Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Stratification sociale et inégalités'
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Moizeau, Fabien. "Inégalités, croissance et redistribution : le rôle de la stratification sociale." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010057.
Full textCousteaux, Anne-Sophie. "Le masculin et le féminin au prisme de la santé et de ses inégalités sociales." Phd thesis, Institut d'études politiques de paris - Sciences Po, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661611.
Full textMostafa, Tarek. "L'Anatomie des Inégalités dans les Performances Scolaires : Une Analyse Internationale de la Stratification." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00405687.
Full textDiallo, Alexandre. "Cristiano, Lionel, Angelina, Gérard et les Français : les rémunérations des stars au prisme de la justice sociale." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH096.
Full textDrawing on the sociology of inequality, the star system economy and social justice, this PhD dissertation aims to examine whether French people, who live in an “equality-obsessed country“ (Forsé et al. 2013), accept high earnings.The “star”, which has already been used in the debate between Rawls (1971; 2001) and Nozick (1974) through the example of the well-known NBA star-player Wilt Chamberlain, enables us to answer one key and contemporary question: do people believe that high earnings are socially fair? To investigate this issue, I used both qualitative and quantitative methods, working with a total sample of 59 interviewees and conducting 55 semi-structured interviews, each two-hours long on average. The quantitative part of my research consists of a statistical analysis using multiple data sources (INSEE, WID, annual pundit surveys…), in order to provide an account of the evolution of movie and football stars’ earnings, in relation to the general evolution of incomes and incomes in the top percentiles (top 1%, top 0.1%, top 0.01%, and top 0.001%). Regression linear analyses allow us to determine the impact of the stars’ individual characteristics.The aim of the first part of this dissertation is to find how the top paid football players and actors (dubbed as football stars and movie stars by the press) are ranked in France’s income distribution. The second part seeks to provide a subjective definition of the star’s status and to identify, according to the interviewees, how their earnings are garnered. The analysis of the factors explaining the earnings of management executives by the interviewees helps us to insist on the specificity of the stars’ earnings. The third part examines French opinion on stars’ earnings. Using a PISJ-inspired list (Forsé et Galland, 2011) of 10 jobs or statuses belonging to the 10% (or top 1% or top 0.1%) (movie star, football-star, blogger, model, TV host, doctor, university teacher, management executive), I tried to investigate empirically the interviewees’ attitude towards not only stars’ earnings but high earnings in general.Finally, my research shows that interviewees accept the position of Cristiano, Lionel, Angelina Jolie and Gérard Depardieu among top earners, and agree with their earnings exceeding millions of euros. The joint use of the two principles (on the one hand, the stratification principle, based on the acceptance of an economics-based logic, and on the other hand, the corrective principle of social utility) leads to a reasoned acceptance of the earnings of movie stars and football stars. I therefore show that the acceptance of the level of movie stars’ and football stars’ earnings differs from the libertarian approach of Robert Nozick (1974) and from the rejection of individual merit (Rawls, 1971 and 2001). The analysis of the interviewees’ answers in relation to sociodemographic variables indicates that there is a link between the interviewees’ political beliefs and their attitude toward high earnings. The more left-wing they declared themselves, the more critical they were of the perceived hierarchy in earnings and of the very high ones. The acceptance of high earnings can be seen as a ménage-à-trois between an economics-based logic (individual contribution leads to individual earning), a corrective principle (social utility) and the valuation of equality (political belief)
Berchet, Caroline. "Santé, recours aux soins et capital social : une analyse micro-économétrique des inégalités liées à l'immigration." Thesis, Paris 9, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA090050.
Full textThe objective of this research is the study of health and health care use inequalities between immigrant and native populations. A special attention is focused on the role played by social capital, which supposes an influence of social networks or social interactions on health and health care utilisation. In using a micro-econometric framework, our analysis is based on three topics: (i) the emphasis of health or health care use inequalities related to immigration, (ii) the understanding of the contributory factors that generate inequalities, and (iii) the evaluation of the causal impact of social capital on immigrant health and health care use. From a public policy perspective, the analysis of the determinants of health inequalities shows that several types of action could be envisaged. Given the protective role played by social capital on health status, the development of specific neighbourhood actions would seem relevant in improving immigrants’ social inclusion and social support. The prominent role of complementary health care coverage also gives evidence of the need to simplify access to Sate Medical Assistance and mean-tested health insurance so as to favour health prevention and access to health care for immigrants
Ould, Mohamed El Moctar Salem. "Pauvreté et stratification sociale en Mauritanie : une analyse socio-économique de la persistance de la pauvreté dans les strates inférieures de la société." Caen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CAEN0603.
Full textGaubert, Cécile. "Rôles des jugements de compétence et d'assertivité dans la justification de la hièrarchie sociale." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAG033.
