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1
Otu, Petre. "Gheorghe I. Brătianu and the Black Sea Straits Question (1933-1944) – “Straits Fatalism”." Romanian Military Thinking 2024, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2024.1.12.
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The study analyses the position expressed between 1933 and 1944 by Gheorghe I. Brătianu regarding the Black Sea Straits Question. Through the works published during those years, he established himself as one of the greatest Romanian historians, his scientific interests focusing on the evolution of Romanians in the Middle Ages as well as on the role of the Black Sea in all international relations. In this context, as a Professor at the University of Bucharest, between 1941-1943, he taught a course at the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy on The Black Sea Question, in which he extensively developed his concepts. They can be summarized in the phrase according to which Romania has faced the Pontus Euxinus “Straits fatalism” throughout its existence. At the same time, as a politician and party leader, Gheorghe I. Brătianu opposed Nicolae Titulescu’s policy of envisaging a mutual assistance treaty with the Soviet Union, a country that had not recognised the unification of Bessarabia with Romania. As such, he criticized the position adopted by Romania at the Montreux Conference (22 June-21 July 1936), which modified the status of the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits, according to Moscow’s interests. By the Convention signed on 20 July 1936, the access of non-littoral military ships was severely restricted.
2
CUCOȘ, Cezar. "The Question of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles Straits." Romanian Military Thinking 2023, no. 1 (March 2023): 82–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.1.5.
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"The struggle for control of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, strategic access points on the only waterway between the Black Sea and the oceans of the world, has a long history. It has become even topical in the modern age, as an effect of the increase in economic power and the expansionist tendencies of some states, bearing the imprint of the flourishing or decline of some empires whose fate depended on the strategic situation at the junction of Europe and Asia. However, 86 years ago, in a conciliatory setting, a diplomatic instrument was signed in Montreux, emblematic in the evolution of international law, based on a real spirit of harmonization of political, economic and military interests, which authorized the transit of ships and aircraft through the area of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits. Still in force today, the Montreux Convention signed on 20 July 1936, which put Ankara in possession of the keys to the straits, is one of the long-lasting international agreements, limiting the number and tonnage of vessels and, in the case of warships, the duration of their presence in the area, a fact that, in the almost nine decades, has produced effects on the interests of some states, be they Black Sea littoral states or not. The current war in Ukraine, launched on 24 February 2022, brings back in the diplomatic debates the document whose articles relating to the conflict situation have not been invoked since the end of the Second World War, although, over time, interested parties have strongly advocated for the revision of the Montreux Convention."
3
Altuğ, Yılmaz. "The United States Of America's Policies Towards Turkish Straits." Belleten 56, no. 215 (April 1, 1992): 167–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.1992.167.
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One of the oldest, most persistent and important problems in European History and İnternational Law is the "Question of the Straits". More than twenty treaties in modern times mention the Turkish Straits. Five of these treaties were made exclusively to regulate passage through these waters: The London Agreement, 1841; Paris Straits Convention, 1856; London Convention, 1871; Lausanne Straits Convention, 1923; and the Treaty of Montreux, 1936. Phillipson and Buxton affirm that one of the causes of the First World War was the Straits problem.
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Macfie, A. L. "The straits question at the Potsdam conference: the British position." Middle Eastern Studies 23, no. 1 (January 1987): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263208708700689.
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Biresselioglu, Mehmet Efe, Muhittin Hakan Demir, and Sinem Dönmez. "Danish Straits versus Turkish Straits: The Potential Impact of Prospective Russian Oil Exports." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 6, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v16i2_15.
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The Danish Straits, which connect Baltic Sea to North Sea as an oil transit choke point, are becoming vastly important as a gateway to Europe for Russian oil exports. In terms of the future source of Russian oil, the country is estimated to hold half of the total Arctic resources. This indicates the forthcoming increase in the importance of Danish Straits in the global energy security. Besides, two additional alternative and important choke points are located in Turkey, which are the Straits of Bosporus and Dardanelles, known as Turkish Straits. These straits are also one of the significant exit points of Russian oil exports but as Russia shifted its direction of oil exports toward Baltic ports, the strategic position of Turkish Straits have been affected from this transition as well. It is an open question whether the Turkish Straits will continue to be the outlet of Russian oil exports or the Danish Straits will take over that position in line with the oil resources development in the Arctic Region. This study aims to analyse the Turkish and Danish Straits and establish their significance in terms of energy security. The current and future oil export strategies of Russia on the existing chokepoints are also discussed, with special emphasis on the potential impacts of Arctic development as Russia continues with the exploration and extraction of Arctic oil resources.
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LALONDE, SUZANNE. "The Right of Overflight above International Straits." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 52 (October 2015): 35–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cyl.2015.16.
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AbstractThe legal status of the Northwest Passage (NWP) has been the subject of much debate in academic, government, and media circles. To date, much of this discussion has centred on the legal regime governing maritime navigation. However, the question of whether the NWP is subject to guaranteed freedoms or Canada’s unqualified sovereign control also involves the right of overflight. This article investigates the circumstances that led to the inclusion of the freedom of overflight in Part III of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It then highlights some of the legal standards that would govern air navigation if the NWP were to be considered an international strait.
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Oude Elferink, Alex G. "The Regime of Passage Through the Danish Straits." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 15, no. 4 (2000): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180800x00244.
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AbstractThe Danish Straits are the main connection between the Baltic Sea and the world oceans. The regime of passage through these straits has been the subject of extensive regulation, raising the question how different applicable instruments interact. Apart from applicable bilateral and multilateral treaties, it is necessary to take into account the practice of Denmark and Sweden and other interested states, and regulatory activities within the framework of the IMO. The Case Concerning Passage Through the Great Belt before the ICJ provides insights into the views of Denmark and Finland. The article concludes that an 1857 treaty excludes the applicability of Part III of the LOS Convention to the straits, and that there are a number of difficulties in assessing the contents of the regime of the straits. At the same time, these uncertainties do not seem to have been a complicating factor for the adoption of measures to regulate shipping traffic.
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Otu, Petre. "Gheorghe I. Brătianu și problematica strâmtorilor Mării Negre (1933-1944) – „Fatalitatea strâmtorilor”." Gândirea Militară Românească 2024, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/gmr.2024.1.12.
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The study analyses the position expressed between 1933 and 1944 by Gheorghe I. Brătianu regarding the Black Sea Straits Question. Through the works published during those years, he established himself as one of the greatest Romanian historians, his scientific interests focusing on the evolution of Romanians in the Middle Ages as well as on the role of the Black Sea in all international relations. In this context, as a Professor at the University of Bucharest, between 1941-1943, he taught a course at the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy on The Black Sea Question, in which he extensively developed his concepts. They can be summarized in the phrase according to which Romania has faced the Pontus Euxinus “Straits fatalism” throughout its existence. At the same time, as a politician and party leader, Gheorghe I. Brătianu opposed Nicolae Titulescu’s policy of envisaging a mutual assistance treaty with the Soviet Union, a country that had not recognised the unification of Bessarabia with Romania. As such, he criticized the position adopted by Romania at the Montreux Conference (22 June-21 July 1936), which modified the status of the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits, according to Moscow’s interests. By the Convention signed on 20 July 1936, the access of non-littoral military ships was severely restricted.
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Saladdin Kazımlı, Semral. "BEYNƏLXALQ BOĞAZLARDAN VƏ YA ONLARIN ÜZƏRİNDƏN TRANZİT KEÇİD HÜQUQU." SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 08, no. 4 (April 27, 2022): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2789-6919/08/166-169.
