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1
Sharpe, David R., and Peter J. Barnett. "Significance of Sedimentological Studies on the Wisconsinan Stratigraphy of Southern Ontario." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 39, no. 3 (December 4, 2007): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032607ar.
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ABSTRACTDetailed facies mapping along Lake Erie and Lake Ontario Bluffs, plus other studies illustrate that sedimentological studies, especially those with geomorphic or landform control, have had three main effects on the Wisconsinan stratigraphy of Ontario: (1) improved understanding of depositional processes and environments of several major rock stratigraphic units, without altering the stratigraphic framework, (2) aided correlation of drift sequences, and (3) questioned previous interpretations and stratigraphic correlations of drift sequences. Thus sedimentological analysis can not be separated from stratigraphy because the interpretation of depositional environnments of many mapped strata relies on their geometry and the inclusion of regional data. The geomorphic control provided by sedimentological study of surface landforms is also important because assessment of older buried sediments such as those at the Scarborough Bluffs has been hampered by the failure to determine landform control. The Late Wisconsinan stratigraphy of Southern Ontario generally remains unchanged, except for questions on the role of climate versus ice margin dynamics. The pre-Late Wisconsinan stratigraphy is scarce and not well defined, yet sedimentary studies support the presence of glacial ice in the Ontario Lake basin for all of the Middle Wisconsinan and possibly earlier, including the formation of the Scarborough delta. Large channel cut and fill sequences in the Toronto area (Pottery Road Formation), initially interpreted as resulting from subaerial erosion, were probably formed by subaqueous or subglacial meltwater erosion. If so, the pre-Late Wisconsinan stratigraphy in southern Ontario changes because the Pottery Road Formation may not be an Early Wisconsinan correlative of the St. Pierre beds. The channel example illustrates that stratigraphie correlation without sedimentological investigations may be misleading.
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Berggren, Åsa. "The relevance of stratigraphy." Archaeological Dialogues 16, no. 1 (June 2009): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s138020380900275x.
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Not all archaeological remains cause discussions concerning stratigraphy. In Sweden, for example, intense stratigraphy discussions have taken place among archaeologists working mainly with urban sites (see e.g. Larsson 2004), and many of the illustrative examples in the text by McAnany and Hodder are rather well-preserved remains with complex stratigraphic sequences. This is, of course, due to the fact that different remains are stratified to different extents and are thus valued differently regarding this issue. Poorly preserved, sketchy remains scattered in the ground may lack complex stratigraphic relations and are regarded as less relevant for this discussion. However, all archaeological remains have some stratigraphical relation and – as McAnany and Hodder mention – interpretation of stratigraphic sequences is a part of archaeological identity. A greater interest in how stratigraphic sequences are formed in social terms should be relevant for all archaeologists. I believe that archaeologists working with complex stratigraphic sequences, and those who work with less stratified remains, have something to gain from this discussion, but in different ways. McAnany and Hodder state that stratigraphy may be both overdescribed and undertheorized. The problem of overdescription concerns complex stratigraphies, while I think less stratified remains are suffering from a lack of discussion concerning stratigraphy all together.
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Ganelin, V. G., and Yu B. Gladenkov. "Geohistorical Stratigraphy and Stratigraphic Guides." Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 26, no. 2 (March 2018): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0869593818020028.
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Wu, Heyuan, Muneeb Khan, and Ping Song. "Sequence Stratigraphy towards its standardization—an important scientific scheme." E3S Web of Conferences 131 (2019): 01034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913101034.
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In the Post-Exxon Era of sequence stratigraphy, various sequence models for the complex stratigraphic records with their response mechanisms are developed. All the models with strong pertinence are endowed, which lead to misapprehension in the conceptual system. Therefore, the standardization of sequence stratigraphy with the aim to provide consistency in the terminology has become an important motive of modern sequence. During the development of sequence stratigraphy, the identification and distinction between normal and forced regression have laid important foundation for the system description of sequence development. This becomes the first step towards the standardization because of model-independent nature. The introduction of model-independent unconventional system tracts in fluvial sequence models, which are low- and high-accommodation system tracts, which turn out to be another successful attempt of towards the standardization of sequence stratigraphy. The four parts of stratigraphic records, which include the complexity and cyclicity in the stratigraphic accumulation process; the non-gradual change and the non-integrity of the stratigraphic records; the variability represented by the diversity of the sequence models and the nature of standardization including variability, will provide more clues and approaches for further sequence stratigraphy development
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Hart, Bruce S. "Whither seismic stratigraphy?" Interpretation 1, no. 1 (August 1, 2013): SA3—SA20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2013-0049.1.
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Here, I provide an historical summary of seismic stratigraphy and suggest some potential avenues for future collaborative work between sedimentary geologists and geophysicists. Stratigraphic interpretations based on reflection geometry- or shape-based approaches have been used to reconstruct depositional histories and to make qualitative and (sometimes) quantitative predictions of rock physical properties since at least the mid-1970s. This is the seismic stratigraphy that is usually practiced by geology-focused interpreters. First applied to 2D seismic data, interest in seismic stratigraphy was reinvigorated by the development of seismic geomorphology on 3D volumes. This type of reflection geometry/shape-based interpretation strategy is a fairly mature science that includes seismic sequence analysis, seismic facies analysis, reflection character analysis, and seismic geomorphology. Rock property predictions based on seismic stratigraphic interpretations usually are qualitative, and reflection geometries commonly may permit more than one interpretation. Two geophysics-based approaches, practiced for nearly the same length of time as seismic stratigraphy, have yet to gain widespread adoption by geologic interpreters even though they have much potential application. The first is the use of seismic attributes for “feature detection,” i.e., helping interpreters to identify stratigraphic bodies that are not readily detected in conventional amplitude displays. The second involves rock property (lithology, porosity, etc.) predictions from various inversion methods or seismic attribute analyses. Stratigraphers can help quality check the results and learn about relationships between depositional features and lithologic properties of interest. Stratigraphers also can contribute to a better seismic analysis by helping to define the effects of “stratigraphy” (e.g., laminations, porosity, bedding) on rock properties and seismic responses. These and other seismic-related pursuits would benefit from enhanced collaboration between sedimentary geologists and geophysicists.
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May, Steven R., Robert F. Butler, and Frances A. Roth. "Magnetic polarity stratigraphy and stratigraphic completeness." Geophysical Research Letters 12, no. 6 (June 1985): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gl012i006p00341.
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Miall, Andrew D. "Logan Medallist 3. Making Stratigraphy Respectable: From Stamp Collecting to Astronomical Calibration." Geoscience Canada 42, no. 3 (July 29, 2015): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2015.42.072.
