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Journal articles on the topic 'Straw bale construction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Brojan, Larisa, Ben Weil, and Peggi L. Clouston. "AIR TIGHTNESS OF STRAW BALE CONSTRUCTION." Journal of Green Building 10, no. 1 (April 2015): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.10.1.99.

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Straw bale construction offers a renewable, sustainable and proven alternative to mainstream building methods; still, little is known about its airflow characteristics. To this end, the intent of this paper is to evaluate airtightness of fully constructed and plastered straw bale walls as well as individual plain straw bales. The first experiment entailed measuring the influence of straw bale orientation on airflow characteristics with the finding that straw bale considered alone has poor air flow-retarding characteristics and that plaster is the primary air barrier. A second experiment involved thirty plastered straw bale specimens using three different plaster types. From this experiment, a crack grading system was developed and is herein proposed as a tool to evaluate plaster performance as an air barrier. A third experiment validated the crack grade system through application on four fully constructed straw bale walls. Practical use of the crack grading system was demonstrated on a case study straw bale house in Radomlje, Slovenia, where the predicted air tightness results were validated through comparison to results of blower door tests.

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2

Bernard, Tomasz, and Azra Korjenic. "Hygro-Thermal Behaviour of Timber Frame Straw Bale Construction as an Energy Efficient Building Technology." Advanced Materials Research 1041 (October 2014): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1041.92.

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Due to an increasing request for ecological building constructions, in particular straw bale buildings, a research in this regard has been performed at the Vienna University of Technology. Straw bale construction is a new rediscovered building technology, which is an alternative to conventional construction technologies. The aim of this study is caring out of hygro-thermal simulation of a straw bale wall construction to design as efficiently as possible straw bale house. The choose of other construction elements for a thermal analysis (appropriate wall, roof and a base plate construction), was based on an extensive literature researche. For the examination of the building a timber frame construction has been selected. The straw bales in this construction were plastered inside with clay plaster and externally with a combination of lime and clay plaster. The roof structure was designed as a green roof and insulated with straw bales. The base plate was also insulated with straw bales. To check the thermal behavior of the structures described above were thermal bridges calculated using a FEM program. The hygrothermal behavior was calculated with HAM4D building physic software, developed on the department for Buildings Physics and Sound Protection on Vienna University of Technology. Ecological and economic evaluation of straw bale construction was carried out with reference to the data from the literature. The performed thermal (with COMSOL) and the first hygrothermal calculations (with HAM4D Software) have demonstrated a very favorable performance of the proposed building components. The achieved low U-values of the components allow the construction of passive houses. The use of self-build-service in the construction process can reduce construction costs significantly. The use of ecological materials such as: straw, clay and wood allows a low cost recycling of building materials.

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3

Li, Xue Ping. "Applied Research on Straw Bale in Northwest Rural Residential Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3815–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3815.

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The straw bale is a kind of eco-energy saving building material. Straw bale construction is a building which it use straw bales as the wall materials. Based on the investigation of rural residential buildings status, climatic characteristics and energy consumption status in northwest rural areas, raw material supply, construction cost and construction technology of straw bale building, thermal insulation and fire resistance properties of straw bale, environmental protection characteristic and so on were analyzed, it could make people aware of the straw bale can be used as an ideal material instead of solid clay brick in northwest rural residential building, and it could be extensive used and popularized in rural residential building.

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4

Cascone, Stefano, Renata Rapisarda, and Dario Cascone. "Physical Properties of Straw Bales as a Construction Material: A Review." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 19, 2019): 3388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123388.

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Straw bale buildings provide significant benefits in terms of costs, human health, and environmental sustainability. Several studies in different regions have underlined the remarkable properties of straw bales as insulating and construction material; however, to the authors’ knowledge, there are no reviews published on this topic. The main objective of this paper is to provide a better understanding of straw bale systems, focusing on durability and thermal and acoustic insulation properties. To this end, previous tests and studies on straw bale buildings around the world were reviewed, comparing their results, assessing where research currently stands, and identifying the aspects that need to be further investigated. Results from previous tests have highlighted their ability to achieve excellent living comfort and encouraged their use. Guidelines for the characteristics to be achieved during the baling process are now required. Combining straw bale walls with a render or any type of high-density layer can improve both the thermal and acoustic properties of straw bale constructions. Finally, a quantitative assessment of the most significant properties, such as thermal resistance and acoustic insulation, is necessary to reduce the gap between straw bales and traditional building materials.

