other hand, there are multiple energy storage technologies that can be currently identified as potential candidates to be included in photovoltaic power plants to integrate future hybrid plants with controlled production. A review of these technologies, along with a description of their main features highlighting their strengths and limitations, is included in this Thesis work. Using the comparison as a method, which has been performed considering various factors associated to the storage technology itself (geographical dependence, state of development, energy and power rated levels achieved by each technology) but also taking into account the operation conditions at which the storage will be subject in a photovoltaic power plant, one technology is highlighted as the candidate to be used in this application.
Finally, this Thesis proposes various energy management strategies to control power production in photovoltaic power plants integrating an energy storage system. Some of these strategies are directed to incorporate the plant to the electricity market while others simply pretend to reduce the variability of the production. For each of them, an estimate of the energy storage system required energy capacity has been obtained. These estimates allow having a rough approximation of the energy requirements, as well as an estimate of the additional cost, that this solution would imply. Among the various energy management configurations proposed, some of them provide results technically feasible on the one hand and, on the other hand, also interesting outcomes from an economic point of view, as the regulatory framework governing the electricity markets becomes gradually adapted to the new and evolving reality of the electric power system.
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Patocka, Filip. "Environmental Impacts of Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plants." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for vann- og miljøteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26677.
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Massive development of new renewable energy sources is taking place all over the world in 21st century and Europe is not an exception. Wind turbine parks are being planned and built on shore, in coastal zones and in the seas of European countries.With such a development of renewable sources comes a challenge of stable and continuous supply of electrical power which meets the demand. Renewable energy sources often have power output which cannot be easily regulated according to demand, but are rather fully dependent on forces in nature, such as a wind speed for wind power turbines, or solar radiation for photovoltaic solar modules. This problem has to be handled in order to ensure the safe and reliable operation of electricity grid in the future, which is capable of connecting the renewable energy input.This thesis is a continuation of suitability exploration of a current Norwegian hydropower system as so called the Green battery of Europe. This balancing system could secure the planned European wind power projects during situations when the production is larger than the demand by storing energy in upper reservoirs using pumping storage hydropower. During conditions when the demand is larger than generated energy the extra input can be produced by Norwegian hydropower system as well.The specific focus of this thesis is on evaluating the potential environmental impacts on Totak reservoir in Telemark county in Norway, caused by development of pumping storage hydropower. This hydropower plant is considered as a part of the system balancing the power output from TradeWind project, which is a wind power capacity scenario project for year 2030 consisting of 94,6GW of installed capacity in the North Sea in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, UK, Netherlands and Norway.During the work in this thesis, model of pumping storage hydropower plant between Totak and Songavatnet reservoirs was used to calculate characteristics of operation as water level fluctuation characteristics, transferred water volumes and other characteristics for two variants of installed power output within period of 2000-2006.Results of the pumping model were used to model the changes in temperature regime and ice formation of Totak reservoir. This was done by MyLake model developed by Norwegian Institute for Water Research in Oslo and further modified at NTNU for usage in reservoirs. With this so called MyLakeR model I modelled the temperature regime and ice cover in period of 2000-2006 for both current situation and situation after developing the pumping storage hydropower.This thesis provides the required complete hydrological forcing from pumping storage hydropower plant to the environment. Actual evaluation of impacts is often dependent on particular data which has to be collected on site, therefore only evaluation of potential impacts was done when the relevant data were available.Pumping model has proven to be a powerful and reliable tool. MyLakeR model showed that the modification done on a lake model allows successful modelling on more complex sites such as Totak reservoir. It also showed that for an ice routine of the model there is a need for further adjustments in order to model the ice cover regime affected by pumping storage hydropower.
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Allen, Kenneth Guy. "Rock bed thermal storage for concentrating solar power plants." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86521.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Concentrating solar power plants are a promising means of generating electricity. However, they are dependent on the sun as a source of energy, and require thermal storage to supply power on demand. At present thermal storage – usually molten salt – although functional, is expensive, and a cheaper solution is desired. It is proposed that sensible heat storage in a packed bed of rock, with air as heat transfer medium, is suitable at temperatures of 500 – 600 °C. To determine if this concept is technically feasible and economically competitive with existing storage, rock properties, packed bed pressure drop and thermal characteristics must be understood. This work addresses these topics. No previously published data is available on thermal cycling resistance of South African rock, and there is limited data from other countries in the proposed temperature range for long-term thermal cycling, so samples were thermally cycled. There is rock which is suitable for thermal storage applications at temperatures of 500 – 600 °C. New maps of South Africa showing where potentially suitable rock is available were produced. Dolerite, found extensively in the Karoo, is particularly suitable. Friction factors were measured for beds of different particles to determine the importance of roughness, shape, and packing arrangement. Five sets of rock were also tested, giving a combined dataset broader than published in any previous study. Limitations of existing correlations are shown. The friction factor is highly dependent on particle shape and, in the case of asymmetric particles, packing method. The friction factor varied by up to 70 % for crushed rock depending on the direction in which it was poured into the test section, probably caused by the orientation of the asymmetric rock relative to the air flow direction. This has not been reported before for rock beds. New isothermal correlations using the volume equivalent particle diameter are given: they are within 15 % of the measurements. This work will allow a techno-economic evaluation of crushed rock beds using more accurate predictions of pumping power than could previously be made. Thermal tests below 80 °C show that bed heat