Journal articles: 'Strain Gauge analysis'

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Korshunov, V., R. Mudrik, D. Ponomarev, and A. Rodionov. "Approaches to refinement of analytical models for stress-strain state assessments of structures based on the analysis of monitoring system data." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre 1, no. 395 (March 9, 2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2021-1-395-47-54.

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Object and purpose of research. This paper discusses numerical simulation possibilities in terms of stress-strain monitoring for marine engineering structures. This approach can simulate the behavior of strain gauges for both elastic and plastic material behavior. Materials and methods. FEM-based simulation of strain gauge operation process taking into account geometric and physical non-linearity. Main results. Development of refined FE models for sensor installation area of stress-strain monitoring system. Numerical simulation of uniaxial and triaxial strain gauge operation. Time histories of strain gauge readings for linear and non-linear behavior of material. Sensitivity analysis of strain gauges in terms of various strain types. Update of strain gauge arrangement for the best description of structural strains. Conclusion. These results demonstrate and confirm a strong potential of numerical models in development of stress-strain monitoring systems for engineering structures. Simulating strain gauge operation, these models make it possible to determine global strained state of given structure as per strain gauging data for some of its areas.

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Gallage, Chaminda, and Chamara Jayalath. "Use of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique to measure strains in geogrids." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 12007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199212007.

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Geosynthetics are widely used in Geotechnical Engineering to reinforce soil/gravel in pavements, retaining wall backfills, and embankments. It is important to measure strains in geogrids in the determination of their strength parameters such as tensile strength and secant stiffness, and in evaluating their performances in geogrid-reinforced structures. Strain gauges are commonly used in measuring strains in geogrids. However, it is important to verify the strains measured by strain gauges as these strains are affected by the data logging device, gauge factors, quality of bonding between grain gauge and geogrid, and temperature. Therefore, this study was conducted to verify the performance of strain gauges attached to Geogrids and also to investigate the possibility of using PIV technique and GeoPIV-RG software to measure the local strains developed in a geogrid specimen under tensile testing in the laboratory. In the experimental program of this study, six composite geogrid specimens were tested for tensile strength (wide-width tensile tests) while measuring/calculating its tensile strain by using strain gauges attached to the specimens, Geo-PIV-RG analysis and crosshead movements of Instron apparatus. Good agreement between the strains obtained from strain gauges and geoPIV-RG analysis was observed for all the tests conducted. These results suggest that the PIV technique along with geoPIV-RG program can effectively be used to measure the local strain of geogrids in the laboratory tests. It was also able to verify that properly installed strain gauges are able to measure strain in the geogrids which are used in the field applications.

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Edwardson, S. P., K. G. Watkins, G. Dearden, P. French, and J. Magee. "Strain gauge analysis of laser forming." Journal of Laser Applications 15, no. 4 (November 2003): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.1620000.

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Vadivuchezhian, K., K. Subrahmanya, and N. Chockappan. "Finite Element Modeling of Effect of Adhesive Layer and Carrier Thickness Used for Strain Gauge Mounting." Advanced Materials Research 1119 (July 2015): 828–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1119.828.

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Metal foil strain gauges are most widely used for the stress analysis in engineering structures. Typical strain gauge system includes strain sensitive grid, carrier material, and adhesive layer. Strain measurement from the strain gauge is partially affected by carrier and adhesive materials and their thickness. In the present work, a Finite Element Model is developed in order to study the effect of both adhesive layer and carrier thickness on strain measurements while using strain gauges. To understand the behavior of the adhesive material, mechanical characterization is done on bulk adhesive specimen. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is carried out with different materials namely epoxy and polyurethane. Initially a single element foil loop is considered for the analysis and further this is extended to metal foil strain gauge with nine end-loops. Finally, the strain variation through thickness of adhesive layer, carrier and strain sensitive grid is obtained from FEA. The results thus obtained are compared with analytical results from Basic Strength of Materials approach.

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Cristofolini, L., B. P. McNamara, A. Freddi, and M. Viceconti. "In vitro measured strains in the loaded femur: Quantification of experimental error." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 32, no. 3 (April 1, 1997): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0309324971513337.

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The application of strain gauges to bone surfaces has been extensively employed as a method of determining, strain fields in response to implanted devices in orthopaedics. The aim of this study was to determine some of the experimental errors associated with the use of strain gauges in in vitro experimental investigations of the loaded femur. An experimental protocol was devised to obtain strain data at 20 strain gauged locations on the proximal femur. These data were interpolated using a parametric model. The parametric model was then used to estimate the errors associated with mispositioning of the gauges and deviations in their direction of application to the bone. This sensitivity analysis was also supported by a finite element analysis for the purposes of comparison and cross-validation. The results indicated that the nature of the loading normally employed in the literature can contribute to making the readings for some of the gauges (anterior and posterior) unreliable and redundant, even for small positioning errors. The greatest predicted errors for the lateral and medial gauges were due to misalignment of the gauge as opposed to mispositioning. The size of the gauge had a negligible effect on the errors predicted relative to those caused by misalignment.

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Bicalho, AA, ADCM Valdívia, BCF Barreto, D. Tantbirojn, A. Versluis, and CJ Soares. "Incremental Filling Technique and Composite Material—Part II: Shrinkage and Shrinkage Stresses." Operative Dentistry 39, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): e83-e92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/12-442-l.