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5

MacDougall, Colin, and Stephen Vardy. "MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF LIME-CEMENT MORTAR FOR STRAW-BALE CONSTRUCTION." Journal of Green Building 9, no. 3 (October 2014): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618-9.3.100.

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Experimental data describing the mechanical performance of Portland cement- hydrated lime mortars used for straw bale construction is presented. Straw bale construction uses stacked straw bales plastered on each side to form load-bearing elements. Mortars used have slumps of approximately 50 mm, compared to slumps up to 279 mm for conventional masonry mortars. Cylinder and cube tests of a range of typical straw bale mortar mixes were carried out. The mortars had compressive strengths ranging between 0.3 MPa and 13 MPa. Empirical equations describing the relationships between compressive strength and curing time, w/cm ratio, proportions of lime, cement and sand, and modulus of elasticity are presented. The data show that cement-lime mortars for straw bale construction will have a higher modulus of elasticity and lower failure strain than a conventional mortar of equivalent compressive strength. The Modulus of Elasticity is on average 818 times the compressive strength of a straw bale mortar, compared to 100 to 200 times as reported in the literature for conventional mortar. The average failure strain for straw bale mortar is 0.00253 compared to 0.0087 to 0.0270 reported in the literature for conventional mortar.

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6

Bocco Guarneri, Andrea. "Architect Werner Schmidt's Straw-Bale Construction." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.727.

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Werner Schmidt (Trübbach, Switzerland, 1953) is one of the most interesting contemporary 'green' architects, particularly experienced in straw-bale building. His accomplishments include now 20 straw-bale buildings of which 14 at least partially load-bearing. This paper extracts some essential principles from his work and explains in detail his technological solutions. This is the result of a thorough analysis, carried on during the preparation of a monograph. The success of his approach derives from many factors, among which: - Schmidt's training as a mason. In contrast with many fellow architects, his designs are rooted in practicality and feasibility. Moreover, he actively participates to the construction work. - His holistic vision of ecological building: straw bales are chosen because of the overall advantages they offer. Preferably, he adopts a modified 'Nebraska' technique, using high-density 'jumbo bales' forming more than 120 cm thick walls. This rather unique method assures rapidity of construction, and allows to solve a number of criticalities associated with 'small bale' building. - Not seeking the highest possible performances lets to focus economic and technical efforts on few elements that really need to be state-of-the-art. The envelope can be built with simple techniques, while parts that need be built precisely (stairs, cooking implements, baths, etc.) can be prefabricated. Schmidt's work shows that high ecological consideration can be coupled with convincing architectural results. The quality of his buildings in terms of energy performance, living value, and beautiful form constitutes a good practice promoting new ways to 'green' architecture.

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7

Vardy, Stephen, and Colin MacDougall. "Compressive Testing and Analysis of Plastered Straw Bales." Journal of Green Building 1, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.1.1.63.

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The structural performance of plastered straw bales under compressive loading is extremely important when considering the suitability of plastered straw bales as a construction material. Most currently available results do not investigate how different construction methods and practices can affect the strength of a plastered bale. The experiments discussed in this paper illustrate how the strength of the plaster, the thickness of the plaster and the orientation of the bale itself can affect the strength of the plastered bale. It was found that the bales plastered flat were 36% stronger than those plastered on edge. In addition it was found that although the plaster strength does affect the strength of the plastered bale, it does not have as significant an impact as the plaster thickness. It was also found that nearly all plastered bales tested had higher strengths than would be required in typical residential construction. The strengths were found to be in the same range as the values reported in the existing literature. The plastered bale modulus was found to be highly variable and un-predictable.

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8

Njike, Manette, Walter O. Oyawa, and Silvester O. Abuodha. "Structural Performance of Straw Block Assemblies under Compression Load." Open Construction & Building Technology Journal 14, no. 1 (November 27, 2020): 350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836802014010350.

