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Journal articles on the topic 'Stratification, coating'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Li, Yifan, Fei Liu, Shensheng Chen, Ayuna Tsyrenova, Kyle Miller, Emily Olson, Rebecca Mort, et al. "Self-stratification of amphiphilic Janus particles at coating surfaces." Materials Horizons 7, no. 8 (2020): 2047–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0mh00589d.

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Durable hydrophobic coatings are created by adding amphiphilic Janus particles to binder polymers through the unique self-stratification behaviours, which offer a novel and cost-effective solution to challenges in waterborne emulsion coatings.

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2

LIU, RONGXIANG, TINGQUAN LEI, and LIXIN GUO. "STRATIFICATION MECHANISM AND INTERFACE CHARACTERIZATION OF (TiN), (TiC)/NiCrBSi COMPOSITE COATINGS SYNTHESIZED BY LASER REMELTING." Surface Review and Letters 11, no. 03 (June 2004): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x04006190.

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TiC / TiN -reinforced composite coatings were fabricated on the substrate of Ti – 6Al – 4V alloy using laser remelting. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify the phases in the laser-clad composite coating; the interface characterization of the dilution zone-clad zone (IDC) and the dilution zone-heat-affected zone (IDH) was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the microstructure of a cross-section has stratification characterization, and consists of the clad zone (CZ), the dilution zone (DZ), the diffusion layer (DL) and the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The layer-by-layer microstructure results from the boundary layer phenomenon of viscous melt-fluid and diffusion. The kind of reinforced particle has an effect on the interface morphology, microstructure and flow characterization of the melt-fluid. The phase constitution in the clad zone consists of ( Cr – Ni – Fe ), TiC , Ni 4 B 3, Ti 2 Ni , Cr 2 B and M 23 C 6 for TiC + NiCrBSi coating, and ( Cr – Ni – Fe ), TiN , NiB , Cr 2 Ti and Ti 2 Ni for TiN + NiCrBSi coating. The interfaces of the IDC in the NiCrBSi -clad layer is clear and clean; those of TiC + NiCrBSi and TiN + NiCrBSi are illegible. Ti – Ni phases with acicular microstructure link dilution zone and clad zone, and two kinds of phase with acicular microstructure, are similar in composition and shape.

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Beaugendre, Agnes, Stephanie Degoutin, Severine Bellayer, Christel Pierlot, Sophie Duquesne, Mathilde Casetta, and Maude Jimenez. "Self-Stratification of Ternary Systems Including a Flame Retardant Liquid Additive." Coatings 8, no. 12 (December 6, 2018): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8120448.

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Particular coating compositions based on incompatible polymer blends can produce coatings having complex layered structures after film formation. The most traditional approaches to their structural modification are the introduction of additives (extenders, inorganic pigments, surface active agents, etc.). As minor additives, some are capable of substantially accelerating the phase separation process with a moderate or negligible influence on the composition equilibrium of solutions. In contrast, in order to be effective, some have to be introduced in significant amounts, thereby substantially changing the resulting distribution of components through the film. Up to now, most of the liquid additives that have been tested destabilized the solutions while impacting the layering process. In this work, two phosphorus based liquid fillers have been introduced (at 2.5 and 5 wt.%) in a partially incompatible polymer blend based on a silicone resin and a curable epoxy resin to fire retard a polycarbonate matrix. Self-stratification was evidenced by microscopic and chemical analyses, flammability by Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and UL-94 tests, fire performances by Mass Loss Calorimetry and thermal stability by using a tubular furnace and ThermoGravimetric Analysis. The ternary compositions including 5 wt.% of additives exhibit the best stratification and excellent adhesion onto polycarbonate. Improvements of the fire resistant properties were observed (+7% for the LOI compared to the virgin matrix) when a 200 µm wet thick coating was applied, due to reduced flame propagation and dripping.

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Yamamura, Masato. "Self-Stratification of Particles in Drying Suspension Coating : A Review." Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan 51, no. 4 (2014): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4164/sptj.51.264.

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5

Surabhi, Javaid Shabir, Padmini Gupta, Digvijay Sah, and Subho Mozumdar. "Magnetic core–shell dendritic mesoporous silica nanospheres anchored with diamine as an efficient and recyclable base catalyst." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 48 (2020): 21152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj04822d.

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6

Sun, Rui, Jie Guo, Qiang Wu, Zhuohan Zhang, Wenyan Yang, Jing Guo, Mumin Shi, et al. "Correction: A multi-objective optimization-based layer-by-layer blade-coating approach for organic solar cells: rational control of vertical stratification for high performance." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 1 (2020): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ee90064k.

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Correction for ‘A multi-objective optimization-based layer-by-layer blade-coating approach for organic solar cells: rational control of vertical stratification for high performance’ by Rui Sun et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2019, 12, 3118–3132.

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7

He, Yuan Shan, Yi Shan Li, Wei Ling Huang, and Yong Wang. "Microstructure Characteristic of Laser Cladding Ceramic Layer on High Cr Cast Steel Surface." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 1542–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.1542.

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In this experiment Al2O3 gradient ceramics coating is cladded on the high Cr cast steel by 5kW crosscurrent CO2 laser with Ni-based alloy which is used as transitive metal. The microstructure is analyzed with optics microstructure analyzer and the crystal grain characteristic is studied. The microstructure of the laser cladding layer have the plane crystal zone, the butcher crystal zone, the dendrite zone and the surface equiaxed grain zone that grow along the substrate. The microstructure of the coating compared with the substrate is extremely tiny, and the microstructure of the multi-layer cladding presents stratification. The phase composition of the clad coating is composed primarily of NiAl intermetallic compound, but also includes γ-FeNi and a little Ni3Al compound. In the coating the Al2O3 pellet that some present the unit crystal form, and some little accumulate in together, plays the dissemination strengthening role in the coating material. The massive twin crystals and the dislocation staffing are presented in the clad coating.

