Academic literature on the topic 'Stores opening'
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Journal articles on the topic "Stores opening"
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Kim, Hyun-Ah, Jin-Hyeong Suh, Young-Sin Cho, and Chun-Han Cho. "Finding Competitive Franchise Stores in the Food Service Industry and Store Mix." Foodservice Management Society of Korea 25, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 105–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47584/jfm.2022.25.4.105.
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The restaurant industry continues to grow with the spread of the dining culture and the rapidly changing trend, but the survival rate of individual stores is decreasing. In particular, in recent years, the development of a complex type of residential, business, and commercial facilities has become active, but commercial facilities are subject to individual sales, reckless opening due to lease, and high vacancy rates. Accordingly, it is necessary to increase the competitiveness and survival rate of stores in the restaurant industry, and strategies are needed from opening stores to operating and closing stores.
This study aims to select competitive franchise stores in commercial facilities and present an optimized store mix method using commercial facilities in the form of residential and commercial complexes that are recently being developed. Through credit card data, it was analyzed through pre-COVID-19 store sales, and franchise stores that have high sales and can actually pay rent for stores selected as cases were selected by comparing commercial districts similar to those where stores are located. After that, a case study was conducted focusing on finding stable stores by allowing synergy effects between stores to occur through the store mixing method.
Studies have shown that in the current uncertain situation of the external environment, opening a franchise that is stable and profitable is needed to minimize risks rather than trying something new.
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Ding, Weijia, and Liyun Wu. "Research on the Selection of Supply Chain Marketing Models Based on E-commerce Service Levels." Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies 4, no. 4 (August 27, 2021): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/pbes.v4i4.2424.
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Based on the game theory, the service sensitivity coefficient is introduced to construct four marketing game models, which include a single flagship store, a single self-operated store, a direct sales-flagship store, and a direct sales-self-operated store, in combination with numerical analysis methods to analyze manufacturers and e-commerce platforms in different situations. The study found that the service levels affected the profit of each entity in the supply chain. The service levels of self-operated stores were higher than those of the flagship stores, and the opening of direct sales channels had a stimulating effect on the service levels of e-commerce platforms to a certain extent. In consideration of the service levels and the ability to build direct sales channels, the direct sales-flagship store marketing model is the best choice for manufacturers whereas e-commerce platforms are more inclined to open self-operated stores. However, the opening of manufacturers’ direct sales channels is not necessarily beneficial to e-commerce platforms.
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Missiaen, L., J. B. Parys, H. De Smedt, I. Sienaert, R. H. Henning, and R. Casteels. "Opening up Ca2+ stores with lnsP3." Nature 376, no. 6538 (July 1995): 299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/376299b0.
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Mezna, Mokdad, and Francesco Michelangeli. "Opening up Ca2+ stores with lnsP3." Nature 376, no. 6538 (July 1995): 300–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/376300a0.
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Hirose, Kenzo, and Masamitsu lino. "Opening up Ca2+ stores with lnsP3." Nature 376, no. 6538 (July 1995): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/376301a0.
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Golovnin, O. K., and A. A. Igonina. "Decision support system for location selection of convenience stores and retail facilities using optimization techniques and GIS." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2134, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2134/1/012015.
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Abstract The successful spatial location of small convenience stores and retail facilities greatly affects the potential flow of customers, therefore the task of optimizing their location is primary when opening a new store or revising an existing stores’ location. We developed a decision support system for location selection of convenience stores and retail facilities using optimization techniques and a geographic information system. The system identifies areas on an electronic map with the greatest potential to locate a store or retail facility, taking into account its specifics, pedestrian accessibility, opening hours, and a set of goods or services. The system calculates the optimal location of one or several stores using one of the optimization techniques for the criterion of the number of potential customers. In our experiments, we used gradient descent for optimization. The experiments were carried out in areas of various sizes using data obtained from Open Street Map. Experimental results showed that the system finds the optimal location in a reasonable time and therefore it can be useful for small convenience stores and retail facilities.
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Chauhan, Rahul, and Hendra Martha Fauzy. "THE INFLUENCE OF BRAND TRUST IN MEDIATING CONSUMER ONLINE BEHAVIOR AGAINST BUYING INTEREST IN ONLINE STORES (CASE STUDY OF HYPERMART ONLINE SHOP IN INDONESIA)." Dinasti International Journal of Digital Business Management 1, no. 3 (May 14, 2020): 471–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31933/dijdbm.v1i3.294.
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The invasion of online stores in Indonesia is very massive, proven by various applications and online stores that are known to have operated and used services by the people in Indonesia. Changes in consumer shopping behavior from offline to online have become routine habits in daily behavior. This raises challenges for retail businesses in business continuity. To maintain business continuity, retail (offline store) must diversify by opening an online store. Having an online store or digital business format is expected to be able to maintain business continuity with the support of brand trust owned by offline stores.
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Avery, Jill, Thomas J. Steenburgh, John Deighton, and Mary Caravella. "Adding Bricks to Clicks: On the Role of Physical Stores in a World of Online Shopping." GfK Marketing Intelligence Review 5, no. 2 (November 1, 2013): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gfkmir-2014-0015.
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Abstract E-commerce is gaining ground and leaving the role of traditional brick-and-mortar stores open to question. With this in mind, a team of researchers performed a case study to determine what effects the store openings of one multichannel retailer of fashion, home furnishings and high-end accessories would have on its catalog and online sales. The opening of brick-and-mortar stores had positive and negative effects for the retailer, but complementary consequences clearly outweighed sales drops in individual channels: In the short term, only catalog sales declined slightly. But over time, both the catalog and online channels increasingly benefited from the presence of the new brick-and-mortar stores. Within 79 months, catalog sales recovered to a level that would have been expected had the store never opened and subsequently continued growing more than in a sample without new stores. An enhanced understanding of both positive and negative cross-channel effects helps retailers better anticipate and respond to changes in sales in existing channels when a new one is added. It is the basis for strategically managing a company’s channels as a portfolio rather than as separate entities.
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Tillyashaykhova, Makhsuda Abdusattarovna, and Gulandom Abdujabbarovna Samigova. "Stages of opening and introducing online stores." Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities 12, no. 1 (2022): 354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7315.2022.00060.0.
