Academic literature on the topic 'Straits question'
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Journal articles on the topic "Straits question"
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Otu, Petre. "Gheorghe I. Brătianu and the Black Sea Straits Question (1933-1944) – “Straits Fatalism”." Romanian Military Thinking 2024, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2024.1.12.
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The study analyses the position expressed between 1933 and 1944 by Gheorghe I. Brătianu regarding the Black Sea Straits Question. Through the works published during those years, he established himself as one of the greatest Romanian historians, his scientific interests focusing on the evolution of Romanians in the Middle Ages as well as on the role of the Black Sea in all international relations. In this context, as a Professor at the University of Bucharest, between 1941-1943, he taught a course at the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy on The Black Sea Question, in which he extensively developed his concepts. They can be summarized in the phrase according to which Romania has faced the Pontus Euxinus “Straits fatalism” throughout its existence. At the same time, as a politician and party leader, Gheorghe I. Brătianu opposed Nicolae Titulescu’s policy of envisaging a mutual assistance treaty with the Soviet Union, a country that had not recognised the unification of Bessarabia with Romania. As such, he criticized the position adopted by Romania at the Montreux Conference (22 June-21 July 1936), which modified the status of the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits, according to Moscow’s interests. By the Convention signed on 20 July 1936, the access of non-littoral military ships was severely restricted.
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CUCOȘ, Cezar. "The Question of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles Straits." Romanian Military Thinking 2023, no. 1 (March 2023): 82–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.1.5.
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"The struggle for control of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, strategic access points on the only waterway between the Black Sea and the oceans of the world, has a long history. It has become even topical in the modern age, as an effect of the increase in economic power and the expansionist tendencies of some states, bearing the imprint of the flourishing or decline of some empires whose fate depended on the strategic situation at the junction of Europe and Asia. However, 86 years ago, in a conciliatory setting, a diplomatic instrument was signed in Montreux, emblematic in the evolution of international law, based on a real spirit of harmonization of political, economic and military interests, which authorized the transit of ships and aircraft through the area of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits. Still in force today, the Montreux Convention signed on 20 July 1936, which put Ankara in possession of the keys to the straits, is one of the long-lasting international agreements, limiting the number and tonnage of vessels and, in the case of warships, the duration of their presence in the area, a fact that, in the almost nine decades, has produced effects on the interests of some states, be they Black Sea littoral states or not. The current war in Ukraine, launched on 24 February 2022, brings back in the diplomatic debates the document whose articles relating to the conflict situation have not been invoked since the end of the Second World War, although, over time, interested parties have strongly advocated for the revision of the Montreux Convention."
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Altuğ, Yılmaz. "The United States Of America's Policies Towards Turkish Straits." Belleten 56, no. 215 (April 1, 1992): 167–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.1992.167.
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One of the oldest, most persistent and important problems in European History and İnternational Law is the "Question of the Straits". More than twenty treaties in modern times mention the Turkish Straits. Five of these treaties were made exclusively to regulate passage through these waters: The London Agreement, 1841; Paris Straits Convention, 1856; London Convention, 1871; Lausanne Straits Convention, 1923; and the Treaty of Montreux, 1936. Phillipson and Buxton affirm that one of the causes of the First World War was the Straits problem.
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Macfie, A. L. "The straits question at the Potsdam conference: the British position." Middle Eastern Studies 23, no. 1 (January 1987): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263208708700689.
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Biresselioglu, Mehmet Efe, Muhittin Hakan Demir, and Sinem Dönmez. "Danish Straits versus Turkish Straits: The Potential Impact of Prospective Russian Oil Exports." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 6, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v16i2_15.
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The Danish Straits, which connect Baltic Sea to North Sea as an oil transit choke point, are becoming vastly important as a gateway to Europe for Russian oil exports. In terms of the future source of Russian oil, the country is estimated to hold half of the total Arctic resources. This indicates the forthcoming increase in the importance of Danish Straits in the global energy security. Besides, two additional alternative and important choke points are located in Turkey, which are the Straits of Bosporus and Dardanelles, known as Turkish Straits. These straits are also one of the significant exit points of Russian oil exports but as Russia shifted its direction of oil exports toward Baltic ports, the strategic position of Turkish Straits have been affected from this transition as well. It is an open question whether the Turkish Straits will continue to be the outlet of Russian oil exports or the Danish Straits will take over that position in line with the oil resources development in the Arctic Region. This study aims to analyse the Turkish and Danish Straits and establish their significance in terms of energy security. The current and future oil export strategies of Russia on the existing chokepoints are also discussed, with special emphasis on the potential impacts of Arctic development as Russia continues with the exploration and extraction of Arctic oil resources.
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LALONDE, SUZANNE. "The Right of Overflight above International Straits." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 52 (October 2015): 35–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cyl.2015.16.
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AbstractThe legal status of the Northwest Passage (NWP) has been the subject of much debate in academic, government, and media circles. To date, much of this discussion has centred on the legal regime governing maritime navigation. However, the question of whether the NWP is subject to guaranteed freedoms or Canada’s unqualified sovereign control also involves the right of overflight. This article investigates the circumstances that led to the inclusion of the freedom of overflight in Part III of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It then highlights some of the legal standards that would govern air navigation if the NWP were to be considered an international strait.
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Oude Elferink, Alex G. "The Regime of Passage Through the Danish Straits." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 15, no. 4 (2000): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180800x00244.
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AbstractThe Danish Straits are the main connection between the Baltic Sea and the world oceans. The regime of passage through these straits has been the subject of extensive regulation, raising the question how different applicable instruments interact. Apart from applicable bilateral and multilateral treaties, it is necessary to take into account the practice of Denmark and Sweden and other interested states, and regulatory activities within the framework of the IMO. The Case Concerning Passage Through the Great Belt before the ICJ provides insights into the views of Denmark and Finland. The article concludes that an 1857 treaty excludes the applicability of Part III of the LOS Convention to the straits, and that there are a number of difficulties in assessing the contents of the regime of the straits. At the same time, these uncertainties do not seem to have been a complicating factor for the adoption of measures to regulate shipping traffic.
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Otu, Petre. "Gheorghe I. Brătianu și problematica strâmtorilor Mării Negre (1933-1944) – „Fatalitatea strâmtorilor”." Gândirea Militară Românească 2024, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/gmr.2024.1.12.
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The study analyses the position expressed between 1933 and 1944 by Gheorghe I. Brătianu regarding the Black Sea Straits Question. Through the works published during those years, he established himself as one of the greatest Romanian historians, his scientific interests focusing on the evolution of Romanians in the Middle Ages as well as on the role of the Black Sea in all international relations. In this context, as a Professor at the University of Bucharest, between 1941-1943, he taught a course at the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy on The Black Sea Question, in which he extensively developed his concepts. They can be summarized in the phrase according to which Romania has faced the Pontus Euxinus “Straits fatalism” throughout its existence. At the same time, as a politician and party leader, Gheorghe I. Brătianu opposed Nicolae Titulescu’s policy of envisaging a mutual assistance treaty with the Soviet Union, a country that had not recognised the unification of Bessarabia with Romania. As such, he criticized the position adopted by Romania at the Montreux Conference (22 June-21 July 1936), which modified the status of the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits, according to Moscow’s interests. By the Convention signed on 20 July 1936, the access of non-littoral military ships was severely restricted.
