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Journal articles on the topic 'Stranded Conductors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Alvi, Muhammad Junaid, Tahir Izhar, Asif Ali Qaiser, Hafiz Shafqat Kharal, and Adnan Safdar. "Field Optimization and Electrostatic Stress Reduction of Proposed Conductor Scheme for Pliable Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (2019): 2988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9152988.

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The implementation of stranded conductors in flexible gas-insulated transmission lines (FGILs) requires field intensity minimization as well as field irregularity suppression in order to avoid dielectric breakdown. Moreover, the interdependence of enclosure and conductor sizes of FGILs regarding electrostatic aspects necessitate critical consideration of their dimensional specifications. In this research, geometric and electrostatic field optimization for FGILs regarding stranded conductors is performed. In addition, the effect of conductor irregularity on field dispersion is analyzed, and a s

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2

Deng, Yuan Jing, Jun Chao Yu, Kai Quan Xia, and Lin Yang. "Corrosion Conditions Analysis of In-Service ACSR Overhead Lines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.753.

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The corrosion conditions of in-service aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR) overhead lines in typical climate were studied by using macroscopic and microscopic methods. According to its operating environment, the corrosion causes were also analyzed. It is found that the corrosion of the outer aluminum stranded conductors is more serious than other parts. And partial corrosion pits have been found on the outer layers of aluminum stranded conductors. While there is no obvious corrosion appeared on the steel core matrix. Additionally, corrosion products can reduce the corrosion rate of alum

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3

Jiang, Zhenxing, Liming Yang, and Zhien Zhu. "Study on AC Resistance of Layering Enamelled Stranded Conductor." MATEC Web of Conferences 260 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926002004.

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In recent years, with the rapid development of large-length ultra-high-pressure voltage extrusion insulated submarine cable technology, the cable system in the medium-length offshore power grid interconnection project has been gradually replaced by XLPE insulation by traditional oil-paper insulation. There are many large cross-section conductors used in long-distance power transmission cables, and according to the IEC 60287-1-1, it is recommended to use Milliken conductors to reduce the AC resistance of conductors, at the same time, in submarine cables, there is a high requirement on the water

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4

Riba, Jordi-Roger. "Radial Thermoelectric Model for Stranded Transmission Line Conductors." Sensors 23, no. 22 (2023): 9205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23229205.

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Bare-stranded conductors play a critical role in the efficiency and safe operation of transmission lines. The heat generated in the interior of the conductor is conducted radially to the outer surface, creating a radial thermal gradient. The radial temperature gradient between the core and the surface depends on multiple factors, such as stranding, number of layers, current level, electrical resistance and the effective radial thermal conductivity. Therefore, the radial temperature model must be considered when developing accurate conductor models. Such models are particularly important in the

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5

Riba, Jordi-Roger. "The Role of AC Resistance of Bare Stranded Conductors for Developing Dynamic Line Rating Approaches." Applied Sciences 14, no. 19 (2024): 8982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14198982.

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Overhead transmission line conductors are usually helically stranded. The current-carrying section is made of aluminum and/or aluminum alloys. Several factors affect their electrical resistance, such as the conductivity of the conductor material, the cross-sectional area, the lay length of the different layers of aluminum, and the presence of a steel core used to increase the mechanical strength of the conductor. The direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) resistances per unit length of stranded conductors are different due to the effect of the eddy currents. In steel-reinforced condu

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6

Vidya M. S. "Electric Field Computation of Stranded Over-Head Transmission Line Conductors Under the Application of Lightning Over Voltages." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 14, no. 5 (2025): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.e4610.14050425.

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Efficient design of insulation systems always relies upon accuracy in the assessment of the electric field of the electrode geometry. In overhead transmission lines, stranded conductors are often used to reduce the inductance and increase the mechanical strength. Transmission lines are subjected to power frequency and lightning flashovers which need careful analysis of electric and critical fields before erection. The dependence of maximum electric field intensity under power frequency and lightning impulse, for stranded conductors of different strands using Aluminum conductor steel reinforced

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7

Vidya, M. S. "Electric Field Computation of Stranded Over-Head Transmission Line Conductors Under the Application of Lightning Over Voltages." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) 14, no. 5 (2025): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.E4610.14050425.