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Background: In recent decades, the enduring interest and continued development of straw bale as a walling material are based on its beneficial properties. Straw bale is a biomaterial that contributes greatly to carbon footprint reduction and offers excellent thermal insulation. It is proved that plastered straw bale assemblies have good mechanical properties and can be used for the construction of a single storey building. It is known that straw bale presents high displacement in the assemblies; thus, pre-compression is a major step that helps to push down straw bale so as to avoid future structural failure in the wall. There is no clue yet if this method is structurally beneficial than to stabilized single straw bales before assembling them into a structural panel. Objective: This paper presents the structural performance of straw block assemblies under compression loads. Method: Straw blocks and mortar were used to construct plastered and un-plastered wall panels, which were tested under uniformly distributed compression load till failure. Results: The results obtained show that plastered straw block assemblies can support at least 286 KN/m2, which is higher than the minimum slab load 18.25KN/m2, including imposed load for a residential house. In addition, the strength of plastered straw block assemblies plastered with cement-gum mortar, 0.3 N/ mm2 is greater than the strength of a single storey building (0.19N/mm2). Furthermore, results indicate that un-plastered and plastered straw block assemblies perform better than un-plastered and plastered straw bale assemblies. Plastered straw block assemblies support up to 52KN while plastered straw bale assemblies support only 41.1KN. Conclusion: Under compression load, straw block assemblies have a load carrying capacity greater than the minimum slab load. Therefore, Straw block can be used for the construction of a single storey building.

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9

Chaussinand, Adrien. "Straw Bale: An Innovative Sustainable Material in Construction." Key Engineering Materials 632 (November 2014): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.632.69.

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It is around 10 years that the straw buildings have reappeared on the Europe construction market. Often self-built, these buildings sometimes made only with straw bales and soil aroused interest for their energy and sustainability performance. As there is no feedback existing on this kind of “alternative” construction, it is necessary to verify if straw bale buildings performances can meet today's energy requirements. The purpose of this study is to analyze different aspects of the thermal and energy performance of these buildings using the example of ECO46, an administrative load bearing straw bale building in Lausanne (Switzerland). The conductivity and heat capacity of the straw material were investigated through literature review to find a range of possibilities. Subsequently a dynamic thermal model was created, using the extracted thermal properties, by means of Pleiades+Comfie software. The model was calibrated against two sets of measurements in summer and winter. The results permit to compare the consumption of this building with some standard administrative Swiss buildings. Finally, life cycle assessment (LCA) of ECO46 using SimaPro software was carried out to show the evolution of energy consumption from a building constructed in 1975 to the current construction and to evaluate the main environmental impacts of straw bale building. The result shows that straw bale buildings could be a sustainable solution in the future of construction for its low embodied energy level and its excellent thermal performance if it is well built.

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10

Vanova, Rozalia, Michal Vlcko, and Jozef Stefko. "Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Load-Bearing Straw Bale Residential Building." Materials 14, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 3064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14113064.

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As a renewable raw material, straw bale represents a sustainable way of construction with minimal environmental impact. This paper focused on life cycle impact assessment of load-bearing straw bale residential building. Product stage from raw materials extraction to manufacture of construction materials was considered in the assessment including seven variations of straw bale. Construction materials were evaluated due to IMPACT 2002+ method. Both midpoint and endpoint impact categories were included. The results showed the importance of straw bale origin. Ecosystem quality impact of straw from extensively cultivated pastures was twenty times higher than that of intensive crop production, thus making a significant difference to an overall score of the construction. Results showed advantage of straw as a construction material particularly when used locally. In addition, significant contributions of other construction materials were identified.

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11

Cao, Bao Zhu, Bin Yuan, Wen Feng Duan, Jian Li, and Mo Wen. "Research and Design on Load Bearing Wall with Green Energy-Saving Straw Bale." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.260.

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The situation of the traditional house in Chinese rural areas was introduced with analyzing the residential structure, building materials and energy efficiency. According to the characters of different crops growing in countryside, we proposed the idea of using straw bale as the main construction material for load bearing wall in rural house. The tenon jointing and hardening bearing wall and the pre-stressed bearing wall with high density straw bale are designed. The constructional details of straw bale wall are provided also. It provides a new method for the construction of new countryside.