Full textThis thesis questions the perception and justification of status differences in society. The literature shows that social judgment is based on two fundamental dimensions : a horizontal dimension, which refers to qualities that enable good social relations to be maintained, and a vertical dimension, which refers to qualities that enable objectives to be achieved. This vertical dimension, linked to status, is composed of two facets: assertiveness, i.e. the motivation to succeed and develop, and competence, i.e. the resources to achieve one's objectives. Our objective was to highlight that only competence can justify social hierarchy. We conducted eight studies, which confirmed our hypothesis. Thus, the more people justify inequalities, the more they attribute competence to people with a high status in society (i.e. rich, powerful people). Moreover, the relationship between assertiveness and status has not been moderated by the justification of the system, suggesting that assertiveness does not justify status differences
Beaudry-Soucy, Etienne. "Néolibéralisme et inégalités." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40190.
Full textAbstract Income inequality has been increasing everywhere in the West since the 1980s. The 1% of the richest individuals in all European and North American countries getsa larger and larger share of total national income, while this share stagnates or decreases for the poorest 90%. The causes of widening inequalities are institutional: they are mechanisms put in place by the states which favor the accumulation of income by the rich ones at the expense of the less fortunate ones, the reduction of the marginal maxima ltax rate (the top tax rate) being the prime example. But why have the states been following this path for forty years? Following the recession of the early 1980s, the welfare statethat prevailed since the end of the Second World War, whose practice was characterized by a strong interventionism, was challenged. This interventionism was essentially aimed at protecting individuals from the riskiness of the market and had concurred with a decrease in inequalities. The crisis led states toreconsider their economic policies. We then saw the triumph of the idea that if interventionism wasa failure, the market must be allowed to organize society. We thus witnessed a return of liberalism. But in the meantime, the latter was renewed, abandoning the idea of laissez-faire and now admitting that it is up to the state to actively ensure not only the establishment of the market, but also the generalization of its principles to areas that traditionally eluded it. It is this neoliberalism that has guided and still guides state practice today, and itis itstheory that must be analyzedto understand the recent increase in inequality.
Plessz, Marie. "Stratification sociale et générations en Europe centrale postcommuniste." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009IEPP0050.
Full textThis dissertation studies intercohort inequalities after the end of the communist regimes in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic. It relies on a wide range of statistical data covering the three countries over more then 20 years. First we suggest a theoretical framework in order to understand cohort dynamics, social stratification and social change in the specific context of the postcommunist transformation. Then we replace the transition in the long run with respect to social, economic and demographic changes. We show how the drop in employment and especially in manufacturing have deeply transformed the stratification process, along with the de-standardisation of the employment relationship. We show that the rising earnings inequalities come along with new pay determinants. The chances to get a job are also different. Age is less relevant while education becomes prominent. Finally we deal with cohort inequality in access to the most qualified occupations. They vary from country to country so they cannot be explained by the sole transformation. We show how access to higher education under communist rule, and the life cycle changes after 1989 as well as the changing employment structure during the last 60 years are the key to comprehend cohort dynamics in Central-Eastern Europe. The increasing female education and activity also affects males’ ability to succeed, especially since women are more employed in service activities. In the end, the interplay between age and sex on the labor market is underlined as especially relevant for the understanding of social stratification processes
Azizi, Karim. "Inégalités, démocratisation et développement." Paris 13, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA131015.
Full textOur thesis deals with the relationship between inequality and subsequent long run growth. More particularly, we show that inequality is harmful for growth. Various mechanisms may help to explain such a result. The borrowing constraints approach is one of them. Using a simultaneous equation model, we test this approach. One of our conclusions is that the growth-reducing effect of inequality is enhanced by harsher borrowing constraints. Our thesis particularly focuses on political economy analysis. In a borrowing constraints setting with non-standard political economy mechanisms, we notably show a non linear relationship between inequality and growth. More generally, we highlight the effect of initial distributive conditions on economic development and democratisation
Walkowiak, Emmanuelle. "Modernisation des entreprises, interdépendances des salariés et inégalités." Paris 9, 2004. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2004PA090046.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to jointly analyse two stylised facts:The technological and organisational modernisation of firm. The evolution of inequality of access to employment linked to skills and personal characteristics of workers like gender. The modernisation of firms generates a reconfiguration of interdependences in work, implying a transformation of social interactions between workers. The formalisation of productive complementarities between tasks and social interactions between workers helps to understand why at a given level of skill, workers having the lowest wages also have the highest unemployment rate. In addition, our empirical tests highlight the inequality, linked to modernisation, in the career path of workers after recruitment. Finally, we analyse the dynamics of the labour force renewal of firms undergoing modernisation
Thoenig, Mathias. "Commerce international et dynamique des inégalités." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010008.
Full textKuria, Michael. "Stratification sociale et changements : le cas des gikuyu au kenya." Lille 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIL12001.