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8

Hu, Liangbin, Changjun Qiu, Yong Chen, Huailin Li, and Hao Liu. "Influence of Laser Energy Density on Interfacial Diffusion Bonding and Surface Density of Chromium Coating by Multi-Arc Ion Plating on Zirconium Alloy." Coatings 10, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10060565.

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The chromium coating prepared by multi-arc ion plating on the surface of zirconium alloy is easy to fall off under extremely harsh conditions due to the defects of larger particles, pores and weak adhesion between the coating and the zirconium alloy substrate. Here we apply a new composite process for the fabrication of Cr coating by laser melting multi-arc ion plating technology. The numerical model of temperature field laser melting treatment was established, and based on the analysis of the above temperature field of laser melting treatment, the laser with an energy density of 9 × 104 J/cm2–18 × 104 J/cm2 was selected as the heat source. Laser energy density has a great influence on the diffusion behavior of Cr at the coating-substrate interface. When the energy density of laser is 9 × 104 J/cm2, the laser heat source cannot provide enough energy to melt the surface of the coating, however, the Cr element diffuses slightly at the membrane base interface, forming a Cr diffusion zone of about 4 μm. When the energy density of the laser increases to 13.5 × 104 J/cm2, the Zr element of the substrate diffused to the whole Cr coating, and the original Cr coating disappeared, forming a Zr-Cr diffusion and fusion zone of 30 μm. As the laser preparation process of the coating is a mixed sintering process of liquid phase sintering and solid phase sintering, the coating surface forms a dense zone and a loose zone respectively, resulting in the increase of porosity and particle rate. With the laser energy density increasing gradually, the Zr-Cr fusion zone is formed, and the coating surface particles were gradually refined and the pores were significantly reduced. With the further increase of laser energy density of 18 × 104 J/cm2, the Zr-Cr fusion zone was extended to 60 μm, and the porosity and particle rate were reduced to 0.3% and 0.4% respectively. In addition, the original stratification cracking of the film base at the fracture of the tensile specimen disappears, and the protrusion of the interface is formed. Coatings with dimple fractures were found, which indicates that the coating exhibited ductility and interfacial metallurgical bonding.

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9

Li, Yi Shan, Bin Han, and Cai Gao. "Microstructure Characteristic of Laser Cladding Ceramic Layer on High Cr Cast Steel Surface." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 1866–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.1866.

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The Al2O3 gradient ceramics coating was cladded on the high Cr cast steel by 5KW crosscurrent CO2 laser with Ni-based alloy which was used as transition metal in this experiment. The microstructure is analyzed with optics microstructure analyzer and the crystal grain characteristic is studied. The results show that the microstructure of laser cladding layer contains the plane crystal zone which grows along the substrate, the cellular crystal zone, the dendritic crystal zone and the surface equiaxed cryatal zone. The microstructure of the coating compared with the substrate is extremely fine, and the microstructure of multi-layer cladding presents stratification. The phase composition of the cladding layer is composed primarily of NiAl intermetallic compound, also includes γ-FeNi and a little Ni3Al compound. The Al2O3 particles that some present the single crystal form and some accumulate in together, play the dispersion strengthening role in the coating material. The massive twin crystals and the dislocation pile-ups are found to exist in the cladding layer.

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10

Sun, Rui, Jie Guo, Qiang Wu, Zhuohan Zhang, Wenyan Yang, Jing Guo, Mumin Shi, et al. "A multi-objective optimization-based layer-by-layer blade-coating approach for organic solar cells: rational control of vertical stratification for high performance." Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 10 (2019): 3118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ee02295c.

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This article analyzes and discusses a multi-objective optimization-based layer-by-layer blade-coating approach, which provides a new technology choice for large-scale manufacturing of organic solar cells.

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11

Huang, Jing, Nairveen Ali, Elsie Quansah, Shuxia Guo, Michel Noutsias, Tobias Meyer-Zedler, Thomas Bocklitz, Jürgen Popp, Ute Neugebauer, and Anuradha Ramoji. "Vibrational Spectroscopic Investigation of Blood Plasma and Serum by Drop Coating Deposition for Clinical Application." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 2191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042191.

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In recent decades, vibrational spectroscopic methods such as Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy are widely applied to investigate plasma and serum samples. These methods are combined with drop coating deposition techniques to pre-concentrate the biomolecules in the dried droplet to improve the detected vibrational signal. However, most often encountered challenge is the inhomogeneous redistribution of biomolecules due to the coffee-ring effect. In this study, the variation in biomolecule distribution within the dried-sample droplet has been investigated using Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging method. The plasma-sample from healthy donors were investigated to show the spectral differences between the inner and outer-ring region of the dried-sample droplet. Further, the preferred location of deposition of the most abundant protein albumin in the blood during the drying process of the plasma has been illustrated by using deuterated albumin. Subsequently, two patients with different cardiac-related diseases were investigated exemplarily to illustrate the variation in the pattern of plasma and serum biomolecule distribution during the drying process and its impact on patient-stratification. The study shows that a uniform sampling position of the droplet, both at the inner and the outer ring, is necessary for thorough clinical characterization of the patient’s plasma and serum sample using vibrational spectroscopy.