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<strong>Abstract:</strong> Efficient design of insulation systems always relies upon accuracy in the assessment of the electric field of the electrode geometry. In overhead transmission lines, stranded conductors are often used to reduce the inductance and increase the mechanical strength. Transmission lines are subjected to power frequency and lightning flashovers which need careful analysis of electric and critical fields before erection. The dependence of maximum electric field intensity under power frequency and lightning impulse, for stranded conductors of different strands using Aluminum

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8

Lanteigne, J., and A. Akhtar. "Evaluation of Tensile Strength of Multistrand Conductors—Part I: Theoretical Basis." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 120, no. 1 (1998): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2806835.

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A simple model was developed to predict the plastic behavior of a stranded conductor under tensile loading to fracture. Two cases are considered; the torque transmitted in the case of conductors with fixed extremities and the rotation angle in the case of free rotating conductors. The permanent set caused by bending and torsion during the stranding process associated with conductor fabrication was taken into consideration. The model predicts maximum failing load and total elongation, parameters currently used for design and selection of conductors.

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9

Cao, Zhinan, Jie Feng, Shijun Xie, et al. "Rapid Dismantling of Aluminum Stranded Conductors: An Automated Approach." Machines 13, no. 7 (2025): 608. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13070608.

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Currently, the dismantling of aluminum stranded conductors remains predominantly manual due to their structural complexity. To enhance the efficiency and reduce the labor intensity for dismantling aluminum stranded conductors, this study presents an innovative torque-driven dismantling method validated through dynamic simulation analysis. To demonstrate the proposed method, a modular prototype machine that includes four main functional modules (transmission, untwisting, separation, and shearing) was developed. Experimental results from the prototype dismantling machine demonstrated that when p

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10

Fujimaki, Hirohiko, and Kazuhito Sano. "Bonding Technology of Copper Stranded Conductors." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 11, no. 2 (1993): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.11.277.

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11

Zhang, Lingrui, Xuhong Wang, and Shaosheng Fan. "Control Method of Wire Repairing Robot Based on Semantic Segmentation and Current Detection." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2562, no. 1 (2023): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2562/1/012065.

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Abstract The traditional repair of conductors in power systems, using manual work at height, carries a high level of risk. To ensure personnel safety and improve operational efficiency. Based on the development of a conductor repair robot using pre-stranded wires, the focus is on a semantic segmentation-based adaptive conductor arc sag control method, which enables the robot to adapt to conductors with different arc sags by segmentation identification of the conductor, offset calculation, and proportional-integral controller design to realize the robot hanging on the conductor. Subsequently, t

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12

Zheng, Wei, Xizhong Li, Zhongkai Xu, Zhuochen Jin, and Yang Liu. "Research on corrosion mechanism of overhead conductor." E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 01085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123301085.

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During the operation of overhead conductors, conductors are corroded to varying degrees by the smoke and dust, harmful gases from factories around the lines, or in corrosive salt fog atmosphere in coastal and island areas, as well as humid and hot weather conditions. In this paper, through the study of the corrosion mechanism of the conductor, the types of the corrosion are analyzed, and the factors leading to the corrosion and the corrosion process are analyzed by selecting the steel cored aluminum stranded wire, so as to provide theoretical basis for the development of anti-corrosion wire an

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13

Runde, M., H. Jensvold, and M. Jochim. "Compression Connectors for Stranded Aluminum Power Conductors." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 19, no. 3 (2004): 933–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2004.829946.

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14

Runde, M., N. Magnusson, and A. Lenes. "Bolted Connectors for Stranded Aluminum Power Conductors." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 23, no. 2 (2008): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2007.916101.

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15

Skelton, P. L. I., and G. Poots. "Rime-ice accretion on fixed stranded conductors." Mechanics Research Communications 20, no. 1 (1993): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-6413(93)90079-4.