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Saladdin Kazımlı, Semral. "BEYNƏLXALQ BOĞAZLARDAN VƏ YA ONLARIN ÜZƏRİNDƏN TRANZİT KEÇİD HÜQUQU." SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 08, no. 4 (April 27, 2022): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2789-6919/08/166-169.
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One of the topics under discussion at the Convention on the Law of the Sea is the passage of the Straits used for international navigation. The law covering the international strait is important because the width of the territorial sea is expected to be up to 12 miles. If this extension is agreed upon, its effect will be to cut off the territorial waters, the Straits of 24 miles or less in width. By extending the sovereignty of the states adjoining the international strait, the strait, which used to be a corridor for high-altitude navigation, would retain the properties of sovereign property. In anticipation of this expansion in the territorial waters, the United States has said it will vote in favor of the 12-mile limit, which is a key condition - that the right to free movement through the international strait be recognized. The concept is sufficient to protect the interests of both the international community and the coastal states. The conflict between the two ideologies raises fundamental questions about the use of the sea in an area where the conflict of international and local interests is very real. The purpose of this article is to examine the interests involved in the Strait question and to suggest a solution to the conflict, emphasizing the interests of the coastal states. Key words: international straits, transit rights, transition rights, modern times, international System Səmral Saləddin qızı Kazımlı BEYNƏLXALQ BOĞAZLARDAN VƏ YA ONLARIN ÜZƏRİNDƏN TRANZİT KEÇİD HÜQUQU Xülasə Dəniz Hüququ Konvensiyasında müzakirə olunan mövzulardan biri də beynəlxalq naviqasiya üçün istifadə edilən boğazların keçididir. Beynəlxalq boğazı əhatə edən qanun vacibdir, çünki ərazi dənizinin eninin 12 milədək olacağı gözlənilir. Beynəlxalq boğaza bitişik dövlətlərin suverenliyini genişləndirməklə, əvvəllər yüksək hündürlükdə gəmiçilik üçün dəhliz olan boğaz suveren mülkiyyət xüsusiyyətlərini saxlayacaq. Ərazi sularında bu genişlənmə ərəfəsində Birləşmiş Ştatlar əsas şərt olan 12 mil limitinin lehinə səs verəcəyini bildirib - beynəlxalq boğazdan sərbəst hərəkət hüququnun tanınması. Konsepsiya həm beynəlxalq ictimaiyyətin, həm də sahilyanı dövlətlərin maraqlarını qorumaq üçün kifayətdir. İki ideologiya arasındakı ziddiyyət beynəlxalq və yerli maraqların toqquşmasının çox real olduğu bir ərazidə dənizdən istifadə ilə bağlı fundamental suallar doğurur. Bu məqalənin məqsədi boğaz məsələsində iştirak edən maraqları araşdırmaq və sahilyanı dövlətlərin maraqlarını vurğulayaraq, beynəlxalq boğazlardan keçid hüququ, habelə bu sahədə münaqişələrin həllini təklif etməkdir. Açar sözlər: beynəlxalq boğazlar, tranzit hüquqları, müasir hüquqlar, müasir dövr, beynəlxalq system
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Abgaryan, Jetta, George Chakhvadze, Levan Jakeli, and Jānis Grasis. "Reconciling Conflicting Interests of Coastal and Riparian States: The Hard Case of Black Sea Straits." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 1, no. 19 (2021): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.19.2020.1.195-200.
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There are two basic understandings of the regime of the Black Sea straits: the Black Sea straits as a legal regime and the Black Sea straits as a political regime [1]. The legal assessment of the Black Sea Straits regime requires determining what the existing regulation of the Straits is, how open the Straits are to international navigation, and if closed, whether there are real legal grounds for closing straits while the reference to the Black Sea Straits as a political regime allows for the possibility that straits may be closed for ensuring the security of Turkey and the Black Sea riparian states [1]. It is worth noting that arguments advanced by international legal scientists on the Black Sea straits as legal regime fundamentally differ from each other. Some scientists consider the Montreux Convention to be a major problem in the legal regulation of the Black Sea straits. They consider it necessary for Turkey to recognise the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea as a legally binding treaty [2]. Others argue that the main problem in regulating the Black Sea straits is the unilateral regulations adopted by Turkey (1994, 1998 and 2003 Regulations), which, in their view, violate the basic norms of the Montreux Convention, especially the regime of free passage through the straits established by this Convention [3; 4]. Another group of scientists believes that although the regime of the Black Sea straits is significantly restricted by Turkish unilateral regulations, these acts are aimed at protecting the marine environment and safety, and, therefore, the Turkish policy of regulating the Black Sea Straits is legally justified [1; 5]. This article is dedicated to the international legal regulation of navigation in the Black Sea Straits. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the current regime of the Black Sea Straits, the relationship and differences between the regime established by the Montreux Convention and the unilateral acts adopted by Turkey on the regulation of traffic in the Black Sea Straits, and to answer the question whether the urgent need to protect the natural environment and maritime safety entitles Turkey to restrict the regime established by the Montreux Convention. Thus, special attention will be drawn to the Montreux Convention, the rules and recommendations adopted by the International Maritime Organisation and the case law of international courts. In the view of the authors, the environmental and safety arguments put forward by Turkey for restricting navigation through the Black Sea Straits have two conceptual dimensions. First, these arguments are acceptable when it comes either to introducing norms related to the movement of ships to ensure safety of navigation or providing an obligation of notification to the Turkish authorities [6]. Another important thesis advanced by this article is that in each particular case, the regulations adopted by Turkey should be interpreted in the light of the recommendations made by the International Maritime Organisation. The main rationale of this argument is that under the existing regulations, Turkish authorities can still suspend the movement of ships in the straits for various reasons, some of which are quite vague. However, the article showcases that Turkey can, in case of pressing environmental need, when there is an urgent interest in the protection of the natural environment, act with the motive of protecting the natural environment, regardless of whether this action derives from a particular international treaty.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Straits question"
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Bobroff, Ronald Park. "Roads to glory : late imperial Russia and the Turkish straits /." London ; New York : I. B. Tauris, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb401597552.
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Tsitsagi, Giorgi. "Le régime de navigation et la protection de l'environnement dans la mer Noire." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020070.
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La géographie de la mer Noire n’a jamais été favorable à l’application sans condition du principe de la liberté de la navigation. Durant des siècles, elle fut, et elle reste encore, l’objet de la réglementation spéciale qui tient à cette particularité et à l’importance géopolitique de la région. Le régime de la navigation dans cette région est donc l’adaptation du principe de la liberté de la navigation à ses particularités, ce qui explique la révision quasi permanente du régime établi. Parmi plusieurs accords internationaux, seule la Convention de Montreux s’est avérée intangible, mais là encore, il semble que la géographie de la région et à présent la nécessité du respect de l’environnement la fragilisent aujourd’hui. La thèse dévoile cette fragilité et montre que la navigation dans la mer Noire se heurte elle aussi au même problème. Cette thèse évoque donc la nécessité de combler le vide juridique laissé par l’absence des règles de la sécurité de la navigation et de la protection de l’environnement marin dans la Convention de Montreux, ainsi que dans le régime juridique de la mer Noire. L’étude comparée des droits internes des États riverains et des textes à vocation régionale montre également les mesures prises par les États concernés, mais aussi le problème de l’adaptation du régime de la navigation dans cette région aux exigences d’aujourd’hui du droit international de la mer, notamment en matière de sécurité de la navigation et de la protection de l’environnement maritimeThe geography of the Black Sea never was the most suitable to apply unconditionally the principle of free navigation. During centuries, it was, and still remains, under specific rules due to the particular strategic geopolitical importance of this region. So the navigation regime in this region is the adaptation of the principle of free navigation to it s specifics, which explains the almost permanent reviewing of the established regime. Among several international agreements, only the Convention of Montreux appeared to be most sustainable, but even in this case the geography of the region seems to weaken it nowadays. The Thesis reveals this frailty and shows that navigation on the Black Sea encounters the same problem. Consequently it shows the need to fill the juridical gap coming from the lack of rules of security and of environment protection in the Convention of Montreux, as in the regime of navigation of the Black Sea. The comparative study of the internal law of each of the waterfronts States and of the texts with regional focus points out as well the measures taken by the concerned States, but also the problem of adaptation of the regime of navigation in this region according to the current requirements of international law of the sea, especially concerning the security of navigation and the protection of marine environment
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Chen, Ted Hsuan Yun. "The levels of analysis question in the cross-Strait bargain : domestic constraints and international bargaining power." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42109.
