Journal articles: 'Storage tank fire'

1

Zheng, Bin, and Guo-hua Chen. "Storage tank fire accidents." Process Safety Progress 30, no. 3 (May 10, 2011): 291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.10458.

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Wang, Wen He, Hai Xia Li, Zhi Sheng Xu, and Dong Liang. "Safety Assessment of Large-Scale Crude Oil Tank after Fire Process." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.469.

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In recent years, the demand of the crude oil is increasing in the world, and the oil storage tanks are also developing larger and larger. Higher requirements of safety for storage tank, especially safety evaluation of the oil tanks in fire environment, was proposed because the oil tank volume is large, as well the oil is volatile, flowing, inflammable and explosive easily. In the paper, the fire process was simulated by the heat treatment for the key position, and the relationship between mechanical property and heating temperature of large tank after fire was obtained. The strength evaluation for large-scale crude oil storage tank after fire was implemented and the result showed that the strength for large crude oil tank was satisfied with requirement.

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Lee, Jeomdong, Juyeol Ryu, Seowon Park, Myong-O. Yoon, and Changwoo Lee. "Study on the Evaluation of Radiant Heat Effects of Oil Storage Tank Fires Due to Environmental Conditions." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.2020.34.1.072.

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In this paper, the risk of damages to humans and properties due to fire explosions in gasoline storage tanks is identified, and the effects of radiant heat on adjacent tanks are evaluated to present the necessary area to secure safety. A simulation was conducted to evaluate the effect of radiant heat (Maximum emission) on adjacent tanks in an oil storage tank fire due to environmental conditions (Wind speed and temperature) in the Northern Gyeonggi Province. The result indicated that the radiant heat released in the fire of an oil storage tank was increased by approximately 1.9 times by the maximum wind speed and the difference occurred in the range of 700~800 kW by the maximum temperature. If a storage tank fire occurs, securing approximately 34.4 m of holding area is necessary. In the future, evaluating the radiant heat emitted by the fire of gasoline storage tanks will be required by applying various environmental conditions, and through this, research on specific and quantitative holding area is required.

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Centeno, F. R., and E. E. C. Rodrigues. "REDUCED-SCALE STUDY OF LIQUID FUEL STORAGE TANK FIRE USING FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULATOR." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v14i1.62112.

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Most of the accidents that occur in liquid fuel storage tank parks are caused by fire. This paper presents a numerical study using Large Eddy Simulation through Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) for the simulation of liquid fuel (ethanol) storage tanks at different scales (real-scale 1:1, and reduced- scales, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8). This paper proposes correlations for flame height, and temperature profile and radiative heat flux profile in the region adjacent to the tanks. Correlations have as inputs the diameters of the tanks in real- and reduced-scale, temperature profiles and radiative heat flux profiles for a reduced-scale tank simulation, and then provide as outputs flame height and temperature profiles and radiative heat flux profiles for the tank in real- scale. Percentage errors of the correlations found in this study are lower than 2.0% and 0.6% for the maximum radiative heat flux and maximum temperature, respectively.

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Liu, Xuan Ya, and Xiao Zhou Wang. "Fire Risk Forecast and Early Warning Technology for Large Oil and Gas Storage & Transport Tank Areas." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 4654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.4654.

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According to the characteristics of the storage and transportation working functions in large oil and gas storage tank areas, based on the analysis of equipments leakages, fires, explosion and other disaster scenes and accidents evolution model in the tank areas, the effect factors of the tanks area fire risk were studied. Combined with the analysis of key equipments and process fittings failure probabilities and tank fire-fighting equipments effectiveness, the fire and explosion accidents forecast analysis methods based on the dynamic monitoring technology were put forward. Through the analysis of the critical temperature, pressure, liquid level, gas concentration and other state parameters of the oil and gas storage tank equipments failure, using the advanced information technologies (GIS geographic information system, RS remote sensing and telemetry systems, etc.) and remote singles monitor technologies, the status parameters of dangerous materials and process equipments can be carried out with real time measurement and monitoring.

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Нulida, E., Ya Kozak, and M. Vasiliev. "THE RESEARCH OF FIRE RESISTANCE LIMIT OF THE TANK STORAGE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS." Fire Safety 37 (January 6, 2021): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.37.2020.06.

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Introduction. Statistical analysis of fires at storage, refining and transportation facilities for oil and petroleum products over the past 20 years shows that out of 200 fires, 92% of them occur in land tanks. In a fire, liquid combustion in the tank is a diffusion combustion of a jet of steam in the air. In the process of burning the liquid in the tank changes the mechanical properties of its metal wall, which affects its fire resistance duration. In the event of a fire in the tank, the drywall may be destroyed. Destruction of dry tank wall can lead to oil spills and cascading fire. Therefore, the main problem is to determine the fire duration before the destruction of the dry wall of the tank, i.e. its fire resistance.Purpose. Develop a method for determining the fire resistance of the dry wall of the storage tank of oil and petroleum products.Methods. To develop a method for determining the fire resistance of storage tank dry wall of oil and petroleum prod-ucts, it is necessary to solve the following problems:1) to determine the temperature effect on sheet material of tank dry wall on its strength;2) to obtain the dependence for determining the duration of time before the occurrence of ultimate destructive stresses of the sheet material of tank dry wall;3) to obtain the dependence for determining the time of fire resistance of tank dry wall of oil and petroleum products in the event of a fire.To solve the first problem, the temperature influence of the sheet steel used to make the tank wall on the yield strength σT was established.To solve the second problem, a dependence was obtained to determine the length of time before the occurrence of critical temperatures at which the destruction of the sheet material of tank dry wall is possible.To solve the third problem, a block diagram of the algorithm for determining the fire resistance of tank dry wall in case of fire was developed, on the basis of which a package of applications was developed.Conclusions and specific suggestions:1. The influence of the temperature of the sheet material of tank dry wall on its strength is established. The research results showed that the temperature of the tank drywall material in the range of 690-710 ºC is critical and it can lead to its destruction.2. The results of the research allowed to obtain the dependence for determining the duration of time to critical temper-atures occurrence at which the destruction of the sheet material of tank dry wall. The results of calculations for the tank RVS-5000 showed that its fire resistance varies within τv = 13…15 minutes. Of course, this value of fire resistance for tank dry wall is very small in terms of the fire extinguishing process. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and implement certain measures to increase the fire resistance of tank dry wall.3. To determine the time of fire resistance of tank dry wall storage of oil and petroleum products in the event of a fire was obtained dependence, which allows to determine the temperature T in ºC from the duration of burning the tank τ per minute, the height of the dry wall h0 in m upper edge. The research results allowed to develop a block diagram of the algorithm for solving this problem, as well as a package of applications based on it, which are written in the C # programming language.