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Yamamoto, Lígia Tiaki, Vinícius Anéas Rodrigues, Lucio Strazzabosco Dornelles, Marco Antonio Bottino, Luiz Felipe Valandro, and Renata Marques de Melo. "Low-Fusing Porcelain Glaze Application on 3Y-TZP Surfaces can Enhance Zirconia-Porcelain Adhesion." Brazilian Dental Journal 27, no. 5 (October 2016): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201601014.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to assess whether surface treatment improves zirconia-porcelain adhesion. The 3Y-TZP blocks were cut into squares, then polished and sintered. The zirconia surface treatments were performed as follows: no treatment (C); tribochemical silica coating (TBS); glaze application + hydrofluoric acid etching (GA); glaze application + hydrofluoric acid etching + silanization (GAS); deposition of silica nanofilm (NF). After treatments, veneering porcelain cylinders (3.3 x 3.3 mm) were built up on all specimens and fired. Then the specimens were subjected to thermal cycling (6000 cycles), and subjected to shear test. Fractures were analyzed by stereomicroscopy and SEM. Data were statistically analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%). Zirconia-porcelain bond strength was affected by the ceramic surface treatments (p=0.0001). GA (19.5±3 MPa) and GAS (16.2±4 MPa) recorded the highest bond strength values, while control group had the lowest bond value (10.1±4 MPa). Adhesive failure of the samples predominated. Therefore, glaze application as 3Y-TZP treatment before veneering porcelain stratification may enhance zirconia-porcelain adhesion.

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13

Hubbe, Martin A., Pegah Tayeb, Michael Joyce, Preeti Tyagi, Margaret Kehoe, Katarina Dimic-Misic, and Lokendra Pal. "Rheology of nanocellulose-rich aqueous suspensions: A Review." BioResources 12, no. 4 (2017): 9556–661. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.hubbe.

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The flow characteristics of dilute aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), and related products in dilute aqueous suspensions could be of great importance for many emerging applications. This review article considers publications dealing with the rheology of nanocellulose aqueous suspensions in the absence of matrix materials. In other words, the focus is on systems in which the cellulosic particles themselves – dependent on their morphology and the interactive forces between them – largely govern the observed rheological effects. Substantial progress in understanding rheological phenomena is evident in the large volume of recent publications dealing with such issues including the effects of flow history, stratification of solid and fluid layers during testing, entanglement of nanocellulose particles, and the variation of inter-particle forces by changing the pH or salt concentrations, among other factors. Better quantification of particle shape and particle-to-particle interactions may provide advances in future understanding. Despite the very complex morphology of highly fibrillated cellulosic nanomaterials, progress is being made in understanding their rheology, which supports their usage in applications such as coating, thickening, and 3D printing.

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Gordeeva, I. V., Yu A. Naumova, T. V. Dudareva, I. A. Krasotkina, and V. G. Nikol'skiy. "COMPOSITE MODIFICATOR OF ASPHALT-CONCRETE OBTAINED BY THE METHOD OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE SHEAR-INDUCED GRINDING OF CRUMB RUBBER AND SBS THERMOELASTOPLAST." Fine Chemical Technologies 13, no. 5 (October 28, 2018): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2018-13-5-38-48.

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The mandatory requirement for creating high-quality asphalt concrete is the modification of the bituminous binder. Either polymers, typically SBS, or crushed vulcanizates are usually used as modifiers. Using the polymer modifier has a number of disadvantages: the poor compatibility of polymers with bitumen, the stratification of the modified binder during transportation and storage, the coalescence of the dispersed phase particles at the coating laying temperatures. The use of crushed vulcanizate as a modifier is limited due to the complexity of obtaining a particle with a micro-size and complex surface organization. By now a binary mixed powder "Polyepor-RP" based on rubber crumb and butadiene-styrene thermoplastic elastomer has been developed and obtained. It combines the advantages of both types of initial constituents and eliminates their shortcomings. The hybrid modifier is obtained by the method of high-temperature shear grinding. In addition, thanks to the use of modern rotary dispersants, the resulting hybrid modifier can be introduced into the asphalt mixture by uniformly loading it into the mixer at the closing stage of mixing, bypassing the long and energy-consuming stage of preparing the modified bituminous binder. The paper describes the comparative analysis of the rheological properties of four types of asphalt binders in accordance with the American testing system "SuperРave": unmodified bitumen of BND 60/90 grade; polymer-bitumen binder; bitumen modified with active rubber powder brand "Polyepor-A" and active binary powder brand "Polyepor-RP". It is established that the introduction of modifiers "Polyepor-A" and "Polyepor-RP" increases the resistance of asphalt pavement to the formation of ruts and increases the resistance to fatigue cracking. The introduction of the butadiene-styrene thermoplastic elastomer into bitumen has a positive effect only on the resistance to rutting. Using a hybrid modifier it is possible to obtain a rubberpolymer binder characterized by higher stability, resistant to delamination and phase separation, which will increase the durability of coatings

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Rui, Heng, Hui Ping Zhu, Feng Lei Niu, Yun Gan Zhao, Yu Zhang, An Xia Yang, and Ting Zhou. "Effect of LBE Corrosion on Surface Wettability of Ti₃SiC₂ at 450°C." Materials Science Forum 944 (January 2019): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.944.458.