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12

Augustyńska, Agnieszka. "Opportunities and threats for natural building using straw bale technology." Budownictwo i Architektura 19, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 029–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.739.

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In this paper, the possibilities of using straw bale technology in construction, as well as the threats that limit both its development and dissemination, have been presented. This study has also investigated the use of recyclable waste and the role of recycling in natural construction, as well as the impact of CO2 reduction on pro-ecological activities. The characteristics of natural straw construction have been discussed, and the main features of straw bale technology have been presented. Examples of the implementation of straw bale technology in both Poland and Europe have been presented and the methods of their use have been described. An integral part of this study is an overview of the opportunities and threats of the use of straw bale technology in natural construction. Low-emission technologies using biodegradable materials as well as the possibility of building nZEB and passive buildings are indicated as main advantages of the technology. The necessity of introducing legal regulations that would enable the development of natural construction using straw bale technology was indicated. Straw bale technology was created as a response to an ecological challenge for sustainable construction and has significant innovation potential.

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13

Robinson, Julian, Hynda Klalib Aoun, and Mark Davison. "Determining Moisture Levels in Straw Bale Construction." Procedia Engineering 171 (2017): 1526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.390.

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14

Goodhew, S., J. Carfrae, and P. De Wilde. "Briefing: Challenges related to straw bale construction." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability 163, no. 4 (December 2010): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ensu.2010.163.4.185.

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15

Lawrence, Mike, Andrew Heath, and Pete Walker. "Determining moisture levels in straw bale construction." Construction and Building Materials 23, no. 8 (August 2009): 2763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.03.011.

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16

Yin, Xunzhi, Qi Dong, Mike Lawrence, Daniel Maskell, Jiaqi Yu, and Cheng Sun. "Research on Prediction Model for Durability of Straw Bale Walls in Warm (Humid) Continental Climate—A Case Study in Northeast China." Materials 13, no. 13 (July 6, 2020): 3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13133007.

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This research analyses straw degradation inside straw bale walls in the region and develops the prediction of degradation inside straw bale walls. The results show that the straw inside straw bale walls have no serious concerns of degradation in the high hygrothermal environment in the region with only moderate concerns of degradation in the area 2–3 cm deep behind the lime render. The onsite investigations indicate that the degradation isopleth model can only predict straw conditions behind the rendering layer, whereas the isothermal model fits the complete situation inside straw bale walls. This research develops the models for predicting straw degradation levels inside a straw bale building in a warm (humid) continental climate. The impact of this research will help the growth of low carbon energy efficient straw bale construction with confidence pertaining to its long-term durability characteristics both in the region and regions sharing similar climatic features globally.

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17

Whitman, Christopher J. "STRAW BALES, A POSSIBLE SOLUTION FOR HYGRO-THERMALLY COMFORTABLE DWELLINGS IN CHILE'S CENTRAL VALLEY: PHYSICAL TEST CHAMBERS AND IN SITU MEASUREMENTS." Journal of Green Building 9, no. 2 (July 2014): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618-9.2.161.

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Dwellings in a Mediterranean climate, such as that of Chile's Central Valley, must provide hygro-thermal comfort both during the cold winters, and the hot days and cool summer nights. Straw, once a material common in Chile's indigenous and vernacular architecture, could meet these demands when coupled with sufficient thermal mass in the form of earth renders and floor finishes. This article presents measurements of dry bulb temperatures and relative humidity, both in physical test chambers and Chilean straw bale homes. The results of these measurements confirm that straw bale construction could provide hygro-thermal comfort with heating demands 28% less than those of constructions that meet the Chilean thermal building regulations. Straw bale, therefore, could provide a viable solution for comfortable, energy efficient, rural dwellings in Chile's Central Valley. Whilst over 40 private straw bale projects have been completed in Chile to date, restrictions applying to projects receiving government subsidies prevent this technology being available to those who need it most.