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Fornari, Edoardo, Daniele Fornari, Sebastiano Grandi, Mario Menegatti, and Charles F. Hofacker. "Adding store to web: migration and synergy effects in multi-channel retailing." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 44, no. 6 (June 13, 2016): 658–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-07-2015-0103.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the topic of multi-channel retailing. Specifically, the research intends to determine if and to what extent the opening of physical stores by a former web-only retailer reduces or extends overall retail sales, and whether such effects tend to change over time. Empirical analysis focuses on data elaboration from a retailer who has passed from the initial mono-channel model (pure online), to a multi-channel one with the opening of stores. Design/methodology/approach – Through the analysis of an internal data set of a leading consumer electronics retailer applying Probit and Logit estimation techniques, the authors extract information about actual customers’ purchases (or rather retail sales) in three newly opened stores and about online purchases (through an e-commerce web site managed by the same retailer with the same store brand) by people living in the new store service areas before and after the openings. Findings – The paper shows that, for the single customer, the probability of purchasing online is reduced by the store opening in the short term, but tends to increase in the long term. Besides, results indicate that long-term synergy between the two channels depends mainly on indirect influence due to the mere presence of the store brand in the area rather than on the direct experience of shopping in the store. Research limitations/implications – The study highlights that channel portfolio enlargement from mono- to multi-channel retailing tends to activate a sort of life cycle; while in the early phase of store addition web sales tend to be cannibalized because the two channels are perceived as “substitutes” for each other, in the long run migration turns into a synergy effect; different channels tend to interact with and reinforce each other as customer touch points of the same retailer, in an omni-channel perspective. Originality/value – The paper herein presents various original elements concerning types of available data (actual sales rather than consumers’ intentions/perceptions and individual level data rather than aggregate level ones), estimation technique used (binary choice model) and research hypotheses (distinguishing between “direct” and “indirect” synergy effects in multi-channel retailing).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stores opening"
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Jönsson, Marcus, Richard Patrini, and Nicolò Sammartini. "Online Retailers Opening Brick and Mortar Stores and the Impact on the Customer Base: The Case of NetOnNet." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-354812.
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During recent years, technology has played a crucial role in shaping the retail industry. Digitalisation and e-commerce are seen as the future of retailing. However, big online retailers have shown increasing interest in offline shopping by heavily investing in brick and mortar stores. The strategy of a retailer making use of both offline and online channels is called omnichannel strategy. This study investigates why online retailers are investing in physical stores and what is the impact of this decision on their customer base. The study uses a two-step research. First, a case study on the Swedish retailer NetOnNet is conducted to confirm the theoretical framework and build the research model. Then, a quantitative research with questionnaire is used to investigate the impact of an omni-channel strategy on the consumers’ attitudes towards the retailer. The results show that awareness and control are the factors most affected by an omni-channel strategy. Instead, having both an online and offline presence does not have a relevant impact on the factors trust, perceived risk and personalisation.
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RUSI, Ilda. "Generating Innovative Perforated Patterns for Perimetric Structural Walls with Openings in Multi-Storey Buildings." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488300.
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Due to the very fast urban development and population growth to the most big cities all over the world, the multi-storey buildings have increased a lot in number. Increasingly, interest is growing in exploring structural systems that allow to build multi-storey buildings. As stated also in the literature and also by Ali. M., M, in his study in 1990, among the major issues that govern the design of a multi-storey building is fulfilling the architectural aspect such as space, function, light while ensuring also the building structural rigidity.Considering also the fact emphasized by Aminmansour & Moon, 2010; Elnimeiri & Gupta, in their study in 2008, that many times, the multi-storey buildings tend to be very inefficient in terms of organisations of the interior spaces. In this regard, based on engineering logical reasoning, in order to provide the sufficient structural rigidity, it requires in many cases, considerable cross section dimensions of structural elements. On the other hands, in engineering design practices there are several cases where to ensure the stability of the building, rigid elements are placed on the building perimeter. The problem is that often, in these cases, these structural elements may interrupt several architectural aspects of the multi-storey building such as its façade, interior space, or even the entire building architectural volume. This study present reinforced concrete Structural Wall elements which are recognized as one of three main structural systems putted on the perimeter of multi-storey buildings among rigid frames and bracing systems. This research aims in suggesting an innovative structural element be implemented in the design process by both being considered as an architectural and structural element.The Structural Wall patterns with different arrangement of openings, called Perforated Structural Wall Panels, are characterized by a pattern of openings in different sizes and forms. This panel should provide the required resistance from the lateral load acting on it while offering at the same time a visual resistance presence. From the architectural point of view, this element offer the possibility to create several configurations of geometric forms, through following a precise methodology explained in further detailed study analysis presented in this study. The methodology can help towards obtaining an optimized panel by creating also a common vocabulary for both the architect and the engineer. This designed vision based on collaboration between architects and engineers aims in fostering an alternative design method outlining an effective structural scheme of multi-storey buildings composed mainly by perforated Structural Wall elements in the building perimeter. Following this design methodology, vertical structural elements would be modified in terms of preserving the required structural members and cutting of the unnecessary ones. The research concludes by discussing on how perforated Structural Wall element can help in fostering the design process and facilitate the decisions steps within designers in concluding the proper building configuration, the architectural performance and the structural rigidity.
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Ferguson, Carlynn. "Moon Co-op: The Feasibility of Opening an Organic Food Store in Oxford, Ohio." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1111686221.
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Michieletto, Giovanna <1974>. "Opening doors trough fiction: interior and exterior space in Stephen Crane's short stories of New York City and the West." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/168.
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Faria, Correa Thompson Flores Juliana d. "Strategies to improve the performance of openings subject to water ingress during tropical cyclones and severe storms." Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/399426.
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Tropical cyclones and severe storms around the world generate destructive winds and heavy rain causing devastating effects to buildings. Over the years, many countries have created or improved their buildings codes after a hazard has happened. Tropical Cyclone Tracy, in 1974 devastated the city of Darwin in Australia, and after that event the Australian Building Code was significantly upgraded to ensure that building structures could withstand cyclonic wind speeds. Since then, the incidence and severity of structural failure in both normal and extreme operating conditions has reduced substantially in Australia. However, tropical cyclones and severe storms still cause repeated serviceability issues in Australia, that impact on local communities, the construction industry, the insurance industry and governments. Insurance losses due to cyclones over the past two decades in northern Australia have totalled $2.4 billion, which averages around $115 million per year. Some non-structural elements remain subject to minor failure, causing loss of amenity and damage to structural building components over time. Buildings investigations have consistently revealed that windows and external glazed doors are affected by wind-driven rain, associated with each individual storm event, causing internal leakage and subsequent damage issues such as mould, termites and infestation. Research indicates that the water ingress may not be excessive but repeated serviceability damage has a cumulative cost impact generally to building owners, insurance and government. This repeated minor to moderate damage has not been sufficiently actioned since they do not lead to structural failure or loss of life.
