Academic literature on the topic 'Strategic intelligence (SI)'

Integration of Strategic Intelligence with corporate strategic management is becoming of vital importance for modern and flexible organizations in the last few years. The main achievement of this integration is to help decision makers to implement systemically their corporate strategies, adapt easily to changes in the environment, and gain competitive advantages. In this article, the authors will extend the studies in this domain, and clarify the relationships between Business Intelligence, Competitive Intelligence with Strategic Intelligence. They will also explain the impact of Business Intelligence on Corporate Performance Management, Operational Business Process, Competitive Intelligence, and Strategic Intelligence. Finally, the authors will explain the new proposed framework BSC-SI that can facilitate the integration of Strategic Intelligence with Balanced Scorecard methodology.

Integration of Strategic Intelligence with corporate strategic management is becoming of vital importance for modern and flexible organizations in the last few years. The main achievement of this integration is to help decision makers to systemically implement their corporate strategies, adapt easily to changes in the environment, and gain competitive advantages. This manuscript per the authors will extend the studies in this domain, and clarify the relationships between Business Intelligence, Competitive Intelligence with Strategic Intelligence. It will also explain the impact of Business Intelligence on Corporate Performance Management, Operational Business Process, Competitive Intelligence, and Strategic Intelligence. Finally, it will explain the new proposed framework BSC-SI that can facilitate the integration of Strategic Intelligence with Balanced Scorecard methodology.

PurposeThe main purpose of this article is to examine the relationship among the manager's Strategic Intelligence (SI) with Organization Development (OD), and Entrepreneurial Behaviour (EB) in governmental agencies in underdeveloped countries.Design/methodology/approachTo fulfill the purpose of this study, 274 staff were selected from a population of 480 based on stratified sampling. Descriptive and inferential statistics (including the measurement methods, KMO, Bartlett, Durbin–Watson, and path analysis tests) were performed by using SPSS22 software and Lisrel 8.5.FindingsBased on the results of the analysis, there is a positive significant relationship between the manager's SI and organizational development. Moreover, there is a positive significant relationship between the manager's SI and entrepreneurial behavior. However, examining the moderator variables including demographic characteristics revealed that the demographic characteristics have no effect on the manager's SI–OD relationship and manager's SI–EB relationship. Only gender influences the manager's SI–EB relationship.Practical implicationsThis research proposes a model of the relevant internal variables that have a positive effect on the organization's development and growth. The model is intended to help organizations gain competitive advantage and opportunity by improving the internal factors (managers' SI and entrepreneurial behavior of managers and staff) for the development and survival.Originality/valueThis study proposed a model of manager's SU, OD and Entrepreneurial Behavior in organizations based on data collected from underdeveloped countries. Also, the result of this study could be used by startup and entrepreneurial companies around the world.

Abstract The strategic use of information is at the core of the intelligence activity whose focus has been largely directed to the use of technology for data analysis. However, the cognitive aspects are the ones that most seem to challenge the transformation of information into intelligence, as they are associated with the psychological dimensions. This paper aims to examine how the big data phenomenon is perceived and influences the activities of strategic intelligence (SI) professionals in Brazil. The research was conducted as a qualitative study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 leading individuals in the field of strategic intelligence in Brazil followed by a content analysis technique for the data analysis. The results show the effects of big data are less influential over the cognitive dimension of the analyst, particularly in the skills to keep their open-mindedness and in the self-confidence to admit and learn from analytic errors.