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7

Нulida, E., Ya Kozak, and M. Vasiliev. "THE RESEARCH OF FIRE RESISTANCE LIMIT OF THE TANK STORAGE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS." Fire Safety 37 (January 6, 2021): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.37.2020.06.

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Introduction. Statistical analysis of fires at storage, refining and transportation facilities for oil and petroleum products over the past 20 years shows that out of 200 fires, 92% of them occur in land tanks. In a fire, liquid combustion in the tank is a diffusion combustion of a jet of steam in the air. In the process of burning the liquid in the tank changes the mechanical properties of its metal wall, which affects its fire resistance duration. In the event of a fire in the tank, the drywall may be destroyed. Destruction of dry tank wall can lead to oil spills and cascading fire. Therefore, the main problem is to determine the fire duration before the destruction of the dry wall of the tank, i.e. its fire resistance.Purpose. Develop a method for determining the fire resistance of the dry wall of the storage tank of oil and petroleum products.Methods. To develop a method for determining the fire resistance of storage tank dry wall of oil and petroleum prod-ucts, it is necessary to solve the following problems:1) to determine the temperature effect on sheet material of tank dry wall on its strength;2) to obtain the dependence for determining the duration of time before the occurrence of ultimate destructive stresses of the sheet material of tank dry wall;3) to obtain the dependence for determining the time of fire resistance of tank dry wall of oil and petroleum products in the event of a fire.To solve the first problem, the temperature influence of the sheet steel used to make the tank wall on the yield strength σT was established.To solve the second problem, a dependence was obtained to determine the length of time before the occurrence of critical temperatures at which the destruction of the sheet material of tank dry wall is possible.To solve the third problem, a block diagram of the algorithm for determining the fire resistance of tank dry wall in case of fire was developed, on the basis of which a package of applications was developed.Conclusions and specific suggestions:1. The influence of the temperature of the sheet material of tank dry wall on its strength is established. The research results showed that the temperature of the tank drywall material in the range of 690-710 ºC is critical and it can lead to its destruction.2. The results of the research allowed to obtain the dependence for determining the duration of time to critical temper-atures occurrence at which the destruction of the sheet material of tank dry wall. The results of calculations for the tank RVS-5000 showed that its fire resistance varies within τv = 13…15 minutes. Of course, this value of fire resistance for tank dry wall is very small in terms of the fire extinguishing process. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and implement certain measures to increase the fire resistance of tank dry wall.3. To determine the time of fire resistance of tank dry wall storage of oil and petroleum products in the event of a fire was obtained dependence, which allows to determine the temperature T in ºC from the duration of burning the tank τ per minute, the height of the dry wall h0 in m upper edge. The research results allowed to develop a block diagram of the algorithm for solving this problem, as well as a package of applications based on it, which are written in the C # programming language.

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8

Wang, Bing Qiang. "Study on the Cause of Oil Tank Fire and Fire Prevention Countermeasure." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 866–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.866.

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Oil is a kind of important chemical raw materials, countries have put oil as an important sources of energy and actively expanded its strategic oil reserve along with our country energy strategy adjustment. The number of oil storage increases constantly, the tank farm scale expands unceasingly and fire accident of oil storage tank rises constantly. So it is an important measure for preventing the oil tank fire to analyze reason of oil tank fire and adopt corresponding fire prevention countermeasures.

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9

Lin, Cherng Shing, Te Chi Chen, Chia Chun Yu, Shih Cheng Wang, and Wen Lung Chang. "Study on Numerical Simulation of a Fire on Heavy Oil Tank." Advanced Materials Research 680 (April 2013): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.680.515.

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Oil is important energy nowadays. Most oil products, such as gasoline, coal oil and diesel oil, are important fuel too. Tanks serve as storage to preserve various petroleum products. These dangerous inflammable articles require not only as much safety protection as possible but also safety intervals between tanks. Once a fire occurs to a tank, its combustion expands very fast and violently. Without sufficient intervals, chain reaction is very possible to happen and cause a disaster out of control. Fire of oil tank is not common, thus experience of extinguishing such fire is also extremely lacking. Therefore, it is important to research on tank fire and report quantified data. This study adopted numerical analysis method to simulate a fire in a tank area by applying Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), and investigate the effect of various related parameter on tank fire. The anticipation of this study is to provide fire protection information of various types of tanks in order to reduce the impact of such fire on environment and resource.

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10

Yang, Feng, Jin Yun Pu, and Xiang Jun Wu. "Environmental Study with Analysis the Characteristics and Safety Distance of LPG Pool Fires." Advanced Materials Research 886 (January 2014): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.886.456.

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In order to study the characteristics and the safe distance of LPG pool fires, a modeling of the pressure leaked from storage tanks, and the fire characteristic parameter calculation model, and thermal radiation intensity prediction model for LPG pool fire, and for liquid flow leak pool fire case, using MATLAB software programming, obtained characteristics parameters of LPG pool fire and damage assessment, analyzed the effects of a cross wind on the flame size and shape and the thermal radiation, put forward a calculation method of the LPG pool fire safe distance, provide guidance for the fire tactics equation of safety equipment and storage tank area configuration.