To enhance the performance of building envelope openings subject to wind-driven rain during tropical cyclones and severe storms in the North of Queensland, the attainment of a clear understanding of the interdependencies in current practices for the entire supply chain of windows and external doors is essential. Therefore, reliable tools to predict performance of building envelope openings is essential for decision-makers to better target and prioritise investments. This aim was achieved by addressing the following three core study objectives: (1) to identify the key factors affecting the performance of window and external glazed doors to wind-driven rainwater ingress during tropical cyclones; (2) to develop an openings’ wind-driven water ingress performance prediction model; and (3) use scenario analysis to identify the most appropriate management interventions that could lead to a greater performance of window and door openings subject to wind-driven rainwater ingress during tropical cyclones and severe storms.
An integrated approach was used in the study. Firstly, expert interviews and workshops were used to gain a clear insight on the entire supply chain and quality oversight of window and external glazed door installations within the Australian construction industry. This was followed by workshops to develop and operationalise a probabilistic Bayesian Network (BN) model that enabled the identification of workable strategic pathways to improve the performance of openings to mitigate water ingress during tropical cyclones and severe storms.
The findings from the expert workshops and interviews revealed some key contributing fault factors and correction recommendations to improve current practices. These recommendations predominately related to upgrading practices related to documentation, inspection liability assignment and installation training for building windows and doors, especially in locations where severe winds are frequent (i.e., northern Australia) and was designed for the use of governments and industry projects.
The overall research project finding demonstrates the importance of implementing a multi-pronged change to: openings standards (refers as improvements in the serviceability resistance test to water penetration), standards knowledge and training (refers to improvements in skills and knowledge of designers, builders and installers in design specification, openings installation and waterproofing practices) and in construction documentation (level of design specification). The three practices enforced together, will likely enhance the performance of building envelope openings (upgrade to 66.6% against the current condition 32.2%) and substantially reduce the likelihood that windows and door openings will experience serviceability failure during their lifespans.Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Eng & Built Env
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Кубліцька, О. В. "Відкриття та розробка стратегії просування інтернет-магазину з продажу декоративної косметики." Thesis, Чернігів, 2020. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/21661.
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Кубліцька, О. В. Відкриття та розробка стратегії просування інтернет-магазину з продажу декоративної косметики: магістерська робота : 076 Підприємництво, торгівля та біржова діяльність / О. В. Кубліцька ; керівник роботи Соломаха І. В. ; Національний університет «Чернігівська політехніка», кафедра підприємництва і торгівлі. – Чернігів, 2020. – 109 с.У роботі представлено детальний аналіз ринку електронної торгівлі в Україні. Визначені основні проблеми та перспективи розвитку галуззі. Визначено динаміку розвитку електронної торгівлі в Україні. Визначено особливості відкриття інтернет-магазину з продажу декоративної косметики. Розглянуто стратегічне просування інтернет-магазину. Розглянуто основні інструменти стратегії просування інтернет-магазину. Кваліфікаційна робота містить детальний аналіз ринку декоративної косметики України. Визначено динаміку виробництва декоративної косметики в Україні. Визначено основних конкурентів та переваги та недоліки їх інтернет-магазинів. Наведено результати досліджень потенційної цільової аудиторії. Визначено основні причини, що можуть змусити покупців відмовитися від здійснення купівлі товару. Здійснено оцінку конкурентоспроможності потенційних постачальників декоративної косметики. Розглянуто порядок створення та відкриття інтернет-магазину з продажу декоративної косметики. Розроблено асортимент інтернет-магазину з продажу декоративної косметики. Розроблено проект інтернет-магазину продажу декоративної косметики. Розроблено логотип інтернет-магазину. Розроблено стратегію просування інтернет-магазину. Розроблено порядок використання інструментів стратегії просування. У відповідності з ним розроблено висновки та пропозиції для покращення роботи підприємства.
The paper presents a detailed analysis of the e-commerce market in Ukraine. The main problems and perspectives of the development of the industry are identified. The dynamics of e-commerce development in Ukraine is determined. The peculiarities of opening an online store for decorative cosmetics sales is determined. The strategic promotion of the online store is considered. The main tools of the online store promotion strategy are considered. The qualifying work contains a detailed analysis of the decorative cosmetics market in Ukraine. The dynamics of production of decorative cosmetics in Ukraine is determined. The main competitors and the advantages and disadvantages of their online stores are identified. The results of research of potential target audience are given. The main reasons that can force buyers to refuse to purchase goods are identified. The competitiveness of potential suppliers of decorative cosmetics has been assessed. The order of creation and opening of the online store for decorative cosmetics sales is considered. An assortment of an online store for decorative cosmetics sales is developed. The project of the online store for decorative cosmetics sales is developed. The logo of the online store has been developed.An online store promotion strategy is developed. The procedure for using the tools of the promotion strategy has been developed. In accordance with it, conclusions and proposals for improving the operations of the enterprise are developed.
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MILANESI, MATILDE. "Liabilities and business relationships in internationalization. Evidences from the opening of retail stores in the fashion industry." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/995009.
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The thesis addresses the topic of liabilities and business relationships in the internationalization process of the firm. In particular, the study of liabilities and business relationships is contextualized to the internationalization of fashion firms that open stores abroad
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Tsai, Shan-Yuan, and 蔡杉源. "A study for exploring how experiential marketingcan be used in department stores and retail industries:research on special promotion activities of Opening StoreCelebration/Mother’s Day at Taiwan Hanshin department store." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38196907538420865275.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
行銷與流通管理所
91
Department stores lead in Taiwanese retail business by contributing up to 30% of annual sales. However, facing economic depression and increasing competition, department store industry has been losing her profit margin due to price destruction and constant sales promotion. Taiwanese department stores have stepped into a low-profit era. All of the department stores in Taiwan strive for the new ways of attracting consumers and winning in instensive competition. Recently, experiential marketing provides a fresh paridiagm for marketers. In a literature review, there is no well-known academic research of experiential marketing on retail industries. Thus, this study intends to serve as a pilot study for exploring how experiential marketing can be used in department stores. The purposes of this study are to (1) examine whether experiential marketing can be adapted to a department store; (2) test how the Schmitt’s 1999 experiential marketing module can be used in sales promotion activities of a department stores; (3) explore the consistency of experiences among strategy designers (managers), consumers and employee; (4) propose a useful model experiential marketing for a department store; and (5) provide useful insights to department store practitioners. This research is exploratory- and qualitative-oriented. This resarch uses the special promotion activities of Openning Store Celebration/ Mother’s Day at Taiwan Hanshin Department Store (漢神百貨) as the study target. A quato sampling method and depth interview are used for data collection. A convenience sample is collected, including 7 managers, 32 employee and 57 consumers. A questionnaire is developed from the elements of Schmitt’s 1999 module. Critical incident technique (CIT) and χ2 are used for data analysis. The findings indicate that Schmitt’s conceptual module can be adapted for analyzing sales promotion activities of the department store with proper modification by accommodating the crucial elements of retail business suggested. In the strategic perspective, the experiential outcomes of consumers show that two key goals, sales promotion and attracting customers, are consistent as stratetgically planned. In addition, the experiential outcomes of relatinship marketing on strategy designers, customers and employee are not significant respectively. According to the overall findings, this study presents eight propositions and several future study directions.