Purpose No matter how much human beings strive to make strictly rational choices, they are incapable of doing so because human knowledge is limited and suffers the influence of psychological aspects. This paper aims to demonstrate how the use of foresight methods has contributed to minimize problems inherent to human rationality through a qualitative descriptive study of the case of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation – Embrapa. Design/methodology/approach This paper collected primary and secondary data through document analysis and interviews with managers of the Embrapa’s strategic intelligence system (SIS), Agropensa (a recognized success case of strategic intelligence (SI)/futures studies in Brazilian public administration). Findings The results show that it was possible to strengthen corporate behavior in the long term, minimize biases inherent to the decision-making process and bring relevant information into the management of the organization. Foresight methods and tools have made it possible to mitigate problems arising from bounded rationality (BR) in the Embrapa’s decision-making processes. The change in company’s culture potentiated long-term views and access to future-bearing information. Embrapa’s SIS contributes to mitigate difficulties inherent to human nature by bringing uncertainty into managerial discussions. Originality/value Taking in consideration all the advances in the future studies/SI approach, this paper realizes that this particular practical case can contribute to scientific community deepening the understanding of how a structure dedicated to run future studies/SI can diminish BR impacts on the company’s decision-making process.

Technological innovations in the 􀏐ield of informatics, rapid developments in subjects such as arti􀏐icial intelligence and robotic engineering have put Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and Armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UCAV) into the battle􀏐ield of the 21st century. At this point, states whose common concerns are security have taken the path of both obtaining intelligence and developing unmanned aerial systems, whose use is rapidly increasing in the 􀏐ield of war-defense. It is known that many countries are currently working on developing and producing UAVs, beside United States of America (USA) and Israel which both have advanced unmanned aerial systems. Because states that are developing and manufacturing their own unmanned aerial systems are aware that this situation will provide a strategic advantage in terms of their military, political and economic interests. In this context, Turkey didn’t stay indifferent to the developments of unmanned aerial systems emerging in each passing day, it has made considerable momentum towards the last 􀏐ifteen years to develop national and indigenous UAV systems. Especially since mid-2010, these systems have been used ef􀏐iciently in both intra border operations and crossborder operations The main question of this article is how Turkey’s UAV/UCAV power is re􀏐lected in global politics and in this direction, world press will be scanned. In this context, this study will primarily explained by Turkey’s domestic and national development of unmanned aerial systems adventure in general terms; then Turkey’s use of these vehicles in where and for what purpose will be evaluated. Afterward it will be evaluated that how Turkey’s power of UAV/UCAV is perceived by other states in economic and military-political aspects by examining the relevant state press and publishing organizations Keywords: Turkey, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles, Press- Publishing Organizations.

Č sempre piů diffusa la consapevolezza che l'attitudine della cura affondi le sue radici nell'essere di chi si prende cura, e non possa basarsi solo sulle competenze che informano il suo fare: per prendersi cura occorre "essere etici". L'etica č qualcosa che ha a che fare con la ragione, con l'intelletto. Se le passioni si conformano alla ragione, esse rendono un'azione ancor piů virtuosa. Ma se le emozioni devono essere intelligenti, l'intelletto puň essere emozionato? Il cuore umano č capace di emozionarsi per tre dimensioni caratteristiche dell'intelletto: la conoscenza, l'etica e l'apertura alla bellezza, a cui, se emozionate, corrispondono altrettante attivitŕ: la realizzazione, la compassione, la contemplazione. L'Autore esamina queste tre dimensioni, concludendo infine che la cura di sé, troppo spesso indirizzata al benessere, altrettanto spesso trascura l'Essere: č quindi necessaria una pedagogia specifica che ci renda capaci di coltivare l'"essere etico" che č in ognuno di noi.

Purpose It is worth mentioning that in supply chain management (SCM), managerial decisions are often based on optimization of resources. Till the early 2000s, supply chain optimization problems were being addressed by conventional programming approaches such as Linear Programming, Mixed-Integer Linear Programming and Branch-and-Bound methods. However, the solution convergence in such approaches was slow. But with the advent of Swarm Intelligence (SI)-based algorithms like particle swarm optimization and ant colony optimization, a significant improvement in solution of these problems has been observed. The purpose of this paper is to present and analyze the application of SI algorithms in SCM. The analysis will eventually lead to development of a generalized SI implementation framework for optimization problems in SCM. Design/methodology/approach A structured state-of-the-art literature review is presented, which explores the applications of SI algorithms in SCM. It reviews 56 articles published in peer-reviewed journals since 1999 and uses several classification schemes which are critical in designing and solving a supply chain optimization problem using SI algorithms. Findings The paper revels growth of swarm-based algorithms and seems to be dominant among all nature-inspired algorithms. The SI algorithms have been used extensively in most of the realms of supply chain network design because of the flexibility in their design and rapid convergence. Large size problems, difficult to manage using exact algorithms could be efficiently handled using SI algorithms. A generalized framework for SI implementation in SCM is proposed which is beneficial to industry practitioners and researchers. Originality/value The paper proposes a generic formulation of optimization problems in distribution network design, vehicle routing, resource allocation, inventory management and supplier management areas of SCM which could be solved using SI algorithms. This review also provides a generic framework for SI implementation in supply chain network design and identifies promising emerging issues for further study in this area.