Full textThis study analyses the ancient and contemporary inequalities among the gikuyu of kenya. It is divided into three parts: - the first part deals mainly with the analysis of the lineage structure which, inspite of being theoretically egalitarian, was producing certains types of inequality. This part also includes a description of the early beginnings, paths and signs of subsquent differentiation; - the second part shows how the colonisation of kenya by the british towards the end of the 19th century led to changes in social structure and apparition of new forms of inequality, especially by the introduction of monetary economy, education, land alienation and tenure reform etc. . . ; - the third part deals with the study of contemporary inequalities. Emphasis is made on the accentuation of differentiation through the accumulation of land and agricultural incomes (mainly from coffee and tea farming), investment in education and other forms of social promotion. Included here also is an analysis of the different types of solidarity which existe in that society e. G. The "harambee" system and women's groups - institutions which contribute towards equality. - inspite of the indisputable development of inequalities in gikuyu society, some form of ethnic, regional and neighbourhood solidarity subsists reducing the reinforcement of social classes
Doumenc, Sakir Colette. "Education et stratification sociale : les communautés hindouistes et créoles de l'île Maurice." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR20038.
Full textThe object of this thesis is the study of the Hindu and Creole communities of the island of Mauritius, their concern with education and their mode of social stratification, for the Hindus by castes and for the Creoles by strata. .
Riegert, Arnaud. "Inégalités scolaires, ségrégation et effets de pairs." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0078.
Full textThis thesis examines three issues in relation with diversity in the educational system. The first issue focuses on equal opportunities: how may we promote diversity in higher education when secondary education is segregated? We implemented a random experiment in order to evaluate the impact of a tutoring program that aims at encouraging underprivileged high school students to enroll into the most selective tracks of higher education. We show that such programs may face difficulties, especially when dealing with mid-level students, which ma\ lead to a risk of increased inequality in underprivileged high schools. The second issue is the influence of the peer group: may modifications in the social environmen of high school students have an effect on their subsequent education? We exploit a natural experiment occuring in France whereby a small fraction of 10th grade students are randomly allocated to their classes. We find that the most fragile students who end up in classes where they meet very few former classmates from 9th grade are more enclined to repeat the grade and have a lower probability of graduating high school. The third issue is segregation: to what extent to students experience different social environments in their classes or schools depending on their individual characteristics? We provide a detailed statistical analysis which allows us to measure quantitatively the extent of social and academic segregation between schools and between the classes within those schools
Sourdril, Anne Augustins Georges. "Territoire et hiérarchie dans une société à maison bas-commingeoise permanence et changement. Des bois, des champs, des prés (Haute-Garonne) /." S. l. : Paris 10, 2008. http://bdr.u-paris10.fr/theses/intranet/2008PA100042.pdf.
Full textLe, Pape Marie-Clémence. "La famille à l'épreuve des risques : logiques éducatives et stratification sociale." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009IEPP0018.
Full textIn the second half of the 20th century, family education was at the heart of numerous sociological studies, most of them focused on school or delinquency. Since the beginning of the 1990s, these studies are fewer, which may seem paradoxical considering the debates on this topic in French society. The success of reality TV shows such as Super Nanny reveals the fascination exerted by such topics as a “good” education or a “bad” parent. This imperative of an educational “success” is linked to the central place of children in the society and in the family. Are families equal when facing this new demand for educational achievement ? Often addressed in the middle of the 1970s, the problematic of the differences between social classes is rarely studied today. The success of the argument of the homogenisation of educational values and practices – according to which parents’ educational styles are more and more alike, no matter their social position – has gradually led to the neglecting of this research issue. And yet, the sociology of the family cannot do without a reflexion about the way intimate life reveals, produces and is shaped by social inequalities. That is the major intention of this thesis, which – through the strategies adopted by parents in order to prevent juvenile risks and through their reactions to the acting out questions – questions the resources and effective possibilities of teenagers’ parents facing a period of time sometimes presented as the best in life, and sometimes as the one of all dangers
Wilthien, Pierre-Henry. "Eléments de théorie des inégalités et ordres stochastiques." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010038.
Full textPeluso, Eugenio. "Microéconomie de la famille et mesure des inégalités." Cergy-Pontoise, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CERG0217.
Full textThis thesis considers the relationship between inequality, welfare and poverty, considered at the household and individual levels. The analysis is conducted in terms of three well known inequality and welfare orderings, namely the Generalized, Relative and Absolute Lorenz curve orderings. The main result (extended to the case with heterogeneous households) is that welfare orderings among households income distributions are preserved at the individual level if, and only if, households share their resources among their members with a concave sharing rule. The picture is substantially more complicated for inequality orderings. The sharing function is then derived as the optimal reaction of the household members to the presence of uncertainty in the realization of their incomes. The relationship between poverty lines at the household level and at the individual level is then discussed. An axiomatic treatment of deprivation in the capability space concludes the work
Casassus, Juan. "L'école et les inégalités en Amérique latine." Paris 5, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA05H025.