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Due to the excellent properties such as high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, good heat conduction and plasticity, MAX-phase materials have been considered as one of the candidate materials for cladding and coating material in liquid metal cooled fast reactors. In this paper, the evolution of surface structure and wettability of Ti3SiC2 under short-term LBE corrosion were studied experimentally. The samples were immersed in LBE with saturated oxygen concentration for 100, 300 and 500 h at 450°C. The surface and cross section morphology as well as composition distribution of corrosion samples were analyzed by metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (EDX). Meanwhile, five-point fitting method was used to determine the contact angle of raw and corroded samples at 450°C. The results showed that the surface smoothness of Ti3SiC2 samples degenerated after LBE corrosion. No stratification was observed in all corroded samples but the transition layer was found in the surface region of corroded samples and its thickness increased with the increase of corrosion time. In the sample corroded for 500 h, the transition layer near the matrix side tended to transform into stable oxidation layer. In addition, the increase of corrosion time will lead to the reduction of LBE wetting on the surface of materials, which can effectively affect heat transfer of the surface.

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Diéguez-Pereira, Markel, David Chávarri-Prado, Alejandro Estrada-Martínez, Esteban Pérez-Pevida, and Aritza Brizuela-Velasco. "Monolithic and Minimally Veneered Zirconia Complications as Implant-Supported Restorative Material: A Retrospective Clinical Study up to 5 Years." BioMed Research International 2020 (October 15, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8821068.

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Objective. Long-term clinical data on the success and complication rates of monolithic or minimally veneered zirconia implant-supported restorations are lacking. Hence, the purpose of this retrospective clinical study was to analyze the complications of monolithic or partially veneered zirconia implant-supported restorations up to 5 years follow-up. Material and Methods. Single crowns, bridges, and full-arch rehabilitations were included. The selection process was achieved by reviewing data from the prosthetic laboratory and excluding cases in which zirconium and full-ceramic coating restorations were used. A total of 154 restorations were included (82 monolithic and 72 with buccal ceramic stratification). All the complications encountered, and the solutions applied, were explained. Results. A total of 93 restorative units had a follow-up of between 24 and 60 months, and 61 restoration units had a follow-up of between 12 and 24 months. A total of 7 complications were encountered (14.58% of cases; 95.45% per prosthetic unit). The technical complication rate was 2.08% (one case of minor chipping in one prosthetic unit); regarding the mechanical complications, four decementations (8.33% of the cases) and two screw loosening (4.17% of the cases) were encountered. Conclusions. Considering the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that monolithic or partially veneered zirconia implant-supported restorations have a good clinical behavior during a follow-up period of up to 5 years.

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Murakami, Shoko, Ken-ichi Mukaisho, Takuya Iwasa, Masaaki Kawabe, Saori Yoshida, Naoko Taniura, Takahisa Nakayama, Masaharu Noi, Gaku Yamamoto, and Hiroyuki Sugihara. "Application of “Tissueoid Cell Culture System” Using a Silicate Fiber Scaffold for Cancer Research." Pathobiology 87, no. 5 (2020): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000509133.

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<b><i>Background:</i></b> We developed a 3-dimensional (3D) culture system using a high-purity silica fiber scaffold of unwoven sheets called Cellbed<sup>TM</sup>. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We used adherent colon and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma cells, tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) cells, and nonadherent gastric cancer cells. These cells were subjected to staining with various substances and observed by electron microscopy. To evaluate the effects of extracellular matrix in carcinoma tissues, SqCC cells were cultured in Cellbed coated with collagens I, III, and IV. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Especially well-differentiated carcinoma cells cultured in this 3D system showed their own unique characteristics: luminal formation in adenocarcinoma cells and cell stratification and keratinization in SqCC cells. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the proliferation of cancer cells with cytoplasm entwined in Cellbed. Intercellular desmosomes in squamous epithelia were detected by transmission electron microscopy of vertical cross sections. SqCC cells cultured in Cellbed coated with collagen IV showed enhanced invasive and proliferative abilities. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Because the morphology of cancer cells cultured in this 3D culture system is similar to that in living organisms, we called the system a “tissueoid cell culture system.” Coating with collagen IV enables the modification of cell-matrix interactions as well as recapitulation of the in vivo microenvironment.

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Vink, P., and T. L. Bots. "Formulation parameters influencing self-stratification of coatings." Progress in Organic Coatings 28, no. 3 (July 1996): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9440(95)00595-1.

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Steiner, Sabine, Andrej Schmidt, Thomas Zeller, Gunnar Tepe, Marcus Thieme, Lars Maiwald, Henrik Schröder, et al. "COMPARE: prospective, randomized, non-inferiority trial of high- vs. low-dose paclitaxel drug-coated balloons for femoropopliteal interventions." European Heart Journal 41, no. 27 (January 28, 2020): 2541–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa049.

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Abstract Aims Drug-coated balloons (DCBs) for femoropopliteal interventions have not been tested against each other. We aimed to directly compare efficacy and safety of a high-dose (In.Pact™) vs. low-dose (Ranger™) DCB with nominal paclitaxel densities of 3.5 vs. 2.0 μg/mm2. Methods and results Within a prospective, multicentre, non-inferiority, clinical trial 414 patients with symptomatic femoropopliteal lesions (Rutherford classification 2–4) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to endovascular treatment with either high- or low-dose DCB after stratification for lesion length. Primary efficacy and safety endpoints comprised primary patency and freedom from major adverse events (i.e. device and procedure-related deaths through 1 month, major amputations, and clinically driven target lesion revascularization through 12 months). We set a non-inferiority margin of −10% at 12 months. Total occlusions were observed frequently (>40%) and provisional stenting was performed in every fourth intervention. Non-inferiority was determined for both primary efficacy and safety endpoints at 12 months. Primary patency was 81.5% in the high-dose and 83.0% in low-dose DCB group {difference: 1.5% [lower bound of the 90% two-sided confidence interval (CI) −5.2%]; Pnon-inferiority < 0.01}. Freedom from major adverse events was determined in 92.6% in high-dose and in 91.0% in low-dose DCB group [difference −1.6% (lower bound of the 90% two-sided CI −6.5%); Pnon-inferiority < 0.01]. Overall death rate was low (2.0%) and no major amputation occurred. Conclusion Two DCBs with different coating characteristics exhibited comparable results with excellent effectiveness and safety through 12 months for femoropopliteal interventions including a wide range of lesion lengths. Clinical trial registration The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02701543).