Purpose – The quality and quantity of data are vital for the effectiveness of problem solving. Nowadays, big data analytics, which require managing an immense amount of data rapidly, has attracted more and more attention. It is a new research area in the field of information processing techniques. It faces the big challenges and difficulties of a large amount of data, high dimensionality, and dynamical change of data. However, such issues might be addressed with the help from other research fields, e.g., swarm intelligence (SI), which is a collection of nature-inspired searching techniques. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, the potential application of SI in big data analytics is analyzed. The correspondence and association between big data analytics and SI techniques are discussed. As an example of the application of the SI algorithms in the big data processing, a commodity routing system in a port in China is introduced. Another example is the economic load dispatch problem in the planning of a modern power system. Findings – The characteristics of big data include volume, variety, velocity, veracity, and value. In the SI algorithms, these features can be, respectively, represented as large scale, high dimensions, dynamical, noise/surrogates, and fitness/objective problems, which have been effectively solved. Research limitations/implications – In current research, the example problem of the port is formulated but not solved yet given the ongoing nature of the project. The example could be understood as advanced IT or data processing technology, however, its underlying mechanism could be the SI algorithms. This paper is the first step in the research to utilize the SI algorithm to a big data analytics problem. The future research will compare the performance of the method and fit it in a dynamic real system. Originality/value – Based on the combination of SI and data mining techniques, the authors can have a better understanding of the big data analytics problems, and design more effective algorithms to solve real-world big data analytical problems.

Purpose As corporate life is influenced by various things, there is no justifiable reason to believe that the spiritual power (capacity) should not be one of them. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to argue that workers need to develop another core competency, knowledge and skill, that is, spiritual intelligence (SI). Design/methodology/approach This paper draws on a literature review to support its conclusions. In this sense, this paper carefully examines relevant popular and academic books, handbooks, articles, papers, thesis and doctoral dissertations related to SI. In addition, this paper depicts a conceptual model of SI that is made up of some research propositions, namely, professional moral courage, altruism, hope state, optimism, cooperative capacity, organizational justice mindset and listening skill. Findings Overall, the literature review suggests that without such a capacity, we would be enjoying merely impoverished lives (here referred to as the outcome of a set of harmful aspects such as an existence without spiritual compass, meaning, worthy purposes and desire to face the shadows of our own personality). Practical implications This paper proposes that SI is the path to reach and develop our own spirituality. When this ability is triggered, we are potentially able to make some important contributions to the people that live around and rely on us. Originality/value This paper argues that SI can be regarded as a human capacity that connects us with the ultimate frontier, that is, the spiritual realm. As such, it is proposed that it can be cultivated over time in a careful and disciplined way by anyone that is really interested in developing his or her spirituality.