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Our understanding of the bargain between China and Taiwan depends on our ability to effectively untangle the myriad of processes that exists at multiple levels across the Taiwan Strait. By examining in this context Robert Putnam's two-level game, widely endorsed as the answer to this methodological puzzle but never rigorously examined, I seek to determine the relevant levels of analysis needed to explain, predict, and shape cross-Strait bargaining outcomes. I examine two working hypotheses and a set of supporting questions, derived from Putnam's article and related works, against empirical evidence from the most recent iteration of the cross-Strait bargain, from Ma Ying-jeou's election in 2008 to the 2012 Presidential Elections in Taiwan. On the methodological front, the empirical evidence speaks to the power of systemic-level variables, but ultimately demonstrates the necessity of incorporating domestic-level variables according to the two-level game's interactive logic in any analysis shorter than the longest of the long runs. Regarding substantive aspects of the cross-Strait bargain, my findings suggest that Beijing is most likely to succeed in manipulating the Taiwanese domestic constituency by focusing on mobilizing segments of Taiwanese society with interests similar to its, specifically through agent-specific punishment promoting the KMT at the expense of the DPP. We are presented with the situation in which the KMT is the better agent when it comes to gaining concessions from Beijing, but cannot do so unless the DPP has a credible chance to spend regular time in office.
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Curran, Donald J. "Bridging the Strait : implications for Japan and the United States following a peaceful reunification of China and Taiwan /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5F_Curran.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Miller, Alice L. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 22, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-64). Also available in print.
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Marcotte, Chénard Sophie. "Lectures contemporaines de Machiavel: la question de l'interprétation chez Leo Strauss, Quentin Skinner et Claude Lefort." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20270.
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Dans cette thèse, nous cherchons à penser les enjeux philosophiques de l’application de méthodes herméneutiques en histoire de la philosophie politique. À partir d’une étude comparative des interprétations de l’œuvre de Nicolas Machiavel offertes par Leo Strauss, Quentin Skinner et Claude Lefort, nous interrogeons le rapport que l’interprète institue avec le texte qu’il étudie. Nous montrons qu’il y a dans les trois cas un écart entre l’exposition théorique des principes herméneutiques et l’application effective de ces derniers. Nous soutenons que les divergences fondamentales entre les trois lectures des écrits machiavéliens ne trouvent pas leur fondement dans la différence des méthodes employées, mais proviennent en dernier lieu de la compréhension particulière qu’ils ont du rôle et du statut de la pensée de Machiavel. Autrement dit, nous cherchons à montrer que l’intérêt pour la signification de l’œuvre machiavélienne dépasse la simple analyse des écrits d’un auteur du passé; les trois interprètes entretiennent un rapport singulier à la pensée du secrétaire florentin. En ce sens, l’étude des herméneutiques de Strauss, Skinner et Lefort appliquées à Machiavel est indissociable d’une interrogation sur l’articulation entre interprétation et politique.
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Lin, Chin-sheng, and n/a. "The One-China controversy, 1996-2002 : the impact of Taiwan�s democratisation on the cross-strait policies of Taipei, Beijing and Washington." University of Otago. Department of Political Studies, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070220.142540.
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The one-China issue before the 1990s was not particularly complex as both sides of the Taiwan Strait claimed that there was only one China in the world and Taiwan was part of China. Nevertheless, after Taiwan accelerated democratisation in the early 1990s, and especially after 1996 when it entered a stage of democratic consolidation, the one-China issue has become a bitter controversy.
Taiwan was transformed from an authoritarian regime to a democracy through the revision of the constitution and the reform of elections for the Legislative Yüan and the presidency between 1991 and 1996. Democratisation not only legitimised the government�s rule on Taiwan, but also brought about Taiwanese nationalism, which forced the government to defend the sovereignty to which its democratic and economic achievements now entitled it. As the PRC has always claimed sovereignty over Taiwan, the one-China controversy has thus focused on Taiwan�s international status since the 1990s. In order to prevent Taiwan from declaring independence, the PRC adopted a carrot and stick strategy, but failed. Its "peaceful reunification" policy and the "one country, two systems" formula could not attract the Taiwanese, and its military threats were blocked by the US, which has strongly demanded a peaceful resolution for cross-Strait disputes since 1979.
As the US also needs the PRC�s cooperation in many international areas, it did not support Taiwan�s formal independence. Under such circumstances, maintaining the status quo of the Taiwan Strait becomes the best choice for the three sides. The one-China controversy is not expected to be resolved in the near future.
Democracy has been promoted as a universal value since the Cold War. As Taiwan has not ruled out the possibility of future democratic unification with the Mainland, the best way to resolve the one-China controversy might be the successful democratisation of the PRC, which the international community would welcome.
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Shi, Xiang. "The Crystalline Structure of Polydimethylsiloxane : Additional Results and Additional Questions." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASP009.