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SUMMARY Objectives Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to study polymerization shrinkage stress in molars restored with composites and to correlate those stresses with experimentally measured tooth deformation. Methods Three composites (Filtek LS, Aelite LS Posterior, Filtek Supreme) and three filling techniques (bulk, 2.0-mm increments, and 1.0-mm increments) for restoring a molar were simulated in a two-dimensional FEA. Polymerization shrinkage was modeled using post-gel shrinkage, which was measured using the strain gauge technique (n=10). Cuspal tooth deformation, measured at the buccal and lingual surfaces with strain gauges in a laboratory study, was used to validate the analysis. Residual shrinkage stresses were expressed in modified von Mises equivalent stresses. Linear Pearson correlations were determined between the laboratory and FEA results. Results Post-gel shrinkage values (in volume %) were: Filtek LS (0.11 ± 0.03) < Aelite LS Posterior (0.51 ± 0.02) < Filtek Supreme (0.62 ± 0.09). The 1.0-mm increment filling caused substantially higher stresses and strains in the cervical enamel region. Significant correlations were found between: elastic modulus and FEA strain, elastic modulus and FEA stress, post-gel shrinkage and FEA strain, post-gel shrinkage and FEA stress, FEA strain and cuspal deformation by strain gauge, and FEA stress and cuspal deformation by strain gauge (p<0.05). Conclusions Increasing the number of increments and high post-gel shrinkage and/or elastic modulus values caused higher stresses in the remaining tooth structure and tooth/restoration interface. Cuspal deformation measured with the strain gauge method validated the finite element analyses.

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Whelan, M. P., P. O'Donnell, and E. G. Little. "Modelling an orthopaedic knee prosthesis as a layered elastic system part 1: Experimental and theoretical analyses." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 30, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v303185.

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The purpose of this investigation was to produce a simplified model of the plastic tibial plateau of a typical unicondylar knee prosthesis that would allow the parametric study of contact stresses experienced by the plastic component during relatively severe loading conditions. This involved the design, production and testing of a three-dimensional axisymmetric embedded strain gauge model of the tibial plateau and the application of a suitable theoretical analysis. The principal feature of the strain gauge model was the possibility of varying the thickness during the experimental procedure while keeping the maximum number of embedded gauges active. The Hertzian contact theory was used as a basis for the prediction of integration errors associated with placing strain gauges in locations subject to large strain gradients. A theoretical analysis that took the layered nature of the contact model into account was carried out which provided full field data for comparison with Hertzian and experimental results. Good agreement was obtained between theoretical and experimental values along the model axis, while at off-axis locations theoretical results based on the layered analysis compared reasonably with embedded strain gauge data. Very slight discrepancies between the experimental and idealized boundary conditions present in the initial stages of testing resulted in significant differences between embedded strain gauge and theoretical data.

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Kim, D. G., J. B. Brunski, and D. P. Nicolella. "Microstrain fields for cortical bone in uniaxial tension: Optical analysis method." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 219, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095441105x9291.

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This study employed an optical strain measurement method, called microdisplacements by machine vision photogrammetry (DISMAP), to measure both the global and local strain fields in microtensile specimens of cortical bone subjected to controlled uniaxial tension. The variation of local maximum principal strains was measured within the gauge region of samples as a function of applied tensile stress during testing. High gradients of local strain appeared around microstructural features in stressed bone even while the global strain for the entire gauge region showed a strong linear correlation with increasing tensile stress (r2 = 0.98, p < 0.0001). The highest local strain around micro-structural features in bone was 11.5-79.5 times higher than the global strain.

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Gao, Jiazi, Bei Liu, Min Zhang, He Gong, and Bingzhao Gao. "Strain Distribution Evaluation of Rat Tibia under Axial Compressive Load by Combining Strain Gauge Measurement and Finite Element Analysis." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2019 (December 1, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1736763.

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This study is aimed at providing an effective method for determining strain-load relationship and at quantifying the strain distribution within the whole tibia under axial compressive load on rats. Rat tibial models with axial compressive load were designed. Strains in three directions (0°, 45°, and 90°) at the proximal shaft of the tibia were measured by using a strain gauge rosette, which was used to calculate the maximum and minimum principal strains. Moreover, the strain at the midshaft of the tibia was measured by a single-element strain gauge. The slopes of the strain-load curves with different peak loads were calculated to assess the stability of the strain gauge measurement. Mechanical environment in the whole tibia by the axial compressive load was quantified using finite element analysis (FEA) based on microcomputed tomography images. The von Mises elastic strain distributions of the whole tibiae were evaluated. Slopes of the strain-load curves showed no significant differences among different peak loads (ANOVA; P>0.05), indicating that the strain-load relationship obtained from the strain gauge measurement was reasonable and stable. The FEA results corresponded to the experimental results with an error smaller than 15% (paired Student’s t-test, P>0.05), signifying that the FEA can simulate the experiment reasonably. FEA results showed that the von Mises elastic strain was the lowest in the middle and gradually increased to both sides along the lateral direction, with the maximal von Mises elastic strain being observed on the posterior side under the distal tibiofibular synostosis. The method of strain gauge measurements and FEA used in this study can provide a feasible way to obtain the mechanical environment of the tibiae under axial compressive load on the rats and serve as a reference for further exploring the mechanical response of the bone by axial compressive load.

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Raianov, Timur A. "Mathematical modeling of a strain gauge measurement system in MATLAB SIMULINK program." Transportation Systems and Technology 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst20206285-93.

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Background: In recent years, modern strain gauge systems for measuring, which are used in automobile, railway, aviation, and ship transport, as well as in the pulp, paper, and metallurgical industries, have become extremely popular. These metrological systems provide accurate measurement in difficult operating conditions. The most popular among sensors are strain gauges, they are increasingly used in various areas of marine operations and legal proceedings. They are the optimal solution in the field of torque measurement. Aim: The program creates a model of a strain gauge measurement system. Analysis of power output characteristics. Methods: The article describes the construction of a mathematical model of the strain gauge measurement system. The MATLAB SIMULINK library was used for simulation. The work is based on mathematical modeling and is aimed at creating a computer-based strain gauge model. The output characteristics are analyzed. The accuracy of the software model measurement was verified by checking the convergence of the actual and measured values. Results: A software model of the strain gauge force measurement system was created to create a real computer strain gauge measurement system. Output characteristics are obtained. Conclusions: A software model of the strain gauge measurement system is proposed; The output characteristics were studied and the measurement accuracy was checked.