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The modern science of stratigraphy is founded on a nineteenth-century empirical base – the lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of basin-fill successions. This stratigraphic record comprises the most complete data set available for reconstructing the tectonic and climatic history of Earth. However, it has taken two hundred years of evolution of concepts and methods for the science to evolve from what Ernest Rutherford scornfully termed “stamp collecting” to a modern dynamic science characterized by an array of refined methods for documenting geological rates and processes. Major developments in the evolution of the science of stratigraphy include the growth of an ever-more precise geological time scale, the birth of sedimentology and basin-analysis methods, the influence of plate tectonics and, most importantly, the development, since the late 1970s, of the concepts of sequence stratigraphy. Refinements in these concepts have required the integration of all pre-existing data and methods into a modern, multidisciplinary approach, as exemplified by the current drive to apply the retrodicted history of Earth’s orbital behaviour to the construction of a high-precision ‘astrochronological’ time scale back to at least the Mesozoic record. At its core, stratigraphy, like much of geology, is a field-based science. The field context of a stratigraphic sample or succession remains the most important starting point for any advanced mapping, analytical or modeling work.RÉSUMÉLa science moderne de la stratigraphie repose sur une base empirique du XIXe siècle, soit la lithostratigraphie et la biostratigraphie de successions de remplissage de bassins sédimentaires. Cette archive stratigraphique est constituée de la base de données la plus complète permettant de reconstituer l’histoire tectonique et climatique de la Terre. Cela dit, il aura fallu deux cents ans d’évolution des concepts et des méthodes pour que cette activité passe de l’état de « timbromanie », comme disait dédaigneusement Ernest Rutherford, à l’état de science moderne dynamique caractérisée par sa panoplie de méthodes permettant de documenter les rythmes et processus géologiques. Les principaux développements de l’évolution de la science de la stratigraphie proviennent de l’élaboration d’une échelle géologique toujours plus précise, l’avènement de la sédimentologie et des méthodes d’analyse des bassins, de l’influence de la tectonique des plaques et, surtout du développement depuis la fin des années 1970, des concepts de stratigraphie séquentielle. Des raffinements dans ces concepts ont nécessité l'intégration de toutes les données et méthodes existantes dans une approche moderne, multidisciplinaire, comme le montre ce mouvement actuel qui entend utiliser la reconstitution de l’histoire du comportement orbital de la Terre pour l’élaboration d’une échelle temporelle « astrochronologique » de haute précision, remontant jusqu’au Mésozoïque au moins. Comme pour la géologie, la stratigraphie est une science de terrain. Le contexte de terrain d’un échantillon stratigraphique ou d’une succession demeure le point de départ le plus important, pour tout travail sérieux de cartographie, d’analyse ou de modélisation.
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Brett, Carlton E., Patrick I. McLauglin, and Gordon C. Baird. "Eo-Ulrichian to Neo-Ulrichian views: The renaissance of "layer-cake stratigraphy"." Stratigraphy 4, no. 2-3 (2007): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.04.2.14.
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Classical notions of “layer-cake stratigraphy" have been denigrated as representing an antiquated “Neptunian" view of the geologic record with the American paleontologist-stratigrapher E.O. Ulrich vilified as its quintessential advocate. Some of the extreme “layer-cake" interpretations of E.O. Ulrich are demonstrably incorrect, especially where applied in marginal marine and terrestrial settings. However, close scrutiny of Ulrich’s work suggests that the bulk was correct and demonstrated considerable insight for the time. Subsequent development of facies concepts revolutionized geologists’ view of time-space relationships in stratigraphy, but rather than focusing on facies patterns within the established stratigraphic (layer-cake) frameworks many geologists in North America came to view strata as parts of diachronous facies mosaics. Recent advances in the development of event and sequence stratigraphic paradigms are beginning to swing the pendulum back the other way. Possible causes of “layer-cake" patterns are numerous and varied, including: (1) parallelism of depositional strike and outcrop belts, especially in foreland basins, (2) very widespread environmental belts developed in low-relief cratonic areas, (3) time-averaging homogenizes facies to a limited extent, resulting in a very subtle signature of lateral change, (4) condensed beds (hardgrounds, bone beds, ironstones, etc.) often form in responses to extrabasinal forces, thus they cross-cut facies, and (5) large events (i.e. hurricanes, floods, tsunamis, eruptions, etc.) are “over represented" in the rock record. A revised (“Neo-Ulrichian") layer-cake paradigm carries many of the original correct empirical observations of pattern, noted by Ulrich, recast in terms of event and sequence stratigraphy.
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McGowran, Brian, and Qianyu Li. "Stratigraphy: gateway to geohistory and biohistory." Stratigraphy 4, no. 2-3 (2007): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.04.2.11.
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Concerned with the ordination, correlation and age determination of the rock record and the events entombed therein, stratigraphy is the central discipline in geohistory and biohistory. We consider (from our Cenozoic perch) changes in stratigraphy since the gestation of the International Stratigraphic Guide—changes in response to the “revolutions" of plate tectonics, bolide theory, sequence stratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy, and a cultural shift away from Lyellian gradualism. We discuss certain strictly stratigraphic matters in terms of the “Hedberg triad" of lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy, which triad has had its day as the core structure of the Guide. Sequence stratigraphy challenges both the lithostratigraphic formation and the notion of pervasive diachrony. Biostratigraphy flourishes in both its oppelzone and phylozone modes and is integrated increasingly with geomagnetic (the Cenozoic spine) and radiometric evidence in a sequence-and cyclostratigraphic context. Chronostratigraphic classification is hierarchical but rigid nesting is questioned.
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Christie-Blick, Nicholas, Stephen F. Pekar, and Andrew S. Madof. "Is there a role for sequence stratigraphy in chronostratigraphy?" Stratigraphy 4, no. 2-3 (2007): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.04.2.15.
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Sequence stratigraphy revolutionized the field of stratigraphy in the late 1970s and 1980s by providing an interpretive depositional framework for integrating diverse stratigraphic data at the scale of sedimentary basins. However, a lack of consensus on criteria for recognizing, mapping and hence dating sequence boundaries, interpretations of uneven quality, and doubts about the universal eustatic origin and global synchrony of unconformity-related sequences limit the usefulness of sequence stratigraphy in chronostratigraphy.
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Lucas, Spencer G. "Cladistics and Stratigraphy." Geosciences 13, no. 3 (March 16, 2023): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13030086.
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Using cladistic phylogenies (cladograms) to evaluate stratigraphy (taxon distributions and correlations) necessitates various assumptions that include all of the assumptions built into the cladogram, assuming the cladogram is “correct” and that new taxa only arise by dichotomous splitting. Ghost lineages extend back the temporal ranges of sister taxa by assuming that both taxa’s oldest records are the time of dichotomous splitting, the only mode of evolution in cladistics. Other modes of evolution require no ghost lineages (anagenesis) or indicate unequal temporal ranges of closely related taxa (punctuation). Evaluating congruence between cladistic branching patterns and stratigraphic distributions reveals much congruence, simply because the cladogram and the taxa in the stratigraphic distribution are overlapping datasets, and the pattern of evolution is to evolve derived taxa after more primitive taxa. Correlating fossil assemblages based on the phylogenetic signals of their included taxa is little more than correlating by stage of evolution. Claiming that paraphyletic taxa are of less biochronological utility than monophyletic taxa is not borne out by examining correlations provided by the actual stratigraphic ranges of the taxa, regardless of their status in an a posteriori cladistic analysis. Thus, using cladistics to evaluate stratigraphy is assumption laden and of questionable value.
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Veillette, Jean J., and F. M. Nixon. "Sequence of Quaternary Sediments in the Bélanger Sand Pit, Pointe-Fortune, Québec-Ontario." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 38, no. 1 (November 29, 2007): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032536ar.
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ABSTRACT Drilling in the floor of the Bélanger sand pit (Ontario) near Pointe-Fortune, Québec, added 3 stratigraphic units to those already exposed in the pit: a lowermost till, and an intermediate organic-bearing (?) sand-clay unit overlain by a massive lacustrine clay. The subsurface units, comprising about 70% of the stratigraphy, complete the Quaternary sequence exposed in the pit face : an organic-bearing silty sand (>40 000 years BP) unit truncated by an unfos-siliferous sand unit and overlain by the uppermost till. The overall sequence forms a continuous 18 m column of Quaternary sediments. The Pointe-Fortune sequence shows some similarities with the Trois-Rivières Quaternary series which includes the Saint-Pierre sediments >75 000 years old. In addition to stratigraphie information the combination of direct (drilling) and indirect (geophysical) methods of investigation by providing a three-dimensional picture of the subsurface has proved helpful in interpreting the stratigraphy. The geotechnical properties of a massive overconsolidated clay have been determined to facilitate the planning of future subsurface investigation.
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Alekseev, Alexander S., Svetlana V. Nikolaeva, Nataliya V. Goreva, Nina B. Donova, Olga L. Kossovaya, Elena I. Kulagina, Nadezhda A. Kucheva, et al. "Russian regional Carboniferous stratigraphy." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 512, no. 1 (November 12, 2021): 49–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp512-2021-134.