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Chong, Julio, and 張文華. "Opening a Commercial Refrigeration Equipment StoreA Business Expansion in Panama." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/eq9hpj.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
企業管理碩士專班
106
This business plan presents the execution of an expansion from its already existing store in Panama. It will focus primarily on the sale and distribution of commercial refrigeration equipment, such as display cases, beverages fridges, freezers, and all its required component parts and accessories. To optimize maximum profit, all of the equipment is imported from trusted and reliable suppliers. This business proposal also includes a rigorous plan of logistic process, finance analysis, marketing and management strategy to assure positive outcomes. The demand for ready-to-eat products and the trend of people dining out has increased through the years in Panama; consequently, leading to an increase of demand for the commercial refrigeration equipment. In other words, increase of food consumption has become the major growth prospects for commercial refrigeration equipment market, which is driven mostly by supermarkets, restaurants and other food and beverages retail stores. While the first and current store is having increasing earnings through the years, the space for equipment exhibition in the store is getting small due to the large inventory of spare parts. With this restraint, an expansion was proposed in order to solve this issue. Two different alternatives will be presented in this business plan and the most feasible and convenient one will be implemented to exhibit exclusively the commercial refrigeration equipment. The purpose of this expansion is to increase sales and eventually be recognized as one of the largest refrigeration store in Panama.
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Mei-Huang, Lo, and 羅美煌. "A Study Of Chain-Store Opening System Collaboration Key Factors." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87546327798708462906.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
商業自動化與管理研究所
91
The chain store developing decision is one of the most important functional strategies in a retail chain service industry. A retail chain determines its progressional store developing goal based on the entire business operation strategy in order to make specific store developing decision. Presently, information related to chain store developing in most books and articles published is limited to topics like store opening prerequisites, theoretic commercial circle definition, or ideal store developing goal studies, etc. The information on chain store developing system is relatively insufficient. This explorative research is conducted with in-depth interviews in two stages. Domestic consultants and professionals with solid chain store operation expertise are invited in the first stage, to help structuring the concept of case analyses. In the second stage, managers of well-known chain store businesses are invited to review their implementation of chain store developing system collaboration operation, to share their valuable comments and to support the finding that there’s a common demand in chain store developing system in the retail chain service industry. Key affecting factors and conclusions are defined after the interviews: 1) the chain store developing system is a critical factor to the long lasting retail chain service business, 2) detailed functional planning and specific job definition should be achieved in collaboration operation, 3) the performance of collaboration operation is determined by the management model, and 4) a well communicated team is the store developing goal achieving key element.
Books on the topic "Stores opening"
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Museum Store Association (U.S.), ed. The new store workbook: MSA's guide to the essential steps from business plan to opening day. Denver, CO: Museum Store Association, 2001.
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(Firm), Tesco, ed. New store opening: Tesco, Colinton, Edinburgh, 18th October. [S.l.]: [s.n.], 1999.
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Moffatt, BettyClare. Opening to miracles: True stories of blessings and renewal. Berkeley, Calif: Wildcat Canyon Press, 1995.
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Seldom-told Bible tales: Fifteen eye-opening stories from the Bible. Lima, Ohio: CSS Pub. Co., Inc., 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Stores opening"
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Balovnev, Oleg, Martin Breunig, and Armin B. Cremers. "Geotoolkit: Opening Access to Object-Oriented Geodata Stores." In Interoperating Geographic Information Systems, 235–47. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5189-8_20.
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Stokes, Ryan E. "Flood Stories in 1 Enoch 1–36: Diversity, Unity, and Ideology." In Opening Heaven's Floodgates, edited by Jason M. Silverman, Siobhan Dowling Long, Elizabeth A. Harper, Philippe Guillaume, Helen R. Jacobus, Jason Michael McCann, Y. S. Chen, et al., 231–48. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463234775-011.
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Markham, Peter. "Opening image, frame, shot." In What’s the Story? The Director Meets Their Screenplay, 110–18. London ; New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367815363-16.
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Ranjit, Sreelakshmi, and Nincy Jose. "Seismic Performance of Floor Diaphragm Openings in Multi Storey Building." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 181–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80312-4_15.
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Dogo, Martins Samuel, Deepak P., and Anna Jurek-Loughrey. "Exploring Thematic Coherence in Fake News." In ECML PKDD 2020 Workshops, 571–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65965-3_40.
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AbstractThe spread of fake news remains a serious global issue; understanding and curtailing it is paramount. One way of differentiating between deceptive and truthful stories is by analyzing their coherence. This study explores the use of topic models to analyze the coherence of cross-domain news shared online. Experimental results on seven cross-domain datasets demonstrate that fake news shows a greater thematic deviation between its opening sentences and its remainder.
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Chen, Shu-Ping, Keith Dobson, Bonnie Kirsh, Stephanie Knaak, Michelle Koller, Terry Krupa, Bianca Lauria-Horner, et al. "Fighting Stigma in Canada: Opening Minds Anti-Stigma Initiative." In The Stigma of Mental Illness - End of the Story?, 237–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27839-1_14.
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Saito, Saburo, Kosuke Yamashiro, and Masakuni Iwami. "Did the Grand Renewal Opening of Department Store Enhance the Visit Value of Customers?" In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 317–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1739-2_16.
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Kumar, G. Prem, V. Thirumurugan, and K. S. Satyanarayanan. "The Behaviour of Seven-Storey Infilled RC Frame with Opening in Infill—An Analytical Study." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 21–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6403-8_3.
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Stuart, Heather, and Norman Sartorius. "Opening Doors: The Global Programme to Fight Stigma and Discrimination Because of Schizophrenia." In The Stigma of Mental Illness - End of the Story?, 227–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27839-1_13.
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Fushimi, Takayasu, and Masaya Yazaki. "Comparative Analysis of Store Opening Strategy Based on Movement Behavior Model over Urban Street Networks." In Complex Networks XI, 245–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40943-2_21.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Stores opening"
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Williams, Jack, Reza Alizadeh, Janet K. Allen, and Farrokh Mistree. "Using Network Partitioning to Design a Green Supply Chain." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22644.