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11

Koo, Chae-Chil, and Jae-Wook Choi. "Analysis of Cause of Fire and Explosion in Internal Floating Roof Tank: Focusing on Fire and Explosion Accidents at the OO Oil Pipeline Corporation." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.2b5ff251.

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This study aims to maintain the safety of an outdoor storage tank through the fundamental case analysis of explosion and fire accidents in the storage tank. We consider an accident caused by the explosion of fire inside the tank, as a result of the gradual spreading of the residual fire generated by wind lamps flying off a workplace in the storage tank yard. To determine the cause of the accident, atmospheric diffusion conditions were derived through CCTV image analysis, and the wind direction was analyzed using computational fluid dynamics. Additionally, the amount of oil vapor inside the tank when the floating roof was at the lowest position, and the behavior of the vapor inside the tank when the floating roof was at the highest position were investigated. If the cause of the explosion in the storage tank is identified and the level of the storage tank is maintained below the internal floating roof, dangerous liquid fills the storage tank, and the vapor in the space may stagnate on the internal floating roof. We intend to improve the operation procedure such that the level of the storage tank is not under the Pontoon support, as well as provide measures to prevent flames from entering the storage tank by installing a flame arrester in the open vent of the tank.

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12

Peng, Shi Tao, Yi Sun, Ran Zhou, Xiao Li Wang, and Wen Ling Guan. "Assessments on Fire and Explosion of Petrochemical Wharf Storage Tank Area Using DOW Method and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 1986–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.1986.

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Based on the features of fire and explosion accidents in petrochemical wharf storage tank area, the DOW method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were applied to evaluate risk of fire and explosion. First of all, DOW method was employed to evaluate the hazard of fire and explosion of petrochemical wharf storage tank area preliminarily and risk indexes of various tanks were obtained. Then, 5 first-level and 24 second-level indexes were identified by the fuzzy mathematics, in which the entropy weight method was introduced to determine weight vector of arrangement analysis, and applied to an actual risk evaluation for a petrochemical wharf storage tank area to determine fuzzy sets. On the basis of the weighted average method, the risk level is medium. Arranges the second-level indexes, and the main factors affecting the accident were concluded,including the violation rate of labor discipline, characteristics of hazardous materials, fire facilities, safety checks, operation of the security emergency response system and so on.

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13

Rodante, Thomas V. "Investigation of a naphtha storage tank fire." Process Safety Progress 24, no. 2 (June 2005): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.10067.

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Xie, Fei, Wen Hua Song, Zhen Chen, and Ling Yue Lv. "The Analysis for Mechanical Response of 16MnR Steel under Single-Tank Pool Fire." Applied Mechanics and Materials 271-272 (December 2012): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.277.

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Flammable liquid storage tanks could collapse easily and cause the accident spread rapidly in the high-temperature environment of pool fire, because pressure in the tank rises and the yield strength of wall decrease.So it is great significance to study the development of wall material under high temperature for the safety of flammable liquids tank farm. Taking 1,2- dichloropropane storage tank for example, based on the methods of heat transfer and numerical simulation, the mathematical model for thermal response of wall material 16MnR steel is builded to analyse the mechanical response of 16MnR steel under pool fire. When a pool fire of single tank took place in tank farm, the 1,2-dichloropropane was heated and gasitied that cause pressurizing, while the mechanical property of 16MnR steel weakened. By the finished model, this paper calculated the fail time of wall is 28.6min;failpoint of pressure is 2.065MPa;failpoint of temperature is 245°C,while temperature on heating surface of wall is 700-800 °C

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Araki, Susumu, Wataru Kunimatsu, Shunyo Kitaguchi, Shun Iwasaki, and Shin-ichi Aoki. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BORE WAVE PRESSURE ACTING ON STORAGE TANK." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.structures.44.

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Storage tanks located in coastal areas can be damaged by tsunami. The damage can lead a spill of gas or oil, which cause an extensive fire. Another huge tsunami triggered by earthquake is predicted to strike Japan in the near future. Therefore, tsunami wave load acting on storage tanks has to be investigated. The authors have investigated the characteristics of tsunami wave load acting on a storage tank (Araki et al., 2017a; 2017b). In this study, bore wave pressure acting on a cylindrical storage tank was measured. The characteristic of the pressure was discussed.

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Kadlec, Zdeněk, Miloš Kvarčák, Adam Thomitzek, and Martin Trčka. "Water Supply for Cooling Tertiary Containments for High Storage Tanks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 820 (January 2016): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.820.391.

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This paper presents a numerical investigation of water supply for cooling tertiary containment wall. These type of tanks are used as a part of petroleum high storage tank. Minimum quantity reasonably needed is perform by heat – balance equation. The calculation in is done for the most heat stressed wall part for a case when neighbouring tank is on fire.

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Yoshida, Shoichi. "Massive Fire Incidents of Multiple Aboveground Storage Tanks due to Vapor Cloud Explosion." EPI International Journal of Engineering 2, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25042/epi-ije.082019.03.

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The vapor cloud explosion (VCE) begins with a release of a large quantity of flammable vaporing liquid from a storage tank, transportation vessel or pipeline. If VCE occurs in an oil storage facility, multiple tanks burn simultaneously. There is no effective firefighting method for multiple tanks fire. It will be extinguished when oil burned out spending several days. Many incidents of multiple tanks fire due to VCE have occurred all over the world in recent 50 years. This paper reviews the past 6 incidents of multiple tanks fire due to VCE.

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Zhang, Miao, Wen Hua Song, Qing Gong Li, and Zhen Chen. "FDS Simulation and Consequences Forecasting of LPG Storage Tank Pool Fire and Explosion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 2412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.2412.