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L’objectif principal de ce travail est de tenter d’élucider la structure cristalline du poly(diméthylsiloxane) (PDMS). Nous avons d’abord synthétisé des élastomères PDMS chargés en silice soit par mélange physique ou soit par croissance in situ, afin d’obtenir des échantillons pouvant supporter les élongations nécessaires à notre étude. En couplant tests mécaniques et diffraction des rayons X (WAXD) à température ambiante, il a été montré que les échantillons chargés in situ présentaient un facteur d’amplification des déformations anormalement élevé. Des clichés de diffraction obtenus à basse température et sous différentes extensions sur des échantillons cristallisés ont été comparés à des simulations : il a été démontré que les changements observés provenaient d’une évolution de la texture cristalline, la maille restante quadratique. Ceci contredit l’hypothèse d’un polymorphisme. L’augmentation soudaine de la contrainte lors du refroidissement d’un élastomère PDMS pré-étiré est connue. Il est montré que ceci n’apparaît qu’une fois la cristallisation terminée : cet effet serait dû à la contraction thermique et à l’augmentation du module de Young résultant de la présence de cristallites et d’une phase amorphe confinée. Une détermination atomique de la structure cristalline de PDMS a été tentée, basée sur des mesures de diffraction X de poudre à basse température. Les techniques de recuit simulé simulation, l’optimisation de DFT et d’affinement de Rietveld ont été utilisées. Deux groupes d’espace / 4₁ et / 4₁ ⁄ a sont proposés et les positions atomiques calculées pour chaque cas. Toutefois, aucune de ces propositions n’est vraiment satisfaisante en ce qui concerne les intensités calculées. D’autres hypothèses sont formulées. En complément de ce travail, deux organogélateurs à base de cholestérol ont été étudiés par différentes techniques de diffusion des rayons X. Les résultats suggèrent qu’un changement de l’empilement moléculaire est à l’origine des propriétés chromatiques stimulo-sensibles des molécules de TPE-C n-Chol. L’existence d’une phase smectique-A avec bicouche antiparallèle inter-digitée a été également démontrée pour les molécules de TPE-Azobenzene-Cn-CholThe main objective of this work is to elucidate the crystalline structure of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Silica-filled PDMS elastomers are first synthesized by either physical mixing or in-situ sol-gel loading to obtain specimens that can sustain the extensions necessary for our purpose. Coupling tensile tests and X-ray diffraction (WAXD) at room temperature, it was found that the sol-gel silica filled samples exhibited an anomalously high strain amplification factor. Thereafter WAXD patterns of PDMS elastomer under different extensions was collected at low temperature (typically -100 °C) and the comparison between experimental data and simulations unambiguously demonstrated that the impressive pattern changes observed with increasing deformation originated from textures, the crystal unit cell remaining tetragonal unit cell in all cases; this contradicts the hypothesis of a possible polymorphism. A sudden rise in stress has been previously reported during cooling of a pre-stretched silicone rubber. It is presently shown to appear after crystallization is completed and it is to the combined effect of thermal contraction and the increase of Young’s modulus that results from the presence of crystallites and harder confined amorphous phase. Based on low-temperature powder X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction, an atomic determination of the crystal structure of PDMS was attempted by annealing simulation, DFT optimization as well as Rietveld refinement. Two space groups of / 4₁ (No. 80) and / 4₁ ⁄ a:1 (No. 88-1) with a 0.5 occupancy probability are proposed and the atomic positions are computed for each case. However, no one of this proposal is really satisfying as regard to the computed intensities. Further hypothesis is formulated. As a complement to this work, two cholesterol-based organogelators were studied by different X-ray scattering techniques. The results suggest a change in molecular packing is at the origin of stimuli-responsive chromatic properties in TPE-Cn-Chol molecules. A smectic-A phase with inter-digitated antiparallel bilayer was also evidenced in TPE-Azobenzene-Cn-Chol molecules
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Frye, Randall William. "Handel, Puccini, Strauss, Poulenc, Brown, and Gealt an exploration of song." Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17627.
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Master of MusicDepartment of Music
Reginald Pittman
This Master’s Report contains extended program notes on the works performed on a graduate rectial of music for a Baritone. The text includes biographical information on each composer and an analysis of each piece performed. Text translations are included in the body of the discussions. The pieces discussed are Handel’s “See The Raging Flames Arise,” from Joshua, Poulenc’s Le Bestiaire, Strauss’s Zueignung, Nichts and Cäcilie, Puccini’s “Questo amor, vergogna mia,” from Edgar, Jason Robert Brown’s Moving Too Fast, The Next Ten Minutes, The River Won’t Flow and She Cries and lastly Jonathon Reid Gealt’s September of ’92. The graduate recital was given in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Music degree in vocal performance on April 7, 2014. It was performed in All Faiths Chapel at Kansas State University. It featured the piano talents of Amanda Arrington, Paul Meissbach and Norma Roozeboom, the vocal talents of Reginald Pittman, Elise Poehling and Patricia Thompson, and the insrumental talents of Nolan Groff and Craig Archer.
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Alves, Liliana Amorim. "Uso prolongado da voz em professoras universitárias: uma questão de saúde do trabalhador." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-19012012-111538/.
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Professores possuem predisposição a desenvolver alterações vocais em relação aos demais trabalhadores que utilizam a voz como instrumento de trabalho. Em geral, eles não apresentam preparo para utilizar a voz, o que pode acarretar o aparecimento de patologias associadas ao uso vocal prolongado e excessivo. O uso prolongado da voz, de modo inadequado, pode acarretar distúrbios da voz relacionados ao trabalho. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o uso prolongado da voz em professoras universitárias em situações de repouso, 30 minutos, 60 minutos e 90 minutos e comparar a intensidade vocal, a análise acústica e a análise perceptivo-auditiva da voz. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, com análise comparativa dos dados de delineamento transversal, descritivo. Participaram do estudo 17 docentes, do sexo feminino com idade mínima de 31 anos e máxima de 47 anos pertencentes a uma Instituição de Ensino Superior. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a captura da intensidade vocal habitual, mínima e máxima e gravação da emissão da vogal /a/ prolongada; também, realizaram a leitura de um texto padronizado de higiene vocal para posterior extração dos parâmetros perceptivo-auditivos e acústicos. Os registros foram capturados nas situações de repouso, 30, 60 e 90 minutos da prova de uso prolongado da voz, que foi realizada no tempo máximo de uma hora e meia. A análise acústica revelou elevação nas medidas de frequência fundamental (p= 0,01) e proporção harmônico ruído (p= 0,05). A análise perceptivo-auditiva da GIRBAS entre os experts fonoaudiólogos revelou concordância e disconcordância estatística durante as situações de uso prolongado da voz. Foram concordantes nas situações de repouso (instabilidade, rugosidade, soprosidade, astenia e tensão) e o parâmetro vocal loudness; 30 minutos (todos os parâmetros foram concordantes) 60 minutos (rugosidade, soprosidade, astenia e tensão); 90 minutos (soprosidade, astênia e tensão) e nos parâmetros vocais loudness e pitch. E os discordantes nas situações de repouso (Grau Geral) e o parâmetro vocal loudness, 60 minutos (Grau Geral e instabilidade), 90 minutos (Grau Geral, instabilidade e rugosidade). As medidas de extensão vocal e intensidade vocal habitual, mínima e máxima também não revelaram alterações significativas após o uso prolongado da voz. Deste modo, concluiu-se que o uso prolongado da voz em professoras universitárias não promoveu alterações significativas quanto a intensidade vocal e extensão dinâmica, havendo redução dos parâmetros perceptivo-auditivos ao longo do uso da voz. Entretanto, a análise acústica apresentou elevação dos parâmetros frequência fundamental e proporção harmônico ruído.Teachers have a propensity to develop vocal changes when compared to other professionals who use their voice as a work tool. In general, they tend to exhibit no skills to use their voice professionally, which may trigger pathologies related to prolonged or excessive use. Prolonged, inadequate use may give rise to job-related disorders. The objective of the present study was to analyze prolonged use of voice among university professors under resting conditions at 30, 60, and 90 minutes and then compare voice pitch, acoustic analysis, and auditory-perceptive analysis of voice. It is a quantitative study that involved cross-sectional, descriptive analysis of comparative data. Seventeen female faculties aged 31 at least and 47 at most participated in the study. All subjects underwent habitual speech intensity- minimum and maximum- capture test and a test involving uttering the long vowel /ä/. They also read a standard text on vocal hygiene so that acoustic and auditory-perceptive parameters could be elicited later. Registers were captured under resting conditions at 30, 60, and 90 minutes of the test of prolonged use of voice, which was carried out within a maximum time frame of one and a half hours. Acoustic analysis revealed increased measures in fundamental frequency (p=o,o1) and harmoniousness/loudness ratio (p= 0,05). GIRBAS auditory-perceptive analysis among speech pathologists revealed statistical agreement and disagreement. Under resting conditions, instability, breathiness, vocal weakness, and strain, and the parameter loudness; at 30 minutes all parameters were concurrent; at 60 minutes roughness, breathiness, vocal weakness, and strain; at 90 minutes breathiness, vocal weakness, and strain and the parameters loudness and pitch were concurrent; however, under resting conditions, general level and the parameter loudness; at 60 minutes, general level and instability; at 90 minutes, general level, instability, and roughness were not concurrent. Vocal range and habitual vocal intensity measures, minimum and maximum, did not reveal significant changes after prolonged use of voice. Therefore, one may conclude that the prolonged use of voice among professors did not promote significant changes to their vocal range and vocal dynamics, with a decrease in auditory-perceptive parameters as the voice was being used. Nevertheless, acoustic analysis did reveal increased fundamental frequency and increased harmoniousness/loudness ratio.