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Nishioka, Renato Sussumu, Luis Gustavo Oliveira de Vasconcellos, Renata Pilli Jóias, and Sigmar de Mello Rode. "Load-Application Devices: A Comparative Strain Gauge Analysis." Brazilian Dental Journal 26, no. 3 (June 2015): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201300321.

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In view of the low loading values commonly employed in dentistry, a load-application device (LAD) was developed as option to the universal testing machine (UTM), using strain gauge analysis. The aim of this study was to develop a load-application device (LAD) and compare the LAD with the UTM apparatus under axial and non-axial loads. An external hexagonal implant was inserted into a polyurethane block and one EsthetiCone abutment was connected to the implant. A plastic prosthetic cylinder was screwed onto the abutment and a conical pattern crown was fabricated using acrylic resin. An impression was made and ten identical standard acrylic resin patterns were obtained from the crown impression, which were cast in nickel-chromium alloy (n=10). Four strain gauges were bonded diametrically around the implant. The specimens were subjected to central (C) and lateral (L) axial loads of 30 kgf, on both devices: G1: LAD/C; G2: LAD/L; G3: UTM/C; G4: UTM/L. The data (με) were statistically analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the UTM and LAD devices, regardless of the type of load. It was concluded that the LAD is a reliable alternative, which induces microstrains to implants similar to those obtained with the UTM.

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Cuong, Nguyen Chi, Trinh Xuan Thang, Tran Duy Hoai, Nguyen Thanh Phuong, Vu Le Thanh Long, Truong Huu Ly, Hoang Ba Cuong, and Ngo Vo Ke Thanh. "SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL MICRO-BEAM TYPE OF MEMS STRAIN SENSORS." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 57, no. 6 (November 20, 2019): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/57/6/13905.

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A new structure of a micro-strain beam type of Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) strain gauge is proposed and simulated. The stress and strain distributions of MEMS strain gauge are evaluated in x and y directions by 2D FEM simulation, respectively. The results showed that the longitudinal stress and strain distributions of strain beam enhance significantly, while the transverse stress and strain distributions are almost unchanged in the whole structure of MEMS strain gauge. High sensitivity of piezoresistive MEMS strain sensors can be designed to detect only one single direction of the stress and strain on the material objects.

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Litvan, David, Pavlina Matečková, and Martina Smirakova. "Analysis of Model Foundation Slab Focused on Strain Gauge Measurement." Key Engineering Materials 738 (June 2017): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.738.175.

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Interaction analysis between foundation structure and subsoil and credential assessment of stress in the subsoil and internal forces in foundation structure are discussed in research conferences and scientific journals in the long term. Since 2012 research team at Faculty of civil engineering VSB - TU Ostrava has tested a few slabs with dimensions 2 x 2 m with thickness from 0.12 to 0.2 m. Complex testing comprises measurement of slab deformations, stress in the subsoil and measurement of stress in foundation slab using strain gauges. Slabs were made of plain concrete, reinforced concrete, pre-stressed concrete and fibre concrete. In the paper there are particular test results of stress measured in the foundation structure. Measured values are compared with calculated values. Strain gauge measurement efficiency and optimisation is discussed.

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Zhang, R., Z. Shao, J. Lin, and T. A. Dean. "Measurement and Analysis of Heterogeneous Strain Fields in Uniaxial Tensile Tests for Boron Steel Under Hot Stamping Conditions." Experimental Mechanics 60, no. 9 (August 31, 2020): 1289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-020-00658-6.

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Abstract Background A significant amount of uniaxial tensile tests has been carried out using Gleeble systems to investigate the viscoplastic deformation of boron steel (22MnB5) under hot stamping conditions. However, due to heat loss through the end clamps, a temperature gradient in the reduced parallel section of dog-bone shaped specimens is inevitable. Objective In the work reported in this paper, the effect of temperature gradient on measured outcomes is examined. Methods Uniaxial tensile tests on 1.5 mm thick boron steel specimens are carried out, under hot stamping conditions and strain fields are quantified using the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The effect of gauge length on the properties of boron steel, as calculated from observed test results, is determined. Results Compared with the test at room temperature, a bell-shaped strain distribution occurs within the gauge length even before the appearance of the maximum load. Also, average strain within the gauge length, especially in the later stages, changes with gauge length within the investigated range, and thus, different engineering stress-strain curves and fracture strains are determined. In addition, normalized strain rate is significantly dependent on gauge length, which results in over 16% difference among the computed flow stresses by using a unified constitutive model. Conclusions The characterized properties of the material are dependent on gauge length and thus, a testing standard for measuring thermal-mechanical data of materials by using a Gleeble need to be defined.

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Sheng, Gui Lin, De Hui Liu, and Peng Bao. "Pseudo-Dynamic Test Analysis of Rigid Pile Composite Foundation." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.561.

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According to the similarity theory, this paper established a geometric similarity 1:10 and 3 × 3 rigid pile composite foundation pile group model. Pile strain , cushion deformation and flask displacement were obtained through pasting resistance strain gauges in pile, embedding strain gauge in cushion, connecting to displacement sensor at out of flask, etc., basing on pseudo-dynamic test method. These date were analyzed and studied, and then can conclude the response pattern under earthquake action on rigid pile composite foundation, which provide a basis for application of rigid pile composite foundation in practical engineering.

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Gower, Michael R. L., and Richard M. Shaw. "Towards a Planar Cruciform Specimen for Biaxial Characterisation of Polymer Matrix Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 24-25 (June 2010): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.24-25.115.