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AbstractSeveral existing schemes for Carboniferous stratigraphy officially adopted in regions of the Russian Federation are summarized and discussed. These regions with different geological histories and distinct depositional settings include the Moscow Basin, the Urals, North Timan, Siberia, the Kuznetsk Basin and the Mongol–Okhotsk, Verkhoyansk–Okhotsk and Kolyma–Omolon regions. Broad correlations based on macro- and microfossils are possible between the regions, while all regional schemes are correlated to the official Russian General Stratigraphic Scheme for the Carboniferous, using zonations based on orthostratigraphic fossils. The Russian General Stratigraphic Scheme is correlated to the International Stratigraphic Scale using ammonoids, conodonts, foraminifers and palynomorphs.
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Miall, Andrew D., John M. Holbrook, and Janok P. Bhattacharya. "The Stratigraphy Machine." Journal of Sedimentary Research 91, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 595–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.143.
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ABSTRACT There is a significant difference between the average sedimentation rate of a lengthy stratigraphic section spanning many millions of years, and the rate that can be calculated from any short segment within such a section, such segments typically yielding rates several orders of magnitude more rapid than the overall rate. Stratigraphic successions contain numerous surfaces of nondeposition and erosion representing time spans from minutes to many millions of years, which collectively may account for as much as 90% of the total elapsed time that the succession represents. The stratigraphic record is constructed by a range of geological processes that operate over all time scales from seconds to billions of years, and at rates that vary by ten orders of magnitude. The generation of the stratigraphic record can be conceptualized in the form of a mechanical device, which we term the “Stratigraphy Machine.”
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Reilly, Mark, Suzanne Hurter, Zsolt Hamerli, Claudio L. de Andrade Vieira Filho, Andrew LaCroix, and Sebastian Gonzalez. "An integrated approach to the Surat Basin stratigraphy." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18073.
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The stratigraphy of the Surat Basin, Queensland, has historically been sub-divided by formation and unit nomenclature with a few attempts by other authors to apply sequence stratigraphy to existing formation boundaries. At a local- to field-scale, lithostratigraphy may be able to represent stratigraphy well, but at regional-scale, lithostratigraphic units are likely to be diachronous. To date, this lithology-driven framework does not accurately reflect time relationships in the sub-surface. An entirely new integrated methodological approach, involving well tied seismic data and sequence stratigraphic well-to-well correlations compared with published zircon age dates, has been applied to hundreds of deep wells and shallower coal seam gas wells. This method sub-divides the Surat Basin stratigraphy into defendable 2nd order to 3rd order sequence stratigraphic cycles and has required the use of an alpha-numeric sequence stratigraphic nomenclature to adequately and systematically label potential time equivalent surfaces basin-wide. Correlation of wells is the first step in building models of aquifers and coal seam gas fields for numerical simulation of fluid flow, which is necessary for responsible resource management. Lithostratigraphic correlations will overestimate the extent and hydraulic connectedness of the strata of interest. The result may be fluid flow models that do not represent a realistic pressure footprint of the flow. The present sequence stratigraphic method more accurately reflects the disconnectedness of sub-surface coals and sandstones (aquifers) on a field-to-field scale, adjacent field-scale, and basin-wide scale. It forms the basis for improved and more representative modelling of the sub-surface.
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Li, Jin Hua. "Fluvial Facies Sequence Stratigraphy and its Application to Oil Exploration." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 2715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2715.
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It is considered that discussion on adaptability of sequence stratigraphy in fluvial sedimentation is significant for oil exploration. As the main controlling factor is the sea-level fluctuations in the coastal river system, Exxon sequence stratigraphy can be applied to divide the sequences into: lowstand, transgressive and highstand systems tracts. And in the inland fluvial system, the application of low- and high-accommodation systems tracts may keep more coincident with the actual stratigraphic record. From the Exxon stratigraphy to low- and high-accommodation systems tracts, each model will be of great value in the petroleum exploration because of the lateral phase transition raised and the vertical phase transition predicted. However, controlled by many allogenic processes, fluvial strata still shows many problems in which the patterns can not be clearly explained. Thus, fluvial sequence stratigraphy needs to be further developed. Researching on various models of fluvial facies sequence stratigraphy in the development process will bring the important theoretical and practical value to the oil reservoir exploration.
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HOLZ, MICHAEL. "Um Breve Histórico de Conceitos Fundamentais da Estratigrafia Moderna: Sequências Deposicionais e seus Fatores Controladores." Pesquisas em Geociências 25, no. 1 (June 30, 1998): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.21169.
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Stratigraphy, fundamental to geological science, has been subjected to deep epistemological changes during the last two decades, changes that are generally seen as being a result of the North American school of stratigraphy, specially concerning research groups linked to petroleum geology. However, the fundamentals of modern stratigraphy, such as the concept of depositional sequence and the discussion on its tectonic and eustatic controls, were already discussed and applied in the beginning of the twenthieth century and earlier, and insofar are not product of research of our times, but result of some ideas as old as the ideas of Lyell and Darwin. The present paper presents a brief historical review of stratigraphy’s history during the last hundred and fifty years and discusses the historical roots of fundamental concepts of modern stratigraphy.
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Shestopalov, Vyacheslav M., Oleksandr M. Ponomarenko, and Stella B. Shekhunova. "IN MEMORIAM OF PROFESSOR PETRO F. GOZHIK, ACADEMICIAN OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE." Collection of Scientific Works of the Institute of Geological Sciences of the NAS of Ukraine 14, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30836/igs.2522-9753.2021.232269.
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This article is devoted to the blessed memory of Petro F. Gozhik, prominent Ukrainian scientist in the fields of paleontology, stratigraphy, marine geology, Winner of the State Prizes of Ukraine in Science and Technology (1989, 2000), Merited Figure of Science and Technology of Ukraine (1997), Laureate of NAS Tutkovsky Prize (2008), Director of the Institute of Geological Sciences of the NAS of Ukraine (1997–2020), President of the Paleontological Society of Ukraine, Chairman of the National Stratigraphic Committee of Ukraine, initiator and the first Director of the National Antarctic Research Center (previously the Center for Antarctic Research of the NAS of Ukraine), Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (1993), Professor (2008), Academician of the NAS of Ukraine (2006). Scientific interests of P. F. Gozhik were diverse, but, first he was an outstanding paleontologist and stratigrapher, Quaternary geologist, a renowned researcher of the Neogene — Quaternary fossil freshwater mollusks of the south of Eastern Europe. His works in Quaternary stratigraphy, paleogeography and the geological history of continental Ukraine and the Black Sea, the study of Quaternary mollusks, continental (alluvial, glacial, water-glacial, loess) and estuarine sediments became tabletop reference books.
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McAnany, Patricia A., and Ian Hodder. "Thinking about stratigraphic sequence in social terms." Archaeological Dialogues 16, no. 1 (June 2009): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203809002748.
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AbstractFor archaeologists, stratification is an important character of archaeological deposits. Through it, layering is discerned and cultural and evolutionary interpretations are proposed. Archaeologists possess much implicit knowledge about the social practices that produce stratigraphic sequence and the specific, contextualized manner in which layers were built upon or cut into previous deposits. The aim of this paper is to gather together and formalize this knowledge so as to codify conceptual ‘tools to think by’ when recording and interpreting stratigraphy. Relevant literature is widely dispersed and here can only be sampled; authors consider stratigraphy in terms of (1) techniques of terraforming, (2) processes enacted and (3) meaning and interpretation. Techniques and processes are discussed within larger social interpretations such as memory, history-building, forgetting, renewing, cleansing and destroying. Examples are drawn from the Turkish Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük and the ancestral Maya site of K'axob in Belize, Central America, to illustrate the applicability of an approach that here is called ‘social stratigraphy’. A practice-based history of stratigraphy – the recording and interpretation of strata – within archaeology is problematized in reference to codependence with geology, the deployment of labour and centralized authority within the emergent 19th- to early 20th-century field of archaeology. The contributions of and conflicts between British and American stratigraphic schools are considered in light of a potential rapprochement. Contested issues of cultural heritage – such as preservation of selected strata – suggest that thinking about stratigraphic sequence in social terms is more than an academic exercise.