Full textIndependently of the forces which are transmitted by the social structure, it is within the educational system where we find the processes which generate social differentiation, and consequently can amplify or reduce the possibilities of social mobility. These processes are the result of interactions. The differentiation which leads to a social mobility, ascending or downward, is consequently strongly inflenced by these interactions. A school that favors social mobility is, therefore characterized by the adequate modulation of these interactions. However certain types of interaction have an influence larger than the others in the process of differentiation. The principal one is the relation between the professor and the students, among the students themselves and the environment that is favorable to learning. In the last instance, the quality of the bond between the teacher and the students and between students themselves, determines the quality of achievement
Gagnon, Poulin Éric. "Pauvreté et inégalités sociales, Québec et Chaudière-Appalaches : vécu et représentations." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36253.
Full textThis research is a content analysis around poverty, social exclusion and inequalities and its influence on the social participation of low-income people in the regions of Quebec and Chaudière-Appalaches. It focuses on the State’s discourse and particularly the one from the ministère du Travail, de l’Emploi et de la Solidarité sociale, responsible for the Act to Combat Poverty and Social Exclusion (Bill 112) and its action plans. I discuss the alteration of social assistance programmes under the neoliberal ideology; from a universal and inclusive social assistance to a categorized and meritocratic welfare based on employability. It is also about the popular discourse, therefore the social representations of the ‘poor’ and poverty, as well as the dynamics created with the State’s discourse and how they interact; making individuals responsible for their own socio-economic condition, without considering the structural mechanisms that lead to poverty.
Askenazy, Philippe. "Innovations technologiques et organisationnelles : internationalisation et inégalités." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHES0A24.
Full textFor two decades, the inequalities have dramatically increased in most oecd countries, especially the u. S. The emergence of lean production in american manufacturing for the past fifteen years provides a new way of interpreting this phenomenon. Lean production is based on an intensification of work and is accompanied by an increase of occupational injuries and illnesses. Therefore, detailed occupational health statistics for manufacturing industries enable us to compute a proxy of reorganization : "i-reorganization". I-reorganization is not dependent on computerization, develops in high-wage sectors and may be the result of deunionization or the generalized implementation of fordism. It improves productivity dramatically. Labor decreases in the i-reorganized industries but i-reorganization is not skilled-employment biased. Computerization seems to be efficient only in i-reorganized industries. Gains sharing among production workers, non-production workers, profits and consumers is unbalanced and increases inequalities. Services have a similar experience. Moreover, the impact of internationalization is not bound to the comparative advantage mechanisms. Openness results in new markets for the exporting and innovator sector. Thus, it stimulates growth and favors skilled workers working in r&d, thereby increasing inequalities. A minimum wage may prevent such a rise of inequalities and enhance growth, but reduce manufacturing employment; nevertheless, if the gains from the innovator sector are large, the increase of personal services may compensate for these job losses
Dupont, Vincent. "Inégalités individuelles et disparités régionales." Lille 1, 2004. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/ae988d17-4739-4e21-b2ad-71b9ef68962c.
Full textEl, Arbi Ahmed Salem. "Etalement urbain et inégalités sociales et environnementales : cas de Nouadhibou - Mauritanie." Thesis, Le Mans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LEMA3002.
Full textFurther to the consequences of important periods of drought (1960s, 1970 and 1980), thenomadic / rural world was emptied of his inhabitants who came suddenly to settle down in thelarge Mauritanian urban centers. These socio-spatial changes transformed deeply theMauritanian society, consisting of Arabic speakers (Arab-Berber called Bîdhanes and thefreed people or ex-slaves called Haratines) and African languages speakers (Fulanis, Wolofs,Soninké and Bambara). In terms of town planning and availability of basic social services, thecities of the country were not prepared for a successful inclusion of the new migrants. As aconsequence, the expansion of the Mauritanian cities was characterized by a fast developmentand by striking socio-spatial disparities. The Mauritanian coast counts only two cities:Nouakchott (capital of the country) and Nouadhibou (the economic capital) which underwentmore anthropological pressure than the other cities in the country, because they offer moreemployment opportunities and access to urban services. Our main hypothesis is that the socialinequality to the lands’ access is at the origin of the uncontrolled urban growth ofNouadhibou. What is the reaction of the populations in front of the uneven access to the landsof Nouadhibou? What are the social and environmental inequalities produced by the processof Nouadhibou’s urban growth? Who lived mainly in the unplanned (“spontaneous”) districtsand the suburbs of Nouadhibou? Our approach consists in tracking the urban evolution ofNouadhibou to measure and characterize the scale of its urban growth, identify its causes aswell as the social and environmental inequalities which are associated to it. We used firstlysatellite pictures and mathematical analyses to measure the urban growth. Then we hadinterviews with families living in various urban zones of the city, based on two approaches,quantitative (160 households) and qualitative (15 households). We created a databasecontaining indicators that measure the undergone disparities, and described the daily real-lifeexperience of the inhabitants. The collected data were analyzed with Shinx V5 software andused for the realization of about ten thematic maps on Map Info.The results of our study show that the social inequalities of access to the urban lands, via theprocess of allocation, are striking in Nouadhibou. Only 93 lands were attributed between 1975and 1984 in spite of increased needs in housing (at the beginning of 1980s, half of thehabitations were spontaneous). Between 1990 and 2002, 92,96 % of the granted lands wereattributed by competent authorities, often in strange and opaque conditions. The genesis of thespontaneous districts (Kebba) reflects the forces of opposition created by the inhabitants toface this type of social inequality. The process of land regularization of the spontaneousdistricts (started in 1985), consisting in rehousing the inhabitants in new urban zones, led toan excessive urban growth. Realization of the urban infrastructures did not follow the processof growing, which is at the origin of social (problem of transport and access to schools, lackof pharmacies…) and environmental inequalities (difficulty of access to the drinkable waterand to electricity, absence of garbage’s collection services…), especially in suburbs.Haratines, who lived previously in the extremities of the Moorish nomadic camps, represent62 % (of our sample) of the spontaneous districts inhabitants and 73 % of the familiesconsulted in the new suburbs of El Weva, where the urban growth of Nouadhibou occurredduring the last years
Apouey, Bénédicte. "Trois essais sur la santé, le revenu et les inégalités." Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0080.