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丁樹蘭. "The study of cooperation across the Taiwan straits on crime-fighting question." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47425697469319075288.
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碩士國立政治大學
行政管理碩士學程
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The Study of Cooperation Across the Taiwan Straits on Crime-Fighting Question DISSERTATION ABRSTRACT The 4-decade-odd long political division of the two sides of the Taiwan Strait under separate regimes saw its end on July 15 1987, when the R.O.C. government lifted ban on visits to relatives in China in November the same year. Interchanges between people on both sides of the strait frequented, just as economic, trade and cultural activities, with problems. The political rivalry of the two sides of the Taiwan Strait has made it less successful to achieve any agreement on organizations and systems aiming to fighting crimes. Criminals, by taking advantage of loopholes of the judicial systems on both sides, work together for illegal lucre. It is nothing new today that Taiwanese criminals evade to and remain in China after unlawful operations. Should this practice go on without any criminal see justice be served, victims or their families in Taiwan would not meet relief and sentiment of Taiwanese people would also be hurt, let alone the public security of the two societies separated by the Taiwan Strait. It is paramount that both sides of the Taiwan Strait do, for the sake of mutual benefit and interest, ignore their own ideologies and strengthen academic exchanges in the direction of benign interaction before eventually reaching cooperation channels and systems that would help fight against crimes. This article includes studies on criminal acts on both sides of the Taiwan Straits, including stow-way, smuggling, maritime piracy, fishing disputes and other associated crimes, since the lift on ban on relative visitations. It also focuses on difficulties the authorities on both sides confront with when it comes to joint effort in fighting crimes and with proposals. Also includes are studies on mutual assistance by international criminal judicial systems on jurisdiction and extradition. Hopefully we could locate ways to make criminal justices on both sides of the Taiwan Strait help each other, through introduction on updates of divided nations in this regard, in waging effective joint effort against crimes.
Books on the topic "Straits question"
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Macfie, A. L. The Straits question: 1908-36. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1993.
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Ortadoğu ve Balkan İncelemeleri Vakfı. and Turkish Straits Voluntary Watch Group., eds. Turkish straits: New problems, new solutions. Istanbul: Isis, 1995.
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Başyurt, Erhan. Ateş yolu: Boğazlar'da bitmeyen kavga. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 1998.
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Rozakis, Christos L. The Turkish Straits. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff, 1987.
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İnan, Yüksel. Türk boğazlarının siyasal ve hukuksal rejimi. Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi, 1986.
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Birkner, Stefan. Die Durchfahrtsrechte von Handels- und Kriegsschiffen durch die türkischen Meerengen. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2002.
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Nadas, Muhlis. Geo-astral siyaset, boğazlar, deltalar: İstanbul Boğazı, Fırat Deltası, Nil Deltası : M.Ö. 3000-M.S. 1991. 2nd ed. Cağaloğlu, İstanbul: Kastaş Yayınları, 1991.
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İnan, Yüksel. Türk Boğazlarının siyasal ve hukuksal rejimi. Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 1986.
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Dontas, Domna N. Greece and Turkey: The regime of the straits, Lemnos and Samothrace. Athens: G.C. Eleftheroudakis, 1987.
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Lavrova, T. V. Chernomorskie prolivy: Istoricheskiĭ ocherk. Rostov-na-Donu: AO "Kniga", 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Straits question"
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Sinha, Vineeta. "The ‘Religious Question’ in the Straits Settlements." In Religion-State Encounters in Hindu Domains, 45–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0887-7_3.
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Gomendio, Montserrat, and José Ignacio Wert. "5. Does the Evidence Count?" In Dire Straits-Education Reforms, 187–244. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0332.05.
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In Chapter 5, we analyse in detail features of education systems in top-performing countries, low-performing countries and those that have improved over time. We find that a very strong narrative has been built around the success of Finland and the shock experienced by Germany in the first PISA cycle. This narrative basically supports comprehensive systems, school autonomy and trust in teachers. We question why no clear narrative has been created from looking at the real top performers: countries in East Asia where levels of school autonomy tend to be low, where some countries such as Singapore have early tracking and prioritise high teaching standards and a rigorous teaching profession. We argue that borrowing education policy from egalitarian societies (such as Finland) and importing it to countries with high levels of inequity (such as Latin American countries) leads to the worst outcomes in terms of equity. Finally, we find no evidence that countries experiencing the ‘PISA shock’ have improved their education systems.
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Spring, D. W. "Russian Foreign Policy, Economic Interests and the Straits Question, 1905–14." In New Perspectives in Modern Russian History, 203–21. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22210-0_11.
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Gomendio, Montserrat, and José Ignacio Wert. "1. The Functions and Role of Modern Education Systems." In Dire Straits-Education Reforms, 1–18. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0332.01.
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Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction of the role played by governments in the development of public education systems in different countries, of when universal access was achieved, and a description of the shift from concentrating on constructing education systems (building schools and hiring teachers) to improving quality (student performance) and efficiency. While the interests of governments and most stakeholders are well-aligned during the first phase, major conflicts of interest emerge during the second phase. This is followed by a brief description of the current demands on education systems and the challenges they face. Finally, we describe the questions addressed in the book.
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Corbo, Maria Rosaria, Angela Racioppo, Noemi Monacis, and Barbara Speranza. "Commercial starters or autochtonous strains? That is the question." In Starter Cultures in Food Production, 174–98. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118933794.ch10.
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Roberts, Susan Wyn, and Charles J. M. Stirling. "Eliminative Fission of Strained Cycloalkoxides — The Question of Electrophilic Catalysis." In Strain and Its Implications in Organic Chemistry, 513. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0929-8_43.
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Laurie, Timothy. "After Belonging: Aileen Moreton-Robinson’s ‘I Still Call Australia Home’." In Using Social Theory in Higher Education, 49–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39817-9_4.
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AbstractA classroom can be a place to belong. Students become settled, ideas become familiar, relations become belongings. Teachers attentive to belonging can support critical conversations without fear that students will accidentally stumble onto alienating terrain. But the desire to settle, to make familiar, and to belong is not without its own ambivalence. For example, should non-Indigenous Australian students feel they ‘belong’ when engaging with the legacies of settler colonialism? Is learning about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures and communities a desirable way for non-Indigenous students to feel settled in Australia? Aileen Moreton-Robinson’s work interrogates two impulses towards belonging among non-Indigenous Australians. On the one hand, she considers the erasure of Indigenous belonging through the legal fallacy of terra nullius and its subsequent variations in myths of British belonging to Australia. On the other hand, the essay questions non-Indigenous appeals to Indigenous communities as potential partners in national projects of collective belonging. Moreton-Robinson shows that non-Indigenous Australians ‘possess’ their symbolic home in the nation-state at the expense of Indigenous belonging. In what ways can non-Indigenous students be invited to question practices of belonging? What new classroom might this produce, and would everyone need to belong?