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This paper analyzes the fire explosion risk of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) storage tank through methods of model calculation and simulation. A large crude oil reserves library in Tianjin is the main study object in this paper, the fire process for the storage tank pool fire is simulated using the fire simulation software FDS, which produces the development of fire and the change of the radiation intensity in the case of fire. And the damage degree of explosion accident consequences has been calculated quantitatively by the vapor cloud explosion model, which obtains the casualties radius and property damage. Study results provide reference data and theoretical guidance for fire protection design and fire fighting tactics in LPG storage tank area.

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Tan, Zhao Yang, Jun Li Huo, Ying Min Yu, and Zong Zhi Wu. "Safety Analysis of VCM Storage Tanks Based on AHP-Fuzzy." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 2447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.2447.

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Huge storage tanks of Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) are often regarded as major hazard installation because VCM is such a kind of flammable, explosive and toxic gas that leakage of liquid VCM would induce fire, explosion and toxic accidents. In this paper, index system of the safety of VCM storage tanks was established by analyzing four main factors including 18 indexes, based on accidents statistic and technology experience. Taking VCM storage tank in a petrochemical plant as a case, AHP-Fuzzy method was applied to achieve single VCM storage tank safety classification. The study could help companies develop preventive measures and emergency planning to reduce casualties and property losses.

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Zhang, Yu, Yu Hang Gao, Guo Dong Wang, Cheng Yu Li, and Ji Ti Zhou. "Seawater Flue Gas Desulfurization and Post-Desulfurization Seawater Recovery." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.662.

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Huge storage tanks of Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) are often regarded as major hazard installation because VCM is such a kind of flammable, explosive and toxic gas that leakage of liquid VCM would induce fire, explosion and toxic accidents. In this paper, index system of the safety of VCM storage tanks was established by analyzing four main factors including 18 indexes, based on accidents statistic and technology experience. Taking VCM storage tank in a petrochemical plant as a case, AHP-Fuzzy method was applied to achieve single VCM storage tank safety classification. The study could help companies develop preventive measures and emergency planning to reduce casualties and property losses.

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Li, Longfei, and Longyu Dai. "Review on fire explosion research of crude oil storage tank." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123601022.

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With the rapid development of the world economy, the petrochemical industry energy reserve strategy and production demand increase, petrochemical storage tank farm scale is also expanding, and continue to large, intensive direction of development. In recent years, there are many disastrous accidents such as oil leakage, explosion and combustion of storage tank, so it is necessary to study the combustion and explosion behavior of storage tank. This paper studies the mechanism of explosion combustion in crude oil tank area, summarizes and states the progress of crude oil explosion combustion research at home and abroad, and lists several common risk evaluation methods for tank risk management, which can provide technical support for safety management and accident emergency rescue through qualitative, quantitative evaluation and accident consequence simulation calculation. Therefore, we should sum up the experience and lessons from the accident, strengthen the theoretical research, to avoid the recurrence of similar accidents, and effectively guarantee the safety of national energy reserves.

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Xie, Fei, Wen Hua Song, Zhen Chen, and Ling Yue Lv. "The Application and Analysis of the Risk Assessment Model about BLEVE Accident." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 1275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.1275.

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The flammable vapor pressure inside the combustible liquid storage tanks in the fire environment elevates, and the of the tank wall the yield strength of enduring the heat decreases, which cause the collapse to occur soon, resulting in the happen of BLEVE. BLEVE is an incident form of great harm, and the study of its formation mechanism and hazard model is of great significance for the safety of the chemical enterprise. In this paper, the physical and chemical characteristic of dichloropropane and BLEVE in a dichloropropane tank area is analyzed, and the accident analysis model is built. According to TNT equivalent method, the vapor cloud fire and explosion models and the blast wave overpressure injury criteria, we calculated the accident consequence of BLEVE in different filling levels. The calculation and analysis shows that, if the BLEVE occurred, the entire tank area and adjacent buildings will be severely affected and the affect area will be up to 50.35 meter; the people less than 7.43 meter from the explosion tank will be subject to serious injury or death. Based on the above substance hazardous characteristics analysis in dichloro propane tank storage area and the corresponding qualitative and quantitative analysis, and according to the relevant requirements of the specification, the fire safety prevention and control measures in the tank area should be further strengthened.

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Birk, A. M. "The Effect of Reduced Design Margin on the Fire Survivability of ASME Code Propane Tanks." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 127, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1845476.

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In the 1999 addenda to the 1998 ASME pressure vessel code, Section VIII, Div. 1 there was a change in design margin for unfired pressure vessels from 4.0 to 3.5. This has resulted in the manufacture of propane and LPG tanks with thinner walls. For example, the author has purchased some new 500 gallon ASME code propane tanks for testing purposes. These tanks had the wall thickness reduced from 7.7 mm in 2000 to 7.1 mm in 2002 and now to 6.5 mm in 2004. These changes were partly due to the code change and partly due to other factors such as steel plate availability. In any case, the changes in wall thickness significantly affects the fire survivability of these tanks. This paper presents both experimental and computational results that show the effect of wall thickness on tank survivability to fire impingement. The results show that for the same dank diameter, tank material, and pressure relief valve setting, the thinner wall tanks are more likely to fail in a given fire situation. In severe fires, the thinner walled tanks will fail earlier. An earlier failure usually means the tank will fail with a higher fill level, because the pressure relief system has had less time to vent material from the tank. A higher liquid fill level at failure also means more energy is in the tank and this means the failure will be more violent. The worst failure scenario is known as a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion and this mode of failure is also more likely with the thinner walled tanks. The results of this work suggest that certain applications of pressure vessels such as propane transport and storage may require higher design margins than required by Section VIII ASME code.

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Halloul, Younes, Samia Chiban, and Adel Awad. "Adapted fuzzy fault tree analysis for oil storage tank fire." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 41, no. 8 (September 19, 2018): 948–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1522393.