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Fowler, Brian K. "Pre-Late Wisconsinan age for part of the glaciolacustrine stratigraphy, lower Peabody valley, northern White Mountains, Gorham, New Hampshire." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 53, no. 1 (October 2, 2002): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004817ar.
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Abstract Interbedded till and glaciolacustrine deposits in the lower Peabody River Valley near Gorham, New Hampshire suggest multiple glacial advances occurred in the northern White Mountains. Previous workers disagreed on whether these advances were local or regional in nature, but thought they all occurred during the recessional phase of the Late Wisconsinan ice sheet. New stratigraphic and geomorphic reconnaissance, however, shows that a thick and regionally extensive till overlies this stratigraphy and that this till was emplaced by the last full-glacial episode to affect the region, the Late Wisconsinan glaciation. The stratigraphic position of this till makes the age of the underlying till and glaciolacustrine deposits pre-Late Wisconsinan and much older than previously assumed. This change in age assignment for part of the Peabody Valley stratigraphy supports the extension of the Illinoian-Late Wisconsinan "two-till" stratigraphy of central and southern New England into the region north of the White Mountain Highlands.
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Smith, Gerald, and Robert Jacobi. "Upper Frasnian and Famennian stratigraphy in western New York State." Bulletins of American Paleontology, no. 407 (July 2023): 47–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.32857/bap.2023.407.03.
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The upper Frasnian and Famennian Devonian stratigraphy in central and western New York State is comprised of the upper Frasnian West Falls and Java groups and the Famennian Canadaway, Conneaut, and Conewango groups. The Devonian stratigraphic correlation chart compiled by Rickard (1975) has been the general standard for the Frasnian and Famennian section in central and western New York. However, Rickard’s (1975) chart predates sequence stratigraphy, more sophisticated biostratigraphic and δ13Corg studies, and the recognition of numerous faults that offset the “layer-cake” stratigraphy. Our detailed field studies at over 2,000 sites that involved sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, structure, and ichnology promoted the identification and tracing of key marker beds in central and western New York State. These studies encouraged a revision and refinement of the units and correlations that were represented in the Rickard (1975) stratigraphic chart. Revisions to Rickard’s (1975) Devonian stratigraphic chart include: abandoning the Perrysburg and Forty Bridge formations; reinstating units that Rickard (1975) omitted in his compilation, including the South Wales, Canaseraga, Rushford, Machias and Cuba formations, as well as the Salamanca Member; and proposing new East Sixtown, Gorge Dolomitic, Higgins, and West Lake members of the Caneadea Formation. We revised seven other units; fifteen units remain unchanged. A consequence of this new stratigraphy is a more robust depositional history for the Upper Devonian in central and western New York State. The Upper Devonian stratigraphic units of New York State record the transition from deeper-water shales and turbidite sandstones to terrestrial sands and shales as the Acadian Foreland Basin filled and the shoreline moved farther westward through time. The westward march of the shoreline was not steady, however, and was controlled by the usual interplay of 1) basin subsidence and fault block motion, 2) sediment supply, and 3) eustatic variation. The last of the Devonian black shale deposition occurred in the Frasnian/Famennian. The Frasnian is typified by offshore deposition, including turbidities. In contrast, the sedimentary structures and ichnofacies observed indicate the Famennian stratigraphy represented a shallower, offshore-to-nearshore depositional environment. The occurrence of storm influenced/modified bedding becomes ubiquitous in units of the upper Canadaway, Conneaut, and Conewango groups. Exposures of the Conneaut and Conewango typically are comprised of the thicker, fine sandstone packets. Fewer outcrops upsection result in less definitive correlations. Correlations in the Conneaut and Conewango are dependent on the presence of marker beds that contain distinctive lithologies such as red shales and beds containing white quartz pebbles.
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Wu, He Yuan, and Bin Hao. "Third-Order Sequence Division of Yunmengshan and Baicaoping Formation of Proterozoic in Yuxi District of China: an Example from Xiatang Profile in Lushan." Advanced Materials Research 998-999 (July 2014): 1492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.998-999.1492.
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There are controversies on the Proterozoic stratigraphic genesis, division, correlation and palaeogeographical evolution of western Henan in China. Based on the basic description of sedimentary facies, Yunmengshan and Baicaoping formation of Proterozoic typical section in western Henan is divided into 4 third-order sequences. Sequence stratigraphy framework which reflects sedimentary and overlap is established with basis of two kinds of facies-change surface and two kinds of diachrononism in stratigraphical records. Although chronostratigraphic belonging of Precambrian strata is controversial and Precambrian sequential stratigraphic study is tremendously challenging, the establishment of sequence stratigraphy framework of proterozoic Yunmengshan and Baicaoping formation in western Henan provides actual data to reshape palaeogeographic pattern of Palaeoproterozoic North China craton. What is more, it becomes a typical example of characteristics and exploration of stratigraphic accumulation under the background of tidal action.
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Lebedev, M. V. "FACIAL UNCONFORMITIES AND FACIAL SERIES IN THE SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 6 (January 20, 2019): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2018-6-24-32.
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The sequence stratigraphy is currently, on the one hand, a leading approach in the study of the internal structure of sedimentary basins, on the other hand, a creatively developing discipline, the conceptual basis of which is being developed. The concept of a «system tract» is one of the most questionable concepts of sequence stratigraphy. According to the classical definition, system tract is a lateral sequence of facies, in accordance with modern definitions system tract is a geological body bounded by sequence-stratigraphic surfaces. It remains unclear: whether the idea of the lateral ordering of the system tract has been preserved in the modern definition. The author of the article has performed an analysis of two well-known sequence-stratigraphic models to answer this question. It is model Depositional Sequence II and model Depositional Sequence IV. The concepts of «facial unconformities» and «facial series» became the basis of the analysis. The author has constructed his own version of the sequence-stratigraphic model for the sedimentary basin. According to the results of its analysis, the author proposes to include the concept of «facial series» in the theoretical basis of sequence stratigraphy. The concept of a «system tract» is recommended to consider as a geological body bounded by genetic facial unconformities.
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Reinhard, Andrew. "Adapting the Harris Matrix for Software Stratigraphy." Advances in Archaeological Practice 6, no. 2 (April 26, 2018): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2018.10.
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ABSTRACTIn 1979, Edward C. Harris invented and published his eponymous matrix for visualizing stratigraphy, creating an indispensable tool for generations of archaeologists. When presenting his matrix, Harris also detailed his four laws of archaeological stratigraphy: superposition, original horizontal, original continuity, and stratigraphic succession. In 2017, I created the first stratigraphic matrix for software, using as a test the 2016 video game No Man's Sky (Hello Games). Software (games or otherwise) obeys all four of Harris's laws, software applications/programs themselves being digital archaeological sites. I study the archaeology of the recent past, which includes digital technology, specifically that which is ephemeral: software. This article describes my underlying theory of software stratigraphy and explains how (and why) the Harris matrix is appropriate for documenting software development in a visual way. The article includes my complete data set as well as screen captures, plus overall and detail photos of my hand-drawn software matrix prototype, followed by a bullet-pointed how-to guide for others to use when documenting the history of any computer program. I also include Harris's personal comments that he shared with me after reviewing my preliminary results.
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Pemberton, S. George, Janok P. Bhattacharya, James A. MacEachern, and Erin A. L. Pemberton. "Harry Eugene Wheeler (1907-1987): A Pioneer of Sequence Stratigraphy." Stratigraphy 13, no. 2 (2016): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.13.2.02.