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Lindemann, J., and T. V. Suslow. "Characteristics Relevant to the Question of Environmental Fate of Genetically Engineered INA- Deletion Mutant Strains of Pseudomonas." In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, 1005–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3555-6_214.
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Byrman, Gunilla, and Asbjørg Westum. "Trustworthiness in the Swedish Strategies for Covid-19 in Recorded Press Conferences from the Public Health Agency of Sweden." In Truth Claims Across Media, 71–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42064-1_4.
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AbstractThis article investigates structural patterns of eight recorded press conferences on Covid-19, and how the Public Health Agency of Sweden (PHA) builds trust in its information. The analysis draws on Wodak’s model, using the theoretical and methodological concepts discourse, texts, genres, situatedness, and discourse strand. The press conferences are regularly scheduled, always with the same structure. PHA uses a range of multimodal features with which they interact orally. Tension often arises in the dialogue between PHA and journalists wanting to know about death numbers, the spread of infection, and how citizens should act to stay healthy. Two discourse strands are identified: death numbers and face masks. PHA handles these discourse strands in slightly different ways. Journalists ask about the relatively high Swedish death numbers, which PHA does not deny, but is reluctant to talk about. PHA does not want to acknowledge the usefulness of face masks, saying that other measures are more effective. Both discourse strands pose potential threats to PHA’s trustworthiness. Journalists question why PHA’s death statistics show lower figures than those of other authorities, and they ask about the scientific basis for its face mask strategy, pointing to countries with different approaches.
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Balinisteanu, Tudor. "Summative Comments: What Is Neuroaesthetics?" In Neuroaesthetics, 283–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42323-9_20.
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AbstractThis chapter is designed to help students to integrate various strands of the knowledge gained throughout the course. It is not a chapter-lesson per se, but an invitation to ponder future research directions. The section encourages students to examine 4E (embodied, embedded, enacted, and extended) cognition theories, and to adopt a developmental perspective in the study of the origins of aesthetic experience, without imposing such an approach in their future research. A provisional answer to the question, ‘What is neuroaesthetics?’ is proposed.
Conference papers on the topic "Straits question"
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Li, Xiaodan, and Wenmei Zhang. "A New Broadband Question Mark Circularly Polarized Rectenna." In 2019 Cross Strait Quad-Regional Radio Science and Wireless Technology Conference (CSQRWC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csqrwc.2019.8799224.
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Hares, Edward, Mahmoud Mostafavi, Richard Bradford, and Chris Truman. "The Influence of Creep Strain Rate on Creep Damage Formation in Austenitic Stainless Steel." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84635.
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Motivated by the need to more accurately account for real, in-service, operating conditions, this paper aims to investigate whether creep strain accumulated at different strain rates is equally damaging. Previous research has suggested that creep strain is more damaging when accumulated more slowly in creep of notched bars. The research presented here seeks to address this question by considering the accumulation of creep strain during stress relaxation of notched bars. Repeat stress relaxation tests with varying dwell lengths were conducted so that the relative damaging effects of the early, rapid accumulation and later, slow accumulation of creep strains could be compared. Another aim was to determine how a lower test temperature affects this creep strain accumulation. In repeat relaxation tests the load is reestablished repeatedly after relaxation dwells of equal duration, until rupture of the specimen occurs. The material used was an ex-service powerplant stainless steel Type 316H. Notched bar specimens were used to introduce stress triaxiality at the notch tip to imitate the multiaxial loads plant components are subjected to during in-service operation. The stresses and strains in the specimens were then assessed using finite element analysis; a user subroutine was implemented so the onset and propagation of creep damage could be simulated throughout the specimens’ creep life. The research found that the material in question had a lower creep ductility at 515°C than at 550°C. The research also showed that creep strain accumulated rapidly at the start of a dwell is significantly less damaging than creep strain accumulated more slowly towards the end of the dwell.
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Casey, James. "Strain-Temperature and Strain-Entropy Internal Constraints in Finite Thermoelasticity." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0935.
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Abstract Starting out with the set of unconstrained thermoelastic materials, appropriate equivalence relations are introduced as a means towards defining internally constrained materials. The construction is first carried out in strain-temperature space, and subsequently in strain-entropy space. The question of the interrelationships between the two types of constraints is examined.
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Tong, Wei, and Nian Zhang. "An Experimental Investigation of Necking in Thin Sheets." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/med-23325.
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Abstract Due to its simplicity in instrumentation and data analysis, uniaxial tensile tests are commonly used for determining the plastic stress-strain relation of a sheet metal. However, the tensile stress-strain data obtained using the standard procedure is valid only up to the moderate strain level just before the onset of diffuse necking in the specimen gage section. Once the diffuse necking starts, the plastic deformation of the specimen becomes increasingly non-homogenous within the necked region. Questions arise regarding the validity of extrapolating the uniaxial stress-strain data to very large strains when one analyzes the forming failure of the sheet metal. Here an experimental technique and the related application procedure for obtaining rate-dependent, anisotropic, tensile stress-strain data of sheet metals at large strains up to fracture are described. Detailed plastic strain mapping results of a tapered commercially pure titanium thin sheet specimen are presented to characterize necking of the thin sheet. A brief discussion of a hybrid experimental and numerical methodology for estimating the strain hardening, strain rate sensitivity, and plastic anisotropy of sheet metals at large tensile strains is given. Preliminary results on necking in aluminum alloys, copper alloys, and low-carbon steel thin sheets are also presented.
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Tan, Kian Sing, and Young W. Kwon. "Failure Criterion for Varying Strain Rates." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25149.
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Strain rate affects the behaviors of engineering structural materials, such as metals and composites, in terms of their stiffness and strength. In particular, yield and failure strengths and strains depend on the strain rate applied to the materials. When a structural material is subjected to a typical dynamic loading, the material usually undergoes various strain rate loading conditions. Then, the main question is whether the material is going to fail or not. To the authors’ best knowledge, there has been no failure criterion proposed for a varying strain rate loading condition. This paper presents a failure criterion under non-uniform strain rate conditions. Experiments were also conducted to support the proposed failure criterion using aluminum alloy AA3003-H14. This study also investigated the failure envelopes in terms of strain rates and the normalized failure strengths. Furthermore, evaluations of various stressstrain relations under different strain rate loading conditions were also undertaken.
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Seipp, Trevor G. "An Evaluation of the Protection Against Local Failure in ASME Section VIII, Division 2: Finite Element Model Considerations." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-98028.
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The local failure criteria was a relatively new inclusion in the 2007 Edition of ASME Section VIII, Division 2. The elastic-plastic evaluation criteria for this failure mechanism was brand new to the Code. This failure mechanism introduced to the Code the concept of local strain limits based on the triaxial state of stress. In implementing the evaluation of this failure mechanism, an interesting phenomenon was discovered. The triaxiality was to be calculated “everywhere” in the model, and used to create a limiting strain to be compared to the plastic strain at the point where said triaxiality was calculated. As is well known, in the finite element method, stresses and strains are calculated at the Gauss Points, and extrapolated to the nodes. This uses the element shape function. One question that arises is: if the triaxiality is calculated at the Gauss Points, can it be extrapolated to the nodes using the same element shape functions? Another question that arises is: can the extrapolated values of stress and strain be adequately used to calculate the triaxiality at the nodes? This paper discusses the validity of both approaches, and introduces a third option: a material property called Ductile Damage Initiation Criteria, and provides and example that demonstrate all three methods. Recommendations are provided about the best approach to be implemented.