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Mezger, Th. "Stratification and phase separation in block copolymer coatings." Progress in Organic Coatings 20, no. 3-4 (June 1992): 353–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-0655(92)80024-q.

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Martín-Fabiani, Ignacio, Andrea Fortini, Jennifer Lesage de la Haye, Ming Liang Koh, Spencer E. Taylor, Elodie Bourgeat-Lami, Muriel Lansalot, Franck D’Agosto, Richard P. Sear, and Joseph L. Keddie. "pH-Switchable Stratification of Colloidal Coatings: Surfaces “On Demand”." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 50 (December 12, 2016): 34755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b12015.

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Theil, Gerit, M. Raschid Hoda, Kersten Fischer, Andre Schumann, Kathrin Haubold, Catrin Boehm, Thomas Krahn, Klaus Luecke, Nils G. Morgenthaler, and Paolo Fornara. "In vivo isolation of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer patients by a medical device." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e22055-e22055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e22055.

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e22055 Background: CTCs are discussed as a prognostic and stratification biomarker, and may help to assess the treatment efficacy. The aim was to demonstrate proof of concept of in vivo CTC isolation in Prostate cancer patients (PCa). Methods: A medical device (CellCollector) was inserted in a cubital vein for 30 minutes. The interaction of target CTCs with the CellCollector was mediated by antibodies to the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). To confirm binding of CTCs to the wire, immunohistochemical staining against Cytokeratin and CD45 was performed. There were 226 applications of the device in 16 metastasized PCa (PCa-m) with up to 8 wire applications per patient, 24 localized PCa (PCa-l) with up to 3 wire applications per patient as well as 19 men with benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) and 21 women as control group with only one wire application. CTC counts from 22 PCa patients with 58 applications were directly compared to the CellSearch technology. Results: We obtained in vivo isolation of CTCs in 73 of 98 applications to PCa patients (74.5 %). The sensitivity for metastasized PCa was (86.2%) and for local PCa (57.5%), respectively. Follow up data of one patient with PCa-m: 2009 diagnosed PCa with multiple metastases. 2 years later PSA of 11.2ng/mL and 25 CTCs. After transurethral resection and removal of a brain metastasis, CTCs decreased to 20 cells with no effect on PSA levels. 4 months later we observed 187 CTCs and a PSA level of 76ng/mL, which was correlated with the patient condition. In PCa-l patients we observed prior radical prostatectomy (n=18) and 6 (n=15) and 12 (n=7) months after surgery CTC numbers on average of 18.2, 2.8 and 1.4, respectively. In the direct comparison of the CellCollector and CellSearch we showed detection rates of 65% (13/20) and 20% (4/20). Conclusions: We demonstrate the use of CTCs besides PSA during therapy adjustment in PCa patients In summary the CTC detection rate of the CellCollector in PCa-m and PCa-l in comparison to the CellSearch method increased by 26% and 45%. Further molecular genetic CTC characterization as well as multiple antibody coating at the CellCollector will assume crucial information for therapy decisions. Clinical trial information: ISRCTN10403616.

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Yao, Yuhong, Wei Yang, Dongjie Liu, Wei Gao, and Jian Chen. "Preparation and Corrosion Behavior in Marine Environment of MAO Coatings on Magnesium Alloy." Materials 13, no. 2 (January 12, 2020): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020345.

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To improve the corrosion performance of magnesium alloys in the marine environment, the MAO, MAO–Cu2CO3(OH)2·H2O and MAO–Cu2P2O7 ceramic coatings were deposited on AZ91D magnesium alloys in basic electrolyte and the discoloration mechanism of the Cu-doped MAO coatings and the corrosion behavior of the three MAO coatings in the artificial seawater solution were investigated by SEM, EDS and XPS. The results indicated that the formation and discoloration mechanism of the brown MAO ceramic coatings were attributable to the formation of Cu2O in the coatings. Though the three MAO coatings had a certain protective effect against the corrosion of AZ91D substrate in the artificial seawater, the distinctive stratification phenomenon was found on the MAO–Cu2P2O7 coated sample and the corrosion model of the MAO–Cu2P2O7 coatings in the immersion experiment was established. Therefore, the brown Cu-doped MAO coatings were speculated to significantly reduce the risk of the magnesium parts in marine environments.

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Miszczyk, A., and K. Darowicki. "Stratification of nano-pigments in anti-corrosive coatings by means of magnetic field." Progress in Organic Coatings 147 (October 2020): 105869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.105869.

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Lemesle, Charlotte, Séverine Bellayer, Sophie Duquesne, Anne-Sophie Schuller, Laurent Thomas, Mathilde Casetta, and Maude Jimenez. "Self-stratified bio-based coatings: Formulation and elucidation of critical parameters governing stratification." Applied Surface Science 536 (January 2021): 147687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.147687.