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Harry Eugene Wheeler (1907-1987) of the University of Washington was a pioneer of genetic stratigraphic principles that form the basis of our modern concept of sequence stratigraphy. Wheeler's papers on what he liked to refer to as "stratology" included the classification of stratigraphic units into lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic entities, as well as cyclothems, unconformity-bounded units, and the analysis of base-level and its role in forming stratigraphic discontinuities. His work on unconformity-bounded "sequences" ultimately led the International Subcommission on Stratigraphic Classification to define them formally in 1987. The plots used to clarify the time-relationships of rock units are now referred to as "Wheeler diagrams". It is not uncommon that, in any scientific paradigm shift, many of the key pioneers are not fully recognized for their contributions at the time, being significantly ahead of prevailing concepts. It is also not uncommon that, by the time their points of view come into vogue, their contributions may have been largely forgotten with greater recognition given to those who synthesized or "popularized" their concepts. This is certainly true in the fields of seismic and sequence stratigraphy, where, despite the theoretical framework for sequence analysis formulated by Wheeler (1958a), little reference was made to Wheeler's work in the early formulation of these concepts in the 1970s and 1980s. Wheeler, schooled by Blackwelder, Mueller, and Schenck at Stanford and armed with the base-level concept of Joseph Barrell, was one of the first to recognize the concept of time stratigraphy. Due to his unorthodox view of stratigraphy, Wheeler was involved in one controversy after another and his views were deemed to be provocative. While the valuable contributions of latter practitioners and synthesizers are justifiably lauded, the works of original pioneers such as Harry Eugene Wheeler are largely underappreciated.
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Pemberton, S. George, Janok P. Bhattacharya, James A. MacEachern, and Erin A. L. Pemberton. "Unsung Pioneers of Sequence Stratigraphy: Eliot Blackwelder, Joseph Barrell, Amadeus Grabau, John Rich and Harry Wheeler." Stratigraphy 13, no. 4 (2017): 223–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.13.4.01.
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Few facies analysts or stratigraphers would argue against the contention that the transition to facies-driven sequence strati- graphic correlations represents one of the most important paradigm shifts in modern stratigraphy. What is less commonly appreciated is that most of the fundamental underpinnings of sequence stratigraphy were derived from a relatively small number of pioneers in the early to mid-1900s; most of them largely unknown or underappreciated by the current generation of sequence stratigraphers. Chief among these are Eliot Blackwelder, Amadeus Grabau, Joseph Barrell, John Rich, and Harry Wheeler. Blackwelder was perhaps the first to point out the presence and significance of regional unconformities in the packaging of strata in North America, which would later come to form the basis of the well-known cratonic megasequences of Larry Sloss. However, Blackwelder is best appreciated as the mentor and colleague of not only these other pioneers, but also of key workers who themselves ultimately mentored some of the most renowned sequence stratigraphers of the 1970s and 1980s. Amadeus Grabau focused his attention on expounding the law of the correlation of facies of Johannes Walther and bringing facies-driven correlations into stratigraphy; an approach at odds with the then prevailing view of lithostratigraphy as the principal physical stratigraphic framework. Grabau recognized that the rock record contains numerous temporal gaps that partition facies succes- sions, for which he defined the term “hiatus”. His Pulsation theory was used to explain the cycles of deposition and hiatal erosion/bypass, and although the mechanism is different, the net outcome of such “oscillations” is broadly similar to the effects of eustacy and tectonism that we assign to such changes today. Joseph Barrell developed the concept of base level and explored its role in controlling erosion versus deposition. Like Grabau, Barrell insisted that sedimentation was not continuous, leading to a stratigraphy that is replete with breaks of varying durations. For these he coined the term “diastems” for the small but more numerous breaks, which could be contrasted with those reflecting longer breaks which he referred to as “discontinuities”. John Rich evaluated depositional topography, for which he coined the terms clinoform, undaform and fondoform. He recognized that such depositional bodies necessarily link genetically related associations of sediment deposited from the shoreline to the basin center; what today we regard as the depositional system. The resulting architectures bounded by these surfaces form the underpinning of all systems tracts in modern sequence stratigraphy. Harry Wheeler formalized the concept of time-stratigraphy, demonstrating that temporal gaps in stratigraphy are as important in understanding the rock record as the rocks themselves. His novel approach of developing stratigraphic cross-sections with time on the vertical axis pioneered the concept of chronostratigraphy through the development of what are now referred to as Wheeler Diagrams. His resurrection of the base-level concept expounded by earlier workers was instrumental in defining sequences as unconformity-bounded units, re-establishing the concepts pio- neered by Blackwelder himself. In concert, these stratigraphic visionaries erected a stratigraphic framework focused on the understanding of the stratigraphic record as opposed to its simple lithostratigraphic mapping or biostratigraphic dating. These unsung pioneers put into place virtually all components of modern sequence stratigraphy more than two decades before its popularization in the scientific commubity.
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Krayenbuehl, Thomas, Nadeem Balushi, and Stephane Gesbert. "Novel geometric classification of 3D seismic and its application to the Habshan clinoforms of Western Oman." Leading Edge 40, no. 3 (March 2021): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle40030186.1.
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The principles and benefits of seismic sequence stratigraphy have withstood the test of time, but the application of seismic sequence stratigraphy is still carried out mostly manually. Several tool kits have been developed to semiautomatically extract dense stacks of horizons from seismic data, but they stop short of exploiting the full potential of seismo-stratigraphic models. We introduce novel geometric seismic attributes that associate relative geologic age models with seismic geomorphological models. We propose that a relative sea level curve can be derived from the models. The approach is demonstrated on a case study from the Lower Cretaceous Kahmah Group in the northwestern part of Oman where it helps in sweet-spotting and derisking elusive stratigraphic traps.
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Yuan, Hong Qi, Ying Hua Yu, and Dong Li Sun. "Sequence Boundaries Identification of Putaohua Oil Layer in Qijia-Gulong Area." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.166.
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Sequence is a relatively conformable succession of genetically related strata bounded by unconformities or their correlative conformities. The correct identification of sequence boundaries is the key to the success of the sequence stratigraphic approach. Stratigraphic boundaries provide the fundamental framework for the genetic interpretation of any sedimentary succession, irrespective of how one may choose to name the packages of strata between them. Sequence stratigraphy of main research content is mainly chronohorizon (unconformity or conformity) identification, and to determine its causes and characteristics. Then, the key to sequence stratigraphy is identification unconformity and their correlative conformities. Unconformity and their correlative conformities on the seismic profiles, well logs, lithology, paleontology, and geochemical data have distinctive sequence boundaries mark characteristics.
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Elliott, Colleen G., Christopher R. Barnes, and Paul F. Williams. "Southwest New World Island stratigraphy: new fossil data, new implications for the history of the Central Mobile Belt, Newfoundland." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, no. 10 (October 1, 1989): 2062–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-173.
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The identification of fossils from 16 new localities on southwestern New World Island has resulted in the refinement and simplification of local stratigraphy and in the correlation of rock units across an intensely deformed area. Complex stratigraphic classifications of earlier workers are replaced by a simpler scheme consisting of four formations: the Summerford Formation (oldest), Rogers Cove Formation, Sansom Formation, and Goldson Formation. Mélange units are fault related and cannot be included in the stratigraphy. Fossil and lithological data provided here confirm previous indications that the rocks of the Summerford Formation are the remains of a long-lived volcanic-island complex. This complex is overlain by a markedly diachronous coarsening-upwards sequence of marine clastic sediments, now represented by the Rogers Cove, Sansom, and Goldson formations.The new stratigraphic data, combined with structural evidence, indicate that the stratigraphy is repeated across several bedding-parallel faults. Significant diachroneity of formation boundaries and the absence of syndepositional high-angle faults suggest deposition in one large mid-Paleozoic basin rather than in a number of small dynamic basins.
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Rodriguez-Gomez, Michelle Iris, Bradley D. Cramer, Brian Burnham, Miao Wang, Lu Chen, and Carlos L. V. Aiken. "The Digital Integrated Stratigraphy Project (DISP) Development Phase II: On-site 3D access, analysis and integration of stratigraphic data using PCs and 3D Photorealistic Models." Stratigraphy 10, no. 4 (2013): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.10.4.05.