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18

Yin, Xunzhi, Qi Dong, Siyuan Zhou, Jiaqi Yu, Lu Huang, and Cheng Sun. "Energy-Saving Potential of Applying Prefabricated Straw Bale Construction (PSBC) in Domestic Buildings in Northern China." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 24, 2020): 3464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083464.

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The Prefabricated Straw Bale Construction (PSBC) has been proven as one of the most efficient construction methods to achieve low-energy buildings with low environmental impacts. This research presents analysis of the rationale for using straw bale constructions in northern China and a discussion of feasible constructions of PSBC to meet the local building codes following evaluations of potential energy performance of domestic buildings with PSBC in severe cold regions and cold regions in China. The results show that the buildings with PSBC reduce both heating and cooling energy uses, as well as heating intensities across the severe cold and cold regions, compared to the domestic buildings with conventional constructions. The findings of this research will contribute to reducing energy consumption in building industries in China.

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19

Teslík, Jiří, Radek Fabian, and Barbora Hrubá. "Determination of the Airborne Sound Insulation of a Straw Bale Partition Wall." Civil and Environmental Engineering 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cee-2017-0003.

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AbstractThis paper describes the results of a scientific project focused on determining of the Airborne Sound Insulation of a peripheral non-load bearing wall made of straw bales expressed by Weighted Sound Reduction Index. Weighted Sound Reduction Index was determined by measuring in the certified acoustic laboratory at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at Brno University of Technology. The measured structure of the straw wall was modified in combinations with various materials, so the results include a wide range of possible compositions of the wall. The key modification was application of plaster on both sides of the straw bale wall. This construction as is frequently done in actual straw houses. The additional measurements were performed on the straw wall with several variants of additional wall of slab materials. The airborne sound insulation value has been also measured in separate stages of the construction. Thus it is possible to compare and determinate the effect of the single layers on the airborne sound insulation.

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20

Zubareva, G. I. "Perspectives of Straw-Bale Building as Environmentally Safe Construction." Ecology and Industry of Russia 21, no. 6 (January 1, 2017): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2017-6-10-14.

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21

Medgyasszay, Péter. "Additional Insulation of Detached Dwelling Houses with Straw-Bale Elements." Advanced Materials Research 1041 (October 2014): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1041.243.

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The paper introduces the planning and construction experiences and development ideas of additional insulation of walls made from straw-bale. The energetic refurbishment of existing building is an important priority in the action plan of the EU dealing with the energy efficiency. The additional insulation of walls reduces significantly the energy demand of building but the effectiveness and the thickness of the insulation-material has economic and environmental limits. According to our previous research we introduced that the additional insulation of walls made from straw has significant advantages.The application of straw-bale insulation has large potential in the case of detached dwelling houses in rural environment. The paper introduces through two ready buildings the most important negative and positive experiences of straw-bale insulation. The paper also makes proposals for the development of the technology.

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22

Elias-Ozkan, Soofia Tahira, and Francoise Summers. "THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THREE DIFFERENT STRAWBALE BUILDINGS AT THE KERKENES ECO-CENTER." Journal of Green Building 8, no. 4 (September 2013): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.8.4.110.

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By and large, straw is not considered to be a building material, yet in comparison with traditional materials, building with straw bales is definitely more energy-efficient, eco-friendly, and low-cost; qualities that are desirable in sustainable buildings. This paper presents information on three different straw bales buildings at the Kerkenes Eco-Center, which is located in the village of Sahmuratli in central Anatolia, Turkey. The first of these was constructed with load-bearing straw bale walls; the second with straw bales as infill in a timber-frame structure; while the third utilized straw bales in combination with Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) blocks. This last was a hybrid wall construction that has been tried for the first time to take advantage of the thermal-insulation property of straw combined with the humidity-regulating property of mud plaster inside and the weather-resistance property of AAC outside. These three buildings are being monitored for their temperature and humidity variances with the help of data loggers; this data is also presented herein.

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23

Brojan, Larisa, and Peggi L. Clouston. "Straw Bale Building and its' Economic Perspective." Open House International 42, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2017-b0004.