transfer is insensitive to particle shape or type. A heat transfer correlation for air in terms of the volume equivalent diameter was formulated and combined with the E-NTU method. The predicted bed outlet temperatures are within 5 °C of the measurements for tests at 530 °C, showing that the influence of thermal conduction and radiation can be reasonably negligible for a single charge/discharge cycle at mass fluxes around 0.2 kg/m2s. A novel method for finding the optimum particle size and bed length is given: The Biot number is fixed, and the net income (income less bed cost) from a steam cycle supplied by heat from the bed is calculated. A simplified calculation using the method shows that the optimum particle size is approximately 20 mm for bed lengths of 6 – 7 m. Depending on the containment design and cost, the capital cost could be an order of magnitude lower than a nitrate salt system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gekonsentreerde son-energie kragstasies is n belowende manier om elektrisiteit op te wek, maar hulle is afhanklik van die son as n bron van energie. Om drywing op aanvraag te voorsien moet hulle energie stoor. Tans is termiese stoor – gewoonlik gesmelte sout – hoewel funksioneel, duur, en n goedkoper oplossing word gesoek. Daar word voorgestel dat stoor van voelbare warmte-energie in n gepakte rotsbed met lug as warmteoordrag medium geskik is by temperature van 500 – 600 °C. Om te bepaal of dié konsep tegnies gangbaar en ekonomies mededingend met bestaande stoorstelsels is, moet rotseienskappe, gepakte bed drukval en hitteoordrag verstaan word. Hierdie werk spreek hierdie aspekte aan. Geen voorheen gepubliseerde data is beskikbaar oor die termiese siklus weerstand van Suid-Afrikaanse rots nie, en daar is beperkte data van ander lande in die voorgestelde temperatuurbereik, dus is monsters onderwerp aan termiese siklusse. Daar bestaan rots wat geskik is vir termiese stoor toepassings by temperature van 500 – 600 °C. Nuwe kaarte van Suid-Afrika is opgestel om te wys waar potensieel geskikte rots beskikbaar is. Doleriet, wat wyd in die Karoo voor kom, blyk om veral geskik te wees. Wrywingsfaktore is gemeet vir beddens van verskillende partikels om die belangrikheid van grofheid, vorm en pak-rangskikking te bepaal. Vyf rotsstelle is ook getoets, wat n saamgestelde datastel gee wyer as in enige gepubliseerde studie. Beperkings van bestaande korrelasies word aangetoon. Die wrywingsfaktor is hoogs sensitief vir partikelvorm en, in die geval van asimmetriese partikels, pakkings metode. Die wrywingsfaktor het met tot 70 % gevarieer vir gebreekte rots, afhanklik van die rigting waarin dit in die toetsseksie neergelê is. Dit is waarskynlik veroorsaak deur die oriëntasie van die asimmetriese rots relatief tot die lugvloei rigting, en is nie voorheen vir rotsbeddens gerapporteer nie. Nuwe isotermiese korrelasies wat gebruik maak van die volume-ekwivalente partikel deursnee word gegee: hulle voorspel binne 15 % van die gemete waardes. Hierdie werk sal n tegno-ekonomiese studie van rotsbeddens toelaat wat meer akkurate voorspellings van pompdrywing gebruik as voorheen moontlik was. Termiese toetse onder 80 °C wys dat die warmteoordrag nie baie sensitief is vir partikelvorm en -tipe nie. n Warmte-oordragskorrelasie vir lug in terme van die volume-ekwivalente deursnee is ontwikkel en met die E-NTU-metode gekombineer. Die voorspelde lug uitlaat temperatuur is binne 5 °C van die meting vir toetse by 530 °C. Dit wys dat termiese geleiding en straling redelikerwys buite rekening gelaat kan word vir n enkele laai/ontlaai siklus by massa vloeitempos van omtrent 0.2 kg/m2s. n Oorspronklike metode vir die bepaling van die optimum partikelgrootte en bedlengte word gegee: Die Biot-getal is vas, en die netto inkomste (die inkomste minus die bed omkoste) van n stoomsiklus voorsien met warmte van die bed word bereken. n Vereenvoudigde berekening wat die metode gebruik wys dat die optimum grootte en lengte ongeveer 20 mm en 6-7 m is. Afhangende van die behoueringsontwerp en koste, kan die kapitale koste n orde kleiner wees as dié van n gesmelte nitraatsout stelsel
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Saez, de ibarra martinez de contrasta Andoni. "Dimensionnement et contrôle-commande optimisé des systèmes de stockage énergétique pour la participation au marché de l'électricité des parcs photovoltaïques intelligents." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT057/document.
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L’objet de cette thèse est l’intégration des parcs photovoltaïques intelligents au marché de l’électricité dans un environnement de libre concurrence. Les centrales photovoltaïques intelligentes sont celles qu’incluent systèmes de stockage pour réduire sa variabilité et en plus fournir à l’ensemble une plus grande contrôlabilité. Ces objectives techniques sont obtenues grâce à la capacité bidirectionnelle d’échange et stockage d’énergie qu’apportent les systèmes de stockage, dans ce cas, les batteries. Pour obtenir la rentabilité maximale des systèmes de stockage, le dimensionnement doit être optimisé en même temps que la stratégie de gestion avec laquelle le système de stockage est commandé. Dans cette thèse, une fois la technologie de stockage plus adapté à l’application photovoltaïque est sélectionnée, à savoir la technologie de lithium-ion, une participation innovatrice de part des parcs photovoltaïques intelligents dans le marché de l’électricité est proposée qui optimise à la fois le dimensionnement et la stratégie de gestion d’une manière simultanée. Ce processus d'optimisation ainsi que la participation au marché de l'électricité a été appliquée dans un cas d’étude réel, ce qui confirme que cette procédure permet de maximiser la rentabilité économique de ce type de productionThe present PhD deals with the integration of intelligent photovoltaic (IPV) power plants in the electricity markets in an environment subject to free competition. The IPV power plants are those that include energy storage systems to reduce the variability and to provide the entire group a controllability increase. These technical objectives are obtained thanks to the bidirectional exchanging and storing capability that the storage system contributes to, in this case, battery energy storage system (BESS). In order to obtain the maximum profitability of the BESS, the sizing must be optimized together with the control strategy that the BESS will be operated with. In the present PhD, once the most performing battery energy storage technology has been selected, the lithium-ion technology, an innovative IPV power plant electricity market participation process is proposed which optimizes both the sizing and the energy management strategy in the same optimization step. This optimization process together with the electricity market participation has been applied in a real case study, confirming that this procedure permits to maximize the economic profitability of this type of generation
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Prudek, Stanislav. "Modely silové části regulace vodní turbiny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228650.
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This thesis deals with modelling and simulation of the power set of pumped storage hydro plant. This power set control opening/closing the stator blades of Francis reverse turbine in Dalesice. It is a positional servomechanism where input signal is desired value of turbine opening. The goal of this work is to create computer modell of this power set in Matlab-Simulink. This modell must be comparable with properties of real power set and after modification usefull to other water power plants. Characteristics of computer modell can be verify with real measuring.