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Kashperuk, P. I., and K. V. Nikitina. "ON THE QUESTION OF KARST-SUFFUSION MANIFESTATIONS IN KARST STRATA OF MOSCOW." In International seminar dedicated to the 70th anniversary of doctor of geological and mineralogical Sciences, Professor Viktor Khomenko. Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/978-5-7264-1933-6.2019.40-42.
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Cox, Brian, and Qingda Yang. "Failure Prediction for Textile Composites Via Micromechanics." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43491.
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The question of failure criteria for textile composites is taken up, with reference to the micormechanics of known failure mechanisms in broad classes of 2D and 3D textile composites. Of primary importance is the definition of the measure of local stress or strain that should be compared against a putative material constant to predict local damage. In most prior work, some combination of strain or stress components evaluated at a single point has been used. Due to the complexity and inevitahle irregularity of textile composites, this approach is not favoured. Instead, micromechanical considreations recommend using strains averaged over gauge volumes whose dimensions are greater than or equal to approximately half the width dimensions of a single tow. Engineering tests that can be used for calibration are suggested but remain to be proven repeatable and consistent.
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Karjadi, Erwan, Henk Smienk, Philippe Thibaux, and Olav Aamlid. "High Peak Strain on Pipeline Material During Reel-Lay: Acceptable or Not?" In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54432.
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The nominal strain occurring during installation of a pipeline by the reeling method is expected to be limited to 2–3% strain. This is only true if the pipeline has a perfect geometry (diameter, thickness) and homogeneous material properties along its length, resulting in a uniform bending stiffness. There will however always be a stiffness mismatch at the joints between pipes. Different scenarios can be considered as the cause of this stiffness mismatch: differences in average wall thickness and average yield stress of two pipe joints welded together, counterbored/machined pipe ends or field joint coating for pipes with thick coating. To some extent these scenarios can initiate high peak strains in the pipeline material far above the level of the expected nominal strain, exceeding in some cases 5% strain. Questions which might arise are: Could this high peak strain occurrence be ignored?, or: What is the impact of the high peak strain on the performance of the material after reeling? This paper presents FEA results illustrating the concerns of the occurrence of large peak strains which can still be significant even after averaging these strains over the thickness as well as over a certain length of the pipe. The methodology of averaging strains, as proposed together with DNV GL, correlates the length of the averaging pipe section with the maximum length of the test specimen geometry as allowed when performing strain aging tests of specimens with high tension and compression strains. A series of cyclic plastic deformation tests with pre-strained specimens from 4% to 7% strain was performed with seamless pipe material, followed by the tensile, Charpy and hardness tests of strain aged samples. One of the challenges is the setup of the test machine to avoid buckling of specimens during high compression pre-straining. The results from material tests (tensile, hardness and Charpy) have been evaluated against the DNV-OS-F101 Supplementary requirement for plastic deformation (P). The consequences of material modification due to plastic strain is further discussed and evaluated referring to the DNV GL limit state design and criteria for pipeline installation after reeling as well as during the lifetime of the pipeline.
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Rice, Andrew Robert, Machel Leigh Morrison, and Tasnim Hassan. "Influence of Notch Geometry on the Notch Vicinity Stress and Strain Responses." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63287.
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The most common method used to determine the crack initiation life of a component containing a stress raiser in the low cycle fatigue regime is to calculate the maximum strain and then to use a strain-life curve. General practice is to base fatigue life estimates on the stabilized strain amplitude and to neglect the effects of transient behavior due to cyclic hardening or softening and ratcheting. For certain structures in which the accumulation of plastic strains may be significant, a separate check may be performed to ensure that these strains remain below a specified level. An objective of this research is to understand the notch tip local strain ratcheting and shakedown through finite element analyses and physical experiments. Towards planning a set of notched flat coupon experiments, this study performed analyses of various notched coupons under force-controlled cyclic loading. A question that will be addressed, what is the notch tip failure mechanism under a force-controlled load cycle with a non-zero mean force? Smooth specimens under such a force-controlled load cycle normally results in strain ratcheting. It is investigated whether notch tip strain responds in a similar manner under a force controlled loading cycle. The analysis results show that the strain ratcheting rate at the notch tip depends on the sharpness of the notch. In case of semi-circular and blunt elliptical notches shakedown of strain ratcheting within 25 cycles is observed, whereas for the sharp elliptical notch strain ratcheting doesn’t shakedown after 300 cycles. A novel observation made from the analysis results is that the mean stress at the notch tip gradually decreases with inelastic cycle while the stress amplitude remains unchanged. These result and future experimental plan on notch specimens are presented in this article.
Reports on the topic "Straits question"
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Graville, B. A. L51707 Factors Affecting Heat Affected Zone Root Strains in Pipeline Girth Welds and Repairs. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010219.
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A previous study on hydrogen cracking in the heat affected zone of pipeline girth welds and repairs found that large strains in the HAZ transverse to the weld played a major role in causing cracking. Large transverse strains were believed to arise from bending of the weld due to the thermal contraction of the weld around the pipe circumference. Large root strains were simulated in the laboratory using a bend test which enabled the effect of material composition and strength to be studied. In the bend test, the specimen deflection at the onset of cracking, indicated by a drop in load, was used as a measure of susceptibility to cracking. The study showed that increasing the base metal strength for the same HAZ (achieved experimentally by heat treating the same base metal) resulted in a decrease in the critical deflection. This suggested that considerable strain concentration was occuring in the HAZ which increased as the base metal strength increased. Although the study succeeded in quantifying the effects of base metal composition and strength on the sensitivity to cracking, the program did not attempt to address the factors that influence the degree of strain applied to the weld. Specifically, the study only considered a single weld metal strength, and only one pipe wall thickness was addressed. Thus it was not clear whether the move to higher strength pipes welded with higher strength electrodes or a change in the dimensions of the pipe might increase the exposure to cracking risks. Furthermore, if bend tests are used to screen materials, the question is raised as to whether the acceptance level of critical deflection should be changed for higher strength materials. Heat affected zone cracking was observed in both complete circumferential welds (tie-in welds) and in part-circumferential welds (repairs). Various procedural details, such as heat input and length of repair, could influence the root strain and might warrant specific controls to minimize risk of cracking. This study assessed the effects of weld metal strength, pipe thickness, pipe diameter, heat input, and weld (repair) length on root strains in girth welds. A literature review was conducted and simple analysis methods were applied to identify areas with a high risk for cracking. The results show that high tensile stresses in the axial direction on the inside surface of the pipe result from the radial contraction of the weld and consequent bending of the pipe. Welding procedures with high heat inputs and few weld passes tend to have the greatest effect on stress. Multipass welds decrease the tensile stress, which becomes compressive after a certain thickness. Base metal and weld metal strength were shown to significantly impact strain in the heat-affect zone.
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Maraolo, Alberto Enrico, and David SY Ong. Colistin plus meropenem versus colistin alone for invasive infections caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: a rapid systematic review of randomized controlled trials using Bayesian meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0055.