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One of the topics under discussion at the Convention on the Law of the Sea is the passage of the Straits used for international navigation. The law covering the international strait is important because the width of the territorial sea is expected to be up to 12 miles. If this extension is agreed upon, its effect will be to cut off the territorial waters, the Straits of 24 miles or less in width. By extending the sovereignty of the states adjoining the international strait, the strait, which used to be a corridor for high-altitude navigation, would retain the properties of sovereign property. In anticipation of this expansion in the territorial waters, the United States has said it will vote in favor of the 12-mile limit, which is a key condition - that the right to free movement through the international strait be recognized. The concept is sufficient to protect the interests of both the international community and the coastal states. The conflict between the two ideologies raises fundamental questions about the use of the sea in an area where the conflict of international and local interests is very real. The purpose of this article is to examine the interests involved in the Strait question and to suggest a solution to the conflict, emphasizing the interests of the coastal states. Key words: international straits, transit rights, transition rights, modern times, international System Səmral Saləddin qızı Kazımlı BEYNƏLXALQ BOĞAZLARDAN VƏ YA ONLARIN ÜZƏRİNDƏN TRANZİT KEÇİD HÜQUQU Xülasə Dəniz Hüququ Konvensiyasında müzakirə olunan mövzulardan biri də beynəlxalq naviqasiya üçün istifadə edilən boğazların keçididir. Beynəlxalq boğazı əhatə edən qanun vacibdir, çünki ərazi dənizinin eninin 12 milədək olacağı gözlənilir. Beynəlxalq boğaza bitişik dövlətlərin suverenliyini genişləndirməklə, əvvəllər yüksək hündürlükdə gəmiçilik üçün dəhliz olan boğaz suveren mülkiyyət xüsusiyyətlərini saxlayacaq. Ərazi sularında bu genişlənmə ərəfəsində Birləşmiş Ştatlar əsas şərt olan 12 mil limitinin lehinə səs verəcəyini bildirib - beynəlxalq boğazdan sərbəst hərəkət hüququnun tanınması. Konsepsiya həm beynəlxalq ictimaiyyətin, həm də sahilyanı dövlətlərin maraqlarını qorumaq üçün kifayətdir. İki ideologiya arasındakı ziddiyyət beynəlxalq və yerli maraqların toqquşmasının çox real olduğu bir ərazidə dənizdən istifadə ilə bağlı fundamental suallar doğurur. Bu məqalənin məqsədi boğaz məsələsində iştirak edən maraqları araşdırmaq və sahilyanı dövlətlərin maraqlarını vurğulayaraq, beynəlxalq boğazlardan keçid hüququ, habelə bu sahədə münaqişələrin həllini təklif etməkdir. Açar sözlər: beynəlxalq boğazlar, tranzit hüquqları, müasir hüquqlar, müasir dövr, beynəlxalq system
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Abgaryan, Jetta, George Chakhvadze, Levan Jakeli, and Jānis Grasis. "Reconciling Conflicting Interests of Coastal and Riparian States: The Hard Case of Black Sea Straits." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 1, no. 19 (2021): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.19.2020.1.195-200.
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There are two basic understandings of the regime of the Black Sea straits: the Black Sea straits as a legal regime and the Black Sea straits as a political regime [1]. The legal assessment of the Black Sea Straits regime requires determining what the existing regulation of the Straits is, how open the Straits are to international navigation, and if closed, whether there are real legal grounds for closing straits while the reference to the Black Sea Straits as a political regime allows for the possibility that straits may be closed for ensuring the security of Turkey and the Black Sea riparian states [1]. It is worth noting that arguments advanced by international legal scientists on the Black Sea straits as legal regime fundamentally differ from each other. Some scientists consider the Montreux Convention to be a major problem in the legal regulation of the Black Sea straits. They consider it necessary for Turkey to recognise the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea as a legally binding treaty [2]. Others argue that the main problem in regulating the Black Sea straits is the unilateral regulations adopted by Turkey (1994, 1998 and 2003 Regulations), which, in their view, violate the basic norms of the Montreux Convention, especially the regime of free passage through the straits established by this Convention [3; 4]. Another group of scientists believes that although the regime of the Black Sea straits is significantly restricted by Turkish unilateral regulations, these acts are aimed at protecting the marine environment and safety, and, therefore, the Turkish policy of regulating the Black Sea Straits is legally justified [1; 5]. This article is dedicated to the international legal regulation of navigation in the Black Sea Straits. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the current regime of the Black Sea Straits, the relationship and differences between the regime established by the Montreux Convention and the unilateral acts adopted by Turkey on the regulation of traffic in the Black Sea Straits, and to answer the question whether the urgent need to protect the natural environment and maritime safety entitles Turkey to restrict the regime established by the Montreux Convention. Thus, special attention will be drawn to the Montreux Convention, the rules and recommendations adopted by the International Maritime Organisation and the case law of international courts. In the view of the authors, the environmental and safety arguments put forward by Turkey for restricting navigation through the Black Sea Straits have two conceptual dimensions. First, these arguments are acceptable when it comes either to introducing norms related to the movement of ships to ensure safety of navigation or providing an obligation of notification to the Turkish authorities [6]. Another important thesis advanced by this article is that in each particular case, the regulations adopted by Turkey should be interpreted in the light of the recommendations made by the International Maritime Organisation. The main rationale of this argument is that under the existing regulations, Turkish authorities can still suspend the movement of ships in the straits for various reasons, some of which are quite vague. However, the article showcases that Turkey can, in case of pressing environmental need, when there is an urgent interest in the protection of the natural environment, act with the motive of protecting the natural environment, regardless of whether this action derives from a particular international treaty.
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Yahaya, Nurfadzilah. "The Question Of Animal Slaughter In The British Straits Settlements During The Early Twentieth Century." Indonesia and the Malay World 43, no. 126 (March 5, 2015): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2015.1014685.
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DRĂGHICI, Lucian. "1946. The “Straits Crisis” as Reflected in the Intelligence Reports of the Romanian Military Attaché to the Republic of Türkiye Office’s Secretary." Romanian Military Thinking 2023, no. 1 (March 2023): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.1.11.
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"The “Straits Question” has long been a factor of tension in the Black Sea area, because of Russia and later the Soviet Union’s desire to control the Bosporus and Dardanelles, mainly with the aim of turning the Black Sea into a “Russian lake”. After the end of the Second World War, in full ascension as a victorious country and in the tradition of Tsarist Russia, the Soviet Union tried to take control of the Straits through political and military pressure to the detriment of Türkiye, although the Soviet Union had signed the Montreux Convention in 1936, which established the predominant role of the Republic of Türkiye in the control of naval traffic in the Straits, especially in wartime. The atmosphere so heavy with tension from the autumn of 1946, when the outbreak of a war between the USSR and Türkiye seemed inevitable, is reflected in the intelligence reports prepared by the secretary of the Office of the Romanian military attaché to the Republic of Türkiye. The documents include the first defence measures taken by Türkiye at a political and military level, the effects of the “Straits Crisis” on the Turkish population and the beginning of the process of Türkiye’s rapprochement with the USA and the Great Britain, a process that ended with the accession of the Republic of Türkiye to NATO in 1952."
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DRĂGHICI, Lucian. "1946. „Criza strâmtorilor” reflectată în rapoartele informative ale secretarului biroului atașatului militar român în Republica Turcia." Gândirea Militară Românească 2023, no. 1 (March 2023): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/gmr.2023.1.11.
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"The “Straits Question” has long been a factor of tension in the Black Sea area, because of Russia and later the Soviet Union’s desire to control the Bosporus and Dardanelles, mainly with the aim of turning the Black Sea into a “Russian lake”. After the end of the Second World War, in full ascension as a victorious country and in the tradition of Tsarist Russia, the Soviet Union tried to take control of the Straits through political and military pressure to the detriment of Türkiye, although the Soviet Union had signed the Montreux Convention in 1936, which established the predominant role of the Republic of Türkiye in the control of naval traffic in the Straits, especially in wartime. The atmosphere so heavy with tension from the autumn of 1946, when the outbreak of a war between the USSR and Türkiye seemed inevitable, is reflected in the intelligence reports prepared by the secretary of the Office of the Romanian military attaché to the Republic of Türkiye. The documents include the first defence measures taken by Türkiye at a political and military level, the effects of the “Straits Crisis” on the Turkish population and the beginning of the process of Türkiye’s rapprochement with the USA and the Great Britain, a process that ended with the accession of the Republic of Türkiye to NATO in 1952."
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Tay, Rachel, Daniel Lopez, Yunn Jia Ng, and Nur Haziqah Mohd Yazib. "Media Portrayal of Ex-offenders in Singapore." Undergraduate Journal of Service Learning & Community-Based Research 10 (November 12, 2020): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.56421/ujslcbr.v10i0.303.
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This paper is a review of the media portrayals of ex-offenders in local news media platforms such as The Straits Times, Today and Channel NewsAsia. This paper analyzes the voices represented in the media on the issue of reintegration of ex-offenders into society. From the analysis of n=182 media articles, three key themes arise in local media discourse that emphasize the role of key players — the government, the ex-offender and the community — in reintegrating ex-offenders into society. These themes raise several questions on the media framing of ex-offenders, the order of prioritization in voices and the erasure of some voices from the discourse. Through delving deeper into the questions, this paper offers valuable insights into the media discourse of ex-offenders in Singapore and the fundamental question of what ‘reintegration’ means.
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Goldstein, Erik. "A. L. Macfie, The Straits Question, 1908–36 (Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1993). Pp. 246." International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 4 (November 1995): 518–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800062607.
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Fornari, Matteo. "Conflicting Interests in the Turkish Straits: Is the Free Passage of Merchant Vessels still Applicable?" International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 20, no. 2 (2005): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180805775094445.
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AbstractThe issue of the regulation of navigation through Turkish straits proved to be one of the most sensitive and thorny question of international law of the sea in the last years. Transit through theses waters is regulated by a 1936 Convention—"a long-standing" convention according to the article 35, lett. c, of UNCLOS—that is more concerned with the passage regime of warships rather than the transit of commercial vessels. In the last decades, the Montreux Convention has showed its inadequacy in regulating this latter kind navigation: the free-passage principle, by day and night without obstacles, could be considered well grounded time ago, when essentially vessels carrying cereal went through these waters. But nowadays it seems hazardous, for marine environment and security of populations, allowing free and unimpeded transit of fifteen tankers a day. It follows that the problem is how can Turkey, the only coastal State of the Straits (and international community) prevent in the future accidents or collisions between ships carrying oil, chemical or radioactive substances, endangering seriously the regional ecosystem?