Abstract in English, Zulu and Afrikaans
The primary intent of this study was to develop a competitive intelligence (CI) programme implementation strategy framework for the effective use of CI in strategic decision-making (SDM) in a conglomerate, using embedded multiple units and a single-case exploratory study that is qualitative dominant. The study therefore explored the strategic value of CI for SDM in a company that has a conglomerate structure and whose subsidiaries are vertically integrated. Despite the perceived usefulness of CI for distinctive SDM, the case conglomerate and its subsidiaries had collected and employed the available CI products to support their strategic, tactical and other business decisions. Overall results indicated differences between the subsidiaries and the headquarter; and among the subsidiaries on CI practice (CI collection, CI coordination, CI sharing and CI effort) and CI usage for SDM and other decisions. Although a similar strategy development process (guided by the grand corporate strategy), management structure, decision-making process and orientation in the subsidiaries existed, these uniformities did not significantly result in a uniform level of application and usage of CI for SDM across the conglomerate. The conclusion is that CI application is very subjective and contextual even in a vertically integrated conglomerate. Through theory, literature review and empirical findings, synthesis and iteration, a middle-range theory that integrates the CI and SDM disciplines in terms of the contextual issues both share is also constructed. The study also developed a novel way of crafting CI for SDM, which may fit into the existing structure and realities of the conglomerate so as to formalise CI. The CI programme implementation strategy framework was developed considering the proof of tested theories, best practices, existing context, strategy, decision-making process, structure, enabling factors and capabilities of the conglomerate. The CI programme implementation strategy framework, accompanied by a proposed CI structure, has immediate pragmatic utility. It could enable the conglomerate to initiate a formal CI programme without delay and to develop it following an organisational maturation cycle. The study makes an original contribution by conceptualising a CI programme implementation strategy for a unique case and theorising the case within a novel extension within middle-range theory (“SDM and CI application can be viewed in the contextual domains both share”). The exploratory study itself, which led to merging theory and best practices with empirical results and fitting the theories and best practices into case conglomerate’s realities, also makes the study unique in terms of its approach and outputs.
Inhloso enkulu yalolu cwaningo kwakungukusungula uhlaka lokuqala ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwamasu obuhlakani bokuqhathanisa izinkampani ezincintisanayo, obaziwa ngokuthi yiCompetitive Intelligence (iCI) ngesiNgisi ukuze isebenze kahle ekuthathweni kwezinqumo ezihambisana namasu okwaziwa ngestrategic decision-making (iSDM) ngesiNgisi kwinhlanganyela yezinkampani, kusetshenziswa uhlobo locwaningo olungamayunithi amaningi afakwe ndawonye, oluhlola udaba olulodwa nolugxile kakhulu ekuqoqweni kwemininingwane. Ngakhoke, lolu cwaningo luhlole umthelela omuhle wamasu eCI ngokuthatha izinqumo ezihambisana namasu (iSDM) enkampanini enomumo wenhlanganyela yezinkampani enezinkampani ezingena ngaphansi kwayo ezenza imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene. Phezu kokumsebenzi obonakalayo weCI ngokuhlukile kwiSDM, inhlangayela yezinkampani okuyiyo ebhekiwe kanye nezinkampani ezingaphansi kwayo yaqoqa yase isebenzisa imikhiqizo yeCI etholakalayo ukusingatha ukuthatha kwayo izinqumo ezihambisana namasu, namaqhinga kanye nezinye izinqumo zebhizinisi. Imiphumela ephelele yabonisa ukuthi kukhona ukungafani phakathi kwezinkampani ezingena ngaphansi kwayo kanye nekomkhulu; kanti futhi phakathi wezinkampani ezingena ngaphansi kwayo kokuphathelene neCI (Ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane yeCI, ukuhlanganiswa kwemininingwane yeCI, ukusabalalisa imininingwane yeCI nokusebenza kweCI) nokusetshenziswa kweSDM nezinye izinqumo. Nakuba kwakukhona inqubo yokuthuthukisa isu elifanayo (elandela imigomo yesu elihle lenkampani), ukwakheka kohlaka lwabaphethe, inqubo yokuthatha izinqumo kanye nokuqondiswa kwezinkampani ezingaphansi kwenye, lokhu kwefaniswa akuzange kube ngokufanayo endleleni yokwenza nokusebenziswa kweCI kwiSDM kwinhlangayela yezinkampani. Isiphetho ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lweCI luncike kakhulu ohlangothini nasengqikithini eyodwa kwinhlanganyela yezinkampani ezenza izinto ezahlukahlukene. Ngokulandela ukuhlaziywa kwemibhalo yemibono yezinzululwazi, kanye nokutholakele uma kwenziwa ucwaningo olubheka izinto ngenkathi zenzeka, ukuhlanganiswa kwemininingwane