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16

Wang, Ying, Xiuyun Gao, Meng Hou, Lingquan Zhang, and Xiao Zhang. "Finite element analysis of radial temperature of transmission conductor in low-temperature environment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2785, no. 1 (2024): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2785/1/012073.

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Abstract Most existing studies simplify conductors as isothermal cylinders, neglecting their actual structure and the inter-conductor contacts. This is especially problematic in regions like Northeast and Northwest China, where the conductors face harsh working environments due to significant seasonal temperature variations. Additionally, there is a lack of research under extreme low-temperature conditions. Considering these factors, a temperature field in low-temperature environments was established based on the heat conduction equation. A finite element model and a mathematical model for the

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17

Achiriloaiei, Daniel, Lorand Kun, Cristian Sorin Nes, and Ion Dumitru. "Comparative Study of Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Wires from New and Used ACSR Conductors." Solid State Phenomena 254 (August 2016): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.254.159.

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As a key component of high-voltage power lines, aluminium clad steel reinforced (ACSR) conductors must have adequate mechanical properties that ensure running safety. This paper presents the results of experimental and theoretical analysis of spiral stranded conductors that consist of a core with two layers of steel wires and three layers of aluminium wires. Tests were performed using two ACSR conductors of the same type, one new and the other 40-year-old, used for a 220 kV power lines. In service, the conductors can be subjected to additional stresses, which may lead to accelerated deteriorat

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18

Ninomiya, A., S. Sekine, T. Ishigohka, and S. Yamaguchi. "Experimental investigation on current imbalance of stranded conductors." IEEE Transactions on Appiled Superconductivity 9, no. 2 (1999): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/77.783363.

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19

El-Bahy, M. M., M. Abouelsaad, N. Abdel-Gawad, and M. Badawi. "Onset voltage of negative corona on stranded conductors." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 40, no. 10 (2007): 3094–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/40/10/013.

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20

EL-Bahy, M. M., M. Abouelsaad, N. Abdel-Gawad, and M. Badawi. "Onset Voltage of Negative Corona on Stranded Conductors." JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences 35, no. 2 (2007): 509–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2007.112357.

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21

Amoruso, V., and F. Lattarulo. "Accurate extension of peek's law to stranded conductors." European Transactions on Electrical Power 1, no. 1 (2007): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etep.4450010105.

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22

RAMIREZ MARTINEZ, ANTONIO, LEONARDO BARRIGA RODRIGUEZ, LUIS GARCÍA VALDOVINOS, NOE AMIR RODRIGUEZ OLIVARES, and ALVARO SANCHEZ RODRIGUEZ. "CREEP TEST FOR OVERHEAD CONDUCTORS USING DEADWEIGHT ACTUATED LEVER." DYNA 97, no. 2 (2022): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10245.

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Having a device that does not need an electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic actuator neither a digital control to work for a specific task is the goal for any application. This research shows that it is feasible to develop a device with the above characteristics to apply creep tests for overhead conductors. There are two primary creep test methods for Aluminum Conductors in Overhead Lines (ACSR (aluminum conductor, Steel reinforced)) to obtain the tensile creep characteristics. They are the European standard IEC 61395, "Creep test Procedures for stranded conductors" and "Method for Determining the

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23

Zhao, Xin Ze, Zhen Xing Yang, Mei Yun Zhao, Lei Wang, and Zhi Cheng Fu. "Analysis on Corona Discharge Characteristics of the Overhead Conductor." Advanced Materials Research 1092-1093 (March 2015): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.233.

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LGJ150/25 steel core aluminum stranded wires were selected as the test wires, and the aeolian vibrations which work in different cycle times of wire that is under the conditions of dry and acidic corrosion were simulated by the self-made test bed. The electronic number of corona discharge of each pre-set conductor was measured, when applying AC high voltage on the wearing wires step by step,so that the corona inception voltages of the conductors could be confirmed. And the effect of the vibration cycle times and environmental conditions on the corona discharge was researched. Taking the sum of

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24

Kim, Byung Geol, Su Dong Park, Shang Shu Kim, and Hee Woong Lee. "Strain Change and Creep Behavior of STACIR/AW Power Line with Heat Exposure." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 1751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1751.