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Goldstein, Erik. "Great Britain and Greater Greece 1917–1920." Historical Journal 32, no. 2 (June 1989): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00012188.
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The First World War saw the collapse of the old order in the Eastern Mediterranean with the disintegration of the Ottoman empire, an event which threatened to create a dangerous power vacuum. Great Britain for the pastcentury had attempted to prevent just such a crisis by supporting the maintenance of the territorial integrity of the Ottoman state. Britain had a number of crucial strategic concerns in the Eastern Mediterranean, in particular the Suez Canal and the Straits. The former was the more critical interest and Britain was determined to keep this essential link to its Indian empire firmly under its own control. As to the Straits Britain, which was concerned about over-extending its strategic capabilities, was content to see this critical waterway dominated by a friendly state. The question inevitably arose therefore as to what would replace the Ottoman empire. One alternative was Greece, a possibility which became increasingly attractive with the emergence of the supposedly pro-British Eleftherios Venizelos as the Greek leader in early 1917.
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Eubank, Nathan. "Prison, Penance or Purgatory: The Interpretation of Matthew 5.25–6 and Parallels." New Testament Studies 64, no. 2 (March 8, 2018): 162–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688517000315.
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Scholarship on Matt 5.25–6 has focused on the question of whether the saying offers mundane wisdom or threatens divine judgement, with the majority concluding that it refers to eternal punishment in hell. This article examines debt-prison and related phenomena before turning to the illuminating history of ancient interpretation. The article concludes that the ‘eternal damnation’ gloss widely favoured today is an overinterpretation first inspired by the exigencies of fourth- and fifth-century doctrinal controversy. Instead of eternal perdition, Matt 5.25–6 and its parallels suggest a time of straits followed by possible release.
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Malinov, Alexey V. "Eastern question in political and geographical teaching of V.I.Lamanskii." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies 38, no. 4 (2022): 594–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2022.413.
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The article deals with the views of the largest Russian Slavist Vladimir Ivanovich Lamansky (1833–1914) on the Eastern Question. Both his published works and manuscripts are used as sources. It is noted that Lamansky, on the base of the ideas of Slavophiles, formulated an original civilizational and political-geographical doctrine, which was developed in the concept of Eurasians. It is pointed out that the specific feature of Lamansky’s approach was a broad philosophical-historical and global-historical view at the Eastern Question. He showed that the significance of the Oriental Question was not limited to the rivalry with Turkey, liberation of the Southern Slavs, capture of Constantinople, and control over the Straits. According to Lamansky, the Eastern Question is an issue of civilizational rifts in Eastern Europe and Asia Minor that lead to the confrontation of two civilizational worlds: the Germanic-Romanic and the Greco-Slavic or the Middle World. The main boundaries of Greco-Slavic civilisation coincide with the borders of the Russian Empire, but the western boundary of this distinctive world remains unstable. Its definition constitutes the main content of the Eastern Question. The political configuration of the Greco-Slavic civilisation corresponds best to the idea of a unified Christian Empire, allowing for different forms of government on different territories. However, the Russian state, as the largest representative of the Middle World, realized a different type of empire - a Europeanizing state, which does not correspond to its global-historical task. The Eastern Question, therefore, was aquestion issue of mutual relations between the Germanic-Romanic and the Middle Worlds. Lamansky argued that its solution could not be purely military. A favourable resolution of the Eastern Question for the Middle World would be a consequence of its successful internal development.
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Ivanova, O. A., and М. М. Shalashova. "PATHWAYS FOR TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND PREADAPTATION OF PARENTS IN DIRE STRAITS." Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/20-3/04.
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The article deals with the issue of teachers’ professional development and professional preadaptation and retraining of parents who found themselves in difficult life circumstances due to their child’s serious medical condition and consequently have to change jobs. The article presents MCU’s innovative experience in implementing professional development programmes for teachers and parents in the medical setting. Modular professional retraining programmes allow students to choose the units that fit their educational needs and help them follow their own educational tracks. The article describes the process of creating academic programmes for students’ individual professional development with the help of distance-learning management platforms Moodle and Microsoft Teams. This enables students to work and study at their own pace. We have arrived at the conclusion that at times it is worth using the flipped classroom model and strategy, when students study the course content independently and later take part in discussions and question sessions, exchange their experiences and work on different case studies. Since last year there have been changes in the content, technologies and methods of working with this particular group of students. For instance, there is now an opportunity to add and use resources of non-formal education sphere. After parents successfully complete the course of study, they qualify as tutors who can assist students getting long-term treatment. This can help parents solve two problems. First, it will give them an opportunity to find a new job in the field they qualified in. Then, they will be able to provide professional psychological assistance and academic support to their children in difficult life circumstances.
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Johansen, Elise, Irene Vanja Dahl, Alexander Lott, Philipp Peter Nickels, and Ingrid Solstad Andreassen. "A Marine-Biology-Centric Definition of Ocean Connectivity and the Law of the Sea." Arctic Review on Law and Politics 12 (2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v12.3292.
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The inter-connectedness of marine ecosystems has been repeatedly acknowledged in the relevant literature as well as in policy briefs. Against this backdrop, this article aims at further reflecting on the question of to what extent the law of the sea takes account of or disregards ocean connectivity. In order to address this question, this article starts by providing a brief overview of the notion of ocean connectivity from a marine science perspective, before taking a closer look at the extent to which the law of the sea incorporates the scientific imperative of ocean connectivity in the context of four examples: (i) straits, (ii) climate change and ocean acidification, (iii) salmon and (iv) the ecosystem approach to fisheries. Tying the findings of the different examples together, this study concludes by stressing the need of accommodating ocean connectivity not only in the interpretation and implementation of the existing law (of the sea) but also in its further development.
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Yıldız, Gültekin. "How to Defend the Turkish Straits Against the Russians: A century-long ‘Eastern Question’ in British defence planning, 1815–1914." Mariner's Mirror 105, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 40–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2019.1565339.
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Harun, Jelani. "Socio-Cultural Problems of the Malay Community in Singapore and in Penang: A Study of Kilat Senja and Aci Patmabi." Malay Literature 27, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37052/ml.27(1)no9.
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The way of life of the Malay community cannot be separated from its traditional kampong or rural life, which forms the earliest template of life as family, community and nation, from the earliest stages to the developments of today. Changes over time have given rise to corresponding changes in the kampong, transforming them into advanced, modern towns and cities. This phenomenon occurred in Singapore and Penang, two cosmopolitan states of the Straits Settlements with close historical links. What occurred in Singapore may be discovered in Penang as well. The phenomena or dilemma of “cultural aridity” in Singapore may have similarities with the problem of “urban sprawl” in Penang. On this premis, initially the article discusses Hadijah Rahmat’s Kilat Senja . Do the socio-cultural issues of the Malay community in Singapore also occur in Penang? The answer to this question may be explicitly and implicitly resolved in Azmi Iskandar Merican’s work, Aci Patmabi . Subsequently the article raises and explores a variety of questions on the course of socio-cultural developments of the Malay community in Singapore and Penang. Keywords: socio-cultural issues, cultural aridity, urban sprawl, Singapore, Penang
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Wulandari, Prisca Kiki. "Strategi Raya Sriwijaya dan Melaka." Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um019v5i1p159-166.
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This study attempted to explore the political strategy of two Malay kingdoms, Srivijaya and Malacca, which was seen from the theory of grand strategy. The library research was used to address the main question of grand strategy from two kingdoms. Malacca seemed to continue how did Srivijaya manage the geopolitical balance in the Straits of Malacca. If Srivijaya sent their embassies to the major kingdoms in Asia, Malacca did the same. Malacca also negotiated the friendly relations to the Pasai and Ming Dynasty of Cina. Social life either during Srivijayan or Malaccan times depended on maritime activities. Both kingdoms initiated an alliance with the seafaring communities, seamen, and pirates, to decrease the trading risk and attracted the merchants to populate both port-cities. These historical patterns are not merely a public memory but an invaluable lesson for national defense for this country.
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Williamson, Fiona, and Katrina Proust. "'Living in a State of Filth and Indifference to … Their Health': Weather, Public Health and Urban Governance in Colonial George Town, Penang." Environment and History 26, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 233–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734018x15254461646495.
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This article explores the development of public health infrastructure in George Town, Penang, before the 1930s. It argues that the extreme weather of the tropical climate led to a unique set of health challenges for George Town's administrators, as the town grew from a small British base to a multi-cultural and thriving port. Weather and public health were (and still are) integrally connected, although the framing of this relationship has undergone significant shifts in thinking and appearance over time. One lens into this association is the situation and expression of these elements within municipal structures. During the nineteenth century, government departments were fewer and shared roles and responsibilities. The Medical Department, for example, observed the weather, making connections between rain, drought and the incidence of disease. Engineers asked critical questions about mortality rates from disease after floods. As ideas about climate and health developed and changed, the shift became evident in the style, concerns and proliferation of governmental departments. This article thus considers the different ways in which weather, public health, and town planning were understood, managed and enacted by the Straits Settlements' administration until the 1930s. It will start by exploring the situation facing the settlement's inhabitants, in terms of specific climate and health challenges. It will then consider how these challenges were understood and addressed, why and by whom, and how these elements were repositioned over the period in question.