kanye nokuphindaphindwa kokuhlolwa, kuphinde kwakhiwe imibono yezinzululwazi emibili ehlanganisa imikhakha yeCI neSDM maqondana nezingqikithi ezifanayo kuyona. Ekugcineni, ucwaningo luphinde lwasungula indlela engakaze ibe khona yokwakha iCI iyakhela iSDM engangena ithi khaxa ekwakhekeni nasesimweni esikhona senhlanganyela yezinkampani ukuze iCI ihleleke ngokusemthethweni. Uhlaka lwesu lokuqaliswa kokusebenza kohlelo lweCI lwenziwa ngoba kucatshangwa ngobufakazi obutholakala kwimibono yezinzululwazi ehloliwe, okusebenze ngempumelelo, indikimba ekhona njengamanje, isu, inqubo yokuthatha izinqumo, ukwakheka, yilokho okwenza izinto zenzeke futhi kusebenzeke kwinhlanganyela yezinkampani. Uhlaka lwesu lokuqaliswa kokusebenza kohlelo lweCI, oluphelezelwa ukwakheka okuhlongoziwe kweCI kukwazi ukuhlolisisa kahle umqondo wokukwazi ukubona ubungako bolwazi nesidingo solunye ucwaningo. Kungasiza inhlanganyela yezinkampani, cishe, ukuba ikwazi ukuqala uhlelo olusha lweCI nokulithuthukisa kulandela uchungechunge lwendlela yokukhula yenhlangano. Ucwaningo lufaka ulwazi olusha esivivaneni ngokuqhamuka nomqondo omusha wesu lokuqala ukusebenzisa uhlelo lweCI odabeni olungajwayelekile, bese lubeka imibono ngodaba olubhekwayo ngendlela engakaze yenzeke nehlanganisa imibono yezinzululwazi kanye nocwaningo olubheka izinto ngenkathi zenzeka (“Ukusetshenziswa kweSDM neCI kungabhekwa ezizindeni zengqikithi ezifanayo kukona”). Ucwaningo oluhlolayo, lona uqobo, oluholela ekuhlanganisweni kwemibono yezinzululwazi nokubhekwa kwalokho okucwaningwayo ukuthi kusebenza kahle kuphi kanye nemiphumela yocwaningo olubheka izinto ngenkathi zenzeka, nokuhlanganisa lokho nokwenzeka ngempela enhlanganyeleni yezinkampani, nakho kwenza lolu cwaningo lube ngolwehlukile maqondana nendlela oluyilandelayo kanye nemiphumela evelayo.
Die primêre doel van hierdie studie was om 'n strategieraamwerk vir programimplementering van mededingingsintelligensie (MI) te ontwikkel vir die doeltreffende gebruik van MI in strategiese besluitneming in 'n konglomeraat, deur 'n vasgelegde veelvoudige eenhede, enkelgeval-verkenningstudie, wat ook kwalitatief dominant is, te gebruik. Die studie het dus die strategiese waarde van MI vir strategiese besluitneming verken in 'n maatskappy wat 'n konglomeraatstruktuur het en wie se filiale vertikaal geïntegreer is. Ondanks die waargenome nuttigheid van MI vir spesifiek strategiese besluitneming, het die gevallestudiekonglomeraat en sy filiale die beskikbare MI-produkte versamel en aangewend om hul strategiese, taktiese en ander sakebesluite te ondersteun. Algehele resultate het die bestaan van verskille tussen die filiale en die hoofkantoor aangedui; en tussen die filiale oor MI-praktyke (MI-versameling, MI-koördinering; MI-deling en MI-pogings) en MI-gebruik vir strategiese en ander besluite. Alhoewel daar soortgelyke strategiese ontwikkelingsprosesse bestaan (gelei deur die groot korporatiewe strategie), het hierdie eenvormigheid in bestuurstrukture, besluitnemingprosesse en oriëntering in die filiale nie 'n beduidende eenvormige vlak van toepassing en gebruik van MI vir strategiese besluitneming regdeur die konglomeraat tot gevolg gehad nie. Gevolglik is MI-toepassing baie subjektief en kontekstueel, selfs in 'n konglomeraat wat vertikaal geïntegreer is. Deur teoretiese, literatuuroorsig- en empiriese bevindinge is sintese en iterasie, twee middelvlakteorieë, ook saamgestel wat velde van MI en strategiese besluitneming met betrekking tot die kontekstuele kwessies wat albei deel, geïntegreer het. Op die ou end het die studie ook 'n nuwe manier ontwikkel om MI vir strategiese besluitneming te bewerk wat by die bestaande struktuur en realiteite van die konglomeraat kan inpas om MI te formaliseer. Die strategieraamwerk vir programimplementering van MI is ontwikkel met die bewys van getoetste teorieë, beste praktyke, bestaande konteks, strategie, besluitnemingsproses, faktore wat strukture moontlik maak en vermoë van die konglomeraat, in gedagte. Die strategieraamwerk vir programimplementering van MI, saam met die voorgestelde MI-strukture, het onmiddellike pragmatiese nut. Dit kan die konglomeraat onmiddellik in staat te stel om 'n formele MI-program te inisieer en dit te ontwikkel deur 'n organisatoriese verouderingsiklus te volg. Die studie maak 'n oorspronklike bydra deur 'n strategie vir programimplementering van MI te konseptualiseer vir 'n unieke geval, die teoretisering van die geval binne 'n nuwe uitbreiding in 'n middelvlakteorie ("Toepassing van strategiese besluitneming en MI kan in die kontekstuele domeine beskou word wat beide deel"). Die verkenningstudie self, wat tot die samesmelting van teorie en beste praktyke met die empiriese resultate gelei het en die passing van die teorieë en beste praktyke in die gevallestudiekonglomeraat se realiteite, maak die studie ook uniek met betrekking tot sy benadering en opbrengs.
Graduate School for Business Leadership
D.B.L.