Full textSelf-assessed health measures (SAH) play a prominent role for the analysis of health data. These data are generated by asking: « How is your health in general? » with the response categories ranging from « Very poor » to « Very good ». The thesis focuses on self-assessed health, income and inequalities. The first two papers develops new measures to quantify health polarization and income-related health polarization when the individual health variable is self-assessed health. The third paper looks at the causal effect of income on self-assessed health in Great Britain, and highlights that an exogenous income shock has no effect on self-assessed health, which can be seen as the sum of a positive effect on mental health and a negative effect on physical health
Flores, Pierre. "Inégalités liées au genre et à l’origine sociale en contexte scolaire : études intersectionnelles." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT2024.
Full textThis thesis follows an intersectional approach in the analysis of the two main biases encountered in academic success and in the educational and vocational guidance of students: gender and social origin. It demonstrates the value of an intersectional approach in education and allows us to identify intersectional profiles. For this purpose, three studies were carried out with 8,797, 657 and 262 participants respectively. Study I examines the factors that may explain success during the 1st year of university. The intersection of gender and social origin makes it possible to compare additive and intersectional approaches. Study II examines representations of occupations according to gender and social prestige and develops the material for Study III. The latter discusses the differences in judgments about vocational guidance according to the intersection of social origin and gender. This work reveals that social origin reduces the chances of success of the 1st year of university for less advantaged girls, whereas this finding is not observed for boys. However, Study II reveals a gap between male occupations with high and low levels of prestige. This result is not found for female occupations. Finally, disadvantaged students are more harshly criticized if they are boys rather than girls, while such discrimination is not observed among socially advantaged students. These three studies demonstrate the value of the intersectional approach for re-examining priority issues in education. The intersection of gender and social origin suggests that these two variables should always be treated together to account for their effects
Dessart, Laurent. "Les Pachtounes : économie et culture d'une aristocratie guerrière (Afghanistan-Pakistan)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MNHN0024.
Full textDavid, Maurício Dias. "Dynamique et permanence des exclusions sociales au Brésil : l'économie des pauvretés, des inégalités et de l'accumulation des richesses dans le Brésil contemporain." Paris 13, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA131011.
Full textBauduin, Nicolas. "Salaire minimum, dynamiques des qualifications et des inégalités." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2005/50374-2005-17.pdf.
Full textGaulard, Mylène. "Accumulation du capital et inégalités : Une approche comparée Chine / Brésil." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00354436.
Full textDemoli, Yoann. "Automobile et stratification sociale : diffusion, caractéristiques et coûts de l'équipement automobile en France depuis les années 1980." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0004/document.
Full textBy using the automobile as a social object, this thesis provides a threefold answer to the problem of the role of material consumption in social stratification. Thanks to the very original nature of automobile, we aim at address the question of the homogenization of lifestyles in contemporary France in three differents aspects : the phenomenons of social diffusion, the distribution of the characteristics of the automobile in social space and the repartition of the internal and external costs of the car. How can we characterize the diffusion of a good symbolic of mass consumption ? Which limits does this diffusion assume ? How are distributed the characteristics of the material goods in social space ?How do the differents costs of the automobile vary among social groups ? We adress theses questions by using secondary analysis of two series of suveys conducted by the French institute of statistics : the National Travel Surveys realized in 1981, 1993 and 2007 and the French Household Expenditure Surveys conducted in 1985, 1989, 1995, 2001 and 2006
Chauvel, Louis. "Evolution du système de stratification sociale et succession des cohortes : Grandeur et décadence des générations dans la société française des Trente Glorieuses à nos jours." Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL12012.