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Abstract In supply chain network design, a retailer may determine the number and locations of facilities based on the cost of opening the facility, a customer driving to the facility, and a replenishment truck driving to the facility from a warehouse. However, this does not include the system’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Given the existential threat posed by global warming, it is pertinent to consider how the design of the system affects its GHG emissions. We model the supply chain as a network of customers and store locations, with customers driving in cars to and from stores and the retailer resupplying the stores from a central warehouse. The number and location of stores is determined while minimizing the GHG emission. Our contributions are (1) to remove the assumption of uniform demand, and instead build a model of a GSC based on population data; (2) to model the GSC as a two-echelon k-median problem. We conduct a sensitivity analysis to study the effect of a carbon tax in encouraging a greener system considering various scenarios under which emissions might increase or decrease. Specific scenarios lead to a lower overall GHG emission. For example, doubling the fuel efficiency of cars decreases emissions by 46% compared to the baseline scenario. The proposed design approach is not limited to GSC design and can be extended to many design problems, including manufacturing, material design, and healthcare.
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Pacovský, Libor, and Jan Jolič. "SMART CITIES AND THE NECESSITY OF OPENING OF THE DATA IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC AS AN EXAMPLE OF CEE COUNTRY." In 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2021.129.
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Transparency and openness should be the basic principle of modern public administration. Many cities want to become smart cities, so they develop smart city strategies and realise specific smart city projects. However, only a few of the Czech cities are actually successful in this area. This paper studies the problems of the open data approaches in cities’ practice. The public administration collects and stores data representing a smart city’s critical element and one of the smart governance’s essential tools toward modern public administration. The study aims to analyse the situation of open data and smart city measures in the Czech Republic and demonstrate the obvious separation of smart city implementation, data utilisation and smart governance in cities’ practice. The Czech Republic is one of the CEE countries that could benefit from more comprehensive smart cities measurement applications because some of its regions lag in digitalisation development. The opening of the data and the utilisation of them could be the first step for the cities or regions to implement advanced methods and technologies to become smart city. The only cities with successfully implemented smart city measures are the ones that are also relatively successful in open data publishing.
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Nemri, Abdelkarim, and Moncef Krarti. "Analysis of Electrical Energy Savings From Daylighting Through Skylights." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76077.
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This paper provides a simplified analysis tool to assess the energy saving potential of daylighting for commercial buildings through skylights. Specifically, the impact of daylighting is investigated for various fenestration opening sizes, glazing types, control strategies, and geographic locations. A top floor of a prototypical office building has been considered in the analysis. The results obtained for the office building can be applied to other types of buildings such as retails stores, schools, and warehouses. Based on the simulation analysis results, it was determined that skylight to floor ratio more than 0.3 does not affect significantly the lighting energy savings. An optimum value of skylight to floor area ratio was found to be 0.2 to minimize the annual total building energy use.
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Song, Q. W., M. C. Lee, and P. J. Talbot. "Optical matrix-vector multiplication using pinhole holograms." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.fbb6.
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Matrix-vector multiplication is a fundamental operation in linear algebra. A large variety of optical processors for performing matrix multiplication have been proposed and some experimentally demonstrated. We propose the use of a pinhole hologram to perform matrix-vector multiplication. The method is capable of storing and addressing a large number of holograms inside a photorefractive crystal, and achieving better resolution while performing the multiplication. On recording, each matrix (M × N) pattern passes through a pinhole and then stores its hologram in a photorefractive crystal. A phase-conjugate beam is used to read the holograms. Among them the desired one, say matrix A, is selected by opening a corresponding pinhole. An NX1 vector B is illuminated by the selected matrix pattern. The overlap of matrix A and B produces a matrix C. Using a cylindrical lens we can convert the M × N matrix C into a MX1 vector c which is the product of A and B. A 2-D detector array is used to detect the intensity distribution of vector c and to decide its value according to some preset threshold value. This method can be programmed to implement a parallel real-time matrix-vector processor.
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Fong, Jeffrey T., William F. Ranson, Reginald I. Vachon, and Pedro V. Marcal. "Structural Aging Monitoring via Web-Based Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) Technology." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61607.
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To assist owners and operators in real-time on-site monitoring and damage assessment of aging structures, we propose an “aging structure monitoring system” using direct measurements and web-based transmission technology. Such a system from field detection of surface or subsurface cracks to computer modeling/analysis/verification of simulated fatigue crack growth with ultimate delivery of remaining life prediction, is designed to have four major components: (1) The system is capable of transmitting from the field via internet to the office computer direct measurement data that are being collected in the field by personnel using handheld optical scanners to read bar-code-like strain gages either laser bonded (permanent marking) or adhesively bonded to selected critical high stress areas of the surface of a structure. (2) The office computer has a customized database that stores not only relevant geometric and material property data with variability information, but also a history of prior loadings, cumulated strain (plastic) measurements and fatigue crack length or crack tip opening displacement measurements. Such database is constantly being updated and enhanced with variability estimates subsequent to an event on a continouus or periodic inspection basis. (3) Using a minimum of four commercially-available finite-element method (FEM) packages, e.g., ABAQUS, ANSYS, LS-DYNA, and MPAVE, a numerical simulation experiment is conducted on real time using a fracture mechanics and fatigue damage theory-based deterministic model and the direct measurement data. This model is capable of predicting remaining lives for selected future loading scenarios. (4) The results of the FEM simulations are verified via a web-based statistically designed experiment using DATAPLOT where an uncertainty-bounded estimate of the remaining lives of the structure for selected loadings is delivered in real time to the field for decision making. Significance and limitations of this web-based direct-measurement approach to fatigue modeling are discussed.
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Idris, A., B. P. Huynh, and Z. Abdullah. "The Simulation of Natural Ventilation of Buildings With Different Location of Windows/Openings." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51168.
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Ventilation is a process of changing air in an enclosed space. Air should continuously be withdrawn and replaced by fresh air from a clean external source to maintain internal good air quality, which may referred to air quality within and around the building structures. In natural ventilation the air flow is due through cracks in the building envelope or purposely installed openings. Its can save significant amount of fossil fuel based energy by reducing the needs for mechanical ventilation and air conditioning. Numerical predictions of air velocities and the flow patterns inside the building are determined. To achieve optimum efficiency of natural ventilation, the building design should start from the climatic conditions and orography of the construction to ensure the building permeability to the outside airflow to absorb heat from indoors to reduce temperatures. Effective ventilation in a building will affects the occupant health and productivity. In this work, computational simulation is performed on a real-sized box-room with dimensions 5 m × 5 m × 5 m. Single-sided ventilation is considered whereby openings are located only on the same wall. Two opening of the total area 4 m2 are differently arranged, resulting in 16 configurations to be investigated. A logarithmic wind profile upwind of the building is employed. A commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software package CFD-ACE of ESI group is used. A Reynolds Average Navier Stokes (RANS) turbulence model & LES turbulence model are used to predict the air’s flow rate and air flow pattern. The governing equations for large eddy motion were obtained by filtering the Navier-Stokes and continuity equations. The computational domain was constructed had a height of 4H, width of 9H and length of 13H (H=5m), sufficiently large to avoid disturbance of air flow around the building. From the overall results, the lowest and the highest ventilation rates were obtained with windward opening and leeward opening respectively. The location and arrangement of opening affects ventilation and air flow pattern.