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Edwards, Jacob N. "Thermal energy storage for nuclear power applications." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/36238.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering
Hitesh Bindra
Storing excess thermal energy in a storage media that can later be extracted during peak-load times is one of the better economical options for nuclear power in future. Thermal energy storage integration with light water-cooled and advanced nuclear power plants is analyzed to assess technical feasibility of different storage media options. Various choices are considered in this study; molten salts, synthetic heat transfer fluids, and packed beds of solid rocks or ceramics. In-depth quantitative assessment of these integration possibilities are then analyzed using exergy analysis and energy density models. The exergy efficiency of thermal energy storage systems is quantified based on second law thermodynamics. The packed bed of solid rocks is identified as one of the only options which can be integrated with upcoming small modular reactors. Directly storing thermal energy from saturated steam into packed bed of rocks is a very complex physical process due to phase transformation, two phase flow in irregular geometries and percolating irregular condensate flow. In order to examine the integrated physical aspects of this process, the energy transport during direct steam injection and condensation in the dry cold randomly packed bed of spherical alumina particles was experimentally and theoretically studied. This experimental setup ensures controlled condensation process without introducing significant changes in the thermal state or material characteristics of heat sink. Steam fronts at different flow rates were introduced in a cylindrical packed bed and thermal response of the media was observed. The governing heat transfer modes in the media are completely dependent upon the rate of steam injection into the system. A distinct differentiation between the effects of heat conduction and advection in the bed were observed with slower steam injection rates. A phenomenological semi-analytical model is developed for predicting quantitative thermal behavior of the packed bed and understanding physics. The semi-analytical model results are compared with the experimental data for the validation purposes. The steam condensation process in packed beds is very stable under all circumstances and there is no effect of flow fluctuations on thermal stratification in packed beds. With these experimental and analytical studies, it can be concluded that packed beds have potential for thermal storage applications with steam as heat transfer fluid. The stable stratification and condensation process in packed beds led to design of a novel passive safety heat removal system for advanced boiling water reactors.
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Goemaere, Loïc. "Comparaison de la production de trois technologies différentes de panneaux solaires en fonctionnement réel avec suivi du soleil et intégration de batteries lithium innovantes adaptées au stockage des énergies intermittentes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20211/document.
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Dans une vision de développement durable et d'indépendance énergétique visant l'intégration massive des énergies renouvelables à moyen terme dans le mix énergétique, les travaux menés au cours de cette thèse se sont axés sur deux thématiques :- d'une part, la comparaison de la production de trois technologies différentes de panneaux solaires (silicium, silicium avec concentration, CdTe) en fonctionnement réel dans une centrale photovoltaïque au sol dotée du suivi deux axes de la course du soleil ;- d'autre part et étant donné la nature intermittente de l'énergie photovoltaïque et son non-synchronisme avec la consommation, le développement et l'intégration de batteries à base de lithium comme moyen de stockage électrochimique de l'énergie photovoltaïque. L'approche est novatrice et a permis l'étude de nouveaux composés d'électrodes étudiés sous contraintes photovoltaïques réelles et utilisant différentes stratégies de restitution de l'énergie en vue du déploiement prochain des réseaux intelligents. Les simulations portent sur des accumulateurs de petites tailles classiquement utilisés dans les laboratoires de recherche mais préfigurant ce qui pourra être construit à plus grande tailleIn a vision of sustainable development and energy independence aiming at the massive integration of the medium-term renewable energies in the energy mix, the research works are centered on two themes:- On one hand, the comparison of the production of three technologies different from solar panels (silicon, silicon with concentration, CdTe) installed into a photovoltaic power plant with 2-axes sun tracking;- On the other hand and given the intermittent nature of the photovoltaic energy and its non-simultaneity with the consumption, the development and the integration of batteries with lithium as means of electrochemical storage of the photovoltaic energy. The approach is innovative and allowed the study of new compounds of electrodes studied under real photovoltaic constraints and using various strategies of return of the energy with the aim of the next deployment of the intelligent networks. The simulations concern batteries of small sizes classically used in research laboratories but prefiguring what can be built in bigger size
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Miranda, Gilda. "Dispatch Optimizer for Concentrated Solar Power Plants." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Byggteknik och byggd miljö, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-402436.
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Concentrating solar power (CSP) plant is a promising technology that exploits direct normal irradiation (DNI) from the sun to be converted into thermal energy in the solar field. One of the advantages of CSP technology is the possibility to store thermal energy in thermal energy storage (TES) for later production of electricity. The integration of thermal storage allows the CSP plant to be a dispatchable system which is defined as having a capability to schedule its operation using an innovative dispatch planning tool. Considering weather forecast and electricity price profile in the market, dispatch planning tool uses an optimization algorithm. It aims to shift the schedule of electricity delivery to the hours with high electricity price. These hours are usually reflected by the high demand periods. The implementation of dispatch optimizer can benefit the CSP plants economically from the received financial revenues. This study proposes an optimization of dispatch planning strategies for the parabolic trough CSP plant under two dispatch approaches: solar driven and storage driven. The performed simulation improves the generation of electricity which reflects to the increase of financial revenue from the electricity sale in both solar and storage driven approaches. Moreover, the optimization also proves to reduce the amount of dumped thermal energy from the solar field.
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Beijner, David. "Ökad lokal nytta av förnyelsebar energiproduktion med hybridkraftverk." Thesis, KTH, Hälsoinformatik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-224655.
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Förnyelsebar och miljövänlig elproduktion är en förutsättning för det mer eller mindre miljömässigt positiva värdet hos de produkter och processer som förbrukar elenergi. Det räcker inte med att dessa produkter och processer är effektiva i sitt användande av el om denna el är producerad med icke förnyelsebara metoder. Målet simuleringsprogram som kan simulera ett hybridkraftverk som använder sig av vindkraft och vattenkraft. Resultatet av detta projekt är ett simuleringsprogram som kan uppskatta storleken på ett pumpkraftverk i form av hur många megawatt dess vattenturbin behöver vara samt hur stor reservoar som behövs. Dessutom uppskattas hur många vindkraftverk som krävs i kombination med vattenkraftverket för att nå en önskad minskning av elektricitet från icke förnyelsebara källor. med detta projekt är skapandet av ettRenewable and environmentally friendly electricity production is a necessity for the relative positive value of the products and processes that consumes electricity. It is not enough that these products and processes in and of themselves are effective in their use of electricity if that electricity is produced with non- renewable means. The goal of this project is the creation of a simulation software that can simulate a hybrid powerplant composed of wind turbines and a hydro powerplant. The result of this project is a simulation software that is able is to approximate the size of a pumped-storage megawatts and the size of the reservoir needed. In addition, the software calculates the amount of wind turbines needed in combination with the hydro powerplant to achieve a desired decrease in non-renewable electricity.
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Dincer, Ali Ersin. "Investigation Of Waterhammer Problems In The Penstocks Of Pumped-storage Power Plants." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615452/index.pdf.