Full textAfter the proposal of a definition of social stratification system (determined by the attribution of the social resources and by life-chances) and after the exposition of a method for the investigation of the cohort variation of social phenomena, we demonstrate that the changes of the social structure are steadily depending of the phenomenon of cohort succession the cohort who born before 1935 were confronted to a modest universe of social destiny when it is compared to their follower's. The cohorts born during the 40's had experienced an intense transition, and the opportunities to become 'cadre' (manager, experts, high level wage earners) were twice as much as the elders at the age of thirty years old, and after during their career the following cohorts, born after 1950, were confronted to a great stagnation of their opportunities. The major changes of the global social structure that we continue to measure since the economical slow down (1975) is not the consequence of an elevation of the opportunities for all the cohorts, but simply from the replacement of the cohorts which born before the war, where the popular strata were more substantial, by the cohorts bom after 1940 that evolution of social structure is developing in parallel with a specific changes of the distribution by cohorts of income and wealth, where we can measure the absolute economical stagnation of the cohorts who get into the labour market after the economical slow down (1975). A future evolution is forecasted: the ascending mobility rate will stagnate or decrease for the cohorts born during the 70's, and the descending mobility rate will become thice as much as it is for earlier cohorts
Benhassen, Lobna. "Politiques éducatives, croissance économique et inégalités : étude dans le cadre de modèles à générations imbriquées." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX24020.
Full textAelenei, Maria-Cristina. "Inégalités de genre dans le système éducatif : une hypothèse de décalage culturel sur deux dimensions, la désirabilité sociale et l’utilité sociale." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF20008.
Full textThe aim of the present research program is to propose an explicative integrative model in order to concomitantly address the girls’ superiority in school as well as their less successful career in higher education.We propose that the educative system, as a social system, has its own culture to which the students have to adapt and in which they have to succeed. We hypothesize that the axiological profile of a student more likely to be positively evaluated in school is framed in terms of self-transcendence values (i.e., indulgence, cooperation, helping), creating a cultural mismatch for boys, whereas the axiological profile of a student more likely to be positively evaluated in higher education is based on self – enhancement values (i.e., ambition, competitiveness, dominance), creating a cultural mismatch for girls. This positive evaluation is considered on two underlying dimensions: social desirability (i.e., perceived likability) and social utility (i.e., perceived chances of succeeding in a social system).Study 1 demonstrates that teachers consider the self – transcendence values as being both useful and desirable in school, whereas they assign to self – enhancement values high social utility in the society context. Study 2 and 3 corroborate that the values associated with the school - context are more self – transcendence values and less self – enhancement values. Moreover, they suggest that boys experiment less identity coherence in transitioning from home to school. Finally, study 4 documents a positive relation between self – transcendence values endorsement and school achievement, specifically for boys.Study 5 illustrates that students consider self – transcendence values as underlying a positive evaluation in higher education in terms of social desirability, but negative in terms of perceived chances of succeeding (i.e., social utility). Similarly, they assign a positive evaluation to self – enhancement values in terms of social utility, but a negative one in terms of social desirability. Study 6 reveals that women are more likely than men to endorse self-transcendence values, whereas men are more likely than women to endorse self-enhancement values thereby implying a misfit for women in terms of social utility. Finally, studies 7 and 8 provide evidence that depicting self-enhancement values (versus self-transcendence values) as useful for succeeding (i.e., social utility) undermine female students’, but not male students’ expected sense of belonging, anticipated self-efficacy, and ultimately the academic choices
La, Rupelle Maëlys de. "Institutions financières, migrations et inégalités en Chine." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0025.
Full textThis PhD focuses on the relationship between institutions and development, and, more specifically, on land rights and on internaI migration in China in the early 2000s. Our work deals with two main questions: is institution al reform able to transform deeply society and to have a durable impact on inequaIity ? How institutions are impacting individual decisions and therefore development? The three decades of the Maoist period aimed precisely at disrupting the intergenerational transmission of inequalities. Yet, we show that the offspring of the households which were the poorest in the 1940s have, in the ear1y twenty-first century, less access to land and education than others. In rare areas, where revolution has benefited from additional resources and that the Long March path identifies, we observe a reverse pattern: the sons of the former poor peasants rely on a bigger amount of land than others. As access to land and education proves to be persistent, migration has an important role to play in developing the countryside. However, migration is heavily constrained by a set of institutions. The household registration system, or Hukou, land rights, birth control are making a definitive settlement in urban areas extremely difficult. We show how land rights insecurity, jeopardizing the main asset of rural households, and family planning policies, reducing family size, and thus resources to cope with agricultural needs, shorten migration duration
Bugeja, Fanny. "Contrainte budgétaire du logement, stratification sociale et mode de consommation : étude comparative France et Royaume-Uni (1980-2005)." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0066.