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This paper details work undertaken towards the development of a standard test method for the biaxial response of planar cruciform specimens manufactured from carbon fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates and subject to tension-tension loading. Achieving true biaxial failure in a cruciform specimen without the need for the inclusion of a stress raiser, such as a hole, in the gauge-section, is a subject attracting much research globally and is by no means a trivial exercise. Coupon designs were modelled using finite element analysis (FEA) in order to predict the stress and strain distributions in the central region of the specimen. An Instron biaxial strong-floor test machine was used to test the specimens. Strain gauges were used to measure the strain in the specimen arms and to assess the degree of bending. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used to measure the full-field strain distribution in the central gauge-section of the specimen and this was compared to values measured using strain gauges. The strain readings obtained from strain gauges, DIC and FEA predictions were in good agreement and showed that the strain distribution was uniform in the central gauge-section, but that strain concentrations existed around the tapered thickness zone. These regions of strain concentration resulted in interlaminar failure and delamination of the laminate propagating into the specimen arms.

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Vallev, Anvar. "COMBINED VIBRATION AND STRAIN GAUGE ANALYSIS FOR DIAGNOSTICS OF INDUSTRIAL MACHINES." VOLUME 39, VOLUME 39 (2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36336/akustika20213938.

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The Paper is devoted to combined vibration and strain gauge analysis for diagnostics of industrial machines. It is suggested to use strain gauge spectrum analysis. For studying it an experimental installation is designed and created. This installation allows getting signal from strain gauge sensors with maximum frequency 12.87 kHz. According to experimental study application of strain gauge spectrum analysis can provide almost the same information as vibration spectrum analysis. Combination of these two spectrums can give more useful information. Particularly it can be used for filtering noise. In the experimental study spectrums were significantly cleared without any instrumental and digital filters, it was done only by analysis of combination of the spectrums. This study can provide more reliable diagnostics of industrial machines.

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Sumner-Smith, G., J. Schatzker, T. C. Hearn, C. Taves, I. Hoare, and K. J. Matushek. "Dynamic Strain in the Canine Tibia: an in vivo Strain Gauge Analysis." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 01, no. 02 (April 1988): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633165.

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Electrical resistance rosette strain gauges were bonded directly to the surface of the midshaft of the tibia in four dogs. In vivo strain recording were obtained using a telemetric system allowing the dog relatively free movement. During the stance phase of walking, the cranial surface was mainly in tension while the caudal surface was mainly in compression. The pattern of strain recorded is consistent with craniocaudal bending superimposed on external torsion at the stifle.

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Zhang, Shao Jun, and Yue Ming Liu. "Fabrication of FBG Strain Gauge Used for High Temperature Strain Monitoring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 920–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.920.

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Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensing technology is widely used in detection of temperature, strain and etc. Now the application of FBG sensor is limited below 200°C. Application over 200°C is still an engineering challenge since no suitable FBG strain gauge. In this paper, FBG strain gauge structure which consists of three FBGs is designed and fabricated based on the theoretical strain and stress analysis. This strain gauge can be used for the real-time high temperature strain monitoring situation. The elastic high-temperature alloy (10MoWVNb) is chosen as the substrate. The three FBGs with a similar performance are fabricated on the substrate by high-temperature glue. Among the three FBGs, FBG1 is used for the horizontal strain monitoring, FBG2 is used for the longitudinal strain monitoring, and FGB3 is used for high temperature cross-sensitive compensation. The fabricated high temperature FBG gauge is demonstrated suitable for high temperature strain monitoring by experiment.

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Zeiser, Roderich, Suleman Ayub, Jochen Hempel, Michael Berndt, and Juergen Wilde. "Mechanical Stress Analyses of Packaged Pressure Sensors for Very High Temperatures." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.399.

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Methods for investigations of stresses specialized for devices operating up to 500°C are presented in this study. Resistive pressure sensors and test chips with microstrain (μ-strain) gauges are processed in thin film technology. The sensor structure was a Wheatstone bridge on a silicon membrane with platinum resistors. The μ-strain gauges were characterized with tensile tests in combination with optical strain measurements. A gauge factor of 3.6 was measured at room temperature. After characterization as bare dice, the chips were mounted with a borosilicate glass solder on two ceramic substrates, AlN and Si3N4. We generated a FE model of the sensor assemblies including temperature-dependent material properties. The distribution of mechanical strains and stresses in the sensor was analyzed. The chip warpage dependent on temperature up to 500°C was obtained from FE simulations and compared with high-precision 3D deformation measurements. Deformation results from digital image correlation (DIC) verified the utilized FE model. The correlation of experimental results for the chip warpage exhibited good agreement with the numerical results obtained from FEM. The chip deflection from the center to the edges in the out-of-plane direction on AlN was 4.5 μm; on Si3N4 a concave warpage of 3 μm at 25°C was found. Temperature-induced deformations of the sensor chip in the range of micrometers were recorded up to 500°C. The output signal of the pressure sensors is strongly affected by superimposed strains based on the sensor assembly. The bridge voltage increased by 40% after the glass solder process on AlN and by 34% for devices on Si3N4. The analysis of the μ-strain gauges showed compressive strains in the sensor membrane of −1.39% on average for assemblies on AlN and of −0.168% for glass soldered chips on Si3N4. The FEM simulations revealed an average in-plane stress in the sensor membrane of −45 MPa for chips on AlN and −20 MPa for Si3N4 substrates. The compressive strains in the membrane obtained by FEM were verified by the μ-strain gauge measurements. A higher strain and stress gradient in the membrane of devices on AlN was found with FEM, which is consistent with the higher signal offset of assembled pressure sensors that was measured in this study.

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Nowell, A. F. "A computer program for repetitive strain gauge rosette analysis." Strain 21, no. 4 (November 1985): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1305.1985.tb00585.x.

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Shi, Kun, Yuan Yuan, and Feng Tao Wei. "Analysis of the Residual Stress in Multi-Layer Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 160 (March 2012): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.160.377.