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Ahmadi, Omran, Seyyed Bagher Mortazavi, and Hasan Asilian Mahabadi. "Review of Atmospheric Storage Tank Fire Scenarios: Costs and Causes." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 20, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 384–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-020-00846-5.

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Espinosa, Susana N., Rossana C. Jaca, and Luis A. Godoy. "Thermal effects of fire on a nearby fuel storage tank." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 62 (November 2019): 103990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2019.103990.

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Li, Qing Gong, Wen Hua Song, Miao Zhang, and Yu Lei. "Numerical Simulation of Liquefied Propane Gas Storage Tanks Full-Size Pool Fire Based on FDS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 2419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.2419.

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This paper takes a 50000 m3 liquefied petroleum gas storage tank in a chemical company in Tianjin for an example, and adopts the fire simulation software FDS to make numerical simulation for the whole-area pool fire accident in the liquefied propane gas tank. The variation of flame and the flue gas in the combustion process of pool fire is obtained from the simulation. The simulation results show that flame shape, smoke production rate and thermal radiation intensity is small in the early pool fire, and significantly increases with the development of combustion process, finally maintains in a relatively stable state.

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Miranda, Renan Spilka, Maria Luiza Sperb Indrusiak, and Felipe Roman Centeno. "Numerical Simulation of Fire in a Gasoline Storage Tank in Reduced-Scale." Defect and Diffusion Forum 372 (March 2017): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.372.11.

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With the increasing demand for energy and fuels in Brazil, the storage of liquid fuels in multiple tanks is becoming much more usual, posing challenges from the point of view of fire safety. To study this type of phenomenon and to evaluate its possible causes, detecting failures such as ones in design and erection of storage systems or in detection and protection equipment, numerical simulations are performed based on real data. This work presents numerical simulations of a small-scale tank for gasoline storage, based on an experimental study reported in literature. The present research shows results related to temperature in the region adjacent to the tank on fire, fuel mass burning rate, heat release rate and average flame height. Comparisons are made between numerical and experimental results, as well as with available literature results for similar conditions. In addition to gasoline type C (which has anhydrous ethanol in its composition), also gasoline type A (anhydrous ethanol free) is considered. The results obtained for simulations with gasoline type A presented better agreement with literature data than those for gasoline type C, the differences being due to the variable composition of the type C fuel. For example, the reported fuel mass burning rate for gasoline in literature is 0.045 kg/(m2∙s), while the present simulations provided values of 0.038 kg/(m2∙s) for type C and 0.047 kg/(m2∙s) for type A.

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Ginestet, S., and C. Le Bot. "Evaporation flow assessment from petroleum product storage tanks exposed to fire conditions." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 73 (2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2018023.

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Fire around storage tanks for petroleum products can have disastrous consequences for the environment and the population. These fires, due to accident or arson, are very well managed by security divisions but, nevertheless, involve the release of an amount of vapour from the petroleum present in the storage device. The exposure of a non-refrigerated aboveground liquid petroleum or petroleum product storage tank to fire can also lead to internal overpressure. PV-valves ensure that the normal and emergency venting requirements are satisfied, and determination of such requirements is key for the safety of petroleum tanks and should not be underestimated. This paper presents and discusses some methods that can be used to evaluate the vapour flow. In the aim of finding an exact answer rapidly, a thermal analytical approach is first investigated, which reveals the complexity of the solution. Thus, a numerical approach, based on finite-volume description, is used to set the first steps of the flow assessment. Based on a thermodynamic hypothesis, a simplified method is finally put forward for the evaluation of the amount of vapour released. The algorithm used to determine how temperature, pressure and flow evolve over time, which is very useful information for the safety of these devices, is then detailed and the results discussed.

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Seleznev, Vadim E. "Numerical Analysis of Pool Fires in Oil Trunkline Networks." Journal of Combustion 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/651069.

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This paper presents a method for numerical evaluation of parameters of flammable liquid pool fires caused by storage tank or trunkline failures. The method may be useful for specialists working in oil, gas, and chemical industries. It was successfully applied in fire safety analysis of Russian gas and oil processing facilities.

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Korolchenko, Dimitry, and Younes Halloul. "Stability of fire barriers in tank farms in case of destruction of vertical tanks." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 02045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126302045.

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The issue of raising the level of safety of people, lands and property from potential threats in emergency situations in oil and gas storage and processing sites is particular concern to all levels of authority in countries, whether they are legal or executive authority. Study of the statistical data of incidents and fires at these equipment showed that the most negative effects for the damage to the company’s personnel, the population and the environment occurred during the quasi-instantaneous destruction of the vertical steel tank. The distinguishing features of such an accident are the complete loss of the integrity of the vertical oil tank hull and the release of all the liquid stored in the tank in the form of a powerful flow (breakout wave), which has a great destructive power, to the adjacent territory within a short term of time. The most important measures to reduce oil and petroleum products leakage in tank farms are reinforced earth dams and closed walls made of materials that are vulnerable to heat (important in the case of fire), Which led to many unsolvable cases. Recently, vertical steel tank with double walls of the “glass in a glass “type have been used in some oil tanks, in practice, they have not found wide application, which is due, first of all, it needs to allocate a significant territory for their arrangement, and its high cost.

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Lim, Jong-Jin, and Jae-Hyun Ku. "Stability Analysis of the Foundation of Hazardous Material Storage Tank for Preventing Leakage Accidents." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.55a324ba.

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The leakage of hazardous materials due to the defect in storage tank foundations is likely to cause tremendous fire disasters in the industry cluster area. Thus, adequate design and construction of the tank foundation is required for preventing tank leakage. In this study, four types of typical tank foundations were classified and modeled for 3D FEM analysis to perform stability evaluation on tank foundations. Furthermore, numerical analysis indicated that stress concentration just below the tank shells is 40 times that at the tank center. The settlement influence zone is about the tank radius and tank diameter in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. Thus, the appropriate guidelines for the design and construction of tank foundations were suggested via a comparison assessment of the numerical analysis results on the stress distribution and displacement of the tank foundations.