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Askurny, Nana Raihana, and Indah Pujiastuti Pujiastuti. "A SOCIOLINGUISTICS STUDY: STUDENTS’ MOTIVATION UPON ELT IN THE COASTAL AREA OF BINTAN ISLAND." PRASASTI: Journal of Linguistics 5, no. 1 (June 8, 2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/prasasti.v5i1.35417.
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<p>Students who live in the coastal area in Bintan Island, Kepulauan Riau province, are expected to have greater access to the knowledge and information, regarding they stay in the open boundaries, Malacca straits. This social-region circumstance should enabled them to be familiar with English. However, students in this area do not conform to the expectation. This research utilizes qualitative design, where the determination of research question, subject, and design is based on the researcher. Researcher has taken more than a hundred of students, as the research subject who live and study in the coastal area, in Bintan Island. For data collection, questionnaire is arranged by adapting AMTB, Attitude Motivation Test Battery, by Gardner (2004). According to the data analysis, it describes that students have a sizeable motivation in learning English, whereas their capability is not equitable. This shape caused by two main factors, such as English teacher’s role, real-contextual teaching method, and lack of opportunity<em></em></p>
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Girardelli, Paolo. "Power or Leisure? Remarks on the Architecture of the European Summer Embassies on the Bosphorus Shore." New Perspectives on Turkey 50 (2014): 29–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600006579.
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AbstractThis study is part of a larger project on theLandscapes of the Eastern Question, contextualizing the architecture of diplomacy in İstanbul as a symbolic and material refraction of changing power balances and representational strategies. In Beyoğlu, where most of the main diplomatic residences were located, the embassies were originally Ottoman woodenkonakstructures, but, in time, the increasing influence of Russia, Great Britain and France fostered their monumentalization and the adoption of European academic classicism. By contrast, the summer embassies on the European shore of the Bosphorus remained largely local in terms of technology, image, materials, and spatial layout until the end of the Ottoman Empire. The paper argues that, for many diplomats, a stately winter residence representing national identity, along with a summer house in the spirit of the local traditions, would be used as a communicative and performative resource in the drama of European-Ottoman relations. It also evaluates foreign settlement on the northern shore of the Bosphorus as conforming to a strategy of surveillance and control in keeping with the strategic relevance and contested status of the straits.
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Arslanov, Rafael A., Konstantin P. Kurylev, and Daria V. Stanis. "The Eastern Question in the Views of the Russian Liberals of the Early 20th Century." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 23, no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 662–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2023-23-4-662-677.
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The study deals with the attitude of Russian liberals of the early 20th century to the Eastern question, which occupied a special place in international politics and whose aggravation became one of the factors leading to the World War I. Various political forces in Russia developed their own variants of its solution, realizing that the fate not only of the country, but of the whole world largely depended on the projects they proposed. The analysis of the liberals’ ambiguous perception of the Russian government’s actions in the Balkans, their attitude to the South Slavs, to the problem of the Black Sea Straits, and to the confrontation between the great powers united in alliances, i.e. all aspects of the Eastern question, will allow us to reconstruct and understand the liberals’ understanding of the connection between foreign policy and Russia’s internal development, national interests, and ideological values. Looking at the views of the liberals of the early 20th century on the Eastern question reveals not only the peculiarities of its perception by the ruling elite and representatives of the legal opposition, but also the roots of the growing alienation of the country’s elite from the people. It was this alienation, which intensified during the war years and manifested itself, among other things, in the different perceptions of the importance of the Eastern question by the authorities, the liberals, and the people, that led to the fall of the first liberal Provisional Government in the spring of 1917. As a result, the people tired of the war and unable to understand the meaning of Russia’s struggle for foreign lands, came to support the Bolsheviks, who exposed the “imperialist plans” of the Provisional Government and advocated peace without annexations and contributions. The paper touches upon the problem of the liberals’ attitude not only to the government’s foreign policy, but also to Russian statehood, the conceptual reasons for their transition from a restrained peace-loving position and the desire to prevent war to its unconditional support. The authors identify the ideological and foreign policy factors that influenced this liberal transit. The main attention is paid to the understanding of representatives of various liberal movements of the Eastern question, which, without exaggeration, took a central place not only in their foreign policy program, but also in the project of internal transformations, which envisaged the creation of Great Russia as a result of its solution. The study identifies and analyzes the innovations introduced by the liberals in the interpretation of the Eastern question under the influence not only of the changing international situation, political and economic modernization of Russia, which was becoming a “Duma monarchy,” but also of the development of the ideology itself; the peculiarities of its perception by representatives of various liberal currents in the country are examined.
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Shulzitski, Kathryn, Su Sponaugle, Martha Hauff, Kristen Walter, Evan K. D'Alessandro, and Robert K. Cowen. "Close encounters with eddies: oceanographic features increase growth of larval reef fishes during their journey to the reef." Biology Letters 11, no. 1 (January 2015): 20140746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0746.
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Like most benthic marine organisms, coral reef fishes produce larvae that traverse open ocean waters before settling and metamorphosing into juveniles. Where larvae are transported and how they survive is a central question in marine and fisheries ecology. While there is increasing success in modelling potential larval trajectories, our knowledge of the physical and biological processes contributing to larval survivorship during dispersal remains relatively poor. Mesoscale eddies (MEs) are ubiquitous throughout the world's oceans and their propagation is often accompanied by upwelling and increased productivity. Enhanced production suggests that eddies may serve as important habitat for the larval stages of marine organisms, yet there is a lack of empirical data on the growth rates of larvae associated with these eddies. During three cruises in the Straits of Florida, we sampled larval fishes inside and outside five cyclonic MEs. Otolith microstructure analysis revealed that four of five species of reef fish examined had consistently faster growth inside these eddies. Because increased larval growth often leads to higher survivorship, larvae that encounter MEs during transit are more likely to contribute to reef populations. Successful dispersal in oligotrophic waters may rely on larval encounter with such oceanographic features.
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Savin, Ada. "Geographies of the Caribbean in Cristina Garcia’s The Agüero Sisters." Recherches anglaises et nord-américaines 46, no. 1 (2013): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ranam.2013.1447.
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Marked by a two-fold estrangement - from her native Cuba and from the Cuban American community in Miami - Garcia’s first two novels, Dreaming in Cuban (1992) and The Agüero Sisters (1997) - mirror the vagaries of a divided Cuba, its spatial and symbolic dissemination. This article argues that grafting, whether literal (botanical, anatomic) or metaphorical (textual, cultural or linguistic) is a central trope in The Agüero Sisters, functioning as a recurrent trope in the processes of discovery, dissemination, depletion and recovery explored in the novel. The paper further argues that Cuba’s political turmoil and economic disorder are mirrored in the unleashing forces of the natural elements, in the ravaged landscape of the human body and of the island. Conversely, there reigns an opulent but sterile (dis)order on the other side of the Florida Straits. By examining the shifting perspectives, the contrapuntal narrative structure and deterritorialized (borderless) language in Garcia’s novels, the paper will probe the thematic and textual representations of a “diaspora consciousness” (James Clifford). Ultimately, Garcia’s novel seems to question the very possibility of “at-homeness” (Adorno, Minima Moralia), conceived in strictly territorial and cultural terms.
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Stepanenko, Valerii Pavlovich. "The Theme of Bosporos According to Sigillography." Античная древность и средние века 50 (2022): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/adsv.2022.50.010.
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In 1895 G. Schlumberger published the seal of Arkadios, protospatharios and strategos of Bosporos. In 2008, I. Jordanov published the second find of similar seal found in Preslav. The strategos of Bosporos appeared in the Taktikon of 975, published by N. Oikonomides. According to written sources, Preslav was conquered by Byzantium in 971 and remained under its control as long as 986. According to the Byzantine historian Leo the Deacon, during negotiations with Prince Sviatoslav in 971, the Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes demanded that the Prince of Kiev “should take the pay promised by the emperor Nikephoros <…> and should return to his own territory and the Cimmerian Bosporos.” This way, the establishment of the theme of Bosporos was a consequence of the appearance of the Rus’, before 971, on the shores of the Straits of Bosporos, where the so-called Tmutorokan Principality occurred in a later period. The theme in question existed for a short time. The seal of Leo, imperial spatharios and tourmarches of Gothia, was discovered in the area under study. The second find of this seal originates from Chersonese. The appearance of Leo’s seal indicates the changes in the structure of the Byzantine theme administration in Taurica in the 970s.
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Гаврилов, Вячеслав, and Vyachyeslav Gavrilov. "Legal Status of the Northern Sea Route of the Russian Federation." Journal of Russian Law 3, no. 2 (February 4, 2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7635.
