Academic literature on the topic 'Strain Sensing Application'

A fatigue test has been performed on 7075-T651 aluminum specimens which were bonded with polyimide coated optical fibers with discrete Bragg gratings. These fibers were bonded with AE-10 strain gage adhesive. The results indicate that lower strain amplitudes do not produce cause for concern, but that larger strain amplitudes (on the order of 3500 μ) may cause some sensors to become unreliable. The strain response of acrylate coated optical fiber strain sensors bonded to aluminum specimens with AE-10 and M-Bond 200 strain gage adhesives was investigated with both axial and cantilever beam tests. These results were compared to both the strain response of conventional strain gages and to model predictions. The results indicate that only about 82.6% of the strain in the specimen was transferred through the glue line and fiber coating into the fiber. Thus, multiplying by a strain transfer factor of approximately 1.21 was sufficient to correct the optical fiber strain output. This effect was found to be independent of the adhesive used and independent of the three-dimensional profile of the glue line used to attach the fiber. Finally, this effect did not depend on whether the fiber had a polyimide or an acrylate coating. Further investigation was conducted on the feasibility of using optical fiber strain sensors for monitoring subcritical damage (such as matrix cracks) in fiber reinforced composite materials. These results indicate that an array of optical fibers which monitor the strain profile on both sides of a composite panel may be sufficient for these purposes<br>Master of Science

Optic fiber sensors are employed in a variety of applications for the remote measurement of various parameters such as strain, pressure, or temperature. These sensors offer an array of benefits as well including light weight, compactness, and high resolution. In particular, Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPIs) maintain these benefits and can also be made to withstand extremely high temperatures. This advantage of the FPI allows it to be used in harsh environments where many other tools for parameter measurement could not survive. An FPI strain sensor is constructed and tested which has the capabilities to be used at high temperatures of over 1000°C for applications in gas turbine engine testing. This paper discusses the need for high temperature strain sensors in engine testing and this sensor’s capabilities in this application.

Gallium nitride (GaN) is a promising material for electronic sensing devices operating in harsh environments, thanks to its large energy band gap, superior mechanical properties and excellent chemical inertness. Among various wide energy band gap semiconductors such as 3C-SiC, 4H-SiC, 6H-SiC materials, GaN and its compounds are considered as the most suitable materials for Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) sensors for harsh environment applications, as it can be grown on both sapphire and Si substrates, which are compatible with conventional MEMS fabrication processes, while reducing the cost of GaN wafers. GaN-based electronic devices for high frequency and high power applications have been already commercially available. However, their application in sensing is still underdeveloped and under-commercialized. This research aims to experimentally investigate and theoretically analyze the physical sensing effects, such as piezotronic, Hall, pseudo-Hall, and phototronic effects on Al-GaN/GaN heterojunctions, and explores the potential of enhancing the sensitivity of AlGaN/GaN-based sensing devices through multi-physics coupling effect. The first purpose of this study is to examine the effect of external strain on the polarization and electronic properties of the p-GaN/AlGaN/GaN heterostructure (piezotronic effect) and evaluates the possibility to utilize the effect as a strain sensing mechanism. Theoretical analysis on the strain induced effect in the energy band structure is thoroughly conducted. p-GaN/AlGaN/GaN based sensing devices are fabricated and characterized, which exhibit high sensitivity, excellent linearity, and good repeatability, indicating the potential for pressure/strain sensing. In addition, the possibility of enhancing the sensitivity of an p-GaN/AlGaN/GaN heterostructure based piezotronic sensor by employing the photoexcitation-electronic coupling effect is also investigated. The research analyses the key parameters contributing to this tuneable giant piezotronic effect and figures out the physical mechanism leading to this phenomenon. The next goal is to characterize the performance of the AlGaN/GaN-based current sensor and AlGaN/GaN van der Pauw strain sensor utilizing Hall and pseudo-Hall effects, respectively. Both current sensor and van der Pauw sensor exhibit high sensitivity, excellent repeatability and linearity, while the current sensor operates at a temperature range from room to 200 degrees C with negligible changes in sensitivity. Combining these performances with the excellent mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and chemical inertness of GaN, the proposed sensors are promising for strain and power monitoring in harsh environments. Furthermore, this research also intends to investigate the phototronic behaviors of the AlGaN/GaN heterojunction under UV illuminations (phototronic e ect). The characteristics of the heterojunction are also evaluated under broad spectral illuminations to prove its potential for high-performance visible-blind UV light detector. Moreover, the in-depth discussion about the carrier generation and transport mechanisms will provide vital information for the development of AlGaN/GaN optoelectronic sensing devices. This thesis is prepared in a \thesis by publications" format. The published and submitted journal articles are the main contents of chapters 3, 4, 5, and 6.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>School of Eng & Built Env<br>Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology<br>Full Text