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Development Phase II of the Digital Integrated Stratigraphy Project (DISP) includes the production of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) (DISP Tools) that allows users to access a previously produced 3D photorealistic model of an outcrop in order to log stratigraphic data directly onto the 3D model. The ability to interact with a 3D photorealistic model of an outcrop in the field or lab provides multiple opportunities for analysis of the stratigraphy being examined and provides long-term data archive capacity for stratigraphic information such as sample position, lithostratigraphic boundary picks, and field notes. The DISP Tools developed here enable the user to interact with the digital outcrop via a laptop or field PC and information added will, in the future, be able to be saved to a central DISP database. This report serves as a demonstration of the potential capacity of the end-user interface that will accompany the DISP, modeled on the Silurian stratigraphy of Measley Ridge, Ohio. A prototype of the GUI was field tested at the IGCP 591 2nd Annual Meeting and 1st Foreste Symposium in July 2012.
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Didei, I. S., and N. E. Ajaegwu. "Palynological and Sequence Stratigraphy Framework of Campanian-Maastrichtian Deposit of Anambra Basin, Awgu Section, Southeast Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 28, no. 6 (June 21, 2024): 1697–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i6.7.
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A combination of palynological and palynofacies data are used as lithological evidence to describe sequence stratigraphic framework. Hence, the objective of this paper as to deploy the palynological and sequence stratigraphy framework of Campanian-Maastrichtian deposit of Anambra Basin, Awgu Section, Southeast Nigeria using standard techniques. The sequence stratigraphic analysis of the various succession in the studied outcrop sections identified parasequences limited by flooding surfaces with no evidence of erosion. The Nkporo and Mamu Formations were dated using the associated palynomorphs. The Anambra Basin show some complexity in terms of depositional style, sequence stratigraphy and control during the early and post infill of the structurally control basin. The outcrop sections logged reveals the presence of key stratigraphic surfaces and system tracts. The results from this study provides useful information of reservoir and seal rocks that are essential for hydrocarbon accumulation and stratigraphic trapping on the bases of the alternating high stand, low stand and transgressive system tracts.
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Mai, Hoàng Đảm, and Thị Thắm Nguyễn. "Biostratigraphic characteristics and correction of the boundary between Miocene and Oligocene sediments in the northern Malay - Tho Chu basin." Petrovietnam Journal 5 (July 4, 2022): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47800/pvj.2022.05-03.
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Stratigraphic study in oil and gas wells is dependent on the research method and the characteristics of the collected samples, such as sample types and spaces between samples, that is why the stratigraphic boundary of the wells may fluctuate in a certain sedimentary range. Therefore, when re-evaluating the hydrocarbon potential or expanding the petroleum exploration targets of an area, we need to study additional evidence and geological events to correct the stratigraphic boundary of the well and correlate regional stratigraphy. These studies often use biostratigraphic and seismic stratigraphic methods.
This paper provides evidence on biostratigraphy to correct the stratigraphic boundary between Miocene and Oligocene sediments in the northern Malay - Tho Chu basin and compares them with the general stratigraphy of the Malay basin. The research results determined that the top of the Oligocene sediment after correcting is higher than what was specified in the previous studies based on marker fossil findings in a palynomorph abundance cycle; and there are similar biostratigraphic characteristics between the studied area and the Malay basin.
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Qayyum, Farrukh, Christian Betzler, and Octavian Catuneanu. "Space-time continuum in seismic stratigraphy: Principles and norms." Interpretation 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): T97—T108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2017-0061.1.
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Seismic stratigraphy is not only a geometric understanding of a stratigraphic succession, but it also has a close link to the space-time continuum started by H. E. Wheeler (1907–1987). The science follows the fundamental principles of stratigraphy, and the norms that govern seismic interpretation play a fundamental role due to their practical significance. The birth of computer-aided algorithms paved a new platform for seismic interpretation. The ideas from A. W. Grabau (1870–1946) and Wheeler were brought to a new level when space-time continuum was represented using 3D seismic data. This representation is commonly referred to as the Wheeler transformation, and it is based on flattening theories. Numerous algorithms have been introduced. Each suffers from its own problem and follow some assumption. The hydrocarbon industry, as well as academia, should seek a solution that is globally applicable to a stratigraphic succession irrespective of resolution, geologic challenges, and depositional settings. We have developed a review of the principles and norms behind these algorithms assisting in developing the space-time continuum of a stratigraphic succession using 2D/3D seismic data.
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Rollins, Harold B., Ronald R. West, and Richard M. Busch. "Hierarchical Genetic Stratigraphy and Marine Paleoecology." Paleontological Society Special Publications 5 (1990): 273–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200005542.
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Stratigraphy provides a basic temporal and spatial framework for all studies of earth history. The foundations of stratigraphy were built in the 17th and 18th centuries through the efforts of Steno and Smith. Formalization of the principles of organic evolution followed closely in the mid-19th century with the publication of the Origin of Species. Although paleoecological observations span centuries, the establishment of paleoecology as a scientific discipline is a 20th century phenomenon. Initially, paleontology (paleobiology) was an integral part of stratigraphy and housed the subdisciplinary studies of evolution and paleoecology. Retention of a stratigraphic framework soon became difficult, perhaps due to the potential for circular reasoning in the evolutionary study of fossils. If the rock record was subdivided on the basis of fossils, how could the evolutionary relationships of these organisms be evaluated when they, or related forms, had been used to construct the temporal framework?
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Yu, Bao, and Ling Yu Xu. "Sequence Stratigraphic Characteristics of Damoguaihe Formation in the North of Wuerxun Sag." Applied Mechanics and Materials 733 (February 2015): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.733.84.
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Using the theories and methods of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy in rift lacustrine basins, we analyzed seismic, logging and drilling core data of the Damoguaihe Formation in the northern Wuerxun Sag area of the Hailaer Basin in order to understand its sequence stratigraphy characters. We identified third-order sequence boundaries and maximum flooding surfaces and established the sequence stratigraphic framework of the Damoguaihe Formation, which is a set of type sequence. It includes lowstand system tracts (LST), transgressive system tracts (TST) and highstand system tracts (HST).
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Leslie-Panek, Jennifer, Margot McMechan, and Fil Ferri. "Northeast British Columbia Liard Basin: A seismic stratigraphy study." Interpretation 8, no. 3 (June 13, 2020): T579—T588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2019-0187.1.
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The Liard Basin is a highly prospective shale gas basin located in northeast British Columbia that is largely underrepresented in public literature. We used available-for-purchase 2D seismic data in the area to create a high-level, regional stratigraphic interpretation of the basin, providing the first seismically controlled overview of the basin structure and stratigraphy. The basin is characterized by two distinct, opposing wedges of sediment in the Mesozoic and Paleozoic sections: the Mesozoic with northeastward thinning and the Paleozoic with southwestward thinning. The wedging of the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian (Tournasian) section is dominated by multiple large packages of clinoforms, which progress into the basin from northeast to southwest and are predominantly seen in the seismic sequence stratigraphy. These distinct packages of clinoforms indicate changing sediment sources over time. In contrast, there are no clinoforms seen in the Mesozoic section, which may be a limitation of the orientation of the 2D seismic data that we used. Our result from the seismic interpretation is an updated interpretation of the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian stratigraphy of the Liard Basin, including an updated stratigraphic cross section for the area.
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Borgomano, Jean, Cyprien Lanteaume, Philippe Léonide, François Fournier, Lucien F. Montaggioni, and Jean-Pierre Masse. "Quantitative carbonate sequence stratigraphy: Insights from stratigraphic forward models." AAPG Bulletin 104, no. 5 (May 2020): 1115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/11111917396.