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As a way to expand electric capacity in power line with hovering of electric power demand, STACIR/AW (super thermal-resistant Al alloy conductors Al-clad Invar-reinforced) overhead conductor which cans double ampacity has been developed. The STACIR/AW power line is mechanically composite stranded wire composed of INVAR/AW stranded wire as core for sag control and heat-resistant aluminum alloy for delivering doubled electric current. Recently, in order to ensure stable line operation and to predict its span of life, the changes of thermal properties for STACIR/AW have been investigated. In the

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Macdonald, J. H. G., P. J. Griffiths, and B. P. Curry. "Galloping analysis of stranded electricity conductors in skew winds." Wind and Structures 11, no. 4 (2008): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/was.2008.11.4.303.

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26

Changlong, Yang, Zhang Hongzhi, Wang Wei, Li Yueyue, Han Rongzhuan, and Dong Qiang. "Application of Pre-stranded Tensile Clamp for Aluminum Composite Carbon Fiber Core." E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913601013.

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The growth of electricity demand has put forward higher requirements for transmission line performance. Aluminum composite carbon fiber cores (ACCC) has better performance than traditional steel core aluminum conductor and can better meet the requirements of power transmission and transformation field. However, at present, the wedge-shaped self-locking tension clamp is usually used for aluminum composite carbon fiber cores, which is complicated in construction technology and poor in economy, which restricts the promotion and application of aluminum composite carbon fiber cores.In order to solv

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27

Choi, Jin-Ju, Byoungyong Im, Yubin Kang, and Dae-Geun Kim. "Effect of Joule-Heating Treatment on the Microstructure and Physical Properties of 16-Stranded Compressed Copper Wires." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 59, no. 11 (2021): 796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2021.59.11.796.

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Compressed wires are produced by cross-sectionally compressing stranded conductors, which results in a smaller conductor diameter. This also leads to a lower weight wire, because a thinner external insulated coating can be used, compared to the low-voltage wires typically used in automobiles. However, a post production heat treatment of the compressed wires is required because plastic deformation occurs during compression after drawing the wires. In this study, the work hardening of stranded compressed copper wires was controlled by Joule-heating, and the resulting changes in microstructure, m

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28

Шеков, А. А., Л. В. Дашко, and А. А. Дятлов. "APPLICATION OF WIRE ANNEALING TESTER IN THE STUDY OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF COPPER CONDUCTORS SUBJECTED TO CURRENT OVERLOADING." Digest of research works "Criminalistics: yesterday, today, tomorrow", no. 1(29) (March 29, 2024): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.55001/2587-9820.2024.34.98.024.

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В статье рассмотрены результаты исследования медных проводников, подвергнутых токовым перегрузкам, методом определения усилия изгиба. Установлено, что для проводников, подвергнутых токовой перегрузке кратностью от 2,8 до 13, величина усилия изгиба составляет от 0,6 до 1,16 кг, что в 2–6 раз меньше, чем для проводника, не подвергавшегося токовой перегрузке (2,3–2,4 кг). Для проводников, подвергнутых токовым перегрузкам, характерно наличие участков, на которых процессы рекристаллизации еще не завершились, и участков, на которых медь находится в «послерекристаллизационном» состоянии. Авторами пре

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29

Fujimaki, Hirohiko, Tetsuya Takaai, and Kazuhito Sano. "Dynamic Action Crimp Termination in Stranded Copper Conductors and Brass Terminals." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 13, no. 4 (1995): 550–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.13.550.

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30

Preis, K., O. Biro, and H. Reisinger. "Eddy Current Losses in Large Air Coils With Layered Stranded Conductors." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 44, no. 6 (2008): 1318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2007.915829.

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31

Merkushev, A. G., and I. A. Elagin. "Internal impedance of steel-reinforced helically stranded conductors at commercial frequency." Technical Physics Letters 41, no. 4 (2015): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063785015040288.