This chapter deals with the significance and interaction of four key elements for the development of the family business: on the one hand, the leadership and the working environment as human elements, and on the other hand, the resource management and strategic planning. After reviewing some literature, the authors concluded that family business, through their socioemotional wealth (SEW), emotional intelligence (EI), and social intelligence (SI), generate an interaction between these four variables which results in a model centered on the socioemotional intelligence (SEI). The SEI is the main pillar of family businesses, as these are classified in four types: the fearful, the curious, the careful, and the focused.

Low-rank approximations allow for compact representations of data with reduced storage and runtime requirements and reduced redundancy and noise. The Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is a special low-rank approximation that allows for additive parts-based, interpretable representation of the data. Various properties of NMF are similar to Swarm Intelligence (SI) methods: indeed, most NMF objective functions and most SI fitness functions are non-convex, discontinuous, and may possess many local minima. This chapter summarizes efforts on improving convergence, approximation quality, and classification accuracy of NMF using five different meta-heuristics based on SI and evolutionary computation. The authors present (1) new initialization strategies for NMF, and (2) an iterative update strategy for NMF. The applicability of the approach is illustrated on data sets coming from the areas of spam filtering and email classification. Experimental results show that both optimization strategies are able to improve NMF in terms of faster convergence, lower approximation error, and/or better classification accuracy.

Denoting individual life along organizational commitment (OC) is one of the strategical programs in an organization. Although there are many researches about considering the meaning of organizational commitment and its relationship with other elements, but spiritual intelligence is an effective element of individual and behavior in organizations. The goal of this chapter is the investigation of the relationship between organizational spiritual intelligence (SI) and organizational commitment (OC) in Iranians' social security organization (ISSO). Base on this factor, during reviewing theatrical literature and relevant variable of scaling, the outline of research is made. The strategy of this research is a dependent kind of surveying tool for collecting data standard questionnaire about SI. The dual aspects of spiritual intelligence, self-knowledge and theology, correlated with commitment organization. Also, the main hypothesis of this study is to examine the relationship between organizational commitment and spiritual intelligence.