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Idris, A., and B. P. Huynh. "Large Eddy Simulation of Single-Sided Ventilated Room With Different Location of Windows." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37960.
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The natural ventilation contributes the improvement of internal thermal comfort and internal air quality when applied properly. An investigation of single-sided double opening was performed to a 3-dimensional rectangular-box room using a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software package of ESI group. Sixteen models with different location of double-openings were investigated. The large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence model was used to predict the air’s flow rate and air flow pattern. The governing equations for large eddy motion was obtained by filtering the Navier-Stokes and continuity equations. From the overall results, the lowest and the highest air flow rates were obtained to be 1.14 × 10−3 m3/s and 2.12 × 100 m3/s respectively. The location & arrangement of opening influences the air flow rate and air flow pattern.
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Yakymchuk, Bohdan, and Olena Liashenko. "Forecasting of New Grocery Store Opening Success Using Machine Learning Algorithms." In 2022 12th International Conference on Advanced Computer Information Technologies (ACIT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acit54803.2022.9913157.
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Egorov, O. "Combination of Skin-Effect Opening Switch and Auxiliary Opening Switches for Inductive Storages Application (Narrowband and Wideband Devices)." In 2021 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference (PPC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ppc40517.2021.9733144.
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Huynh, B. P. "Natural-Ventilation Flow in a 3-D Room Fitted With Solar Chimney." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87455.
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Natural-ventilation flow induced in a real-sized rectangular-box room fitted with a solar chimney on its roof is investigated numerically, using a commercial CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software package. The chimney in turn is in the form of a parallel channel with one plate being subjected to uniform solar heat flux. Ventilation rate and air-flow pattern through the room are considered in terms of the heat flux for two different locations of the room’s inlet opening. Chien’s turbulence model of low-Reynolds-number K-ε is used in a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) formulation. It is found that ventilation flow rate increases quickly with solar heat flux when this flux is low, but more gradually at higher flux. At low heat flux, ventilation rate is not significantly affected by location of the inlet opening to the room. On the other hand, at high heat flux, ventilation rate varies substantially with the opening’s location. Location of the inlet opening to the room also affects strongly the air-flow pattern. In any case, ample ventilation rate is readily induced by the chimney.
Reports on the topic "Stores opening"
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Kerber, Steve. Impact of Ventilation on Fire Behavior in Legacy and Contemporary Residential Construction. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/gieq2593.
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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service ventilation practices as well as the impact of changes in modern house geometries. There has been a steady change in the residential fire environment over the past several decades. These changes include larger homes, more open floor plans and volumes and increased synthetic fuel loads. This series of experiments examine this change in fire behavior and the impact on firefighter ventilation tactics. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the fire behavior associated with these scenarios and result in immediately developing the necessary firefighting ventilation practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. Two houses were constructed in the large fire facility of Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL. The first of two houses constructed was a one-story, 1200 ft, 3 bedroom, bathroom house with 8 total rooms. The second house was a two-story 3200 ft, 4 bedroom, 2.5 bathroom house with 12 total rooms. The second house featured a modern open floor plan, two- story great room and open foyer. Fifteen experiments were conducted varying the ventilation locations and the number of ventilation openings. Ventilation scenarios included ventilating the front door only, opening the front door and a window near and remote from the seat of the fire, opening a window only and ventilating a higher opening in the two-story house. One scenario in each house was conducted in triplicate to examine repeatability. The results of these experiments provide knowledge for the fire service for them to examine their thought processes, standard operating procedures and training content. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments to provide specific examples of changes that can be adopted based on a departments current strategies and tactics.
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Research, Gratis. Gallstone Pancreatitis. Gratis Research, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47496/gr.blog.08.
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Talamas Marcos, Miguel Ángel. Preliminary Evidence of Surviving Competition: Neighborhood Shops vs. Convenience Chains. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004453.
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Hundreds of millions of microenterprises in emerging economies face increased competition from the entry and expansion of large firms that offer similar products. This paper studies how one of the worlds most prevalent microenterprises, neighborhood shops, confront competition from convenience chains (e.g., 7-Eleven) in Mexico. To address the endogeneity in time and location of chains store openings, I pair two-way fixed effects with a novel instrument that, at the neighborhood level, shifts the profitability of chains but not of shops. An expansion from zero to the average number of chain stores in a neighborhood reduces the number of shops by 16%. Consistent with the theoretical framework, this reduction is not driven by an increase in shop exit but by a decrease in shop entry. Shops retain their sales of fresh products and 96% of their customers, but customers visit shops less often and spend less on non-fresh and packed goods. I present evidence consistent with shops surviving by exploiting comparative advantages stemming from being small and owner-operated, such as lower agency costs, building relationships with the community, and offering informal credit.
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Kerber, Steve. Study of the Effectiveness of Fire Service Vertical Ventilation and Suppression Tactics in Single Family Homes. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/iwzc6477.
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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service ventilation and suppression practices as well as the impact of changes in modern house geometries. There has been a steady change in the residential fire environment over the past several decades. These changes include larger homes, more open floor plans and volumes, and increased synthetic fuel loads. This investigation examined the influence of these changes to the fire behavior and subsequent impact on firefighter tactics relative to horizontal and vertical ventilation and suppression. It is anticipated that the results of this investigation will be incorporated into improved firefighting tactics and decision making to reduce firefighter injuries and fatalities. Vertical ventilation has been used successfully but also resulted in firefighter fatalities in the past, as it is not easily coordinated with suppression and other fire ground tasks such as horizontal ventilation. It is not straightforward for firefighters to train on the effects of vertical ventilation since fire service training structures and props do not allow for ventilation-limited fire conditions with representative fuel loads and floor plans that will be encountered on the fire ground. Thus, guidance on the effectiveness of vertical ventilation comes from experience gained during real incidents, but under many different fire ground conditions. This has made it difficult to develop comprehensive guidance on the coordination of vertical ventilation with other firefighter tactics, and how these tactics may influence the fire dynamics in the burning home. The purpose of this study was to improve the understanding of the fire dynamics associated with the use of vertical ventilation so that it may be more effectively deployed on the fire ground. Two houses were constructed in the large fire facility of Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL. The first house was a one-story house (1200 ft, three bedrooms, one bathroom) with a total of 8 rooms. The second house was a two-story house (3200 ft, four bedrooms, two and a half bathrooms) with a total of 12 rooms. The second house featured a modern open floor plan, two-story great room and open foyer. A total of seventeen experiments were conducted varying the ventilation locations and the number of ventilation openings. Ventilation scenarios included ventilating the front door and a window near the seat of the fire (with modern and legacy furnishings) to link to the previous research on horizontal ventilation, opening the front door and ventilating over the fire and remote from the fire. Additional experiments examined controlling the front door, making different sized ventilation holes in the roof and the impact of exterior hose streams. The results from the experiments led to identification of tactical considerations for the fire service to integrate into their education and fire ground strategies and tactics where applicable.