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have excellent electrical, mechanical and electromechanical properties. When CNTs are incorporated into polymers, electrically conductive composites with high electrical conductivity at very low CNT content (often below 1% wt CNT) result. Due to the change in electrical properties under mechanical load, carbon nanotube/polymer composites have attracted significant research interest especially due to their potential for application in in-situ monitoring of stress distribution and active control of strain sensing in composite structures or as strain sensors. To sucessfully develop novel devices for such applications, some of the major challenges that need to be overcome include; in-depth understanding of structure-electrical conductivity relationships, response of the composites under changing environmental conditions and piezoresistivity of different types of carbon nanotube/polymer sensing devices. In this thesis, direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) conductivity of CNT-epoxy composites was investigated. Details of microstructure obtained by scanning electron microscopy were used to link observed electrical properties with structure using equivalent circuit modeling. The role of polymer coatings on macro and micro level electrical conductivity was investigated using atomic force microscopy. Thermal analysis and Raman spectroscopy were used to evaluate the heat flow and deformation of carbon nanotubes embedded in the epoxy, respectively, and related to temperature induced resistivity changes. A comparative assessment of piezoresistivity was conducted using randomly mixed carbon nanotube/epoxy composites, and new concept epoxy- and polyurethane-coated carbon nanotube films. The results indicate that equivalent circuit modelling is a reliable technique for estimating values of the resistance and capacitive components in linear, low aspect ratio-epoxy composites. Using this approach, the dominant role of tunneling resistance in determining the electrical conductivity was confirmed, a result further verified using conductive-atomic force microscopy analysis. Randomly mixed CNT-epoxy composites were found to be highly sensitive to mechanical strain and temperature variation compared to polymer-coated CNT films. In the vicinity of the glass transition temperature, the CNT-epoxy composites exhibited pronounced resistivity peaks. Thermal and Raman spectroscopy analyses indicated that this phenomenon can be attributed to physical aging of the epoxy matrix phase and structural rearrangement of the conductive network induced by matrix expansion. The resistivity of polymercoated CNT composites was mainly dominated by the intrinsic resistivity of CNTs and the CNT junctions, and their linear, weakly temperature sensitive response can be described by a modified Luttinger liquid model. Piezoresistivity of the polymer coated sensors was dominated by break up of the conducting carbon nanotube network and the consequent degradation of nanotube-nanotube contacts while that of the randomly mixed CNT-epoxy composites was determined by tunnelling resistance between neighbouring CNTs. This thesis has demonstrated that it is possible to use microstructure information to develop equivalent circuit models that are capable of representing the electrical conductivity of CNT/epoxy composites accurately. New designs of carbon nanotube based sensing devices, utilising carbon nanotube films as the key functional element, can be used to overcome the high temperature sensitivity of randomly mixed CNT/polymer composites without compromising on desired high strain sensitivity. This concept can be extended to develop large area intelligent CNT based coatings and targeted weak-point specific strain sensors for use in structural health monitoring.