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Nazarov, V. P., D.-l. A. Stepanenko, and D.-s. A. Stepanenko. "Rationale for increasing the level of fire safety during preparation of tanks for fire repairs." Technology of technosphere safety 89 (2020): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2020.3.89.75-85.

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Introduction. According to statistics, Russia is the third largest oil producer in the world. The processing, transportation and storage of such a large volume of petroleum products requires maintaining the constant operability of tank farms. However, a significant number of accidents and fires are occurring at these facilities, which significantly undermines production and economic stability. Goals and objectives. The need to keep reservoir parks in working condition poses a problem of increasing the level of fire and explosion safety of fire repairs. This type of work is often impossible without the use of equipment that can serve as an open source of ignition, which can cause an explosion. Methods. To justify the need to achieve a fire and explosion-proof state of working conditions when preparing the tank for repair, methods of analysis and classification of data on fires that occurred at oil production and refining facilities not only in Russia, but also abroad were applied. Results and discussion thereof. The article calls attention to the process of pre-repair preparation as one of the main causes of accidents at oil-related facilities. More than 34,7 % of the explosions are related to fire repairs. There is a need to improve the regulatory framework relating to the preparation of tanks for repair, as well as the use of modern mechanized mobile treatment plants and the use of highly skilled personnel for the organization of work. Conclusions. The development of various industries, agriculture, and electric heating systems encourages increased demand for oil refining products for the successful implementation of their activities. This demand increases both the number of oil production, transportation and refining facilities and the number of jobs and personnel to service those facilities. Therefore, fire safety of oil and gas industry facilities is a current problem. Key words: reservoir park, fire, oil product, pre-repair, cleaning, gas-freeing, firing.

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Vadim, Seleznev, and Aleshin Vladimir. "Practical Method for Numerical Evaluation of Parameters of Pool Fires in Oil Pipeline Networks." Journal of Konbin 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 203–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10040-008-0019-5.

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Practical Method for Numerical Evaluation of Parameters of Pool Fires in Oil Pipeline NetworksThis paper presents a method for numerical evaluation of parameters of flammable liquid pool fires caused by storage tank or pipeline failures. The method may be useful for specialists working in oil and gas, and chemical industries. It was successfully applied in fire safety analysis of Russian gas and oil processing facilities.

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Im, Yong-Sun, Chang-Hwan Ryu, Jong-Mook Cho, and Dae-Hoon Kwak. "Forensic Engineering Approach on Accident of Goyang Oil Storage Tank Fire." Korean Academy of Scientific Criminal Investigation 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20297/jsci.2019.14.2.146.

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Im, Yong-Sun, Chang-Hwan Ryu, Jong-Mook Cho, and Dae-Hoon Kwak. "Forensic Engineering Approach on Accident of Goyang Oil Storage Tank Fire." Korean Academy of Scientific Criminal Investigation 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20297/jsci.2020.14.2.146.

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Rebec, A., P. Plešec, and J. Kolšek. "Pool fire accident in an aboveground LFO tank storage: thermal analysis." Fire Safety Journal 67 (July 2014): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.05.022.

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Makarov, Dmitriy, Volodymyr Shentsov, Mike Kuznetsov, and Vladimir Molkov. "Hydrogen Tank Rupture in Fire in the Open Atmosphere: Hazard Distance Defined by Fireball." Hydrogen 2, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2010008.

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The engineering correlations for assessment of hazard distance defined by a size of fireball after either liquid hydrogen spill combustion or high-pressure hydrogen tank rupture in a fire in the open atmosphere (both for stand-alone and under-vehicle tanks) are presented. The term “fireball size” is used for the maximum horizontal size of a fireball that is different from the term “fireball diameter” applied to spherical or semi-spherical shape fireballs. There are different reasons for a fireball to deviate from a spherical shape, e.g., in case of tank rupture under a vehicle, the non-instantaneous opening of tank walls, etc. Two conservative correlations are built using theoretical analysis, numerical simulations, and experimental data available in the literature. The theoretical model for hydrogen fireball size assumes complete isobaric combustion of hydrogen in air and presumes its hemispherical shape as observed in the experiments and the simulations for tank rupturing at the ground level. The dependence of the fireball size on hydrogen mass and fireball’s diameter-to-height ratio is discussed. The correlation for liquid hydrogen release fireball is based on the experiments by Zabetakis (1964). The correlations can be applied as engineering tools to access hazard distances for scenarios of liquid or gaseous hydrogen storage tank rupture in a fire in the open atmosphere.

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Kharisma, Aji Abdillah, Ahmad Fadel Givari, and Irvan Septyan Mulyana. "DESAIN DAN ANALISIS KEKUATAN TANGKI FIRE WATER STORAGE TANK TIPE FIX CONE ROOF KAPASITAS 1500 KL DENGAN PERHITUNGAN AKTUAL DAN SIMULASI SOFTWARE." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi dan Rekayasa 26, no. 1 (2021): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35760/tr.2021.v26i1.3692.

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Storage tank adalah alat yang dibutuhkan dalam industri minyak bumi dan gas. Fungsi dari storage tank ialah untuk menyimpan fluida dalam jumlah yang besar. Tangki timbun harus memiliki dinding yang kuat untuk menahan suatu tekanan, maka tangki tersebut tidak mengalami kerusakan. Penelitian ini membahas tentang kekuatan desain fire water storage tank, dari kriteria faktor keamanan, von misses, dan displacement. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode perhitungan actual dan metode analysis simulasi (analysis simulation). Data input desain shell diberi internal pressure sebesar (1 atm) atau (0,101325 MPa), pada hasil simulasi solidworks didapatkan nilai dari von mises stress sebesar (150,49 MPa), safety factor (1,36), dan displacement (5,95 mm). Hasil metode perhitungan aktual didapatkan nilai von mises sebesar (155,245 MPa), safety factor (1,32), dan displacement (4,274 mm). Berdasarkan hasil analisa desain dari storage tank dapat dinyatakan aman digunakan dikarenakan nilai von mises berada dibawah nilai yield strength (205 MPa), safety factor berada pada kisaran (1-10), serta displacement yang tidak terlalu signifikan.