The purpose of this chapter is to study the elements of communication, and to explore the interrelations of interpersonal communication and effective leadership applications. Thanks to the leadership evolution, divergent leadership methodologies have rejuvenated classical studies. An empirical analysis of leadership traits, behaviors, characteristics, types, and styles (e.g., approaches) will be reviewed. Given the theories of leadership, a critical analysis on power and influence are also necessary to understand the sensitivities and delicacies of the leader-follower relationships. Because speaking, listening, writing, and reading are the basic forms of communication, the dynamics of communication is fundamental and an integral element to effective leadership application. Executives, directors, mangers, other leadership staffers, will find this chapter interesting as it aims to link the ideologies of communication-centered and interpersonal trust perspectives to leadership theologies. When analyzing the pragmatics of interpersonal communication, this chapter will examine the behavioral, attitudinal, cognitive-perceptual, and psychosocial processes that attribute to the communicable factors of one's thoughts, ideas, feelings, emotions, motives, attitudes, behaviors, and actions. This chapter may assist leaders in developing social and emotional intelligences. With the relentless pressure to change an organization, emotional and social intelligences give us an entirely new way of looking at the root causes of organizational dysfunctions. The scope and depth of EI and SI, employs interpersonal interactions that cultivates trust and continuity through an exchange of meaningful messages.

Scientists and engineers are more and more faced to the need of computational power to satisfy the ever-increasing resource intensive nature of their experiments. An example of these experiments is Parameter Sweep Experiments (PSE). PSEs involve many independent jobs, since the experiments are executed under multiple initial configurations (input parameter values) several times. In recent years, technologies such as Grid Computing and Cloud Computing have been used for running such experiments. However, for PSEs to be executed efficiently, it is necessary to develop effective scheduling strategies to allocate jobs to machines and reduce the associated processing times. Broadly, the job scheduling problem is known to be NP-complete, and thus many variants based on approximation techniques have been developed. In this work, the authors conducted a survey of different scheduling algorithms based on Swarm Intelligence (SI), and more precisely Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), which is the most popular SI technique, to solve the problem of job scheduling with PSEs on different distributed computing environments.

Bio inspired algorithms are computational procedure inspired by the evolutionary process of nature and swarm intelligence to solve complex engineering problems. In the recent times it has gained much popularity in terms of applications to diverse engineering disciplines. Now a days bio inspired algorithms are also applied to optimize the software testing process. In this chapter authors will discuss some of the popular bio inspired algorithms and also gives the framework of application of these algorithms for software testing problems such as test case generation, test case selection, test case prioritization, test case minimization. Bio inspired computational algorithms includes genetic algorithm (GA), genetic programming (GP), evolutionary strategies (ES), evolutionary programming (EP) and differential evolution(DE) in the evolutionary algorithms category and Ant colony optimization(ACO), Particle swarm optimization(PSO), Artificial Bee Colony(ABC), Firefly algorithm(FA), Cuckoo search(CS), Bat algorithm(BA) etc. in the Swarm Intelligence category(SI).

Bio inspired algorithms are computational procedure inspired by the evolutionary process of nature and swarm intelligence to solve complex engineering problems. In the recent times it has gained much popularity in terms of applications to diverse engineering disciplines. Now a days bio inspired algorithms are also applied to optimize the software testing process. In this chapter authors will discuss some of the popular bio inspired algorithms and also gives the framework of application of these algorithms for software testing problems such as test case generation, test case selection, test case prioritization, test case minimization. Bio inspired computational algorithms includes genetic algorithm (GA), genetic programming (GP), evolutionary strategies (ES), evolutionary programming (EP) and differential evolution(DE) in the evolutionary algorithms category and Ant colony optimization(ACO), Particle swarm optimization(PSO), Artificial Bee Colony(ABC), Firefly algorithm(FA), Cuckoo search(CS), Bat algorithm(BA) etc. in the Swarm Intelligence category(SI).