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Review question / Objective: What is the benefit stemming from meropenem add-on treatment to colistin against Carbapenem-Resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii? Condition being studied: Invasive infections caused by extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumannii, specifically carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), are associated with high mortality above 50%, especially in critically ill patients. Often colistin is the only active agent in vitro and, although its safety issues, remains the cornerstone of therapy. Nevertheless, considering the relevant mortality rate when resorting to colistin alone, an intriguing idea is to exploit the potent in vitro synergy of colistin when combined with carbapenems.
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Candia-Puma, Mayron Antonio, Laura Yesenia Machaca-Luque, Brychs Milagros Roque-Pumahuanca, Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino, Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti, Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho, and Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli. Accuracy of the diagnostic tests for the detection of Chagas disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0132.
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Review question / Objective: The objective of the current work is to systematically review and summarize the available literature on the diagnostic accuracy of diagnostic tests for Chagas Disease. Eligibility criteria: The studies were selected in three stages. In the first, non-English language articles, duplicate articles, reviews, and meta-analyses were excluded, only articles published after 1990 and conducted on humans were included. In the second stage, the titles and ab-stracts of the articles selected through the search strategy were examined. Finally, the highly relevant full studies were retrieved and separated from the articles with a title or abstract that did not provide sufficient data to be included.
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Borgonovi, Sara Margherita, Stefania Iametti, and Mattia Di Nunzio. Docosahexaenoic acid as master regulator of cellular antioxidant defenses: a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.6.0017.
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Review question / Objective: Evaluate the potential effect of DHA in regulating cellular antioxidant enzymes and hypothesizes possible molecular scenarios between DHA and Nrf2 in regulating cellular antioxidant defenses. Eligibility criteria: Chosen studies were published between 1998 and 2021 without restriction regarding pe-riod or publication status. Exclusion criteria were: (i) titles irrelevant to the research topic; (ii) abstract inappropriate or not related to the research topic; (iii) studies that used n-3 PUFAs rich oils which not allowed to discriminate the effect of DHA from other n-3 PUFAs; (iv) studies that co-administrated DHA with other compounds; (v) studies that used DHA oxidation products to better reflect normal nutritional conditions (vi) studies or data with inadequate statistical analysis or inappropriate control. Reviews, letters, ab-stracts, and articles without a complete text in the English language were also excluded.
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Vilca-Alosilla, Juan Jeferson, Mayron Antonio Candia-Puma, Katiusca Coronel-Monje, Luis Daniel Goyzueta-Mamani, Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino, Ricardo Andrez Machado-de-Ávila, Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti, Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho, and Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli. Comparing the accuracy of COVID-19 diagnostic tests: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0090.
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Review question / Objective: The present study aims to systematically review and summarize the available literature on the diagnostic accuracy of COVID-19 diagnostic tests. To do this, a systematic review of the medical literature was carried out between 2020 and 2021. The results were analyzed through a meta-analysis based on the techniques developed and used in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Eligibility criteria: The studies were selected in three stages. In the first, non-English language articles, duplicate articles, reviews, and meta-analyses were excluded, only articles published between 2020 and 2021 conducted on humans were included. In the second stage, the titles and ab-stracts of the articles selected through the search strategy were examined. Finally, the highly relevant full studies were retrieved and separated from the articles with a title or abstract that did not provide sufficient data to be included.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
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Hertel, Thomas, Maros Ivanic, Paul Preckel, and John Cranfield. Trade Liberalization and the Structure of Poverty in Developing Countries. GTAP Working Paper, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp25.
Full textAbstract:
“Globalization increases poverty” is a common assertion made by critics of globalization. The proliferation of low-wage jobs and higher food prices are some of the arguments brought forward in support of this argument. One of the hallmarks of globalization is the systematic dismantling of barriers to trade. Advocates of trade liberalization – particularly industrialized country agriculture reform – argue that the ensuing rise in world prices for agriculture products will boost rural incomes, thereby reducing poverty in the poorest countries, where the bulk of world poverty resides. Who is right? The goal of this paper is take a systematic look at the structure of poverty across a range of developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, and explore how national poverty rates in some of the poorest countries in the world are likely to be affected by global trade liberalization. Our analysis of the structure of poverty is based on national household surveys from 14 developing countries. While we consider both spending and earnings effects of trade liberalization, it is argued that the earnings effects will generally be the dominant factor. This is particularly true in the short run for households that are highly specialized in their earnings patterns. Consider the case of a self-employed farm household. Assuming that trade liberalization results in higher farm prices, we expect the short run effect on the returns to family labor and land to be positive, and somewhat larger in percentage terms (the so-called “magnification effect”). Furthermore, if this household is not employed off-farm, then the farm profitability effect translates directly into an income effect, and this is likely to be sufficient to lift some of the farm households out of poverty. Of course this same effect can work in reverse, with commodity price declines increasing poverty. This makes specialized households highly vulnerable to trade policy shocks. In addition to agriculture-specialized households, we focus on self-employed non-agriculture specialized households, households specialized in wage labor and those relying on transfer payments for 95% or more of their income. Together, these four types of specialized households account for an average of 56% of the poor in the 14 countries examined. Thus a majority of the poor have specialized earnings patterns and are likely to be disproportionately affected by trade liberalization. The same is not true of the non-poor, where a majority of the households are diversified, and are therefore less vulnerable to sector-specific commodity price changes. We also find that the poor are over-represented among the agriculture-specialized households. With this background, we turn to an examination of the broad effects of multilateral trade liberalization on relative commodity prices and factor returns across the 14 countries in question. We distinguish between per capita effects – or the impact of trade liberalization on the “average” household in each country, and the effects on the poorest households. Our per capita results are quite similar to other studies of multilateral trade liberalization, with most countries gaining modestly, while a few gain substantially and a few lose due to the erosion of benefits from existing preferences. Some argue that this “rising tide will lift all boats” and so the positive per capita gains from trade liberalization will reduce poverty. However, we show that the short run impact of trade liberalization on different household groups is quite varied, and not always positive. First of all, global trade liberalization tends to raise food prices – particularly for staples, relative to non-food prices. This is true in all but 2 of the countries in our sample. This food price hike has an adverse effect on the poor, relative to the per capita household, since they spend a disproportionate share of their income on food. Also, the short run earnings impacts are quite varied, with agricultural profits rising relative to per capita income in 11 of the 14 countries, while relative non-agricultural profits and wages fall in many of these countries. Thus the overall impact on poverty depends on the structure of poverty in each country – hence our emphasis on this topic. We proceed to systematically explore the impact of trade liberalization on poverty utilizing a recently developed analytical framework that combines the detailed household survey data with a global economic model in order to measure the poverty impacts of trade liberalization on the five different household strata in each country. Each of the first four strata corresponds to one of the groups of earnings-specialized households, while the fifth encompasses the diversified households in each country. We conduct our analysis at the level of one hundred income percentiles, ranging from poorest to richest in each stratum. In this way, we uncover the differential impact of trade liberalization, by country, stratum and by income level. We also calculate the change in poverty rates, both at the stratum and national levels. Our findings emphasize the differential short run poverty impacts of multilateral trade liberalization on poverty across countries, across strata, and within strata, thereby highlighting the links between the structure of poverty and the national impacts of trade liberalization.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age. Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v Landscapes and regions: Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change? Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial. Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth. Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs. Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully. Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people. The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.