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Waterhammer is an undesirable event, caused by sudden flow changes in a confined pipe system. When it occurs, its consequences can be very costly and even sometimes deadly. In general, it may be encountered in the penstocks of hydropower plants, water transmission lines, water networks, etc. Therefore, the operation guidelines of the hydropower plants should be defined correctly. In this thesis, waterhammer problems in pumped storage hydropower plants are investigated. Time dependent flow conditions in the penstocks are studied by the help of computer software, HAMMER. The software solves nonlinear differential equations by using method of characteristics. Firstly, hydraulic transients for various operational cases are investigated using some scenarios. Then a surge tank, protective device for waterhammer, is added to the system and for the same operational cases, hydraulic transients are studied again. Finally, the results obtained from the operation of the system with and without surge tank are compared. Wind-hydro hybrid systems are also included in the study.
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MARIANO, MARIA DE OLIVEIRA CRUZ. "PUMPED STORAGE POWER PLANTS: CONSIDERATIONS ON SLOPE STABI-LITY UNDER RAPID DRAWDOWN." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=34195@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
A preocupação com a preservação ambiental e a sustentabilidade, cada vez mais presente em todos os aspectos da vida do mundo atual, conduz, mais e mais, à busca por fontes de energia limpa, renovável e minimamente agressivas ao meio ambiente. Dentro desse quadro, as usinas hidrelétricas reversíveis - UHRs - retornam mais uma vez como alternativa para matrizes de energia ao produzir energia incomparavelmente mais limpa e racional do que fontes tais como termoelétricas, muito utilizadas na regulação dos picos de consumo de energia. Entretanto, por sua operação peculiar, com ciclos curtos e frequentes de enchimento e rebaixamento do nível de água de seus lagos, o projeto para reservatórios das UHRs não está perfeitamente contemplado nos procedimentos normativos brasileiros usuais para o projeto de usinas hidrelétricas, carecendo de orientações adequadas para o tratamento das margens desses lagos, cuja instabilidade pode levar a problemas econômicos e ambientais bastante inconvenientes. Atento a este problema, este trabalho apresenta um resumo das principais metodologias de análise de estabilidade de taludes sujei-tos a rebaixamento rápido e identifica as potencialidades e limitações dos métodos de equilíbrio limite e numéricos usualmente utilizados, especialmente para o caso das UHRs. Foram apresentadas soluções de tratamento de taludes das margens de reservatórios para usinas reversíveis. O caso das rupturas às margens do reservatório da usina hidrelétrica de Santa Branca é apresentado para ilustrar a gravidade do problema e contribuiu para identificar as limitações para que os referidos métodos sejam efetivamente aplicados. A conclusão do trabalho é que estudos de viabilidade e de projeto de usinas hidrelétricas devem ser aprimorados para incluir as metodologias de estudo de estabilidade na condição de rebaixamento rápido mais atuais, especialmente para taludes marginais, cuja estabilidade condiciona a operação das UHRs, antevendo a possível introdução desta solução na matriz energética brasileira. Por fim, o presente trabalho apresenta recomendações para o aprimoramento dos estudos de viabilidade para a implantação de usinas hidrelétricas reversíveis, considerando o conteúdo dos manuais brasileiros.
Concern about environmental preservation and sustainability, which is increa-singly present in all aspects of life currently, leads to the growth of a search for sources of energy that are clean, renewable and minimally aggressive for the environment. Within this framework, pumped storage power plants - PSPP - return once again as an alternative to energy matrices by producing incomparably cleaner and more rational energy than sources such as thermoelectric, widely used in the regulation of energy consumption peaks. However, due to its peculiar operation, with short and frequent cycles of filling and lowering of the water level of its lakes, the designs of PSPP reservoirs are not entirely covered by the usual Brazilian guidelines for design of hydroelectric plants, lacking appropriate guidance for the treatment of the margins from such reservoirs, whose destabilization can lead to very inconvenient economic and environmental issues. Regardful of this problem, this study presents a summary of the main methods of analysis of stability of slopes subjected to rapid drawdown and identifies the potentialities and limitations of the limit equilibrium methods and numerical methods usually used, especially for the case of PSPP. Slope stabilizations solutions for reservoir banks subjected to rapid drawdowns were presented. The case of the ruptures along the Santa Branca hydroelectric power plant reservoir is presented to illustrate the severity of the problem and has helped to identify the limitations for the effective application of these methods. The conclusion of this study is that feasibility studies and hydropower plant design should be improved in order to include more up-to-date methods of analysis of slope stability under rapid drawdown condition, especially for marginal slopes, which stability conditions the operation of PSPPs, foreseeing the possible introduction of this solution in the Brazilian energy matrix. Finally, this work presents recommendations for the improvement of feasibility studies for the implementation of PSPPs, considering the content of Brazilian guidelines.
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Smugala, Ondrej. "Řízení a monitoring decentralizovaných zdrojů energie a akumulačních zařízení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377033.
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The diploma thesis is dealing with possible approaches to control distributed energy resources and storage systems. One of these approaches is a virtual power plant and its concept is described in the first part of the thesis. The virtual power plant is a controlled system of distributed energy resources, storage systems and controllable loads interconnected via communication network, that can act as a conventional power plant. The theoretical part contains a survey of control system's topologies, a brief summary of available communication infrastructures and standards. The second part of the thesis is focused on the description of operation and control of hybrid system that represents an inseparable component of virtual power plant. A Matlab Simulink model was created for this purpose. A simulation of hybrid inverter's step response is realised to test the operation of the hybrid system and it is compared with the real measurements in the laboratory. A comparison of control approaches of hybrid system implemented on the basis of measurements is also included in this thesis and was published in the scientific paper attached in the appendix.
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Occhineri, Lorenzo. "Technical and economic assessments of CO2 capture processes in power plants." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-4705.
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Allen, Kenneth Guy. "Performance characteristics of packed bed thermal energy storage for solar thermal power plants." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4329.