With the development of modern industrial engineering technology, increasing demands of multifunctional materials drive the exploration of new applications of electrical conductive polymer nanocomposites (CPNCs). Toward applications of smart materials, sensing performance of CPNCs has gained immense attention in the last decade. Among them, strain sensors, based on piezoresistive behavior of CPNCs, are of high potential to carry out structural health monitoring (SHM) tasks. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is highly thought to be potential for SHM applications in civil infrastructures like bridges and railway systems, mechanical systems, automobiles, windgenetors and airplanes, etc. because of its combination of flexibility, low weight, low thermal conductivity, high chemical corrosion resistance, and heat resistance, etc. This work aimed to achieve high piezoresistive sensitivity and wide measurable strain ranges in carbon nanotube based poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanocomposites. Four strategies were introduced to tune the sensitivity of the relative electrical resistance change (ΔR/R0) versus the applied tensile strain for such nanocomposites. Issues like the influence of dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on initial resistivity of PVDF nanocomposites and conductive network structure of MWCNTs, as well as piezoresistive properties of the nanocomposites, were addressed when using differently functionalized MWCNTs (strategy 1). In addition, the effects of crystalline phases of PVDF, mechanical ductility of its nanocomposites and interfacial interactions between PVDF and fillers on piezoresistive properties of PVDF nanocomposites were studied. Using hybrid fillers, to combine MWCNTs with conductive carbon black (strategy 2) or isolating organoclay (strategy 3), piezoresistive sensitivity and sensing strain ranges of PVDF nanocomposites could be tuned. Besides, both higher sensitivity and larger measurable strain ranges are achieved simultaneously in PVDF/MWCNT nanocomposites when using the ionic liquid (IL) BMIM+PF6- as interface linker/modifier (strategy 4). The detailed results and highlights are summarized as following: 1. The surface functionalization of MWCNTs influences their dispersion in the PVDF matrix, the PVDF-nanotube interactions and crystalline phases of PVDF, which finally results in different ΔR/R0 and the strain at the yield point (possibly the upper limit of sensing strain ranges). As a whole, regarding to the fabrication of strain sensors based on PVDF/MWCNT nanocomposite, in contrast to pristine CNTs, CNTs-COOH and CNTs-OH, CNT-NH2 filled PVDF nanocomposites possess not only high piezoresistive sensitivity but also wide measurable strain ranges. Gauge factor, i.e. GF, is ca.14 at 10% strain (strain at the yield point) for the nanocomposites containing 0.75% CNTs-NH2. 2. Using hybrid fillers of CNTs and CB to construct strain-susceptible network structure (conductive pathway consisting of string-like array of CNTs and CB particles) enhances the piezoresistive sensitivity of PVDF nanocomposites, which is tightly associated with the CNT content in hybrid fillers and mCNTs/mCB. The best piezoresistive effect is achieved in PVDF nanocomposites with fixed CNT content lower than the ΦC (0.53 wt. %) of PVDF/CNT nanocomposites. 3. ΔR/R0 and possible sensing strain ranges of PVDF nanocomposites were tailored by changing crystalline phases of PVDF and PVDF-MWCNT interactions. Besides, the increase of the strain at yield point in PVDF nanocomposites filled by CNTs-OH is more obvious than that in the nanocomposites containing the same amount of clay and CNTs. The nanocomposite consisting of 0.25% clay and 0.75% CNTs-OH have ca. 70% increase of the strain at the yield point (17%) and the GF at this strain is ca. 14, while GF for the nanocomposite filled by only 0.75% CNTs-OH is ca. 5 at 10% strain. 4. IL BMIM+PF6- served as interface linker for PVDF and MWCNTs, which significantly increased the values of ΔR/R0 and strain at the yield point of PVDF nanocomposites simultaneously. Besides, this increases with increasing IL content. With the aid of IL, the dispersion of nanotube and toughness of the nanocomposites are greatly improved, but the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites is decreased with the incorporation of IL, which is related to the IL modified PVDF-MWCNT interface connection or bonding. GF reaches ca. 60 at 21% strain (the strain at the yield point) for PVDF nanocomposites filled by 10% IL premixed 2%CNTs-COOH.

Thesis (M. S.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.<br>Committee Chair: Brand, Oliver; Committee Member: Adibi, Ali; Committee Member: Allen, Mark G.; Committee Member: Bottomley, Lawrence A.; Committee Member: Degertekin, F. Levent.