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d’Alfonso, Lorenzo, and Lorenzo Castellano. "Kınık Höyük in South Cappadocia." Altorientalische Forschungen 45, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2018-0008.
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AbstractThis note complements the preliminary comparative stratigraphy of excavated sites of Cilicia published in AoF 44/2 with the new stratigraphic data obtained at the ongoing excavation of Niğde Kınık Höyük, in South Cappadocia. South Cappadocia lies directly north of Cilicia beyond the Taurus mountains, and from Prehistory it has controlled the access from Cilicia to the Anatolian Plateau. The region knew periods of minor, and more intense, participation in the cultural developments experienced in Cilicia, and the note is intended to provide basic stratigraphic information to start the study of this relation in a more precise and comprehensive way. The note only adds the information for the site of Kınık Höyük, but it is a strong invitation to other colleagues working in Cappadocia to build a similar comparative stratigraphy.
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Lyman, R. Lee, Steve Wolverton, and Michael J. O’Brien. "Seriation, Superposition, and Interdigitation: A History of Americanist Graphic Depictions of Culture Change." American Antiquity 63, no. 2 (April 1998): 239–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694696.
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Histories of Americanist archaeology regularly confuse frequency seriation with a technique for measuring the passage of time based on superposition—percentage stratigraphy—and fail to mention interdigitation as an important component of some percentage-stratigraphic studies. Frequency seriation involves the arrangement of collections so that each artifact type displays a unimodal frequency distribution, but the direction of time's flow must be determined from independent evidence. Percentage stratigraphy plots the fluctuating frequencies of types, but the order of collections is based on their superposition, which in turn illustrates the direction of time's flow. Interdigitation involves the integration of sets of percentage-stratigraphy data from different horizontal proveniences under the rules that (1) the order of superposed collections cannot be reversed and (2) each type must display a unimodal frequency distribution. Ceramic stratigraphy is similar to occurrence seriation, as both focus on the presence-absence of types with limited temporal distributions—index fossils—but the former uses the superposed positions of types to indicate the direction of time"s flow, whereas occurrence seriation does not.
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Maca, Allan L. "Remembering the basics. Social and stratigraphic debates and biases." Archaeological Dialogues 16, no. 1 (June 2009): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203809002773.
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Steve Roskams (2001, 267–70) has challenged archaeologists to theorize excavation practices and Patricia McAnany and Ian Hodder have responded in a cogent manner. They draw the most fundamental of archaeology's field methods – stratigraphy – into the light of social theory. The product is ‘social stratigraphy’ and the authors offer an array of interpretive schemes and processes through which social stratigraphic approaches might be considered and developed. McAnany and Hodder want us to think beyond the geological facets of stratigraphy, including our section drawings, photographs, matrices, phase designations, chronologies, thin sections and artefacts. They suggest we strive to do more: to discern and interpret social meanings, patterns and practices in every deposit, cut, pit, erasure, concealment, return and episodic rebuilding. The great bulk of their discussion focuses on the study of past contexts, though in closing they address how strata and stratigraphy can be altered or used to influence present-day social and political contexts. It is here – that is, in their concluding comments – that their emphasis on memory (and forgetting), repeated like an incantation throughout the paper, comes full circle.
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Gaetani, Maurizio. "Stratigraphy." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 111, no. 1-2 (September 1994): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)90360-3.
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Odin, G. S. "Stratigraphy." Earth-Science Reviews 36, no. 3-4 (August 1994): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(94)90081-7.
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Bailey, R. J. "Review: Stratigraphy, meta‐stratigraphy and chaos." Terra Nova 10, no. 4 (July 1998): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.1998.00192.x.
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Konradi, P. "Cenozoic stratigraphy in the Danish North Sea Basin." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 84, no. 2 (July 2005): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001677460002299x.
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AbstractThis paper provides a concise review of investigations into the Cenozoic stratigraphy of the Danish North Sea Basin. In the Danish North Sea, mainly Pliocene and Pleistocene strata are found. Results of published seismic and sequence stratigraphic analyses are combined with biostratigraphic analyses and correlated to marine formations found onshore.
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Carter, Robert M. "Stratigraphy into the 21st century." Stratigraphy 4, no. 2-3 (2007): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.04.2.12.
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19th and 20th century stratigraphy often concerned itself primarily with classification and nomenclature, during what can be termed the heroic and codex ages of stratigraphy. In contrast, 21st century stratigraphy will fall within the post-modern age. In possession of agreed classification schemes, future stratigraphers will concentrate on (i) the reconstruction of earth environments and processes (including evolution) through time, (ii) the eficient location and recovery of useful earth resources, and (iii) the study of those geological hazards that can be understood within a stratigraphic context. The first objective -reconstructing environments through time -requires the use of a conceptual framework similar to the one that we term the geological time scale (GTS). The 21st century GTS will be based on GSSP designations at the base of all geological Periods and, ultimately, Ages, i.e. it will comprise an internationally agreed chronologic hierarchy. Recognition of local chronologic schemes (as distinct from biostratigraphies based on Oppelzones) will thereafter serve no useful purpose and local "Ages" will become redun-dant. Globally, recognition of a separate but completely parallel chronostratigraphic classification will also serve no useful purpose, and this hierarchy too will be abandoned. Correlation of events into the GTS will be undertaken using a wide variety of methods, including numeric dating, fossil occurrence, physical and chemical properties, tephrochronology and astrochronologic retrodictions. Biostrati-graphy, though remaining a vital tool, especially for Phanerozoic strata, will carry no necessary correlation primacy. Meeting the second and third objectives -locating and recovering earth resources, and studying hazards -requires first and fore-most the creation of detailed geological maps and stratigraphic columns. The lithostratigraphic hierarchy of Bed-Member-Forma-tion-Group-Supergroup is an efficient and mostly objective classification whereby useful maps and columns are created. Because geological mapping is concerned with local stratigraphic detail and complexity, it cannot, like chronology, be organized within a global nomenclature. Over different large areas, different major, genetically-related packages of sediments correspond to the form ation, filling and sometimes destruction of sedimentary basins -as driven by regional tectonic events, and as influenced by regional climatic and oceanographic histories. At the supra-Group or supra-Supergroup level, major sediment assemblages of this type are separated by re-gional unconformities, as recognized by the creation of a category of Unconformity-bounded Units (UBU) in the 1994 2nd edition of the International Stratigraphic Guide. Whether or not UBU are continued with as a formal unit of classification, the strong need will persist for the type of regional, unconformity-bounded units that have successively been termed Sequence and Synthem, for use as the highest level within the lithostratigraphic hierarchy.
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Li, Jing-Zhe, Pi-Yang Liu, Jin-Liang Zhang, Shu-Yu Sun, Zhi-Feng Sun, Dong-Xing Du, and Ming Zhang. "Base level changes based on Basin Filling Modelling: a case study from the Paleocene Lishui Sag, East China Sea Basin." Petroleum Science 17, no. 5 (July 17, 2020): 1195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-020-00478-2.
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Abstract Estimation of base level changes in geological records is an important topic for petroleum geologists. Taking the Paleocene Upper Lingfeng Member of Lishui Sag as an example, this paper conducted a base level reconstruction based on Basin Filling Modelling (BFM). The reconstruction was processed on the ground of a previously interpreted seismic stratigraphic framework with several assumptions and simplification. The BFM is implemented with a nonlinear diffusion equation solver written in R coding that excels in shallow marine stratigraphic simulation. The modeled results fit the original stratigraphy very well. The BFM is a powerful tool for reconstructing the base level, and is an effective way to check the reasonableness of previous interpretations. Although simulation solutions may not be unique, the BFM still provides us a chance to gain some insights into the mechanism and dynamic details of the stratigraphy of sedimentary basins.
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Kyrylyuk, V. P., and O. V. Gaiovskyi. "REGIONAL METAMORPHISM AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE BASEMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN SHIELD." Geological Journal, no. 1 (March 29, 2023): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30836/igs.1025-6814.2023.1.262162.