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Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Solar energy is by far the greatest energy resource available to generate power. One of the difficulties of using solar energy is that it is not available 24 hours per day - some form of storage is required if electricity generation at night or during cloudy periods is necessary. If a combined cycle power plant is used to obtain higher efficiencies, and reduce the cost of electricity, storage will allow the secondary cycle to operate independently of the primary cycle. This study focuses on the use of packed beds of rock or slag, with air as a heat transfer medium, to store thermal energy in a solar thermal power plant at temperatures sufficiently high for a Rankine steam cycle. Experimental tests were done in a packed bed test section to determine the validity of existing equations and models for predicting the pressure drop and fluid temperatures during charging and discharging. Three different sets of rocks were tested, and the average size, specific heat capacity and density of each set were measured. Rock and slag samples were also thermally cycled between average temperatures of 30 ºC and 510 ºC in an oven. The classical pressure drop equation significantly under-predicts the pressure drop at particle Reynolds numbers lower than 3500. It appears that the pressure drop through a packed bed is proportional to the 1.8th power of the air flow speed at particle Reynolds numbers above about 500. The Effectiveness-NTU model combined with a variety of heat transfer correlations is able to predict the air temperature trend over the bed within 15 % of the measured temperature drop over the packed bed. Dolerite and granite rocks were also thermally cycled 125 times in an oven without breaking apart, and may be suitable for use as thermal storage media at temperatures of approximately 500 ºC. The required volume of a packed bed of 0.1 m particles to store the thermal energy from the exhaust of a 100 MWe gas turbine operating for 8 hours is predicted to be 24 × 103 m3, which should be sufficient to run a 25-30 MWe steam cycle for over 10 hours. This storage volume is of a similar magnitude to existing molten salt thermal storage.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sonenergie is die grootste energiebron wat gebruik kan word vir krag opwekking. ‘n Probleem met die gebruik van sonenergie is dat die son nie 24 uur per dag skyn nie. Dit is dus nodig om die energie te stoor indien dit nodig sal wees om elektrisiteit te genereer wanneer die son nie skyn nie. ‘n Gekombineerde kringloop kan gebruik word om ‘n hoër benuttingsgraad te bereik en elektrisiteit goedkoper te maak. Dit sal dan moontlik wees om die termiese energie uit die primêre kringloop te stoor, wat die sekondêre kringloop onafhanklik van die primêre kringloop sal maak. Dié gevalle studie ondersoek die gebruik van ‘n slakof- klipbed met lug as hitteoordragmedium, om te bepaal of dit moontlik is om hitte te stoor teen ‘n temperatuur wat hoog genoeg is om ‘n Rankine stoom kringloop te bedryf. Eksperimentele toetse is in ‘n toets-bed gedoen en die drukverandering oor die bed en die lug temperatuur is gemeet en vergelyk met voorspelde waardes van vergelykings en modelle in die literatuur. Drie soorte klippe was getoets. Die gemiddelde grootte, spesifieke hitte-kapasiteit en digtheid van elke soort klip is gemeet. Klip en slak monsters is ook siklies tussen temperature van 30 ºC en 510 ºC verkoel en verhit. Die klassieke drukverlies vergelyking gee laer waardes as wat gemeet is vir Reynolds nommers minder as 3500. Dit blyk dat die drukverlies deur ‘n klipbed afhanklik is van die lug vloeispoed tot die mag 1.8 as die Reynolds nommer groter as omtrent 500 is. Die ‘Effectiveness-NTU’ model gekombineerd met ‘n verskeidenheid van hitteoordragskoeffisiënte voorspel temperature binne 15 % van die gemete temperatuur verskil oor die bed. Doloriet en graniet klippe het 125 sikliese toetse ondergaan sonder om te breek, en is miskien gepas vir gebruik in ‘n klipbed by temperature van sowat 500 ºC Die voorspelde volume van ‘n klipbed wat uit 0.1 m klippe bestaan wat die termiese energie vir 8 ure uit die uitlaat van ‘n 100 MWe gasturbiene kan stoor, is 24 × 103 m3. Dit behoort genoeg te wees om ‘n 25 – 30 MWe stoom kringloop vir ten minste 10 ure te bedryf. Die volume is min of meer gelyk aan dié van gesmelte sout store wat alreeds gebou is.
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Wagner, Sharon J. "Environmental and Economic Implications of Thermal Energy Storage for Concentrated Solar Power Plants." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2011. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/682.
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Pragada, Gandhi, and Nitish Perisetla. "Utility-Scale Solar Power Plants with Storage : Cost Comparison and Growth Forecast Analysis." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301838.
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Renewable energy for energy production, like Solar, is turning out to be very pertinent in today's world [1]. It is very clear that Solar Energy is going to emerge as one of the key sources of energy in future. Moreover, the storage option is going to play an essential role to the future deployment of solar power plants. Concentrated solar power plants with thermal storage, photovoltaic plants integrated with battery energy storage, and hybrid plants are attractive solutions to obtain a stable and dispatchable energy production. Investors or policymakers usually find it challenging to come up with the most feasible solar storage technology because they need to consider techno-economic feasibility, and at the same time, from a market or administrative perspective as well. So, this thesis study will address the key problem which is aimed at investors or policymakers since there is a need to choose the best solar storage technology at a utility level in future based on so many attributes. The thesis project was carried out in two phases which includes forecast modelling & estimations and techno-economic assessment of virtual plants. These two phases helped to address various questions in relation to the problem statement of this study. The entire thesis study broadly covered seven countries spanning across four major regions around the world. The first phase of the thesis, forecast modelling estimations shows how the seven countries will look in future (2020 – 2050) with respect to installed capacity and costs for PV, CSP, and BESS technologies. Some major results from phase 1 include, in low-cost estimates, China will remain to be the market leader in PV & CSP by 2050. In U.S.A and India, the installed costs of PV are projected to decline by 70% by 2050. By 2050, the installed costs of Solar Tower technology are estimated to drop by about 65% in China and Spain. In U.S.A, the prices of BESS technology are likely to fall by around 58 – 60 % by 2050. In the second phase of thesis study, a techno-economic evaluation of virtual plants addressed the aspects which are to be considered for a solar project if it is deployed in future across seven specific countries. Results from this analysis helps investors or policymakers to choose the cheapest solar storage technology at a utility level across seven specific countries in future (2020 – 2050). Key results from this analysis show that, in the U.S.A, by 2050, PV+BESS will be the cheapest storage technology for 4 – 10 storage hours. Addition of another renewable technology will add up more viability to the comparison. In China, Hybrid will be the cheapest storage technology for 4 – 8 hrs by 2050. There is huge potential for deployment of CSP & hybrid plants in future than PV. In South Africa, CSP will be the cheapest storage technology by 2050 for 4 – 10 hours of storage. It is assumed that deployment of BESS projects at utility level starts from 2025 in South Africa. Beyond this, market forces analysis was carried out which offers insights especially for the policymakers of how various drivers and constraints are influencing each solar technology across the specific countries in future. Overall, the entire thesis study provides guidelines/insights