La polyvalence de la technique de track-etching a permis d’étudier plus avant l’effet piezoélectrique direct et indirect d’un film polarisé en poly(fluorure de vinylidène) PVDF en créant des membranes nanostructurées hybrides de nanofils de nickel (Ni NWs)/PVDF. Les propriétés magnétiques du nanofil de nickel, telle que la magnétorésistance anisotrope (AMR), ont été exploitées afin d’étudier la réponse de l’aimantation à la déformation mécanique de la matrice PVDF. En particulier, les déformations ont été induites soit par contrainte thermo-mécanique, soit par contrainte électromécanique (effet piezoélectrique indirect). La sensibilité d’un nanofil unique a permis de déterminer l’amplitude et la direction de la contrainte mécanique exercée à l’échelle nanométrique par la matrice PVDF. La résistance exceptionnelle de la réponse piezoélectrique directe du film PVDF polarisé à l’irradiation, telle que l’irradiation aux ions-lourds accélérés et aux électrons (domaine de doses &lt; 100kGy) a été observée. Mis à part la conservation de la réponse piezoélectrique, les défauts engendrés par l’irradiation dans ce domaine de dose (scissions de chaines, augmentation de phase crystalline, réticulations) ont eu un impact significatif sur la structure du matériau polymère. L’ensemble de ces défauts, les uns prépondérants en-dessous de la dose-gel ( 10kGy), les autres au-dessus, forme une compensation d’effets antagonistes qui mènent à une réponse piezoélectrique globalement inchangée. Stimulé par la grande résistance du PVDF à l’irradiation en termes de réponse piezoélectrique, l’idée a été d’exploiter, en vue d’une application dans la récupération d’énergie, le réseau de nanofils de nickel inclus dans la membrane en PVDF polarisé pour étudier l’influence des nanofils de nickel sur la l’efficacité piezoélectrique. La présence du réseau de nanofils de nickel mène à un accroissement non négligeable de l’efficacité piezoélectrique. Reliée à la présence des nanofils, une augmentation de la permittivité diélectrique dans le PVDF nanostructuré a également été enregistrée. Une polarisation interfaciale entre les nanofils de nickel et la matrice PVDF pourrait expliquer cette valeur accrue par rapport au PVDF nanoporeux sans nanofils<br>The versatility of the track-etching technique has allowed to investigate deeper the direct and inverse piezoelectric effect of a polarized Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) film in building nanostructured hybrid Nickel nanowires (Ni NWs)/PVDF membrane. The magnetic properties of the Ni NW, such as anisotropic magneto resistance (AMR), are exploited to investigate the response of the magnetization to a mechanical deformation of the PVDF matrix. In particular, the deformations were induced either by thermo-mechanical or an electro-mechanical (inverse piezoelectric effect) stress. The sensitivity of the single NW has allowed to determine the amplitude and direction of a mechanical stress exerted at the nano-scale by the PVDF matrix. The outstanding resistance of the direct piezoelectric response of polarized PVDF film to radiation, such as SHI and e-beam, (doses range &lt; 100kGy) was reported. Beyond the conservation of the piezoelectric response, in this dose range, irradiation defects (chain scissions, increase of the crystalline -phase, crosslinking) had a significative impact on the polymer material. All these defects, ones predominant above the gel dose (herein 10 kGy), and the other ones below, compensate their antagonistic effects towards the globally unchanged piezoelectric responses. Motivated by the high radiation resistance of the PVDF in terms of piezoelectric response, the idea was to exploit Ni NWs array embedded in the polarized PVDF membrane to study the influence of the Ni NWs on the piezoelectric response in view of harvesting energy application. The presence of the Ni NWs array leads a non-negligible increase of the piezoelectric efficiency. Related to the presence of the NWs, an increase of the dielectric permittivity in the nanostructured PVDF was also reported. An interfacial polarization between the Ni NWs and the PVDF matrix could explain the higher efficiency value respect to nanoporous PVDF, without NWs