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This article addresses to the key issues of the legal status of the Northern Sea Route in the historical perspective and in accordance with the Russian legislation. It contains the comparative characteristic of the Russian approach to this issue and the Canada´s rule-making activity in this area. It describes the characteristic features of the legal status of the internal waters, exclusive economic zone and some arctic straits of Russia in this context. Gives an answer to the question of its correlation with the norms of contemporary international law of the sea and, in particular, with the UN Convention of 1982. In this regard, the paper emphasizes that relevant Russian and Canadian legislation should be treated as lex specialis in relation to the regulation of navigation in the Arctic coastal areas that provide for higher navigation standards and requirements as compared to the international norms of international law of the sea. It is concluded that the integrity and specificity of the legal status of the Northern Sea Route, as well as the Russia´s ability to control using of it can be justified as by a logistic unity of this national transport communication of Russia and by features of the region, where it passes. Indicated the need for further development of regional and international cooperation in the Arctic and for creation of international instruments defining its terms and content. Here lies the key to the peaceful and effective use of resources and spaces of the Arctic taking into consideration the national interests of Russia and other Arctic countries.
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De Gaetano, Carmen, Tiziana Meduri, and Carmela Tramontana. "The Fortification System of the Straits - The Evaluations as Decision Support in the Economic Development Strategies of the Metropolitan City." Advanced Engineering Forum 11 (June 2014): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.11.573.
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The research analyzes the ability of the economic assessment to promote local development. At this stage, we try to shed more light on the importance of this matter, proposing a study on the one hand can highlight the features and the most important aspects of the evaluation and the other is able to demonstrate the operational validity of the latter in promote local development. Local development becomes an important tool for the exploitation of resources of a territory , which takes an active role , offering more and more exploitable resources over time . Finally, it is exposed to the concept of " cultural system " as a model of spatial development can promote the economy of the area and the redevelopment and improvement of the overall livability of a given territory. The culture thus becomes an increasingly important role for the marketi ! ng land , in order to improve the quality of life and promote the attractiveness and competitiveness of the territory, in order to activate the factors necessary for its development . The second part is exposed to the project concerning the creation of the cultural system as a process of planning for the future development of the city. A project that involves many actors, especially citizens increasingly seen as behind the choices of a city more efficient. In the context of the current localization economies , in fact , cities are having to compete with each other in pursuit of a development in the long term through investment in the territory and citizens , as an impetus to innovation and research . The three assets to be followed in order to enhance the city will be the ones to make it more welcoming and attractive , with a strong relational identity , sustainable and innovative . Understand, then , as Reggio Calabria to respond to the characteristics of " cultural system " is the goal of this work. Understand what are the reasons that lead a reality, such as that in question, as if to better integrate , to make a place more innovative, both in terms of territorial and cultural , without losing sight of the centrality of the person, respect and protection of human dignity , freedom, and the promotion of interpersonal relationships. Not far away are the days when any attempt to associate the terms " culture " and "economy" - when not even irreverent - seemed no doubt risky. Yet the idea that culture can be an engine of growth for the economy of a country is today widely demonstrated and shared by the scientific community. This is a significant mutation of trend that is gradually shifting the meaning of the function and use of the cultural property - until recent years reduced to a conceptual category in which the assets were intended as a memory of a cultural identity and therefore a vehicle for education and training - towards a vision that has enriched the profile of a conservative approach much more dynamic and economically productive . If you add to this the picture that is emerging in the era of globalization of markets and which tends , paradoxically, to strengthen the role and significance of territory in its specificity and cultural identity , it is not difficult to imagine how any policy intervention in the sector cultural , if on the one hand can not be separated from the concept of preservation , another must necessarily be open to an interpretation of the territory as a resource , developing planning skills with a strong innovative content. It requires, in this context, the need to "system" and to understand the change as the result of multiple and highly coordinated actions . If the strategies adopted to date , especially in Italy , have failed to ensure a real and sustainable economic development is compatible because, in reality, have segmented the field and separate the processes of development of cultural heritage from the local context in which they gravitate [ 1 ] . The advantage of the cultural consumption of a resource may induce socialized through its reuse by means of enhancement and management is a goal that can be checked with the help of different disciplines. The enhancement projects are a particular case within the realm of architectural design , but the economic evaluation together with the estimation disciplines continues to be a substantial contribution to the development of design processes . It presupposes , in the case of conservation projects , the presence of value judgments Quantitative alongside qualitative judgments , most often related to the historical interpretation of existing artifacts and building complexes . The transition from the formal model , which refers to private assets in the current market environment, the model which refers to the Economy substantial public goods with coordinates outside the market , in effect, shifts the focus from consumer use of resources: assets whose value is tied to the exchange and to the prevalence of the logic of the market, but rather resources whose value depends on the use, directly and indirectly from the use and non-use . The fact that we consider public goods as an economic resource , even if not placed in a context of market rules, raises complex issues , which are not exhausted by simple considerations on the scheme owner of the goods . On the one hand , as I said before, because of the difficulties to attribute a value in the monetary sense , and second, for the different meanings of technical feasibility , economic and financial continue to be a key stage in the planning of interventions on public resources . The territory has always been considered an integral part of our lives, recognized as a place of personal identity , cultural and religious . The desire to tradition, the rediscovery of ancient crafts and the production of typical signs are evident that without a strong local roots there is no significant experience in personal and social life . Among the main human needs is precisely the discovery of the territory, the sense of belonging to someone, even before something. The human being is always looking for a place that satisfies both environmentally and culturally, without which it would live dispersed. Precisely for this reason, in every historical moment has expressed a willingness to change the place where he lived apportandone valid media changes and trying to make it better and appropriate to meet his needs . In an increasingly globalized society , however , many regions are competing with each other and then it is even more difficult to enhance and encourage entrepreneurship in an area, and that is why we need rules and tools , able to promote the product area, also through a communication that is capable of enhancing the development potential and the socio-economic and environmental issues, whilst promoting local entrepreneurship . The territories , in fact, have to fit in the global market , using a fast market and explanatory , communicating the wealth of an area, its entrepreneurial vocations , the location opportunities , business opportunities . These are the tools that support the creation of local businesses and attracting capital from outside the territory , allow you to stimulate economic development . Through the challenges of globalization has been given a new role in the region , from a competition between economic actors in a competition between local systems. The territory is rediscovered as a complex system, hidden in a highly competitive global dimension : in this step to adopt a strategy of cultural system is critical to the necessity of dealing with homogeneous systems . A strategy that is able to exploit the opportunities offered by new communications technologies and extend business opportunities. This work is divided into two parts: the first part will present the concept of cultural and conceptual tools of economic evaluation applied to the product area. In particular, it analyzes the ability of this discipline to promote local development. At this stage, we try to shed more light on the importance of this matter, proposing a study on the one hand can highlight the features and the most important aspects of the evaluation and the other is able to demonstrate the operational validity of the latter in promote local development. The local development , in fact, becomes an important tool for the exploitation of resources of a territory , which takes an active role , offering more and more exploitable resources over time . Finally, it is exposed to the concept of " cultural system " as a model of spatial development can promote the economy of the area and the redevelopment and improvement of the overall livability of a given territory. The pattern of the district, in fact, is a reality for a long time active and dynamic in the industrial sector which today begins to be considered a great potential in the field of culture and urban development. The culture thus becomes an increasingly important role for territorial marketing in order to improve the quality of life and promote the attractiveness and competitiveness of the territory, in order to activate the factors necessary for its development . Concepts such as empowerment , innovation and creativity are , today , conditions that characterize the social, institutional , environmental and demographic constraints to economic growth of the post-industrialized countries . The Cultural District Evolved is based precisely on this assumption , for which this model aspires to become an important development trend in America, Europe and Italy . An example of a city that has been able to use culture as supporting its growth is Linz , a country capable of putting together a social progress , cultural and economic , as to be rated as one of the best achievements of the cultural district . The second part is exposed to the project concerning the creation of the cultural system as a process of planning for the future development of the city. A project that involves many actors, especially citizens increasingly seen as behind the choices of a city more efficient. In the context of the current localization economies , in fact , cities are having to compete with each other in pursuit of a development in the long term through investment in the territory and citizens , as an impetus to innovation and research . The three assets to be followed in order to enhance the city will be the ones to make it more welcoming and attractive , with a strong relational identity , sustainable and innovative . Understand, then , as Reggio Calabria to respond to the characteristics of " cultural system " is the goal of this work. Understand what are the reasons that lead a reality, such as that in question, as if to better integrate , to make a place more innovative, both in terms of territorial and cultural , without losing sight of the centrality of the person, respect and protection of human dignity , freedom, and the promotion of interpersonal relationships.
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Shapovalov, Mikhail S. "Zionist Eliyahu Munchik and His Letter on Jewish Emigration to Palestine (1917)." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2023): 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-2-447-457.