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32

Dai, Dong, Xiaohui Zhang, and Juanjuan Wang. "Calculation of AC Resistance for Stranded Single-Core Power Cable Conductors." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 50, no. 11 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2014.2326040.

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33

Yi, Yong, Chuyan Zhang, and Liming Wang. "Positive dc corona inception on dielectric-coated stranded conductors in air." IET Science, Measurement & Technology 10, no. 6 (2016): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2015.0260.

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34

Zeroukhi, Youcef, Ewa Napieralska-Juszczak, Guillaume Vega, Krzysztof Komeza, Fabrice Morganti, and Slawomir Wiak. "Dependence of the Contact Resistance on the Design of Stranded Conductors." Sensors 14, no. 8 (2014): 13925–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s140813925.

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35

Liao, Yongli, Ruihai Li, Chuying Shen, Bo Gong, Fanghui Yin, and Liming Wang. "A Service Life Prediction Method of Stranded Carbon Fiber Composite Core Conductor for Overhead Transmission Lines." Polymers 14, no. 20 (2022): 4431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14204431.

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The effect of temperature on the service life of stranded carbon fiber composite core conductors was studied based on the kinetic theory of material pyrolysis. The thermal decomposition activation energy calculation for stranded carbon fiber composite cores was carried out by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The activation energy E of stranded carbon fiber composites was calculated according to the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger, and Coast–Redfern methods, which were 168.76 kJ/mol, 166.79 kJ/mol, and 160.35 kJ/mol, respectively. The results from these different treatments were within 10% or less

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36

Faur, Nicolae, Liviu Marsavina, Anghel Cernescu, Christian Neş, and Emanoil Linul. "The Influence of the Steel and Aluminium Components Separation at the Conductors Locking for Stress-Strain Tests." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.693.

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At the stress-strain tests for the overhead electrical conductors stranded in alternate directions (aluminum conductor steel reinforced - ACSR), the locking mode of the specimen ends on the tensile machine represents a difficult problem which if is not correctly solved may seriously influence the results obtained. The stress-strain tests are performed according to standards as the European Standard EN 50182:2001. The specimen must have a length imposed by the conductor diameter, but not less than 10m. During the stress-strain tests the specimen is loaded in steps at successive cycles of loadin

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Zhao, Mingguan, Meng Li, Yang Ou, Yuanhao Wan, Yang Hai, and Yujie Li. "Research on the aerodynamic characteristics of simulated ice-covered aluminum stranded wire under wind tunnel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2951, no. 1 (2025): 012065. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2951/1/012065.

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Abstract This study studied the aerodynamic characteristics of a wire through wind tunnel experiments. The purpose of simulating icing conditions by wrapping conductors with plastic packaging tape is to evaluate the influence of icing on the aerodynamic characteristics of transmission lines. The tension and aerodynamic coefficients of aluminum-stranded wire and simulated ice-covered aluminum-stranded wire are tested using a wind tunnel. The results indicate that the increase in wind speed causes an increase in tension and drag coefficient. It is also found that icing significantly enhances the

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38

Jiang, Xingliang, Ji Chen, Lichun Shu, Jianlin Hu, Zhijin Zhang, and Shijing Wang. "Studying corona onset characteristics after rime ice accumulation on energized stranded conductors." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 20, no. 5 (2013): 1799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2013.6633711.

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39

Riba Ruiz, Jordi-Roger, Antonio Garcia Espinosa, and Xavier Alabern Morera. "Electric field effects of bundle and stranded conductors in overhead power lines." Computer Applications in Engineering Education 19, no. 1 (2011): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cae.20296.

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40

Riba, Jordi-Roger, Yuming Liu, and Manuel Moreno-Eguilaz. "Analyzing the role of emissivity in stranded conductors for overhead power lines." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 159 (August 2024): 110027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110027.

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41

Pineda-Sanchez, Manuel, Angel Sapena-Baño, Juan Perez-Cruz, Javier Martinez-Roman, Ruben Puche-Panadero, and Martin Riera-Guasp. "Internal inductance of a conductor of rectangular cross-section using the proper generalized decomposition." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 35, no. 6 (2016): 2007–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-03-2016-0124.