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The residual stresses due to the mismatch between metallic bond coat and ceramic top coat lead to a collapse of all thermal barrier system. For measuring residual strain in elastic multilayer materials, the incremental hole-drilling strain-gauge method was studied. The main stresses, which is interrelated with the residual strain, is resolved on planes that are normal to a deep hole. In order to link the surface strain to the residual stress, calibration coefficients were obtained by the finite element method. The result shows that the coefficients depend on the substrate and the type of coating, the strain gauge used and the size of the step drilled.

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Yang, Ya Xun. "Analysis of Stress Measuring and Testing of Continuous Rigid Frame Bridge." Advanced Materials Research 346 (September 2011): 787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.346.787.

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According to the structure and construction features of prestressed concrete continuous rigid frame bridge, with reference to the principle of vibrational chord strain gauge to concrete, the vibrational chord strain gauges to concrete are used in the construction control of prestressed concrete continuous rigid frame bridge. This paper introduces the measurement techniques and methods for stress and strain of main girder of the bridge, analyses some infection factors of stress measuring and testing, and presents the error analysis methods of stress measuring and testing and calculation methods of true stress of structure. The techniques and analysis methods prove to be quite effective through the applications and provide background data for constructing safely of prestressed concrete continuous rigid frame bridge.

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Mathis, Maximilian, Dennis Vollberg, Matthäus Langosch, Dirk Göttel, Angela Lellig, and Günter Schultes. "Creep adjustment of strain gauges based on granular NiCr-carbon thin films." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 10, no. 1 (March 12, 2021): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-53-2021.

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Abstract. An important property of high-precision mechanical sensors such as force transducers or torque sensors is the so-called creep error. It is defined as the signal deviation over time at a constant load. Since this signal deviation results in a reduced accuracy of the sensor, it is beneficial to minimize the creep error. Many of these sensors consist of a metallic spring element and strain gauges. In order to realize a sensor with a creep error of almost zero, it is necessary to compensate for the creep behavior of the metallic spring element. This can be achieved by creep adjustment of the used strain gauges. Unlike standard metal foil strain gauges with a gauge factor of 2, a type of strain gauges based on sputter-deposited NiCr-carbon thin films on polymer substrates offers the advantage of an improved gauge factor of about 10. However, for this type of strain gauge, creep adjustment by customary methods is not possible. In order to remedy this disadvantage, a thorough creep analysis is carried out. Five major influences on the creep error of force transducers equipped with NiCr-carbon thin-film strain gauges are examined, namely, the material creep of the metallic spring element (1), the creep (relaxation) of the polymer substrate (2), the composition of the thin film (3), the strain transfer to the thin film (4), and the kind of strain field on the surface of the transducer (5). Consequently, we present two applicable methods for creep adjustment of NiCr-carbon thin- film strain gauges. The first method addresses the intrinsic creep behavior of the thin film by a modification of the film composition. With increasing Cr content (at the expense of Ni, the intrinsic negative creep error can be shifted towards zero. The second method is not based on the thin film itself but rather on a modification of the strain transfer from the polyimide carrier to the thin film. This is achieved by controlled cutting of well-defined deep trenches into the polymer substrate via a picosecond laser.

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Enser, Herbert, Pavel Kulha, Johannes K. Sell, Michaela Schatzl-Linder, Bernhard Strauß, Wolfgang Hilber, and Bernhard Jakoby. "Printed strain gauges embedded in organic coatings - Analysis of gauge factor and temperature dependence." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 276 (June 2018): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.03.042.

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Erklig, Ahmet, and M. Akif Kütük. "Experimental Finite Element Approach for Stress Analysis." Journal of Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/643051.

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This study aims to determining the strain gauge location points in the problems of stress concentration, and it includes both experimental and numerical results. Strain gauges were proposed to be positioned to corresponding locations on beam and blocks to related node of elements of finite element models. Linear and nonlinear cases were studied. Cantilever beam problem was selected as the linear case to approve the approach and conforming contact problem was selected as the nonlinear case. An identical mesh structure was prepared for the finite element and the experimental models. The finite element analysis was carried out with ANSYS. It was shown that the results of the experimental and the numerical studies were in good agreement.

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Elmahdy, Ahmed, and Patricia Verleysen. "Challenges related to testing of composite materials at high strain rates using the split Hopkinson bar technique." EPJ Web of Conferences 183 (2018): 02021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818302021.

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The design of sample geometries and the measurement of small strains are considered the main challenges when testing composite materials at high strain rates using the split Hopkinson bar technique. The aim of this paper is to assess two types of tensile sample geometries, namely dog-bone and straight strip, in order to study the tensile behaviour of basalt fibre reinforced composites at high strain rates using the split Hopkinson bar technique. 2D Digital image correlation technique was used to study the distribution of the strain fields within the gauge section at quasi-static and dynamic strain rates. Results showed that for the current experiments and the proposed clamping techniques, both sample geometries fulfilled the requirements of a valid split Hopkinson test, and achieved uniform strain fields within the gauge section. However, classical Hopkinson analysis tends to overestimate the actual strains in the gauge section for both geometries. It is, therefore, important to use a local deformation measurement when using these 2 geometries with the proposed clamping technique.

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Elmahdy, Ahmed, and Patricia Verleysen. "The Use of 2D and 3D High-Speed Digital Image Correlation in Full Field Strain Measurements of Composite Materials Subjected to High Strain Rates." Proceedings 2, no. 8 (July 9, 2018): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/icem18-05439.

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The aim of this paper is to assess and compare the performance of both high speed 2D and 3D digital image correlation (DIC) configurations in the characterization of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites in high strain rate tension in the transverse direction. The criteria for assessment were in terms of strain resolution and measuring the strain localization within the gauge section. Results showed the high-speed 3D DIC technique has lower strain resolution compared to the high-speed 2D DIC technique. In addition, the analysis of the full strain fields indicated that the 3D DIC technique could accurately locate and measure the concentrations of strains within the gauge section of the tested samples.