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Davydov, Sergey, and Aleksandr Gorlenko. "Composite gradient structures in functional tungsten coatings of carbon steels." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2020, no. 2 (February 26, 2020): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2223-4608-2020-2020-2-28-31.

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The structural and phase transformations in tungsten-containing functional coatings of carbon steels manufactured during high-energy processes of implanting micro-powders of tungsten carbide through the method of complex pulse electro-machining are investigated. It is shown that in the course of a thermo-force impact in the area of deformation passes an intensive steel austenitizing with tungsten carbide powder dissolution with the further formation of composite gradient structures as a result of the decomposition of super-cooled austenite oversaturated by tungsten both through a diffusion mechanism, and a mechanism of spinodal stratification.

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27

Schulz, M., C. Crean, R. Brinkhuis, R. P. Sear, and J. L. Keddie. "Determination of parameters for self-stratification in bimodal colloidal coatings using Raman depth profiling." Progress in Organic Coatings 157 (August 2021): 106272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106272.

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Xu, Hong, Ning Li, Wei Zeng Chen, and Bao De Jing. "Microstructure and Electrochemical Properties of Foamed Ni-Mo Alloy by Pulse-Electrodeposition." Advanced Materials Research 305 (July 2011): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.305.378.

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A variety of foamed Ni-Mo alloys coatings have been obtained using pulsed electrodeposition technique. The deposit is mainly composed of amorphous structural through the X-ray diffractions (XRD), the morphology clearly contains large amounts of multi-bubble pore structure with pentagonal or hexagonal skeleton structure and obviously stratifys through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experimentals. This pentagonal or hexagonal skeleton structure and obvious stratification has a larger surface area. The electrolysis experiments show that such foamed alloys have a low hydrogen evolution overpotential and a better corrosion resistance in 25°C, 7mol·L-1 KOH alkaline solution.

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29

Ramzan, Muhammad, Saima Riasat, Seifedine Kadry, Pin Kuntha, Yunyoung Nam, and Fares Howari. "Numerical Analysis of Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanofluid Unsteady Flow Amid Two Rotating Disks with Hall Current Coatings and Homogeneous–Heterogeneous Reactions." Coatings 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10010048.

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In the present exploration, our objective is to investigate the importance of Hall current coatings in the establishment of Cattaneo–Christov (CC) heat flux model in an unsteady aqueous-based nanofluid flow comprising single (SWCNTs) and multi-walled (MWCNTs) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) amid two parallel rotating stretchable disks. The novelty of the presented model is strengthened with the presence of homogeneous-heterogeneous (HH) reactions and thermal stratification effects. The numerical solution of the system of coupled differential equations with high nonlinearity is obtained by applying the bvp4c function of MATLAB software. To corroborate the authenticity of the present envisioned mathematical model, a comparison table is added to this study in limiting case. An excellent harmony between the two results is obtained. Effects of numerous parameters on involved distributions are displayed graphically and are argued logically in the light of physical laws. Numerical values of coefficient of drag force and Nusselt number are also tabulated for different parameters. It is observed that tangential velocity (function of rotation parameter) is increasing for both CNTs. Further, the incremental values of thermal stratification parameter cause the decrease in fluid temperature parameter.

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Belikov, A. E., and S. Z. Sakhapov. "Physical model of spherical glow discharge stratification." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 44, no. 4 (January 6, 2011): 045202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/4/045202.

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31

Chung, Jae Dong, Muhammad Ramzan, Hina Gul, Nosheen Gul, Seifedine Kadry, and Yu-Ming Chu. "Partially ionized hybrid nanofluid flow with thermal stratification." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 11 (March 2021): 1457–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.01.095.

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32

Ramzan, Muhammad, Asma Liaquet, Seifedine Kadry, Sungil Yu, Yunyoung Nam, and Dianchen Lu. "Impact of Second-Order Slip and Double Stratification Coatings on 3D MHD Williamson Nanofluid Flow with Cattaneo–Christov Heat Flux." Coatings 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120849.

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The present research examines the impact of second-order slip with thermal and solutal stratification coatings on three-dimensional (3D) Williamson nanofluid flow past a bidirectional stretched surface and envisages it analytically. The novelty of the analysis is strengthened by Cattaneo–Christov (CC) heat flux accompanying varying thermal conductivity. The appropriate set of transformations is implemented to get a differential equation system with high nonlinearity. The structure is addressed via the homotopy analysis technique. The authenticity of the presented model is verified by creating a comparison with the limited published results and finding harmony between the two. The impacts of miscellaneous arising parameters are deliberated through graphical structures. Some useful tabulated values of arising parameters versus physical quantities are also discussed here. It is observed that velocity components exhibit an opposite trend with respect to the stretching ratio parameter. Moreover, the Brownian motion parameter shows the opposite behavior versus temperature and concentration distributions.

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Carr, Amanda J., Weiping Liu, Kevin G. Yager, Alexander F. Routh, and Surita R. Bhatia. "Evidence of Stratification in Binary Colloidal Films from Microbeam X-ray Scattering: Toward Optimizing the Evaporative Assembly Processes for Coatings." ACS Applied Nano Materials 1, no. 8 (July 12, 2018): 4211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b00968.

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34

Kolobov, Vladimir I., Robert R. Arslanbekov, Dmitry Levko, and Valery A. Godyak. "Plasma stratification in radio-frequency discharges in argon gas." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 53, no. 25 (April 20, 2020): 25LT01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab7ca0.