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Purpose Rectangular conductors play an important role in planar transmission line structures, multiconductor transmission lines, in power transmission and distribution systems, LCL filters, transformers, industrial busbars, MEMs devices, among many others. The precise determination of the inductance of such conductors is necessary for their design and optimization, but no explicit solution for the AC resistance and internal inductances per-unit length of a linear conductor with a rectangular cross-section has been found, so numerical methods must be used. The purpose of this paper is to introd

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42

Mohamed EL-Bahy, Mahmoud. "Fields and Surface Irregularity Factors of Stranded Conductors in Co-Axial Cylinder Configurations." JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences 35, no. 3 (2007): 743–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2007.113996.

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Sergey, I. I., Y. G. Panamarenka, Y. V. Potachits, and N. A. Yudina. "Analysis of the Torsional Stability of Split Phases." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 62, no. 6 (2019): 503–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2019-62-6-503-513.

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The specificity of overhead power lines is associated with the fact that the length of conductors between the supporting structures can reach tens of thousands of meters. Wires and their components are exposed to climatic factors, viz. wind, rain, ice, snow. As compared to other structural elements, conductors are of the highest flexibility and lowest rigidity, and, therefore, they are the most sensitive elements to these effects. Since the early fifties of the XX century, the increase in energy consumption has caused the construction of high and ultra-high voltage overhead lines with split ph

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Fan, Lanxin, Heng Chen, Shuyuan Zhao, and Yinan Wang. "Comparative Economic Analysis of Transmission Lines Adopted for Energy-Saving Conductors Considering Life Cycle Cost." Inventions 9, no. 4 (2024): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions9040075.

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Transmission lines serve as pivotal equipment within the power system. Conductors, the primary medium for power transmission and distribution, directly influence the construction cost, operational performance, and long-term benefits of transmission line projects. This study first provides a detailed introduction to the life cycle cost of transmission lines. It utilizes linear regression analysis, the grey model, and the autoregressive integrated moving average model to forecast the electricity sales benefit and quantify the carbon reduction benefits of energy-saving conductors through a method

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45

Yamazaki, K., and R. G. Olsen. "Application of a corona onset criterion to calculation of corona onset voltage of stranded conductors." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 11, no. 4 (2004): 674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2004.1324356.

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Jiang, Xingliang, Ji Chen, Lichun Shu, Zhijin Zhang, Jianlin Hu, and Shijing Wang. "Study on the effects of glaze icing on the corona onset characteristics of stranded conductors." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 21, no. 2 (2014): 704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2013.004154.

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Gürbüz, Ismet Tuna, Antti Lehikoinen, Ugur Aydin, Paavo Rasilo, Eelis Takala, and Anouar Belahcen. "Domain decomposition with subdomain pre-processing for finite element modelling of transformers with stranded conductors." AIP Advances 10, no. 1 (2020): 015133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5130076.

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Morgan, V. T. "The radial temperature distribution and effective radial thermal conductivity in bare solid and stranded conductors." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 5, no. 3 (1990): 1443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.57987.

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Arumugam, Puvan, Jiri Dusek, Smail Mezani, Tahar Hamiti, and Chris Gerada. "Modeling and analysis of eddy current losses in permanent magnet machines with multi-stranded bundle conductors." Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 130 (December 2016): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2015.10.010.

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Prater, C. B., A. L. Weisenhorn, B. Dixon Northern, C. M. Peterson, S. A. C. Gould, and P. K. Hansma. "Imaging Molecules and Cells with the Atomic Force Microscope." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (1990): 254–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100180021.

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Abstract:

The atomic force microscope (AFM) gives topographic images by scanning a sharp stylus over a surface. The stylus is attached to a spring lever which is deflected when the stylus interacts with the surface. The AFM images a surface by measuring deflection as a function of position over the surface. The AFM has given atomic resolution images of both conductors and nonconductors. The AFM has also given images of amino acid polymers with subnanometer resolution. The AFM has imaged samples covered with a liquid and biological processes like blood clotting have been imaged. In this report we present

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