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The article considers historical sources—a letter from Zionist E. Munchik addressed to P.N. Milyukov written on March 30, 1917 regarding emigration of Jews to Palestine and his memorandum on Russia's policy in the Middle East. The article provides a meaningful analysis of these documents. Documents are being introduced into scientific use for the first time. The article is to characterize and publish documentary sources found in the archival fond of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia P.N. Milyukov (March-May 1917) in the State Archives of the Russian Federation, devoted to the issue of Jewish emigration to Palestine. The correctness of hypotheses about special role of microhistorical plots in objective assessment of key historical events has been verified using traditional methods of historical science: comparative-historical, chronological, problem-chronological, retrospective, and perspective. The biographical approach has helped to recreate the biography of the documents’ author and context of their creation, taking into account notions existing in Russian and foreign historiography. The letter and memorandum of Zionist E. Munchik have made it possible to clarify and correct the existing ideas on the role of Russia in solving the Jewish question and creating a Jewish home in Palestine in 1917. The document is of interest as it assesses all main directions of Russian policy in the Middle East through the prism of the Zionist movement interests: the question of the straits, the status of the Holy places of Jerusalem. A separate place in Munchik's memorandum is given to the Caspian project—creation of a water canal from the Caspian to the Red Sea. In his letter to Milyukov, Munchik argued supporting the Zionist movement drawing on stereotypes of Jewish capital and powerful trade influence that Russia could use, which were widespread among the population and elite. The article concludes that E. Munchik did not invite Russia to Palestine or offer the Provisional Government to use Zionists to strengthen its influence in the Holy Land. On the contrary, Munchik offered to trade Russian assistance in Jewish emigration to Palestine for support for any other project of Russian interest at an international conference. The published archival source will be of interest to both Russian and foreign scholars specializing in the history of Zionism and Jewish national movement. It represents another important element of the puzzle of the Russian view of Palestine in the system of international relations at the turn of the 20th century.
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AVBELJ, MATEJ. "THE FUTURE OF THE COMMON SECURITY DEFENCE POLICY AND A CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2021/ISSUE 23/3 (September 17, 2021): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.23.3.rew.
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It has become an overused, indeed dated, cliché to claim that the European Union (EU) is at a crossroads. Today it is more common, and perhaps also more accurate, to argue that the EU faces an existential crisis. This is not just an academic opinion, but the language that is increasingly present in the EU’s political, policy and strategic documents. The changing, indeed deteriorating, domestic, regional and global security environment, which has openly put the very existence of the EU at risk, has consequently increased demands for a genuine and robust EU common security and defence policy (CSDP). The latter is not a recent invention. It has a long history, with many ups and downs, not unlike the process of European integration, in which concerns about national sovereignty and related national comprehensive, if too often parochial, priorities have been struggling to match normative ambitions, and solemn declarations that have been developed in response to the actual growing security concerns. How have the EU and its Member States coped with the Scylla of national sovereigntist defence priorities and the Charybdis of the objective needs of supranational cooperation in the dire straits of the CSDP? What are the current most acute security challenges? What can or should be done to improve the CSDP and are there grounds for pessimism or optimism with a view to its future development? These are the questions that this special issue of Contemporary Military Challenges, dedicated to the CSDP, explores across five articles written by legal, international, social and security science academics, as well as security and defence experts. The picture these articles have painted is a mixed one. Modest optimism in terms of the progress of the CSDP mechanisms is combined with chagrin related to missed opportunities, too often due to the culture of non-compliance, and concerns related to the changes taking place in the overall global model of governance. The latter are particularly addressed in the article penned by Senčar. He persuasively demonstrates how, in the course of the last 20 years, the European post-Cold War consensus and mindset, embedded in the Kantian ideals of liberal democracy, rule of law, protection of human rights and solidarity in and between the states has gradually, but almost without notice, given way to a Hobbesian, strategic and competitive world order, primed by national sovereigntist interests. However, due to technological progress, the collapse of the post-Cold War consensus and the resulting change in paradigm possesses new, as yet still unexplored security threats, which will affect nothing as much as our minds. As Senčar powerfully demonstrates, contemporary and, in particular, future warfare will be directed against our heads, featuring a paramount cognitive dimension. It is for this reason that the EU and its Member States must invest in the cognitive aspects of the CSDP, in particular with an eye on the leading revisionist power, Russia. However, to do so the EU must be in possession of the necessary and appropriate competencies, backed by a sufficient national political will. The remaining four articles are thus dedicated to the examination of this issue. The article by Katarina Vatovec comes across as the most optimistic. She traces the process of the ‘communitarization’ of the EU’s defence policies and identifies the required socio-political grounds for strengthening this process in the future. In her view, communitarization, which has traditionally stood for bringing a particular policy field from an intergovernmental to a supranational pillar, subject to an ordinary legislative procedure based on qualified majority voting, can be gradually introduced through the presence of a sufficient political will resulting from actual experience, successfully implemented policy initiatives, and growing awareness of the increasing security threats. While according to this author the future of the European Defence Union remains in the hands of the Member States and intergovernmental cooperation, following the important breakthrough with the Treaty of Lisbon, a number of institutional, legal, policy, soft-law and financial measures have intensified the functioning of EU defence policy and, simultaneously, driven it in the direction of further communitarization. The article by Dick Zandee partakes of a similar normative premise. He believes that the CSDP is faced with the dilemma of making a breakthrough or simply continuing to muddle through. For him the answer is unequivocal. What is needed is a breakthrough, which would contribute to closing the gap between rhetorical commitments and action. A concrete opportunity for that is presented by the Strategic Compass. This is envisaged as a concrete, ambitious and actionable tool that should provide tangible direction for the EU’s role in security and defence over the next five or ten years. To meet this goal, according to Zandee, nothing is required more than realism. The article thus concludes by laying down eight concrete and realistic actions by which the EU could break out of its current status quo in the CSDP and turn itself into a truly global power before it is too late. Aleksandra Koziol’s contribution, quite fittingly, complements Zandee’s contribution by putting some empirical flesh on the normative agenda. She describes the EU’s current security and defence engagement in Europe and abroad, the major challenges that it poses, and the actual capacity of the EU to address them. This remains relatively weak and sometimes questionable for a variety of political, organizational, financial and sometimes also ad hoc reasons. The latter are currently the most explicit in form of the Covid-9 pandemic, which has importantly hampered, as the author demonstrates, the European Commission’s ambition of assuming the role of a geopolitical commission. In the author’s opinion it is decisive for the future development of the CSDP that the EU simultaneously builds on the civilian and the military side of the CSDP and develops its capacities for early warnings, early actions and a rapid response. Finally, the article by Jelena Juvan, after describing the historical evolution of the CSDP in the context of European integration, looks into the future of CDSP, paying special attention to the role of small Member States, such as Slovenia, in it. The author notes that size matters, and that the development of supranational security and defence structures could especially work to the advantage of the small Member States. Their capacity to shape the development of the CSDP is, however, limited, unless they invest in specialization and cooperation, and also prudently seize the opportunity when presiding over the Council of the EU in their mediating and to an extent also agenda-setting role. While time will tell how Slovenia is going to use its opportunity as the head of the Council of the EU, the article insists that, especially for small Member States with limited human and financial resources, setting the CSDP priorities matter most. When these are set and the agreements entered into, they must also be delivered upon. In the opposite case a culture of non-compliance prevails, which effectively leaves the CSDP as only a half-built house. In conclusion, the five reviewed articles contained in this volume yet again confirm Kintis’ impression that the field of the CSDP, more than any other EU policy field, is torn between ambition and paralysis. This results, in particular, from the discrepancy between the ever-changing security and defence challenges brought about by an increasingly dynamic global environment, and the actual EU capacity to address them that is, in turn, dependent on the national political will. The articles contained in this volume express their concerns with the slow progress of the CSDP, but they also try to overcome it by putting forward some new proposals or, at least, by raising the right questions. Eventually, however, the CSDP can only make a real, qualitative and required step forward when a consensus on the legal and political nature of the EU is formed. As long as the latter stays in its current, sui-generis, hybrid form, the CSDP will remain stuck between ‘ambition and paralyzis’. The operationalization of the CSDP and its actual functional character thus first requires the addressing of the constitutional question of the nature, object and purpose of the European Union itself.
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Selikhov, Yu A., I. M. Rishchenko, and K. A. Gorbunov. "INTEGRATION OF HEATING SYSTEM OPERATION." Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving, no. 4 (December 14, 2023): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2023.4.01.
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Ukraine has a huge asset in the form of existing district heating (DH) networks and demand for related services. DH is transforming the European energy sector, attracting efficient, local and renewable energy resources where this was not possible. However, due to the old material base of spare parts, insufficient level of investment and low level of management, Ukrainian DH systems are ineffective and do not meet the needs of consumers. The experience of European Union member states in central Europe shows that deep and sustained reforms can address the current challenges of the heating sector, including improving energy efficiency and economic competitiveness, strengthening environmental sustainability and enhancing energy security. The DH sector in Ukraine has not yet undergone the structural reform that other sectors of the economy have already gone through: over the past 30 years, the quality of services has decreased; subsidies have increased; the old material base is falling apart; The question arises whether it is worth continuing to support DH. As a result, Ukraine's DH sector is in dire straits, with financial, operational and technical problems compounding each other. Comprehensive and well-planned efforts must be made to create the conditions for exiting this state. Such structural reforms are essential to attracting the investment needed to improve the quality, efficiency and long-term potential of the district heating sector.