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Zheng, Wanzheng, and Jason Merret. Aerodynamic Survey of Novel eVTOL Configuration Using SU2. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-014.
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This report summarizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) geometries using the SU2 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver. Geometries were generated based on the Smart Transportation Infrastructure Initiative (STII) Rappor 15th iteration with various rotor-installment solutions. It was found that although open rotors installed on an underwing pylon were superior to shrouded rotors installed in a canoe, the canoe configuration would provide more potential for improvement, and using a canoe door to cover the first rotor opening would reduce the drag experienced by the canoe case below that upon the rod case. Rotor doors were found to be most efficient in reducing drag of the canoe case: Average drag reduction with covering the first rotor and all rotors was 66 and 165 counts, respectively. Changing rotor distributions along the chordwise direction had minimal impact on drag reduction, and placing rotors along the spanwise direction was not advised due to the increase of the projected frontal area. Increasing canoe chord length did not have significant impact on drag reduction; and if rotor doors were implemented, increasing canoe size had negative impact on drag. Rounding rotor edges did not change the aerodynamic performance of the canoe case but promotes vertical air intake when running lifting fans. Drag received by the canoe parabolically correlated to rotor diameter, with 126 counts of drag if the rotor diameter was 0 and 377 counts if the rotor diameter was 2.95 ft. Fuselage and tail added an average 179 counts of drag, and thus the aforementioned differences were still significant in the scale of aerodynamic properties of the full configuration.
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Israel, Alvaro, and John Merrill. Production of Seed Stocks for Sustainable Tank Cultivation of the Red Edible Seaweed Porphyra. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696527.bard.
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Porphyra species (commonly known as ‘nori’ or ‘purple laver’) are edible red seaweeds rich in proteins, vitamins and other highly valued biogenic compounds. For years Porphyra has been cultured using seeded nets extended in the open sea, and its biomass consumed primarily in the Far East. While demands for international markets have increased steadily at an average of 20% per year, supplies are on the verge and not expected to meet future demands. Alternatively, land-based cultivation of seaweed has become attractive in the mariculture industry since (1) important growth parameters can be controlled, (2) is environmentally friendly and (3) perfectly matches with integrated aquaculture leading to sustainable, high quality products. During the last few years a tank cultivation technology for Porphyra has been developed at the Israeli institution. This technology is based on indoor production of asexual spores and their subsequent growth to 1-2 mm seedlings. The seedlings are then transferred to outdoor tanks and ponds when seawater temperatures drop to 20 °C, or below, and days become shorter during winter time. However, the current technology efficiently serves only about 100 m2 of ponds during one growth season. In order to produce seedlings in sufficient amounts, it is critical to address both technical and biological aspects of seedling production, securing optimal up-scale to commercial-size cultivation farms. We hypothesize that massive production of spores is related to thalli origin, thalli age and sporulation triggers, and that seedling survival and their subsequent growth potential is determined by the seawater quality and overall indoor growth conditions imposed. A series of bio-reactors were constructed and tested in which spore release and spore growth were separately studied. The main assessment criteria for optimal viability of the seedlings will be by determining their electron transport rate using PAM fluorometry and by subsequent growth and biomass yields in outdoor ponds. Altogether the project showed (1), controlled sporulation is possible in big outdoor/growth chamber settings provided initial stock material (small frozen seedlings) is at hand, (2), contamination problems can be almost completely avoided if stock material is properly handled (clean as possible and partially dehydrated prior to freezing), (3), spore release can significantly be enhance using high nutrient levels during thawing for P. yezoensis and P. haitanensis, but not for P. rosengurttii, (4), PAM fluorometry is an efficient tool to estimate growth capacity in both seedlings and juvenile thalli. The BARD funding also served to explore other aspects of Porphyra biology and cultivation. For example, the taxonomical status of Porphyra strains used in this study was defined (see appendix), and the potential use of this seaweed in bioremediation was well substantiated. In addition, BARD funding supported a number of opportunities and activities in the Israeli lab, direct or indirectly related to the initial objectives of the project such as: additional molecular work in other seaweeds, description of at least 2 new species for the Israeli Mediterranean, and continuous support for the writing of a book on Global Change and applied aspects of seaweeds. The technology for Porphyra cultivation in land-based ponds is readily available. This study corroborated previous know-how of Porphyra growth in tanks and ponds, and yet offers important improvements regarding seedling production and their handling for successful cultivation. This study supported various other activities opening additional important issues in the biology/cultivation/use of Porphyra and other seaweeds.
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Stakes, Keith, Keith Stakes, Julie Bryant, Nick Dow, Jack Regan, and Craig Weinschenk. Analysis of the Coordination of Suppression and Ventilation in Multi-Family Dwellings. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/ympj4047.
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The majority of the existing full-scale fire service research studied the impact of tactics on the residential fireground, specifically in single-family structures. This study builds upon prior research by conducting thirteen experiments in three-story, multi-family dwellings to quantify the impact of coordination between ventilation and suppression actions. Experiments were conducted in four, garden-style apartment buildings; each of which had two lower-level units, four first-floor units, and four second-floor units. The apartments shared a common stairwell that was enclosed for all of the experiments in this study. To examine the effectiveness of tactics in the fire apartment, common stairwell and applicable exposure apartments, four experiments were conducted in lower-level apartments, seven were conducted in first-floor apartments, and two were conducted in second-floor apartments including both bedroom and kitchen/living room fires. The fire size varied based on the amount of initial ventilation provided. The main control variables included the location of initial water application, the ventilation method, and the timing of ventilation relative to water application. The suppression tactics included interior water application, exterior water application followed by interior water application, and a combined interior and exterior water application. The ventilation tactics examined in these experiments included horizontal, vertical, positive pressure, and hydraulic ventilation. Similar to previous experiments in acquired single-family structures, there was no meaningful increase in temperature outside of fire rooms when ventilation tactics were executed in close coordination with (shortly after or shortly before) the onset of suppression. In contrast, for experiments where ventilation occurred with delayed suppression, temperature exposures increased throughout the fire apartment, and in experiments where the apartment door was left open, temperatures and carbon monoxide exposures increased throughout the common stairwell. Suppression actions, whether interior or exterior, resulted in a decrease in temperatures and gas concentrations at locations where occupants may potentially be located. The enclosed common stairwell, a unique feature of this experimental series, acted as capture of combustion products. Opening the apartment door to gain access should be thought of as an important ventilation action, both in terms of its potential to cause fire growth and its potential for smoke movement into the stairwell, limiting the egress for potentially trapped occupants in exposure units. Tactics such as door control, positive pressure ventilation, and hydraulic ventilation which were used both simultaneous with and sequentially post-suppression were shown to limit gas flows into the stairwell. After effective suppression, structure ventilation operations should similarly be cognizant of gas flows, with the aim of establishing flow throughout all areas where occupants may be located.