Full textHousing constitutes a meaningful determinant to analyse social and generational stratification in modern societies. The methodology is a secondary analysis of Budget de Famille (Insee) and Family Expenditure Surveys (Ons) since 1980 to 2005. The study successively analyses home ownership inequalities, the link between social stratification and housing budgetary constraint and the effect of this constraint on life styles. The British housing politics of privatisation is based on an interventionist and an egalitarian inheritance that facilitates a greater access to ownership and to social housing than in France. In France, the lack of affirmation in housing politics and the strictness of the credit system reinforce existing home ownership inequalities. In the UK, the liberal politics and the mortgage system produce a double polarisation: one between deserving mortgagors and non deserving social tenants and another one between rich and poor mortgagors since risks of housing seizures are higher for the second. The system of housing allowance is more relevant in the UK than in France. In fact, allowances reduce more strongly the housing constraint of British vulnerable households than French ones. In France, in 2005, the poorest and the youngest are the categories of population most constrained by housing expenditure and they have to change their life styles to the detriment of leisure
Orgiazzi, Elsa. "Essais sur le partage de la valeur ajoutée et les inégalités." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX24016.
Full textSafi, Mirna. "Le devenir des immigrés en France : barrières et inégalités." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00257581.
Full textDavid, Erwan. "Analyse des corrélations entre ouverture économique, éducation et inégalités." Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU2001/document.
Full textEconomic survey has studied inequalities and international trade expansion since the 13 th century, but the positive correlation between these 2 concepts has not always been verified. Studies results are not homogeneous and do not make it possible to draw a final conclusion on the topic. This work deals with the correlation between international trade expansion (globalization) and social development (that is to say reduced inequalities). We analyse the possible correlation between trade opening and the evolution of economy, demography and education. The analysis of 125 countries statistical data indicates that this evolution is higher in terms of economy than in terms of demography or education. Prior gaps between countries or continents only very slowly narrow. We tried to verify the correlation between the 3 series of data. We notice that the correlations between economic, demographic and educational indicators are strong when the indicators are amalgamated but not so strong when the indicators are disaggregated. The correlations are also affected by the development level or the continent, and they are not constant in time. To conclude, trade opening cannot be said for certain to improve the populations’ living conditions and to reduce inequalities. We then analyzed Chinese statistical data in order to see whether this country’s positive economic evolution could be a model for other developing countries. We conclude that because of China’s specificity, it can’t
Birouste, Guilhem. "Les usages médicaux du social : Médecine générale et inégalités." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON10030/document.
Full textFrance is characterized by a good overall health status and high social inequalities in the health sector. The renewed interest in health inequalities is the opportunity to question a unique definition focused on results at the expense of processes, in a country where policies on tackling inequalities are based on the health care system. General practice has a particular position in this system, as a new academic speciality, which still needs to figure out how to define itself. It is described simultaneously as a heath care system gatekeeper, a public health officer or an advocate for inter-individual relationship and holistic care. While medicine is based on scientific evidence, it is also a prudential profession as it considers singular situations, generating uncertainty in practice. Among singular sources, social characteristics of both patients and doctors have to be considered. However, in their practice, physicians experience a diversity of social. Sometimes a barrier to the professional activity and considered external to the medical world, sometimes considered as part of scientific evidences by epidemiology, it could also be considered as a component of the individual construction of the patient on which the physician can rely, with the potential to lead to a moralization of behaviours and identities. The physician's social characteristics are often omitted, as if doctors were neutral or mere representatives of science. It is however in the interaction between these two worlds that social determinants of health inequalities can be found, and it seems that a physician could only provide good care to patients sharing the same similarities
De, Groote Sophie. "La Stratification sociale à Kanama, Rwanda une population rurale et ses comportements économiques face au changement /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376056069.
Full textAugustini, Muriel. "Dynamique et stratification sociale des groupes domestiques dans deux villages de Basse-Auvergne au XVIIIe siècle." Paris, EHESS, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992EHES0312.
Full textDe, Groote Sophie. "La Stratification sociale à Kanama, Rwanda : une population rurale et ses comportements économiques face au changement." Paris, EHESS, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987EHES0044.
Full textWhile in the precolonial regime one's place in society was determined by the status one enjoyed in the political-economic system, where clientele relashionships ruled, it is today function of an individual's ownership of his means of production or existence as an agricultural or urban worker. After summarizing rwandan history, presenting kanama county in general and the results of the family study, i elaborated a social stratification model : this formerly rigidly stratified society now witnesses the emergence of five social groups which allow for a degree of social mobility between themselves
Crane, Emmanuelle. "La stratification sociale et raciale de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (1853-1914) vue à travers la photographie." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0410.