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Zhou, Yi, Yang Du, Xiaogang Zhao, Peili Zhang, and Sheng Qi. "Experimental Study on the Explosion of Gasoline-air Mixture in Reduced-scale Storage Tank." Open Petroleum Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (July 29, 2016): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874834101609160150.

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Fire and explosion accidents often occur in storage tanks leading to great economic loss and serious casualties during the working, operation and maintenance. This paper established a reduced-scale storage tank experimental system, and then the explosion characteristics of gasoline-air mixture in storage tank were studied. The experimental results show that several parameters (such as concentration of gasoline-air mixture, initial temperature of gasoline-air mixture, initial O2and N2contained in the storage tank) have very important influence on the gasoline-air mixture explosion and its explosion products. The upper and lower explosion limits of gasoline-air mixture are about 0.86% and 4.3% HC respectively according to the experimental results, and the critical explosion concentration is about 2.5% HC. The explosion of gasoline-air mixture under different initial temperatures in the concentration of 2.5% was carried out to find out that the biggest explosion overpressure is at the initial temperature of 308 K. The concentrations of explosion products namely CO and CO2are closely related to the initial concentration of gasoline-air mixture, and the critical initial concentration of gasoline-air mixture to determine the higher and lower concentrations of CO and CO2in explosion products is around 2.5% HC. Meanwhile, the ignition of gasoline-air mixture under various concentrations of premixed N2and O2in the storage tank was carried out, and the results show that the ignition of gasoline-air mixture with the concentration of 2.0% HC is impossible when the concentration of O2is below 18.80%.

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Ab Rashid, Siti Rafidah, and Adil Rahman Nor Azmi. "Quantitative risk analysis on an FSO crude oil storage tank." Malaysian Journal of Chemical Engineering and Technology (MJCET) 3, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/mjcet.v3i1.11074.

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The industry of oil and gas are blooming in a rapid rate as time goes by because of the massive use of fuel oil and natural gas in this age of time. However, as more fuel oil are produced the industry is moving away from onshore to offshore and towards the ultra-deep-water region, where vessel like FSOs are introduced. FSO are short for Floating Storage and Offloading which are vessels used in deep water operation. The FSO plays an important role in the business where a single disastrous incident will affect the industry and the company. The focus of the research will be on the FSO that holds million barrels of crude oil. In this work, fire risk analysis is used to assess the crude oil storage tank on a typical FSO as this is a relatively new mode in exploration and production (E&P) activity. By calculating the individual risk per annum (IRPA) and potential loss of life (PLL), methods are introduced to mitigate fire risk on FSOs. The results show that the level of failure is low and requires less action for the FSO crude oil storage tank to stay safe during operation in the offshore environment.

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Vinnem, J. E., S. Haugen, and R. Bo̸rresen. "Risk Assessment of Production and Storage Tankers." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 118, no. 3 (August 1, 1996): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2828834.

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Production and storage tankers are being evaluated extensively for development of marginal oil and gas fields in the North Sea. The main safety aspects of these vessels are discussed, based on a number of quantitative risk assessments for these vessel concepts. These studies have confirmed the importance of several important safety features, such as a fire-protected, enclosed escape way along one of the sides of the ship. Other important safety features include weather-vaning capability as a function of the turret location, location and configuration of the flare system, protection of cargo tanks by inert gas blanketing, as well as procedures for strict control of tank intervention. The results, show that the production and storage vessels have favorable safety characteristics, and that these concepts represent an acceptable and feasible solution for the marginal fields.

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Hlova, Taras, Mykhailo Semerak, Bogdanna Hlova, and Mykola Mykhailyshyn. "The influence of pressure changes on the integrity of tanks for storage of petroleum products and toxic substances." Military Technical Collection, no. 24 (May 20, 2021): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33577/2312-4458.24.2021.31-36.

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Tanks for the storage of oil products and toxic substances in warehouses are the main ones. They can be in the form of separate tanks or a group of tanks. The most widespread are vertical steel tanks with a stationary roof that a placed in open areas. The tanks heat up, and the intensity of evaporation of the oil product increases in case of fire. If there is a permanent roof, the pressure in the tank will increase. If the capacity of the breathing valves is less than the intensity of evaporation then there is a risk of explosion. Explosions in the tank often lead to the separation of the bottom, and the side cylindrical surface and the roof fly away instantly, spilling oil on neighboring tanks and the territory of the tank’s park. Then the combustion area increases intensively. The destruction of the integrity of the tank, due to the separation of the bottom, contributes to temperature and power stresses, the value of which increases with increasing temperature of their heating and increasing pressure, respectively. The values of temperature stresses are added to the power stresses caused by pressure, and when the critical value is reached, destruction occurs. We investigated the stress-strain state of a steel vertical tank for the storage of oil products and toxic substances. The analysis of the reasons for the occurrence of admissible pressure in the tank, which is the reason for the loss of its integrity, is carried out. Using the differential equation of a closed cylindrical shell, which is under the action of internal pressure, analytical expressions are obtained to find deformations and stresses in the side cylindrical surface and bottom. Were calculated axial and annular stresses for the tank of RVS-900. Based on the basic relations of the theory of elasticity of thin plates and shells analytical expressions of the stress-strain state of the cylindrical tanks are obtained for conditions for changing of pressure on their structural elements. It is shown that the greatest values of axial stresses are obtained on the surface of the connection of the cylindrical surface with the bottom. The researches results are presented graphically.