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35

Kleinschmidt, Felix, Cosima Stubenrauch, Jérome Delacotte, Regine von Klitzing, and Dominique Langevin. "Stratification of Foam Films Containing Polyelectrolytes. Influence of the Polymer Backbone’s Rigidity†." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 113, no. 12 (March 26, 2009): 3972–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp8066553.

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36

Satoh, Kuniaki, and Marek W. Urban. "Stratification of polysiloxanes at the film-air and film-substrate interfaces in silicone-modified acrylic coatings; an ATR FI-IR spectroscopic study." Progress in Organic Coatings 29, no. 1-4 (September 1996): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9440(96)00644-3.

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37

Khan, W. A., N. Anjum, M. Waqas, S. Z. Abbas, M. Irfan, and Taseer Muhammad. "Impact of stratification phenomena on a nonlinear radiative flow of sutterby nanofluid." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 15 (November 2021): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.08.011.

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Khan, Muhammad Naveed, and Sohail Nadeem. "A comparative study between linear and exponential stretching sheet with double stratification of a rotating Maxwell nanofluid flow." Surfaces and Interfaces 22 (February 2021): 100886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100886.

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39

Yang, Shaohua, Wei Long, and Fangwei Ning. "Analysis of velocity slipping at wall boundary under rarefied gas condition based on the effect of viscosity." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, no. 8 (November 12, 2018): 1509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-03-2017-0080.

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Purpose Velocity slipping model, based on the stratification theory (the film in inflatable support area of aerostatic guide way was divided into near wall layer, thin layer and continuous flow layer in the direction of height), was established, and the model was combined with viscosity changes in each layer. Design/methodology/approach Simulated and analyzed by LAMMPS and two-dimensional molecular dynamics method, some relevant conclusions were drawn. Findings At a high temperature, viscosity is low, velocity slipping is large and velocity gaps in near-wall layer and thin layer are large. When the temperature is constant, the dimensionless slipping length and Kn number are linear. Research limitations/implications The effect of the equivalent viscosity on gas slipping model is proposed. viscosity is smaller, gas velocity slipping is greater, temperature is higher, gas velocity slipping is greater, velocity gap of near wall layer and thin layer is larger. When the temperature is constant, the dimensionless slipping length ls and Kn number are linear. Originality/value The global model of lubricating film velocity slipping between plates was established, and mathematical expression of slipping model in each layer, based on the stratification theory, was presented.

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40

Takamatsu, Daiko, Tatsumi Hirano, Akio Yoneyama, Takayuki Kimura, Motoko Harada, Masayuki Terada, and Tetsuro Okoshi. "In operando visualization of electrolyte stratification dynamics in lead-acid battery using phase-contrast X-ray imaging." Chemical Communications 56, no. 66 (2020): 9553–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc03592k.

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41

Guo, Yonglang, Wenzhu Yan, and Junmei Hu. "Effects of Electrolyte Stratification on Performances of Flood Lead-Acid Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 154, no. 1 (2007): A1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2364807.

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42

Liu, Weiping, Amanda J. Carr, Kevin G. Yager, Alexander F. Routh, and Surita R. Bhatia. "Sandwich layering in binary nanoparticle films and effect of size ratio on stratification behavior." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 538 (March 2019): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.11.084.

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43

Młynarczyk, Marcin, Krzysztof Szot, Ulrich Poppe, Uwe Breuer, Shaobo Mi, Bronisław Psiuk, Edward A. Görlich, Krzysztof Tomala, and Rainer Waser. "Structural stratification of Sr1 − x Ca x RuO3 thin films: Influence of aging process." physica status solidi (a) 210, no. 2 (October 25, 2012): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201228217.

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44

Langer, Ewa, Helena Kuczyńska, Elżbieta Kamińska-Tarnawska, Jan Łukaszczyk, and Grażyna Kamińska-Bach. "Changes of solubility parameters during evaporation of solvents as a factor influencing the self-stratification of epoxy/acrylic systems." Progress in Organic Coatings 66, no. 3 (November 2009): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2009.07.008.

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45

Amano, Ken-ichi, Taira Ishihara, Kota Hashimoto, Naoyuki Ishida, Kazuhiro Fukami, Naoya Nishi, and Tetsuo Sakka. "Stratification of Colloidal Particles on a Surface: Study by a Colloidal Probe Atomic Force Microscopy Combined with a Transform Theory." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 122, no. 16 (April 3, 2018): 4592–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b01082.

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46

Niu, Bor-J., and Marek W. Urban. "Recent advances in stratification and film formation of latex films; attenuated total reflection and step-scan photoacoustic FTIR spectroscopic studies." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 70, no. 7 (November 14, 1998): 1321–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19981114)70:7<1321::aid-app9>3.0.co;2-o.

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47

Römermann, Heike, Alexander Müller, Karolin Bomhardt, Oliver Höfft, Martin Bellmann, Wolfgang Viöl, and Diethelm Johannsmann. "Formation of metal (nano-)particles in drying latex films by means of a reducing plasma: a route to auto-stratification." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 51, no. 21 (May 4, 2018): 215205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aabf2c.

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48

Groeneveld, J., and H. L. Filipsson. "Mg/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios in benthic foraminifera: the potential to reconstruct past variations in temperature and hypoxia in shelf regions." Biogeosciences 10, no. 7 (July 29, 2013): 5125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5125-2013.