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Leski, Andrzej, Wojciech Wronicz, Piotr Kowalczyk, Michał Szmidt, Robert Klewicki, Karol Włodarczyk, and Grzegorz Uliński. "Modular Test Stand for Fatigue Testing of Aeronautical Structures – Verification of Assumptions." Fatigue of Aircraft Structures 2020, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fas-2020-0008.

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Abstract The Modular Test Stand was developed and manufactured to decrease the cost of fatigue testing and reduce the time of its completion as well as to enable testing specimens under more complex load conditions. The stand consists of three connected sections, similar to a wing box, all being loaded in the same way. Thanks to that, several specimens can be tested simultaneously. This configuration requires that stress and strain distribution should be reasonably uniform, as assumed in the design stage. The structure can be loaded with bending or torsion. A whole section, selected structural node or a specimen mounted in the structure as well as a repair or a sensor can be a test object. Two stands, one for bending and one for torsion were prepared. This paper presents the verification of the assumed strain and stress distributions on the skin panels. The measurements were performed with the use of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) as well as strain gauges. DIC measurements were performed on one skin panel of the central section. Five strain gauge rosettes were installed on both panels of the one section. In addition, one rosette was applied to one skin panel in each of two other sections. Measurements were performed on the stand for torsion as well as on the stand for bending. The results of DIC analysis and strain gauge measurement during torsion show uniform shearing strain distributions on the panels. During bending, on the tensioned side, the strains obtained indicate quite uniform strain distributions. On the compressed side, local buckling of the skin panels results in high strain gradients. Strain levels obtained with the use of a DIC analysis and strain gauge measurements were similar. Moreover, horizontal displacements of markers in the spar axis during bending was determined based on a series of photographic. The deflection line obtained in this way has a shape similar to arc, which is characteristic of the constant bending moment. The stand was tested with torsional and bending loads in order to verify the design assumptions. The results of strain distributions on the skin panels with the use of DIC and strain gauges as well as the deflection line of the spar axis indicate that the Modular Test Stand performs as assumed and can be used for tests.

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Cheng, Yuyao, Chenyang Zhao, Jian Zhang, and Zhishen Wu. "Application of a Novel Long-Gauge Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor for Corrosion Detection via a Two-level Strategy." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 23, 2019): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040954.

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Corrosion of main steel reinforcement is one of the most significant causes of structuraldeterioration and durability reduction. This research proposes a two-level detection strategy tolocate and quantify corrosion damage via a new kind of long-gauge fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor.Compared with the traditional point strain gauges, this new sensor has been developed for bothlocal and global structural monitoring by measuring the averaged strain within a long gauge length.Based on the dynamic macrostrain responses of FBG sensors, the strain flexibility of structures areidentified for corrosion locating (Level 1), and then the corrosion is quantified (Level 2) in terms ofreduction of sectional stiffness of reinforcement through the sensitivity analysis of strain flexibility.The two-level strategy has the merit of reducing the number of unknown structural parametersthrough corrosion damage location (Level 1), which guarantees that the corrosion quantification(Level 2) can be performed efficiently in a reduced domain. Both numerical and experimentalexamples have been studied to reveal the ability of distributed long-gauge FBG sensors for corrosionlocalization and quantification.

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KUWABARA, Hiroki, Takahiko ITO, Yuichi TANABE, Mitsuo IWAHARA, Akio NAGAMATSU, and Masayuki TAKAHASHI. "21315 Experimental modal analysis and operational modal analysis which use strain gauge." Proceedings of Conference of Kanto Branch 2007.13 (2007): 469–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekanto.2007.13.469.

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Walendziuk, Wojciech. "Measurement Uncertainty Analysis of the Strain Gauge Based Stabilographic Platform." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 8, no. 2 (August 15, 2014): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2014-0013.

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Abstract The present article describes constructing a stabilographic platform which records a standing patient’s deflection from their point of balance. The constructed device is composed of a toughen glass slab propped with 4 force sensors. Power transducers are connected to the measurement system based on a 24-bit ADC transducer which acquires slight body movements of a patient. The data is then transferred to the computer in real time and data analysis is conducted. The article explains the principle of operation as well as the algorithm of measurement uncertainty for the COP (Centre of Pressure) surface (x, y).

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Tegtmeier, Falk L. "Strain gauge based microsensor for stress analysis in building structures." Measurement 41, no. 10 (December 2008): 1144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2008.03.014.

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Abdou, Samia, Wuzhen Zhang, and John W. Fisher. "Orthotropic Deck Fatigue Investigation at Triborough Bridge, New York." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1845, no. 1 (January 2003): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1845-17.

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The Triborough Bridge connects the boroughs of Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx in New York City. The bridge has suspended spans with a total length of 2,700 ft (823 m). The existing concrete deck is being replaced with an orthotropic steel deck to reduce the overall dead load. Before deck replacement, a prototype steel orthotropic deck was installed on the main span for a length of 120 ft (36.6 m). About 300 strain gauges were installed at critical locations to investigate the fatigue strength under static and dynamic loads of the AASHTO fatigue truck and under normal traffic. The strain gauge testing was done in three phases, and structural refinements were made to the deck system between phases. Traffic monitoring was conducted for the most critical locations over a 30-day period during Phase III. The results from three phases of the strain gauge testing, including influence lines and traffic monitoring data, were used to calculate fatigue stress ranges and the fatigue life for each detail. In addition to strain gauge testing, a finite element analysis of the orthotropic deck was performed with loading criteria set by AASHTO load and resistance factor design. The results from the finite element analysis were compared with the results obtained from the strain gauge testing. It was concluded that the heavy trucks on the bridge cause fatigue stresses higher than what had been anticipated by AASHTO. The investigation assisted in modifying the design to obtain a longer service life for the deck system under heavy-truck traffic.