to investors or policy makers for choosing the best solar storage technology in future at a utility scale for a particular country.Förnybar energi för energiproduktion, liksom Solar, visar sig vara mycket relevant i dagens värld [1]. Det är mycket tydligt att solenergi kommer att framstå som en av de viktigaste energikällorna i framtiden. Dessutom kommer lagringsalternativet att spela en väsentlig roll för den framtida distributionen av solkraftverk. Koncentrerade solkraftverk med värmelagring, solcellsanläggningar integrerade med batterilagring och hybridanläggningar är attraktiva lösningar för att få en stabil och skickbar energiproduktion. Investerare eller beslutsfattare brukar tycka att det är utmanande att komma på den mest genomförbara solcellstekniken eftersom de måste överväga teknikekonomisk genomförbarhet, och samtidigt, ur ett marknads- eller administrativt perspektiv också. Så denna avhandlingsstudie kommer att ta itu med nyckelproblemet som riktar sig till investerare eller beslutsfattare eftersom det finns ett behov av att välja den bästa solenergilagringstekniken på en användningsnivå i framtiden baserat på så många attribut. Avhandlingsprojektet genomfördes i två faser som inkluderar prognosmodellering och uppskattningar och teknikekonomisk bedömning av virtuella anläggningar. Dessa två faser hjälpte till att ta itu med olika frågor i samband med problemstudien i denna studie. Hela avhandlingsstudien omfattade i stort sju länder som sträcker sig över fyra stora regioner runt om i världen. Den första fasen i avhandlingen, prognosmodelleringsuppskattningar visar hur de sju länderna kommer att se ut i framtiden (2020 - 2050) med avseende på installerad kapacitet och kostnader för PV-, CSP- och BESS -teknik. Några viktiga resultat från fas 1 inkluderar, i lågkostnadsuppskattningar, att Kina kommer att vara marknadsledande inom PV och CSP år 2050. I USA och Indien beräknas de installerade kostnaderna för PV minska med 70% år 2050. Av 2050 beräknas de installerade kostnaderna för Solar Tower -teknik sjunka med cirka 65% i Kina och Spanien. I USA kommer priserna på BESS -teknik sannolikt att sjunka med cirka 58 - 60 % år 2050. I den andra fasen av avhandlingsstudien behandlade en teknikekonomisk utvärdering av virtuella anläggningar de aspekter som ska övervägas för ett solprojekt om det används i framtiden i sju specifika länder. Resultaten från denna analys hjälper investerare eller beslutsfattare att välja den billigaste solenergilagringstekniken på en användningsnivå i sju specifika länder i framtiden (2020 - 2050). Viktiga resultat från denna analys visar att i USA, år 2050, kommer PV+BESS att vara den billigaste lagringstekniken på 4 - 10 lagringstimmar. Tillägg av en annan förnybar teknik kommer att öka jämförbarheten. I Kina kommer Hybrid att vara den billigaste lagringstekniken i 4-8 timmar fram till 2050. Det finns en enorm potential för distribution av CSP & hybridanläggningar i framtiden än PV. I Sydafrika kommer CSP att vara den billigaste lagringstekniken år 2050 för 4 - 10 timmars lagring. Det antas att distributionen av BESS -projekt på verktygsnivå börjar från 2025 i Sydafrika. Utöver detta genomfördes marknadskravsanalys som ger insikter speciellt för beslutsfattarna om hur olika drivkrafter och begränsningar påverkar varje solteknik i de specifika länderna i framtiden. Sammantaget ger hela avhandlingsstudien riktlinjer/insikter till investerare eller beslutsfattare för att välja den bästa solenergitekniken i framtiden i en nyttoskala för ett visst land.
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Bednář, František. "Analýza možností akumulační tepelné elektrárny v podmínkách ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231650.
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This diploma’s thesis analyzes the possibility of accumulation of thermal power plants in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided into several parts. The first part describes the different types of storage power plants, the historical development of power storage for compressed air and the appropriateness of their location. The second part is devoted to the design of storage power plant for compressed air in South Moravia. In the next chapter, a calculation is made of all equipment storage power plant, including turbo-compressor, combustion chamber, combustion turbines, the volume of storage tanks and two heat exchangers. The last part is the economic analysis of the return on investment of such a project.
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Hammarström, Anton. "Utvärdering av potential för värmeåtervinning från laborationsutrustning : Möjligheten att använda en kylvattenbassäng som termiskt säsongslager." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för kemiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-34309.
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HETA utbildningar i Härnösand har ett ångkraftverk för undervisningssyfte som kyls ner med vatten från en underjordisk bassäng på cirka 329 m³. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka hur bassängen med spillvärmen från kraftverket kan användas som ett säsongslager i kombination med en befintlig 7,8 kW värmepump för att värma upp maskinhallen i deras laboratoriebyggnad. Ett kalkylark skapades i Microsoft Excel för att kunna genomföra beräkningarna. Då mätdata saknades skapades ett simulerat scenario baserat på temperaturstatistik och körschema för kraftverket från år 2017. Transmissionsförluster beräknades för bassängen och maskinhallen. För bassängen användes mestadels observationsdata och kännedom hos personalen, medan maskinhallens isolering i huvudsak fick uppskattas efter byggår. Resultatet blev att värmepumpen med aktuellt körschema kunde täcka cirka 45 % av maskinhallens årliga uppvärmningsbehov. Av de 276 GJ som tillfördes genom kylning av ångkraftverket under ett år beräknades endast 2,7 % kunna utnyttjas till uppvärmning av maskinhallen, på grund av för lite isolering i bassängen. De största begränsningarna för högre täckning och större nyttjande av spillvärmen bedömdes vara placeringen i tid av kraftverkets körningar, och värmepumpens effekt. Om körningarna skulle förläggas i huvudsak till november–april och värmepumpen ersättas med en på 10 kW, skulle 74 % av värmebehovet kunna täckas och över 18 % av spillvärmen utnyttjas. Andra saker som förbättrad isolering i bassängen och större vattenvolym bedömdes också kunna förbättra bassängens kapacitet som energilager.HETA Education in Härnösand has a steam power plant for educational purposes which is cooled with water from a 329 m³ underground basin. The purpose of this thesis has been to examine how the basin with the waste heat can be used as seasonal thermal energy storage with an existing 7.8 kW heat pump in order to heat the machine room of their lab building. A spreadsheet was created in Microsoft Excel in order to carry out the calculations. As no measurement data was available, a simulated scenario was created based on temperature statistics and the operating schedule for the power plant from the year 2017. Transmission losses were calculated for the basin and the machine room. For the basin, mostly observational data and knowledge among the staff were used, while the insulation for the machine room mainly had to be estimated based on the construction year. The result was that the heat pump, with the current operating schedule, could cover around 45% of the yearly heating demand of the machine room. Of the 276 GJ that were added through cooling of the power plant during a year, according to calculations, only 2,7% could be used for heating the machine hall, due to lacking insulation in the basin. The greatest limitations for achieving a higher heating coverage and a greater usage of the waste heat were assessed to be the placement in time of the power plant runs, and the effect of the heat pump. If the runs would be placed mainly in November–April, and the heat pump replaced with a 10 kW one, around 74% of the heating demand could be covered and 18 % of the waste heat used. Other things, such as increased insulation in the basin and larger water volume were also assessed to be able to increase the capacity of the basin as heat storage.