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Benbrik, A., M. Cherifi, S. Meftah, M. S. Khelifi, and K. Sahnoune. "Contribution to Fire Protection of the LNG Storage Tank Using Water Curtain." International Journal of Thermal and Environmental Engineering 2, no. 2 (December 15, 2010): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5383/ijtee.02.02.005.

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Shen, Chuanchuan, Li Ma, Gai Huang, Yingzhe Wu, Jinyang Zheng, Yan Liu, and Jun Hu. "Consequence assessment of high-pressure hydrogen storage tank rupture during fire test." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 55 (September 2018): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2018.06.016.

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46

Agho, Nosakhare, S. K. Mailabari, I. H. Omorodion, G. O. Ariavie, and G. E. Sadjere. "Design Construction and Testing of a Petroleum Product Storage Tank 10 Million Litre Capacity." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 3 (March 31, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.3.308.

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The purpose of this paper is to design a 10 million litre capacity petroleum storage tank for use in the oil industry in Nigeria with a view to overcoming the challenges associated with the loss of product due to evaporation. The tank having diameter and height of 27.4m and 17.5m respectively was designed to have two relief valves; a primary valve which would ensure that the product vapour pressure within high-level (h2) in meters of the storage tank does not exceed the minimum acceptable pressure. The second relief valve is designed to relief due to a sudden increase in pressure as a result of a possible fire in the tank. To this end, the design made reference to the American Petroleum Institute Manual 650 (12th Edition) as a guide. Some fundamental considerations include tank shape, height, diameter and materials used. A corrosion allowance of 3mm was also considered.

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Smith, Donald P. "ATTCO PIPELINE TANK FIRE: RESPONDING TO THE VOLCANIC INFERNO." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 926–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-926.

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ABSTRACT On a hot afternoon in June 1995, lightning struck a 55,000-barrel crude oil storage tank owned by ATTCO Pipeline Company in Addington, Oklahoma. The lightning strike subsequently caused a fire and explosion that ultimately resulted in the collapse of the tank. During the initial response efforts, specialized fire-fighting equipment and personnel were requested from Sheppard Air Force Base out of Wichita Falls, Texas. Unfortunately, efforts to extinguish the fire resulted in a tragic loss of life. This poster seeks to examine the sequence of events leading up to the loss of life and to discuss how these events affected the overall spill response efforts. It will include an analysis of the operational parameters established by ATTCO's Facility Response Plan that was in effect on June 10, 1995, and will also examine the state of preparedness and prevention efforts leading up to June 10, 1995. Ultimately, this poster will determine what effect, if any, the state of readiness had on the events of that day.

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Song, Xiao Dong, and Long Zhe Jin. "Application Model Analysis on Automatic System of Fire Detection, Alarming and Extinguishment in Crude Oil Storage Tank." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 890–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.890.

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In order to realize functions of automatic monitoring, alarming and extinguishment on fire in crude oil storage tank, the paper came up with a fire detection model with multisensor, including selective module with fire feature combination, supervised training module and fire detection module. By regarding PNN as a classifier to carry out tests on effectiveness of the model, the conclusions that the model can reduce the influence of fire parameters’ fluctuation on detection results was drew. Moreover, an excellent fault-tolerant ability was possessed at the same time. Through some confirmatory experiments, The phenomenon was reached that two kinds of parameters in adoptive four parameters have no normal fire signal, but the model still can greatly distinguish from correct fire state.

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Wang, Yan. "The Research of City Safety Evaluation Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 6140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.6140.

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On the basis of the major hazards of fire and explosion accident model, through the investigation and analysis of several chemical accident, based on existing models of Domino effect, advances in a wide variety of new model of transfer factor synthesis influence level after the accident, on the basis of the fault tree are used to determine the initial event, with software by probability combination method to calculate the impact of the secondary accidents in the area of the largest combination probability of storage tank, and, in turn, calculated based on the combination of the tank farm Domino effect probability. By various initial tank area after the accident the Domino effect probability calculation is not only beneficial to the reasonable layout of the storage tank can also be used for accident emergency decision-making and accident rescue aspects to provide data support [1].

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Yan, Chengchu, Shengwei Wang, Cheng Fan, and Fu Xiao. "Retrofitting building fire service water tanks as chilled water storage for power demand limiting." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 38, no. 1 (September 24, 2016): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624416669553.

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Peak demand cost usually contributes a large proportion of the total electricity bills in buildings. Using existing building facilities for power demand limiting has been verified as effective measures to reduce monthly peak demands and associated costs. Fire service water tanks exist in most commercial buildings. This paper presents a comprehensive study on how to effectively retrofit existing building fire service water tanks as chilled water storage for power demand limiting. Important technical and economic factors that may affect the implementation of the proposed retrofitting are addressed. Two retrofitting schemes, i.e. a small ΔT (storage temperature difference) scheme and a large ΔT scheme are proposed for integrating the chilled water storage system into an existing all-air system and an existing air-water air conditioning system, respectively. Two optimal demand limiting control strategies, i.e. time-based control and demand-based control, are proposed for maximizing the monthly peak demand reduction of buildings with regular and variable peak occurring time, respectively. The cost-effectiveness of different retrofitting schemes in three real buildings in Hong Kong is analysed. Results show that substantial cost savings can be achieved with short payback periods (0.7–2.6 years) for the retrofits in these three buildings. Practical application: This paper presents a techno-economic analysis on retrofitting existing building fire service water tanks as chilled water storage for power demand limiting and operational cost saving. The proposed retrofitting schemes and demand limiting control strategies enable chilled water storage systems to be readily applied to most existing buildings. Building owners can benefit from the peak demand cost saving as the monthly peak demand can be significantly reduced by using chilled water storage. The extra costs involved in tank retrofits and system integrations can be paid back within three years.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Storage tank fire'

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