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KARIMI, MOHAMMAD TAGHI. "EVALUATION THE PATTERN AND MAGNITUDE OF THE LOADS APPLIED ON MTKRGO ORTHOSIS DURING WALKING OF PARAPLEGIC SUBJECTS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 14, no. 05 (August 2014): 1450081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021951941450081x.

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Various kinds of orthosis have been designed for paraplegic subjects to stand and walk. They have been designed based on this assumption that most of the loads applied on the orthosis (OR) and body complex is transmitted by OR. In this study, it was aimed to determine the role of OR to transmit the loads by use of strain gauge system. Three spinal cord injury subjects, with lesion between T12 and L1, were recruited in this study. A motion analysis system with a Kistler force plate was used to collect the kinetic and kinematic parameters. Moreover, the loads applied on the OR were determined by use of strain gauges attached on the lateral bar of OR. The pattern of the loads applied on the complex, OR and body, differed from that of OR. Nearly 43% of adduction moment was transmitted by OR. In contrast the role of OR to transmit the flexing/extending moments and vertical force is negligible. The results of strain gauge and motion analysis systems differed completely from each other's. As the strain gauge show the absolute values of the loads applied on OR, it is recommended using its result in order to design an OR for paraplegic subjects.

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Kheiralla, Lamia Sayed, and Jihan Farouk Younis. "Peri-Implant Biomechanical Responses to Standard, Short-Wide, and Mini Implants Supporting Single Crowns Under Axial and Off-Axial Loading (an In Vitro Study)." Journal of Oral Implantology 40, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-11-00102.

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This study compared the biomechanical responses of 3 single crowns supported by 3 different implants under axial and off-axial loading. A standard implant (3.75 mm diameter, 13 mm length), a mini implant (3 mm diameter, 13 mm length), and a short-wide implant (5.7 mm diameter, 8 mm length) were embedded in epoxy resin by the aid of a surveyor to ensure their parallelism. Each implant supported a full metal crown made of Ni-Cr alloy with standardized dimensions. Strain gauges and finite element analysis (FEA) were used to measure the strain induced under axial and off-axial functional loads of 300 N. Results showed that mini implants recorded the highest microstrains, under both axial and off-axial loading. All implants showed a considerable increase in strain values under off-axial loading. Standard and short-wide implants proved to be preferable in supporting crowns, as the standard implant showed the lowest strains under axial and off-axial loading using FEA simulation, while the short-wide implant showed the lowest strains under nonaxial loading using strain gauge analysis.

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Juhar, G., S. Saqan, and A. M. Zihlif. "The Plastic Deformation of Fibrous Polymers via Weibull Model." Polymers and Polymer Composites 9, no. 7 (October 2001): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110100900705.

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This work deals with the plastic deformation of polypropylene, PAN-based carbon and Kevlar fibres at different gauge lengths and uses the Weibull model. A statistical analysis for the fibre strength and breaking strain is presented to test the experimental data relating to the fibre deformation. The mechanical parameters such as fibre strength, breaking strain and Young's modulus have been studied as a function of gauge length. It was found that both strength and breaking strain increase as fibre gauge length decreases, while the Young's modulus increases with increasing gauge length and depends on both strength and breaking strain. The output of the analysis supports the concept that the Weibull model is a good technique to specify the statistical distribution for strength and breaking strain of fibres and of suitable to investigate, is the deformation behaviour of fibrous polymeric materials in general.

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Ueda, Hiroshi, Yu Matsumura, Atsushi Horihata, Cynthia Concepcion, Koji Iwai, and Kotaro Tanimoto. "Influence of Oral Appliances for Mandibular Advancement on Dentitions Using a Strain Gauge Analysis: A Pilot Study." Sleep Disorders 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9097305.

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Introduction. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of oral appliances (OAs) on dentition using a strain gauge analysis.Materials/Methods. Eight volunteers, who were mild snorers, participated in this study. OAs were individually constructed, and advancement was defined as two-thirds of the maximum mandibular advancement. Strain gauges were mounted on the right first molar and central incisor of both the upper and lower arches. After OA use, two measurement sessions (short- and long-term) were performed.Results. Compressive strain on the labial surface was significantly larger than the stretching strain on the lingual surface on U1. On L1, the stretching strain on the labial surface was significantly larger than the compressive strain on the lingual surface. Comparing the upper and lower teeth, the stretching strain was significantly greater on L1 than on U1 in both test sessions. Moreover, the stretching strain was significantly larger on U6 than on L6.Conclusion. OA side effects, such as forcing on the incisors, might be repeated every night. In this way, permanent occlusal changes, such as labial tipping of L1, may occur, followed by lingual tipping of U1 and buccal and lingual movements of the U6 and L6, respectively.

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Saburi, Tei, Toshiaki Takahashi, Shiro Kubota, and Yuji Ogata. "Dynamic Response Analysis of Mortar Block under Blast Loading Using Digital Image Correlation." Materials Science Forum 910 (January 2018): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.910.161.

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The dynamic strain distribution behavior of a mortar block blasting was experimentally investigated. A small-scale blasting experiment using a mortar block with well-defined property was conducted and the dynamic strain distribution on the mortal block surface was analyzed using a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method to establish the effective method for investigating the relationship between blast design and fracture mechanism. The block was blasted by simultaneous detonation of Composition C4 explosive charges with an electric detonator in two boreholes. The behavior of the block surface was observed by two high-speed cameras for three-dimensional DIC analysis and it was also measured by a strain-gauge for comparison. The three-dimensional displacements of the free surface of the block were obtained and dynamic strain distributions were computed. A point strain profile extracted from the analyzed strain distribution data was compared with a directly observed strain profile by the strain gauge.

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Jönsson, J., E. Svensson, and J. T. Christensen. "Strain gauge measurement of wheel-rail interaction forces." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 32, no. 3 (April 1, 1997): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0309324971513328.