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Stratigraphic complexes of the Lower Precambrian are everywhere metamorphosed. Therefore, the stratigraphic subdivision of the Lower Precambrian has always been inextricably linked with the study of metamorphism. For some time, the degree of metamorphism of the complexes was even used as an indication of their relative age. With the beginning of the use of isotopic dating, this sign was not confirmed, after which the degree of metamorphism was no longer taken into account in the stratigraphic dismemberment of the shields basement. The degree of metamorphism of the complexes was no longer taken into account for a long time when compiling official stratigraphic schemes of the Precambrian of the Ukrainian Shield, which, in the opinion of many geologists, led to distortions of the real stratigraphy of the basement of this region. The authors of the article believe that the degree of metamorphism can still be used in the development of the stratigraphy of the Ukrainian Shield and, above all, in the stratigraphic study of individual megablocks. The possibility of such use of metamorphism is considered in the cycle of publications. This is the second article in the cycle. The first article describes the stratigraphy and metamorphism of all megablocks of the Ukrainian Shield. A number of conclusions have been made about the regularities of the manifestation of metamorphism. It is shown that older stratigenic complexes in each of the megablocks are characterized by higher temperature metamorphism. This pattern provides a basis for establishing the relative stratigraphic sequence of complexes within individual megablocks based on the degree of their metamorphism. At the same time, the distinctive features of the composition and metamorphism of the stratigenic complexes, according to the authors, are a reflection of the successive stages of the geological development of the Ukrainian Shield in the Early Precambrian and can serve as the basis for compiling of the regional stratigraphic scheme on a historical and geological basis. In this second article of the cycle, modern approaches to the geochronological periodization of the Precambrian are considered: a) geochronometric, adopted for the International “The Geological Time Scale” and b) historical-geological, which is the basis of the “General Stratigraphic Scale of the Lower Precambrian of Russia”. The current “Correlation Chronostratigraphic Scheme of the Early Precambrian of the Ukrainian Shield” is based on the geochronometric approach, which the authors, like many other researchers, consider unacceptable for practical use. The article proposes a variant of the regional stratigraphic scheme of the Ukrainian Shield on a historicalgeological basis, compiled at the level of complexes, which in the final version of the scheme can be divided into series and suites.
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Kreager, B. Z., N. D. LaDue, T. F. Shipley, R. D. Powell, and B. A. Hampton. "Spatial skill predicts success on sequence stratigraphic interpretation." Geosphere 18, no. 2 (February 25, 2022): 750–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02428.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Sequence stratigraphic interpretation and three-dimensional spatial and spatiotemporal skills are considered important for the petroleum industry. However, little is known about the relationship between the two. This study begins to fill this gap by testing whether spatial skills predict success on a sequence stratigraphic interpretation task. Students in this study (N = 78) were enrolled in undergraduate or graduate stratigraphy-focused courses at three U.S. state universities. Students completed (1) a sequence stratigraphic interpretation task with a sequence stratigraphic diagram and Wheeler diagram and (2) two spatial skills tests. Findings of simple linear regressions show that both disembedding (extracting or finding a pattern among other features, which is typically assessed by the hidden-figures test) and mental folding and unfolding (as assessed by the surface development test) are predictive of student success on the full sequence stratigraphic interpretation task. A nested regression, entering mental folding as the initial variable and disembedding as the secondary variable, showed that mental folding and unfolding accounted for almost all of the variance accounted for by disembedding in the simple regression. This may reflect the need to employ disembedding for the test of mental folding. Because the test of disembedding and the test of mental folding and unfolding were correlated, the distinct role of disembedding in stratigraphy remains unclear. However, the results clearly show that mental folding and unfolding is related to student success in sequence stratigraphic interpretation. Future studies should characterize how students utilize these skills, try to determine the causal direction of this effect, and identify good practices for supporting students in the classroom.
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Miall, Andrew D. "Empiricism and model building in stratigraphy: The historical roots of present-day practices." Stratigraphy 1, no. 1 (2004): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.01.1.01.
Full textAbstract:
The science of Stratigraphy has, since its inception in the late eighteenth century, been characterized by two contrasting research modes or "cognitive styles" (Rudwick 1982). Empirical (inductive) descriptive stratigraphy began with William Smith, led to the establishment of a data base of stratigraphic units (Murchison, Sedgwick, Lapworth), and formed the basis for modern work to establish and refine a detailed chronostratigraphic time scale (Van Hinte, Berggren). Other workers (Hutton, Lyell, Darwin, Chamberlin, Ulrich, Umbgrove, Sloss, Vail) have sought to identify underlying geological controls, and have built deductive models to explain earth processes, beginning with Hutton's uniformitarianism. Many such models sought evidence of regularity or cyclicity in earth processes ("the pulse of the earth"), including the modern "global-eustasy" model of Vail. There is an ever present danger that models can drive the analysis and presentation of data, particularly where stratigraphic models have been invoked to explain, clarify or codify the stratigraphic record. These problems are not new. Attempts to apply European chronostratigraphic units to North American stratigraphy in the early twentieth century were accompanied by expectations that unit boundaries would be marked by lithologic events, such as unconformities. These expectations were not supported, and this may have been the basis for North American attempts to establish alternative stratigraphies, including what became sequence stratigraphy. Ulrich (1911) thought that stratigraphic successions were created by "diastrophic cycles", and was concerned that regional correlations of these successions did not appear to be supported by the biostratigraphic evidence. Barrell (1917) was one of the first to understand the problems created by the lack of representation of long intervals of time in the geologic record, and developed ideas concerning the relationship between base level change and sedimentation that we now term �accommodation.†Modern work on the chronostratigraphic time scale is based on empirical principles, culminating in the definition of global section and boundary stratotypes for the major chronostratigraphic units. However, a controversy has recently arisen over the preference by some geologists to use distinctive marker events to define boundaries. In some cases, this involves introducing hypotheses about the global extent and geological superiority of such events, rather than relying on the accumulated historical record of biostratigraphic and other data.
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Scott, R. W. "Are seismic/depositional sequences chronostratigraphic units?" Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008248.
Full textAbstract:
Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis is claimed to be a “new globally valid system of stratigraphy … a precise methodology to subdivide, correlate and map sedimentary rocks” (Vail et al., 1991, p. 622). Sequence stratigraphic units, such as depositional sequences, depositional systems tracts, and parasequences, are time-equivalent rocks of specific durations controlled by cyclical changes in sediment supply related to eustasy. These units are bounded by regionally extensive unconformities with erosion beneath and onlapping strata above, or by physical surfaces separating either different patterns of stratal geometry or shoaling-up facies units. According to this school, precise correlations are based upon inferred time relations within depositional models.Several key concepts of sequence stratigraphy have their origins in early geological studies. For many years geologists have separated time-equivalent strata by regional unconformities related to changes in climate or sea level, e.g., J. Woodward, 1695 and T. C. Chamberline, 1909. Stratal surfaces, such as bentonites and limestone markers, have been used in place of fossils for time correlations since the first wells were drilled. Stratigraphic models have strongly influenced how we correlate strata since the time of William Smith.Two developments are, indeed, new and have sparked the current resurgence in stratigraphic research. One is the seismic technology to test the physical continuity of strata on a regional scale (50-100 km), and to test the stratal geometry of genetically related depositional packages. The second is the chart of global coastal onlap events and eustasy (Haq et al., 1988).Some key research problems are: (1) how to identify unique, time-significant stratal surfaces; (2) how to test their physical continuity; (3) how to test the time relations within depositional models; and (4) how to identify the unique, time-significant global events recorded in the stratigraphic record. These stratigraphic concepts can be tested by graphic correlation, which is a powerful technique of high precision, quantitative stratigraphy. Its application in Cretaceous sections of the Gulf Coast and Oman, and in the Plio-Pliestocene of the Gulf Coast aids the distinction between synchronous surfaces and diachronous boundaries.