The article examines the possibility of using modern technological solutions to modernize heat supply systems in order to improve their efficiency, which can lead to improved district heating services, transparency and financial stability.
Keywords: energy resources, renewable energy sources, fossil fuels, automated heat and power plant, electricity, hot water, hot air, heating, private households, electric water heater, geothermal heat pump, wind power generator, low-power boiler house.
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Stelakatos-Loverdos, Michael C. "The Contribution of Channels to the Definition of Straits Used For International Navigation." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 13, no. 1 (1998): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180898x00049.
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AbstractThe questions of what is "a strait used for international navigation", and the regime applicable in such waterways or even in "broad" straits, remain unsettled in the LOS Convention. However, channels of navigation may assist in determining the "geographical situation" of international straits. It is submitted, therefore, that, where there is only one coastal state bordering more than one strait connecting the same parts of the high seas or the EEZ, the claim of transit passage through straits of secondary importance may be abusive. Obviously, the non-application of transit passage on the grounds of abuse of rights is not able to modify the international character of such waterways, the regime of non-suspendable innocent passage being thus applicable. Moreover, modalities of passage evidenced by the existence of maritime traffic through channels of navigation may be useful when determining the "extent" of the regime of transit passage in the so-called "broad" straits.
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Blachon, Frédéric. "La maîtrise de la violence en question." Stratégique N° 125, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/strat.125.0055.
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SALMASIZADEH, MOHAMMAD. "RUSSIAN-TURKISH WAR 1877-1878 IN IRANIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE XIX CENTURY AND MODERN IRANIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY." History and Modern Perspectives 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2020-2-1-56-61.
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The conflict between the Russian and Turkish in 1877-1878, though formed on the pretext of Russia's support for Christian nations under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, was actually part of the great scheme that European governments had begun to break up the Ottoman Empire and resolve the Eastern Question. The goals of these powers for world domination, that would sometimes results in wars among themselves, were mainly focused on expanding the territorial realm and winning economic gains. These goals were followed under the disguise of gaining freedom for Christians and securing independence for non-Turkish nations. The scientific and technological impairment of the Ottoman Empire compared to the European countries, accompanied by internal rivalries and frequent overthrow of the rulers, were some of the main weaknesses of the Ottoman state causing their demise. In the meantime, Russia was in pursue of its policy of territorial expansion and seeking access to warm waters. Russia's main objective was to obtain access to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Having control over the Straits of Bosporus and Dardanelles that were under the rule of the Ottoman Empire would have connected Russia to the center of world trade in the Mediterranean and would have freed Russia from its land blockages and frozen ports. The causality, the start, and the ramifications of these wars have been reflected in the Iranian historiography of that era. Mohammad Hassan Khan Etemad al-Saltanah, a great historian of the Nasereddin Shah Qajar Age (1848-1898), using the reports of Iranian officials in Russia and the Ottoman Empire, and two books of Montazame Nasseri and Merat al-Boldan that were translations of selected articles from the French and Ottoman newspapers have recorded this important historical event. The reasons for Iranian attention to this historical event forms part of the modern and global historiography of Iran, in which attention to the developments in the Ottoman Empire plays an important role in Iran's acquaintance with modern civilization.
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Zaitseva, Еvgeniya S. "Roman Thalassocracy during the Gothic Wars in the Mid-Sixth Century: The End of Hegemony?" Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 25, no. 3 (2023): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2023.25.3.042.
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This article considers the question of whether the Roman state was thalassocratic during the period of the Gothic-Byzantine wars of 535–554. Based on the narrative sources from the fifth and sixth centuries, primarily, the information from the writings of Procopius of Caesarea, the author of the article studies data on the time of appearance, the size of the fleet, the types of ships that the Gothic tribes had in the mid-sixth century, as well as the methods of conducting naval battles the Goths used in the Mediterranean in the face of a lack of relevant experience and skills. The author concludes that even though before the start of the wars, the Goths had warships at their disposal, they were clearly not enough to compete with the Romans, therefore, during the reign of Vitiges, the war was predominantly waged on land. The maritime hegemony of the Romans was undeniable. According to Procopius of Caesarea, the fleet was most actively used in the conflict during the reign of the Gothic ruler Totila. For some time, he managed to compensate for the lack of experience in naval battles with thoughtful tactics. The Goths pursued a policy of establishing control over the most important ports and straits of the Mediterranean. Trying to avoid full-fledged clashes with the Romans, the barbarians successfully blocked the supply of food and additional contingents to Italy. However, the information provided by Procopius should be treated with caution, since his writings are full of elements of anti-Justinian propaganda and attempts to discredit the ruler. In fact, the Goths dominated the seas as much as the Romans allowed them to. In connection with the above, it is impossible to speak of the completion of the Roman thalassocracy in the Mediterranean in the mid-sixth century. The Romans retained control of the maritime and coastal regions of the Mediterranean.
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Clementeena, A., and Dr P. Sripriya. "A literature survey on question answering system in natural language processing." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.3 (June 8, 2018): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.33.14209.
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In order to respond to usual free form of questions that is contained in a large collection of informative texts or information. For this to hap-pen one must understand what type of questions are being imposed and thus to also know a few knowledge about the process. The con-straints will include the semantic and syntactic knowledge and framing that sort of question with possible correct answers. Thus this paper gives you a clear vision of how its being worked on question answering and thus it presents a machine learning approach. Also ways a important way of giving answers to closed domain in a different data set of know.
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deLisle, Jacques. "Law’s Spectral Answers to the Cross-Strait Sovereignty Question." Orbis 46, no. 4 (September 2002): 733–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4387(02)00155-2.
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Jackson Pulver, Lisa R., Alison Bush, and Jeanette Ward. "Identification of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women using an urban obstetric hospital." Australian Health Review 26, no. 2 (2003): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah030019.
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Objectives: To determine the accuracy of routine identification of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander womenconfining at King George V (KGV) Hospital, located in Sydney, Australia.Design: Interviewer-administered survey.Participants: Consecutive sample of women who delivered live, well infants from May to July 1999.Main Outcome Measure: Comparison of hospital documentation compared with confidential self-disclosureof Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander status to a female Aboriginal health professional.Results: Of 536 women in our sample, 29 (5%) self-disclosed as being Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander.Only 10 of these were identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander in hospital records (p<0.001). While specificity as determined by us was 100%, sensitivity was low (34.5%). Those Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women referred by another organisation were significantly more likely than those who self-referred to the hospital to be correctly identified (p=0.011). Only 1% of non-Aboriginal women indicated they would have objected to an explicit question by staff about their Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander status.Conclusions: Routine identification significantly under-represents Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander women giving birth at an urban obstetric hospital. We recommend the development and use of a sensitive but also specific series of questions to ensure women always are given the opportunity to disclose their status, especially as few women appear to mind such questions.
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Raso, J. E. Garcia. "RELATIVE GROWTH OF THE DOMINANT HERMIT CRABS (DECAPODA, ANOMURA) OF DETRITIC BOTTOMS FROM SOUTHERN SPAIN." Crustaceana 72, no. 5 (1999): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854099503555.
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AbstractThe relative growth of the dominant hermit crabs (Decapoda, Anomura), i.e., Diogenes pugilator, Anapagurus alboranensis, A. hyndmanni, Pagurus forbesii, and Paguristes eremita, of littoral detritic bottoms (15-24 m deep) from southern Spain (Barbate Bay, near the Straits of Gibraltar) has been studied. Both the increase in cheliped length and in carapace shield length of these species do not show discontinuities during development. Males of Anapagurus alboranensis, Pagurus forbesii, and Diogenes pugilator have isometric growth of cheliped length, but males of Paguristes eremita and Anapagurus hyndmanni present a positively allometric relative growth. Among the females, only Anapagurus hyndmanni shows a clearly negative allometry. The results indicate that increase in cheliped length tends to be isometric relative to cheliped width, at least in the majority of the species at issue here. However, this relationship is negative in the case of both sexes of Diogenes pugilator, just as well as in the male Anapagurus hyndmanni. The present data on relative growth are discussed in relation to earlier studies, especially so those on Diogenes pugilator, which are compared in some detail. In all, the results indicate that there exists no consistent pattern of relative growth of the cheliped within families or genera of hermit crabs. Etude de la croissance relative des pagurides (Decapoda, Anomura) dominants sur les fonds detritiques littoraux (profondeur 15-24 metres) du sud de l'Espagne (Baie de Barbate, pres du detroit de Gibraltar). Il s'agit de Diogenes pugilator, Anapagurus alboranensis, A. hyndmanni, Pagurus forbesii, et Paguristes eremita. Chez ces especes, la croissance de la longueur du chelipede et de celle de l'ecusson ne montre pas de discontinuites pendant le developpement. Les males de Diogenes pugilator, Anapagurus alboranensis et Pagurus forbesii ont une croissance isometrique du chelipede, mais ceux d'Anapagurus hyndmanni et de Paguristes eremita presentent une allometrie relative positive. Chez les femelles, seul Anapagurus hyndmanni montre une allometrie nettement negative. Les resultats indiquent que la longueur du chelipede tend a etre isometrique par rapport a sa largeur, au moins chez la majorite des especes en question. Cependant la relation est negative dans les deux sexes chez Diogenes pugilator, comme chez le male d'Anapagurus hyndmanni. Les presentes donnees sont discutees en relation avec les etudes precedentes, en particulier avec celles sur Diogenes pugilator, qui font l'objet d'une comparaison quelque peu detaillee. Dans l'ensemble, les resultats indiquent qu'il n'existe pas de modele uniforme de croissance relative du chelipede dans les familles ou genres de pagurides.