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A theoretical basis for quasi static determination of wheel—rail interaction forces using strain measures in the foot of the rail is given. Vlasov's theory for thin-walled beams is used in combination with continuous translational and rotational elastic supports based on smoothing out the stiffness of the rail sleepers. The smoothing out of the rotational elastic support has traditionally not been done. The use of this model is validated by the decay lengths of the problem and through finite element analysis. The finite element analysis is performed using discrete sleeper stiffness and Vlasov beam elements. The sensitivity of the measuring technique to parameter variations is illustrated and an example shows the simplicity of the proposed direct measuring technique.

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Liu, Mingjie, Qi Zhang, Yulong Zhao, Yiwei Shao, and Dongliang Zhang. "Design and Development of a Fully Printed Accelerometer with a Carbon Paste-Based Strain Gauge." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 16, 2020): 3395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123395.

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In this paper, we present a fully printed accelerometer with a piezoresistive carbon paste-based strain gauge printed on its surface, which can be manufactured at low cost and with high efficiency. This accelerometer is composed of two parts: a sensor substrate made from high-temperature resin, which is printed by a 3D printer based on stereolithography apparatus (SLA), and a carbon paste-based strain gauge fabricated by screen-printing technology and by direct ink writing (DIW) technology for the purposes of comparison and optimization. First, the structural design, theoretical analysis, simulation analysis of the accelerometer, and analyses of the conductive mechanism and the piezoresistive mechanism of the carbon paste-based strain gauge were carried out. Then the proposed accelerometer was fabricated by a combination of different printing technologies and the curing conditions of the carbon paste were investigated. After that, the accelerometers with the screen-printed strain gauge and DIW strain gauge were characterized. The results show that the printing precision of the screen-printing process on the sensor substrate is higher than the DIW process, and both accelerometers can perform acceleration measurement. Also, this kind of accelerometer can be used in the field of measuring body motion. All these findings prove that 3D printing technology is a significant method for sensor fabrication and verification.

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Li, Xin E., and Jing Zu. "Research on the Electronic Strain Piezo Gauge Based on the Shell." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 4949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.4949.

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Utilizing the characteristics of the special instrument of testing the chamber pressure—the electronic Piezo Gauge. Taking the electronic Piezo Gauge’s yend cover as the elastic sensitive component. a novel strain electronic Piezo Gauge is developed. In this paper, Theoretical analysis has been made about mechanical characteristics of the electronic Piezo Gauge shell. The simulation of stress, strain distribution and model of the elastic sensitive components has been conducted through finite elements software ANSYS. Meanwhile test experiments were carried out, and the experiment result prove that the electronic strain Piezo Gauge has good linearity and stability.

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M. A. Saber, Azad. "Experimental Stress Analysis for Woven Carbon, Glass, and Kevlar Laminate Shells." DJES 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2018.11409.

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Composite shell structures have many applications in aerospace industry in which deal with various loading abundantly. In present paper Strain gauge instrument with rectangular rosette strain gauges were used to detect the maximum stress and strain distributions along the shell composite structure. Also a finite element analysis was done for validation of experimental results. The FEM software used was ANSYS14. Impact test, density measurement, and bending test were performed in order to detect physical and mechanical properties such as toughness, principal stresses, and density, of the three laminated composite shells. In addition, the results between experimental and ANSYS were compared. It was observed that an important discrepancy is found between theoretical and experimental results. It was also found a large difference in modulus of elasticity, toughness, and tensile strength for each composite material. These differences are tabulated in many tables in the last paper.

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O'Driscoll, C., W. Stanley, and E. G. Little. "An Examination of Various Methods of Minimising Strain Gradients in 3D Embedded Strain Gauge Analysis." Strain 49, no. 6 (October 11, 2013): 507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/str.12062.

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Gomaa, Amira. "Strains Induced in CAD/CAM Milled Mandibular Implant Retained Overdentures In vivo Strain Gauge Analysis." Egyptian Dental Journal 65, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 2931–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/edj.2019.72689.

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Larionov, Vladimir A. "Method of metrological self-checking of a strain gauge pressure sensor." Metrologiya, no. 1 (2020): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0132-4713.2020-1-48-62.

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Existing methods of metrological self-monitoring of measuring sensors for temperature and pressure of technological industries are considered. The analysis of methods of metrological self-checking of strain gauge pressure sensors is carried out. Method is proposed based on measuring the supply voltage and voltage on the measuring diagonal of the bridge. The temperature of the strain gauge bridge is determined using a semiconductor thermistor installed near the bridge. This allows you to adjust the measured value of the total resistance of the bridge from the temperature of the bridge. With aging and exposure to external conditions, a change in the overall resistance of the bridge can be used to judge the error of the sensor. An experimental sample of the sensor was made. The failure of the strain gage bridge is simulated by parallel connection of an additional resistor to one of the shoulders of the bridge. Experimental studies have shown that modern technical means make it possible to assess the effect of changes in the total bridge resistance on the sensor error.

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Oyen, Ordean J., Michael B. Melugin, and A. Thomas Indresano. "Strain gauge analysis of the frontozygomatic region of the zygomatic complex." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 54, no. 9 (September 1996): 1092–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2391(96)90167-6.

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Shetty, Vivek. "Strain gauge analysis of the frontozygomatic region of the zygomatic complex." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 54, no. 9 (September 1996): 1095–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2391(96)90168-8.

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LERTCHIRAKARN, V., J. PALAMARA, and H. MESSER. "Finite Element Analysis and Strain-gauge Studies of Vertical Root Fracture." Journal of Endodontics 29, no. 8 (August 2003): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200308000-00009.

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Asvanund, Pattapon. "A Strain Gauge Analysis Comparing External and Internal Implant-Abutment Connections." Implant Dentistry 23, no. 2 (April 2014): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/id.0000000000000063.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Strain Gauge analysis'

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