Full textThe purpose of my thesis is to examine how photography recorded colonial expansion and helped forge a Kanak image and identity. Portrayed in the nineteenth century as a victory of European expansionism and civilisation over a primitive and backward Kanak society, the colonial era has now been challenged by postcolonial discourses denouncing these Eurocentric beliefs. Throughout my thesis I discuss the evolution of the techniques of photography from 19th century to our modern usage of the medium which has become utterly routinised and is deeply inserted into social practices. The extensive collection of New Caledonia photographs dating back to as early as 1840 confirms beyond doubt photography's role in forming our national experience, documenting what was to the emergence of New Caledonian identity. The photographs of the Kanak were stereoptic photographs and showed them with stiff expressions as in fear of their photographers. Photographs became fashionable through paper prints called cartes-de-visites which were mounted on cardboard and featured natives in various costumes and occupations. Individual photographs as well as the group collectively: colonial photography was a tool used in the efforts to control the indigenous population. In my thesis I analyse the evolution of the Kanak identity and the process of acculturation brought by the French through the settlements by various communities, the Church and the growing economy of the 19th century. The images are fundamental to the project, being a major source tfor research and critical evaluation. It is only over the last few decades that the importance of photography as a cultural manifestation has been addressed. My thesis tries to answer how photographic evidence surveyed reflect, deny or obscure the position of Knanks within their own country and the process of acculturation and identity building in New Caledonia
Jusot, Florence. "Revenu et mortalité : analyse économique des inégalités sociales de santé en France." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0114.
Full textThis thesis proposes an empirical analysis of the impact of income and income inequalities on mortality in France. In order to introduce income in the fields of mortality analysis in France, this analysis is based on a case-control study constructed with two fiscal databases, the Wealth at Death Survey" and the "Taxable Income Survey". The determinants of the probability of dying in 1988 to the characteristics of people surviving in 1990. A first analysis, based on age at death distribution, shows that the survival function increases with income. The results of the case-control study show a continous impact of income on mortality, controlled for occupation. The results suggest a specific risk related to poverty and a strong protective effect of higher incomes. A multilevel analysis shows that the intra-regional level of household income inequality is positively correlated to the probability of dying, after control for regional health care supply. This thesis suggests that both individual socioeconomic status and socioeconomic environment are essential determinants of mortality in France
Barrois, Amandine. "La journée de travail : organisation, valorisation et inégalités sociales." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL12011/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at understanding how the working day is organized and how this daily organization of working time reveals deep social inequalities between workers, particularly between men and women. The numerous works that have studied working time in recent decades have generally favored the weekly framework as analysis angle. These works have also studied specific periods, such as night work and Sunday work. Although the trend is to estimate the working time over a framework of ever wider reference, the day yet appears to be a more precise and more original framework to assess the effects of diversification of work habits observed during the last forty years. The analysis of daily work schedules enables us to understand the difficulties people experience, particularly in terms of articulation of time. Quantitative investigations from the Working Conditions survey (DARES), including the construction of indicators and different statistical tools allow us to describe and analyze the daily organization of working time but also show the social issues forming around the workday. This latter is at the heart of inequality between workers (men and women ; parents and non-parents ; professional categories). Indeed, the capacity to attend work, to control one’s time and to make oneself available certain hours is at stake. The valuation of the time given by the workers, the ability to recognize, in other words to pay, the time spent available to the employer, but also to recognize the difficulty of the temporal organization of work and schedules which deviate from the norm are also at stake
Chevalier, David. "Les chemins de l'insertion : une étude empirique menée dans cinq pays européens pour une meilleure compréhension des processus d'insertion, d'exclusion et de reproduction des inégalités sociales." Nancy 2, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/NANCY2/doc124/2003NAN21019.pdf.
Full textDeprived populations are submitted to social, economic and political determinisms. At the same time, they interact in a social integration process, called " participative integration strategies ". These " participative integration strategies " combine a structural approach inspired by Karl Marx and Pierre Bourdieu with interactionist perspectives from Georg Simmel and Norbert Elias. Using fieldwork done in France, Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, the United-Kingdom, I am considering the possibility to conceptualise a consensual definition of social integration and to analyse conditions influencing social inequalities reproduction. The paths towards integration : empirical evidence from five European countries for a better understanding of integration, exclusion and processes of social inequality reproduction
Fack, Gabrielle. "Formation des inégalités, politiques du logement et ségrégation résidentielle." Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0085.
Full textThis thesis on housing inequalities is organized in two main parts. The first part analyses the efficiency of housing policies that aim at providing low income households with affordable housing. We propose an evaluation of the incidence of housing benefits on rents by exploiting a reform that extended the benefits in the 1990's. Our estimations show that they have led to an increase in rents. The second part studies how housing markets contribute to create educational inequalities. We first analyse theoretically the effect of strict school zoning on residential stratification and educational inequalities. We then estimate empirically the impact of public schools' performance on housing prices. We find a modest but significant effect of middle school performance on housing prices in Paris. We also show that the presence of private schools in the neighbourhood tends to attenuate the impact of public schools
Mulot, Éric. "Éducation et gestion des inégalités : analyse comparative du Costa Rica, de Cuba et du Guatemala." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010047.
Full textGuénard, Charlotte. "Inégalités en Afrique sub-saharienne : analyse de la spécificité régionale et études de cas en Côte d'Ivoire et à Madagascar." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2003. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01668939.
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