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Regan, Jack, Julie Bryant, and Craig Weinschenk. Analysis of the Coordination of Suppression and Ventilation in Single-Family Homes. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/slzh7498.
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Prior full-scale research with the fire service was primarily designed to isolate specific tactics, most often either ventilation or suppression, which allowed researchers to develop science-based recommendations related to the specific components of fireground operations studied in relatively controlled conditions. The current project went beyond earlier research by conducting twenty experiments in eight acquired, single-family residential structures and that combined fireground tactics to quantify the impact of coordination between ventilation and suppression actions. This experimental series included second-story bedroom fires (14 experiments) and first-floor kitchen fires (6 experiments). The main control variables studied included the position of initial application of water, the ventilation method, and the timing of ventilation relative to water application. The ventilation tactics examined in these experiments included horizontal, vertical, positive pressure, and hydraulic ventilation, while the suppression tactics included both interior water application and initial exterior water application followed by interior water application. While some elements of the experiments (e.g. structure floor plan and weather) resulted in increased variability, the lessons learned highlighted the importance of having a systematic approach to the implementation of tactics. Most importantly, there was no meaningful increase in temperature outside of fire rooms when ventilation tactics were executed in coordination with (shortly after or shortly before) the onset of suppression. The effectiveness of suppression actions in extinguishing the fire were dependent on the ability of those actions to 1) cool surfaces in the fire room and 2) wet unburned fuel. Exterior suppression actions on second-floor bedroom fires resulted in a decrease in temperatures throughout the second floor, followed by regrowth prior to final suppression through interior streams. When exterior suppression was performed on first-floor kitchen fires, where more complete fuel wetting was possible, regrowth was not observed prior to interior suppression. When surface cooling or fuel wetting are not possible due to the elevation of the fire room, missing ceiling, or obstacles, firefighters should consider alternative means of water distribution to improve the effectiveness of suppression actions from outside the fire room. Suppression actions, whether interior or exterior, generally resulted in a decrease in temperatures and gas concentrations at locations where occupants may potentially be located. Conditions improved most quickly at locations closest in proximity to the inlet of the flow path established between the front door and the fire room. For this reason, opening an exterior door to gain access should be thought of as an important ventilation action, both in terms of its potential to cause fire growth and its potential to improve conditions for potentially trapped occupants. After effective suppression, structure ventilation operations should similarly be cognizant of gas flows, with the aim of establishing flow throughout all areas where occupants may be located.
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Desiderati, Christopher. Carli Creek Regional Water Quality Project: Assessing Water Quality Improvement at an Urban Stormwater Constructed Wetland. Portland State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.78.
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Stormwater management is an ongoing challenge in the United States and the world at-large. As state and municipal agencies grapple with conflicting interests like encouraging land development, complying with permits to control stormwater discharges, “urban stream syndrome” effects, and charges to steward natural resources for the long-term, some agencies may turn to constructed wetlands (CWs) as aesthetically pleasing and functional natural analogs for attenuating pollution delivered by stormwater runoff to rivers and streams. Constructed wetlands retain pollutants via common physical, physicochemical, and biological principles such as settling, adsorption, or plant and algae uptake. The efficacy of constructed wetlands for pollutant attenuation varies depending on many factors such as flow rate, pollutant loading, maintenance practices, and design features. In 2018, the culmination of efforts by Clackamas Water Environment Services and others led to the opening of the Carli Creek Water Quality Project, a 15-acre constructed wetland adjacent to Carli Creek, a small, 3500-ft tributary of the Clackamas River in Clackamas County, OR. The combined creek and constructed wetland drain an industrialized, 438-acre, impervious catchment. The wetland consists of a linear series of a detention pond and three bioretention treatment cells, contributing a combined 1.8 acres of treatment area (a 1:243 ratio with the catchment) and 3.3 acre-feet of total runoff storage. In this study, raw pollutant concentrations in runoff were evaluated against International Stormwater BMP database benchmarks and Oregon Water Quality Criteria. Concentration and mass-based reductions were calculated for 10 specific pollutants and compared to daily precipitation totals from a nearby precipitation station. Mass-based reductions were generally higher for all pollutants, largely due to runoff volume reduction on the treatment terrace. Concentration-based reductions were highly variable, and suggested export of certain pollutants (e.g., ammonia), even when reporting on a mass-basis. Mass load reductions on the terrace for total dissolved solids, nitrate+nitrite, dissolved lead, and dissolved copper were 43.3 ± 10%, 41.9 ± 10%, 36.6 ± 13%, and 43.2 ± 16%, respectively. E. coli saw log-reductions ranging from -1.3 — 3.0 on the terrace, and -1.0 — 1.8 in the creek. Oregon Water Quality Criteria were consistently met at the two in-stream sites on Carli Creek for E. coli with one exception, and for dissolved cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper (with one exception for copper). However, dissolved total solids at the downstream Carli Creek site was above the Willamette River guidance value 100 mg/L roughly 71% of the time. The precipitation record during the study was useful for explaining certain pollutant reductions, as several mechanisms are driven by physical processes, however it was not definitive. The historic rain/snow/ice event in mid-February 2021 appeared to impact mass-based reductions for all metals. Qualitatively, precipitation seemed to have the largest effect on nutrient dynamics, specifically ammonia-nitrogen. Determining exact mechanisms of pollutant removals was outside the scope of this study. An improved flow record, more targeted storm sampling, or more comprehensive nutrient profiles could aid in answering important questions on dominant mechanisms of this new constructed wetland. This study is useful in establishing a framework and baseline for understanding this one-of-a-kind regional stormwater treatment project and pursuing further questions in the future.
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Hispanic laborer dies after falling through a second story floor opening in a single family home under construction - North Carolina. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, May 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshface200701.
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