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Lipnitskiy, A. V., I. A. Barkova, V. A. Antonov, A. M. Barkov, and A. V. Novozhenina. "TO THE QUESTION OF THE EVOLUTION OF BACILLUS ANTHRACIS MICROBE." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 18, no. 5 (October 15, 2013): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40794.
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The objective of the review - the analysis of results of researches on the characteristics of strains of bacilli from the B.cereus sensu lato group, causing anthrax-like diseases of the people and some animal species. The facts testify that along with the evolution of Bacillus anthracis microbe which has led to acquisition of major factors of virulence - plasmids рХО1 and рХО2, emergence of strains of bacilli with plasmids of virulence similar to B. anthracis, but retaining B.cereus sensu strico properties is possible. The reasons and conditions of emergence of such strains aren't established yet.
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Gifford, Janelle A., Josephine D. Gwynn, Louise L. Hardy, Nicole Turner, Lily C. Henderson, Christine Innes-Hughes, and Victoria M. Flood. "Review of Short-Form Questions for the Evaluation of a Diet, Physical Activity, and Sedentary Behaviour Intervention in a Community Program Targeting Vulnerable Australian Children." Children 5, no. 7 (July 13, 2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children5070095.
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Childhood obesity is associated with low socioeconomic status in developed countries, and community programs can deliver cost-effective obesity interventions to vulnerable children and adolescents at scale. Evaluating these programs in a low-cost, time-efficient, and culturally appropriate way with valid and reliable measures is essential to determining their effectiveness. We aimed to identify existing valid and reliable short-form instruments (≤50 items for diet, ≤15 items for physical activity) suitable for the assessment of change in diet, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour in an Australian obesity intervention program for children and adolescents aged 7–13 years from low socioeconomic groups, with a focus on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. Relevant electronic databases were searched, with a focus on Australian literature. Validity and/or reliability studies using diet instruments (5), physical activity/sedentary behaviour instruments (12), and diet and physical activity/sedentary behaviour instruments used with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (3) children were identified. Seven questions on diet, one question on physical activity, and no questions on sedentary behaviour were recommended. These questions can be used for evaluation in community-based obesity programs among Australian children and adolescents, including those from low socioeconomic groups and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children.
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Pardy, Jessica A., Samia Lahib, Mohamed A. F. Noor, and Amanda J. Moehring. "Intraspecific Genetic Variation for Behavioral Isolation Loci in Drosophila." Genes 12, no. 11 (October 26, 2021): 1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12111703.
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Behavioral isolation is considered to be the primary mode of species isolation, and the lack of identification of individual genes for behavioral isolation has hindered our ability to address fundamental questions about the process of speciation. One of the major questions that remains about behavioral isolation is whether the genetic basis of isolation between species also varies within a species. Indeed, the extent to which genes for isolation may vary across a population is rarely explored. Here, we bypass the problem of individual gene identification by addressing this question using a quantitative genetic comparison. Using strains from eight different populations of Drosophila simulans, we genetically mapped the genomic regions contributing to behavioral isolation from their closely related sibling species, Drosophila mauritiana. We found extensive variation in the size of contribution of different genomic regions to behavioral isolation among the different strains, in the location of regions contributing to isolation, and in the ability to redetect loci when retesting the same strain.
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Fisher, Elizabeth M. C., and David M. Bannerman. "Mouse models of neurodegeneration: Know your question, know your mouse." Science Translational Medicine 11, no. 493 (May 22, 2019): eaaq1818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaq1818.
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Many mutant mouse strains have been developed as models to investigate neurodegenerative disease in humans. However, variability in results among studies using these mouse strains has led to questions about the value of these models. Here, we appraise various mouse models for dissecting neurodegenerative disease mechanisms and emphasize the importance of asking appropriate research questions. In therapeutic studies, we suggest that understanding variability among and within mouse models is crucial for preventing translational failures in human patients.
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Lu, Zhao-Hua, Jade Xiaoqing Wang, and Xintong Li. "Revealing Opinions for COVID-19 Questions Using a Context Retriever, Opinion Aggregator, and Question-Answering Model: Model Development Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): e22860. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22860.
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Background COVID-19 has challenged global public health because it is highly contagious and can be lethal. Numerous ongoing and recently published studies about the disease have emerged. However, the research regarding COVID-19 is largely ongoing and inconclusive. Objective A potential way to accelerate COVID-19 research is to use existing information gleaned from research into other viruses that belong to the coronavirus family. Our objective is to develop a natural language processing method for answering factoid questions related to COVID-19 using published articles as knowledge sources. Methods Given a question, first, a BM25-based context retriever model is implemented to select the most relevant passages from previously published articles. Second, for each selected context passage, an answer is obtained using a pretrained bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) question-answering model. Third, an opinion aggregator, which is a combination of a biterm topic model and k-means clustering, is applied to the task of aggregating all answers into several opinions. Results We applied the proposed pipeline to extract answers, opinions, and the most frequent words related to six questions from the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset Challenge. By showing the longitudinal distributions of the opinions, we uncovered the trends of opinions and popular words in the articles published in the five time periods assessed: before 1990, 1990-1999, 2000-2009, 2010-2018, and since 2019. The changes in opinions and popular words agree with several distinct characteristics and challenges of COVID-19, including a higher risk for senior people and people with pre-existing medical conditions; high contagion and rapid transmission; and a more urgent need for screening and testing. The opinions and popular words also provide additional insights for the COVID-19–related questions. Conclusions Compared with other methods of literature retrieval and answer generation, opinion aggregation using our method leads to more interpretable, robust, and comprehensive question-specific literature reviews. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method in answering COVID-19–related questions with main opinions and capturing the trends of research about COVID-19 and other relevant strains of coronavirus in recent years.
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Osborne, Sam, and John Guenther. "Red Dirt Thinking on Aspiration and Success." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 42, no. 2 (December 2013): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jie.2013.17.
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This article sets the scene for the series of five articles on ‘red dirt thinking’. It first introduces the idea behind red dirt thinking as opposed to ‘blue sky thinking’. Both accept that there are any number of creative and expansive solutions and possibilities to identified challenges — in this case, the challenge of improving education in very remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island schools. However, the authors believe that creative thinking needs to be grounded in the reality of the local community context in order to be relevant. This article draws on emerging data from the Remote Education Systems project (a project within the Cooperative Research Centre for Remote Economic Participation — CRC-REP) and highlights further questions and challenges we wish to address across the life of the project. It is part of a collection of papers presented on the theme ‘Red Dirt Thinking’. The red dirt of remote Australia is where thinking for the CRC-REP's Remote Education Systems research project emerged. This article will examine the various public positions that exist in regard to the aspirations of young remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, and consider the wider views that are held in terms of what constitutes educational ‘success’. We explore the models of thinking and assumptions that underpin this public dialogue and contrast these ideas to the ideas that are being shared by remote Aboriginal educators and local community members through the work of the Remote Education Systems project. We will consider the implications and relevance of the aspiration and success debate for the remote Australian context and propose approaches and key questions for improved practice and innovation in relation to delivering a more ‘successful’ education for remote students. The authors begin by posing the simple question: How would, and can remote educators build aspiration and success? The wisdom of several commentators on remote education in Australia is presented in terms of a set of simple solutions to a straightforward problem. The assumptions behind these simple solutions are often unstated, and part of this article's role is to highlight the assumptions that common arguments for solutions are premised on. Further to the above question, we will also consider the question: In remote communities where Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students live and learn, how is success defined? Is there language that corresponds to the western philosophical meanings of success? Having considered some possible alternatives, based on the early findings of the Remote Education Systems project research, the authors then pose the question: How would educators teach for these alternative measures of success? The answers to these questions are still forthcoming. However, as the research process reveals further insights in relation to these questions, it may be possible for all those involved in remote education to approach the ‘problem’ of remote education using a different lens. The lens may be smeared with red dirt, but it will enable people involved in the system to develop creative solutions in a challenging and rich environment.