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Williams, Daniel David. "Cold side thermal energy storage system for improved operation of air cooled power plants." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78194.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-82).
Air cooled power plants experience significant performance fluctuations as plant cooling capacity reduces due to higher daytime temperature than nighttime temperature. The purpose of this thesis is to simulate the detailed operation of a cold side thermal energy storage system in order to evaluate its potential. An organic Rankine cycle geothermal power station is used as an example application. Detailed sizing and operation considerations are discussed. Several representative case studies compare the performance of candidate configurations. Operation of the selected configuration is then simulated for a full year and a proposed integration of the system with existing plant hardware is laid out. A correlation between weather trends and production is outlined. Finally an economic cost/benefit analysis performed to determine the payback period for implementing the proposed system. The cold side TES system is shown to shift substantial power generation capability from nighttime to daytime when electrical demand is highest, especially during hot summer months. For example, daily energy production is shown to increase by up to 18% under particularly favorable conditions. This redistribution of the power generation curve is accomplished with less than a 5% reduction in overall annual energy production in Mega-Watt hours. The system is shown to be more effective at shifting power generation capacity during warmer months than cooler months. The reduced day to night temperature fluctuation during cooler months results in a reduced thermal storage benefit under similar parasitic loads. The economic benefits of this system are dependent upon the on-peak vs off-peak electricity prices. Economic analysis using 2011 transient price data from the U.S. Midwest Region results in a small increase in annual income. The increased income from the proposed cold side TES system is found to be insufficient to outweigh the required capital investment at current electricity prices.
by Daniel David Williams.
S.M.
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Guédez, Rafael. "A Techno-Economic Framework for the Analysis of Concentrating Solar Power Plants with Storage." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191339.
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Concentrating solar power plants can integrate cost-effective thermal energy storage systems and thereby supply controllable power on demand, an advantage against other renewable technologies. Storage integration allows a solar thermal power plant to increase its load factor and to shift production to periods of peak demand. It also enables output firmness, providing stability to the power block and to the grid. Thus, despite the additional investment, storage can enhance the performance and economic viability of the plants. However, the levelized cost of electricity of these plants yet remains higher than for other technologies, so projects today are only viable through the provision of incentives or technology-specific competitive bid tenders. It is the variability of the solar resource, the myriad roles that storage can assume, and the complexity of enhancing the synergies between the solar field, the storage and the power block, what makes the development of adequate policy instruments, design and operation of these plants a challenging process. In this thesis a comprehensive methodology for the pre-design and analysis of concentrating solar power plants is presented. The methodology is based on a techno-economic modeling approach that allows identifying optimum trade-off curves between technical, environmental, and financial performance indicators. A number of contemporary plant layouts and novel storage and hybridization concepts are assessed to identify optimum plant configurations, in terms of component size and storage dispatch strategies. Conclusions highlight the relevance between the sizing of key plant components, the operation strategy and the boundaries set by the location. The interrelation between critical performance indicators, and their use as decisive parameters, is also discussed. Results are used as a basis to provide recommendations aimed to support the decision making process of key actors along the project development value chain of the plants. This research work and conclusions are primarily meant to set a stepping stone in the research of concentrating solar power plant design and optimization, but also to support the research towards understanding the value of storage in concentrating solar power plants and in the grid.Koncentrerad solkraft erbjuder möjligheten att integrera kostnadseffektiv termisk energilagring och därmed behovsstyrd kraftkontroll. Detta är en viktig fördel jämfört med andra förnybara energiteknologier. Lagringsintegration tillåter solkraftsanläggningar att öka sin lastfaktor och skifta produktion till tider med största efterfrågan. Vidare möjliggör lagring fast elproduktion vilket leder till förbättrad nät- och kraftturbinstabilitet. Därför kan termisk lagring öka anläggningsprestanda och ekonomiskt värde trots ökande initiala kapitalkostnader. I termer av specifik elproduktionskostnad (LCOE) ligger koncentrerade solkraftsanläggningar med lagring fortfarande högre än andra kraftteknologier och anläggningsprojekt blir endast lönsamma genom subventionsmodeller eller teknologispecifika konkurrensutsatta anbudsförfaranden. Att hitta adekvata policylösningar och optimala design och operationsstrategier är en utmanande process eftersom det gäller att hitta rätt balans mellan variabel solinstrålning, lagring av energi och tid för produktion genom optimal design och operation av solmottagarfält, kraftblock och lagringskapacitet. I denna avhandling presenteras en omfattande metodik för pre-design och analys av koncentrerande solkraftverk. Metodiken baseras på en tekno-ekonomisk modelleringsansats som möjliggör identifiering av optimala avvägningssamband för tekniska, ekonomiska och miljöprestanda indikatorer. Metodiken tillämpas på ett antal moderna anläggningslayouter och lagrings- och hybridiseringskoncept för att identifiera optimal kraftanläggningsdesign i termer av komponentprestanda och lagringsanvändningsstrategier. I slutsatsen poängteras relevansen av att hitta rätt storlek på nyckelkomponenter i relation till lagringsstrategi och randvillkoren som ges av konstruktionsläget för optimal ekonomisk och miljömässig prestanda. Resultaten används för att formulera rekommendationer till nyckelaktörer i beslutsprocessen genom hela kraftanläggningens värdekedja från politisk beslutsfattare till anläggningsingenjör. Forskningen och slutsatserna i detta arbete skall i första hand ta ett steg framåt för optimering och design av solkraftsanläggningar men även tillhandahålla en metodik för utvärdering av lagringslösningar och dess specifika värde för solkraftsanläggningar och elnätet.
QC 20160829
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Mauger, Léo. "Generation of wind speed and solar irradiance time series for power plants with storage." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-181923.
Full textAbstract:
Sizing renewable energy power plants with storage devices needs new resource assessment. Global amount of energy available has to be replaced by time series to depict the resource as a function of time. This paper introduces methodology to generate time series for wind speed and solar irradiance with a granularity between 10minutes and 1seconde. Ground measurements and macro-date from satellite imagery are analyzed and processed to obtain long-term site-specific time series. Because renewable energy forecasting is a growing concern, a second part of the work presents how to modify previously generated profiles in order to obtain forecasts with an expected error.