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Abstract. Shelf and coastal regions are exceptionally important for many countries as they provide the main habitat for many economically important fish and shellfish species. With ongoing climate change and human-induced eutrophication the shelf regions are especially affected, resulting in increased temperatures and stratification as well as oxygen depletion of the bottom waters. In order to be able to predict the magnitude of these changes in the future, it is necessary to study how they varied in the past. Commonly used foraminiferal climate and environmental proxies, e.g., stable isotopes and trace metal/Ca ratios, that are applied in open-ocean settings are not necessarily applicable in shelf regions, either as faunas are significantly different or as conditions can change much faster compared to the open ocean. In this study we explore the use of Mg/Ca as paleothermometer and Mn/Ca as a potential proxy for changing dissolved oxygen conditions in bottom water on the benthic foraminifera Bulimina marginata and Globobulimina turgida. Living specimens were collected from the Skagerrak and the Gullmar Fjord (SW Sweden); the latter is hypoxic for several months a year. As the specimens were alive when collected, we assume it unlikely that any diagenetic coatings have already significantly affected the trace metal/Ca ratios. The Mg/Ca ratios are similar to previously published values but display much larger variation than would be expected from the annual temperature change of less than 2 °C. An additional impact of the difference in the calcite saturation state between the Skagerrak and the Gullmar Fjord could explain the results. Mn/Ca ratios from G. turgida can potentially be related to variations in dissolved oxygen of the habitat where the foraminifera calcify. Samples from the Skagerrak display increased Mn/Ca in specimens that lived deeper in the sediment than those that lived near the surface. G. turgida samples from the low-oxygen Gullmar Fjord showed significantly increased Mn/Ca, being highest when bottom water dissolved oxygen was at a minimum. Our study suggests that trace metal/Ca ratios in benthic foraminifera from shelf regions have the potential to record past variations in bottom water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations, but an additional impact of the inorganic carbonate chemistry cannot be excluded.

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49

Groeneveld, J., and H. L. Filipsson. "Trace metal/Ca ratios in benthic foraminifera: the potential to reconstruct past variations in temperature and hypoxia in shelf regions." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 3 (March 7, 2013): 4403–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-4403-2013.

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Abstract. Shelf and coastal regions are exceptionally important for many countries as they provide the main habitat for many economically important fish and shellfish species. With ongoing global warming and human-induced eutrophication the shelf regions are especially affected, resulting in increased temperatures and stratification as well as oxygen depletion of the bottom waters. In order to be able to predict the magnitude of these changes in the future it is necessary to study how they varied in the past. Commonly used foraminiferal climate and environmental proxies, e.g. stable isotopes and trace metal/Ca ratios, which are applied in open-ocean settings are not necessarily applicable in shelf regions, either as faunas are completely different or as conditions change a-typical compared to the open-ocean. In this study we explore the use of Mg/Ca as paleothermometer and Mn/Ca as a potential proxy for changing dissolved oxygen conditions on the benthic foraminifera Bulimina marginata and Globobulimina turgida. Living specimens were collected from the Skagerrak and the Gullmar Fjord (SW-Sweden); the latter is hypoxic for several months a year. As the specimens were alive when collected it can be excluded that any diagenetic coatings have affected the trace metal/Ca ratios. The Mg/Ca ratios are similar to previously published values from the literature but display much larger variation than would be expected from the annual temperature change of less than 2 °C. An additional impact of the difference in the carbonate ion saturation state between the Skagerrak and the Gullmar Fjord could explain the results. Mn/Ca ratios on Globobulimina turgida potentially record variations in dissolved oxygen of the habitat where the foraminifera calcify. Samples from the Skagerrak display increased Mn/Ca in specimens which lived deeper in the sediment than those that lived near the surface. Globobulimina turgida samples from the lower oxygen Gullmar Fjord showed significantly increased Mn/Ca, being highest when dissolved oxygen was at a minimum. Our study suggests that trace metal/Ca ratios in benthic foraminifera from shelf regions have the potential to record past variations in bottom water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations but care needs to be taken to constrain the carbonate system.

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Shao, Qing, Fuxing Tan, Kai Li, Tatsuo Yoshino, and Guikai Guo. "Multi-Objective Optimization of MIG Welding and Preheat Parameters for 6061-T6 Al Alloy T-Joints Using Artificial Neural Networks Based on FEM." Coatings 11, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080998.

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To control the welding residual stress and deformation of metal inert gas (MIG) welding, the influence of welding process parameters and preheat parameters (welding speed, heat input, preheat temperature, and preheat area) is discussed, and a prediction model is established to select the optimal combination of process parameters. Thermomechanical numerical analysis was performed to obtain the residual welding deformation and stress according to a 100 × 150 × 50 × 4 mm aluminum alloy 6061-T6 T-joint. Owing to the complexity of the welding process, an optimal Latin hypercube sampling (OLHS) method was adopted for sampling with uniformity and stratification. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the influence degree of welding speed (7.5–9 mm/s), heat input (1500–1700 W), preheat temperature (80–125 °C), and preheat area (12–36 mm). The range of research parameters are according to the material, welding method, thickness of the welding plate, and welding procedure specification. Artificial neural network (ANN) and multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) was combined to find the effective parameters to minimize welding deformation and stress. The results showed that preheat temperature and welding speed had the greatest effect on the minimization of welding residual deformation and stress, followed by the preheat area, respectively. The Pareto front was obtained by using the MOPSO algorithm with ε-dominance. The welding residual deformation and stress are the minimum at the same time, when the welding parameters are selected as preheating temperature 85 °C and preheating area 12 mm, welding speed is 8.8 mm/s and heat input is 1535 W, respectively. The optimization results were validated by the finite element (FE) method. The error between the FE results and the Pareto optimal compromise solutions is less than 12.5%. The optimum solutions in the Pareto front can be chosen by designers according to actual demand.

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