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Jiménez, Pérez Rodrigo Eduardo. "Estudio de los factores técnicos y económicos que condicionan la instalación de centrales hidroeléctricas de acumulación por bombeo . Evaluación conceptual de su aplicación en Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/111503.
Full textAbstract:
Ingeniero CivilLa implementación de tecnologías de almacenamiento de energía en sistemas eléctricos es uno de los temas más relevantes actualmente en países donde se busca mejorar aumentar la diversificación de fuentes de energía y la seguridad del sistema eléctrico. Dentro de las alternativas de almacenamiento de energía eléctrica de la red, las centrales hidroeléctricas de acumulación por bombeo (CHAB) (pumped-storage hydropower plants) son las más utilizadas actualmente alrededor del mundo. Hasta la fecha, en Chile no se han implementado tecnologías de este tipo que permitan almacenar los excedentes de energía de la red. Además, en el país no existe el conocimiento suficiente sobre las características y los beneficios de las CHAB en los sistemas eléctricos. El presente trabajo de título tiene como objetivo principal, identificar y analizar los factores técnicos y económicos más relevantes que podrían condicionar la implementación de un proyecto de CHAB. Adicionalmente, tomando en cuenta las características del sector eléctrico chileno, se realiza una evaluación, cualitativa y no exhaustiva, de estos factores en el país. Se encontró que los factores más relevantes que condicionan en una primera instancia la implementación de un proyecto de CHAB tienen relación con las características del sistema eléctrico dónde se pretende implementar el proyecto, la disponibilidad de lugares de emplazamiento apropiados para la instalación de este tipo de centrales y las características del mercado eléctrico que harían rentable un proyecto de este tipo. Dentro de los factores que inciden en la determinación del lugar de emplazamiento de una CHAB se tienen: la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico, la existencia de un gran desnivel y una corta distancia entre ambos reservorios, la existencia de reservorios artificiales o naturales aptos para ser utilizados como reservorio inferior de la central, condiciones geológicas y geográficas adecuadas y una ubicación cercana a los centros de consumo y líneas de transmisión. En cuanto a los factores relacionados con las características del sistema eléctrico, están: la presencia de excedentes de energía en la red y características apropiadas de la curva de carga diaria y semanal. Finalmente, respecto a los factores económicos asociados al sistema eléctrico se desea que: existan grandes diferencias de precios entre horas valle y horas punta, y se realicen pagos por capacidad y por servicios complementarios. En cuánto a la evaluación, preliminar y no exhaustiva, de estos factores en el caso chileno, se encontró que el SIC presentaría, a priori, mejores características para considerar la implementación de un proyecto de CHAB, debido principalmente a la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico, a que existen lugares con potencial para implementar esta tecnología, a las características de la curva de carga en este sistema y a la matriz de generación que lo compone. Sin embargo, y a pesar de que el sector eléctrico chileno considera pagos por potencia firme y servicios complementarios, las limitaciones de la implementación de esta tecnología irían por el lado de los ingresos que recibirían los proyectos por concepto de venta de energía, debido a las diferencias de precios entre horas valle y horas punta observadas, ya que se tienen precios de energía en horas valle que son sólo un 15 25% más bajos que los precios de energía en horas punta, siendo que se recomienda que esta diferencia sea de un 25 30% (Deane et al, 2009). Otra limitación podría ir, también, por el lado de los altos valores de ciclo de eficiencia requeridos para estas centrales en el país (entre un 80 90%), siendo que actualmente en el mundo se logran ciclos de eficiencia para CHAB entre un 70 80% (Wilde, 2011).
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Monsalve, Reyes Jonathan Andrés. "Evaluación del beneficio de una unidad de almacenamiento por bombeo en Colbún bajo requerimientos de riego." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/138271.
Full textAbstract:
Ingeniero Civil EléctricoEn el presente trabajo se propone una metodología para evaluar el beneficio asociado a la utilización de una unidad de almacenamiento por bombeo en el complejo Colbún considerando las restricciones de riego asociadas a la operación y bajo distintos escenarios de penetración eólica y solar, como también para distintas condiciones hidrológicas. La metodología se basa en un modelo tomador de precios que optimiza la gestión del recurso hidráulico para cada una de las centrales del complejo Colbún. Dado el tamaño del problema de optimización, se proponen aproximaciones que permiten acelerar la ejecución del cálculo, permitiendo a su vez realizar varios estudios en un tiempo eficiente, y manteniendo un bajo margen de error. La metodología y el modelo desarrollado pretenden determinar y cuantificar el beneficio asociado a la utilización de una unidad de bombeo considerando restricciones de riego y distintos escenarios de penetración eólica y solar e hidrologías en el parque nacional chileno. Para determinar el impacto de las condiciones de riego en dicho beneficio, se han considerado dos escenarios que concitan mayor interés por ser analizados. El primer escenario de capacidad instalada, denominado Escenario Base CNE 2030, corresponde al declarado por dicho organismo para el año 2030 en el SIC y SING en los Informes Técnicos Definitivos para fijar Precios Nudos, en su versión Abril 2015. El segundo escenario, corresponde a un escenario denominado Escenario Expansión Solar 25%, el cual plantea que la matriz SIC-SING esté compuesta por un 25% de capacidad solar fotovoltaica. Por otro lado, para determinar el impacto de una mayor penetración de energía renovable, se han escogido diez escenarios de penetración solar fotovoltaica y eólica, de forma de determinar el comportamiento del beneficio ante el aumento de la capacidad instalada de estas tecnologías en el sistema eléctrico. Los resultados de este trabajo muestran que, en presencia de restricciones que involucren dotaciones de riego, la utilización de una unidad de almacenamiento por bombeo resulta más atractiva en términos económicos, que la situación en la cual no existieran dichas restricciones, para los escenarios y condiciones hidrológicas analizadas. El trabajo realizado también permite concluir que una mayor penetración solar en el sistema eléctrico contribuye también a un aumento en el beneficio por la utilización de la unidad de bombeo, siendo más favorable este beneficio en condición hidrológica seca que en condición hidrológica húmeda. Del mismo modo, los resultados evidencian que una mayor penetración eólica en el sistema no tiene relación directa con un aumento del beneficio por utilizar centrales de bombeo. Finalmente, en términos de factibilidad económica de llevar a cabo el proyecto de instalación de una unidad de almacenamiento de energía por bombeo en Colbún, los resultados muestran que es necesario considerar otras vías de ingreso adicionales al arbitraje de energía, de forma de hacer más atractivo este tipo de proyectos para inversionistas.