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The accessible nature of straw bale building lends itself well to self-built and workshop-built housing; straw is known to be both relatively inexpensive and easy to work with for people new to construction. A question then arises as to whether or not hiring an experienced builder can reduce overall costs of such a structure. This study conducts a worldwide survey to straw bale home owners to answer this question and to determine general economic data on straw bale homes, such as: what home owners value, who the main builder typically is, and what usually causes budgets to overrun. A key finding is that self-building is economically justified if the projected saving is higher than the cost of a contractor and if the usually longer time needed to build the home is amenable to the investor. An economic case study is also conducted on a straw bale home in Radomlje, Slovenia. All building expenses are categorized by building phase and subgrouped by cost in accordance with accepted building standards. A key observation is how demanding any specific building phase is in comparison to conventional building.

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24

Pitonak, Anton, Martin Lopusniak, and Miloslav Bagona. "Case Study of the Straw Bale House." Applied Mechanics and Materials 861 (December 2016): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.861.577.

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Straw is renewable material both from the ecological and environmental point of view. It is almost always available at construction sites. Straw is used mainly as filling thermal insulation in structures. This paper deals with design of a two-generation family house. The family house is located in the eastern Slovakia. There is the temperature zone -14 °C. The first goal of this project was to specify the optimal ratio between solid and glazed surfaces in distribution of the specific heat use for space heating. The second goal was to achieve the specific heat use for space heating lower than 15 kWh·m-2·a-1. The specific heat use for space heating has been calculated according to STN EN ISO 13 790 Energy performance of buildings. The project analysed forced ventilation with the heat recovery unit, orientation towards cardinal points, optimal ratio of glazed and solid surfaces of the designed house and their impact on energy performance of buildings. Individual parameters were mutually combined and required goal has been achieved. The specific heat use for space heating was less than 15 kWh·m-2·a-1 in 13 of the evaluated combinations.

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25

Aung, Myint, and Aung Lay Tin. "Construction of Low-Cost Straw Bale House with Regard to Environmental Management in Myanmar." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-4 (June 30, 2018): 2774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd15721.

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26

Mutani, Guglielmina, Cristina Azzolino, Maurizio Macrì, and Stefania Mancuso. "Straw Buildings: A Good Compromise between Environmental Sustainability and Energy-Economic Savings." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 20, 2020): 2858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082858.

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Some straw buildings, which combine eco-sustainability with versatility, low cost, and fast construction times, have recently been built in Northern Italy. In this work, the technologies used to build straw houses are presented, and the characteristics of the raw materials, the straw bales, and the construction techniques are dealt with. Two straw buildings, which have different characteristics and types of application, are analyzed. The first building is a residential, nearly zero-energy building, which was built in Saluggia (Vercelli) in 2012. This house is presently inhabited by a family and is heated with a wood stove. The second building was built in 2014 in Verres (Aosta) and is a pre-assembled demonstration prototype used for teaching purposes. The thermal performance of the straw envelopes was evaluated during the heating season by measuring the thermal conductance of the straw walls through two experimental campaigns. Straw bale walls offer good insulating performance, as well as high thermal inertia, and can be used in green buildings since straw is derived from agricultural waste, does not require an industrial process, and is degradable. Finally, these characteristics of straw can be combined with its low cost. Local economic development in this field may be possible.

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Yin, Xunzhi, Mike Lawrence, Daniel Maskell, and Wen-Shao Chang. "Construction and monitoring of experimental straw bale building in northeast China." Construction and Building Materials 183 (September 2018): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.283.

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28

Aschheim, M., S. Jalali, C. Ash, K. Donahue, and M. Hammer. "Allowable Shears for Plastered Straw-Bale Walls." Journal of Structural Engineering 141, no. 2 (February 2015): 06014008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001101.

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29

Peng, Huixiang, Pete Walker, Daniel Maskell, and Barbara Jones. "Structural characteristics of load bearing straw bale walls." Construction and Building Materials 287 (June 2021): 122911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122911.

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30

Hejtmánek, Petr, Hana Najmanová, and Tomáš Váchal. "“Experimental assessment of separation distances of a load-bearing straw-bale construction”." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1107 (November 2018): 042013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1107/4/042013.

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31

Dorsey, Bryan. "Refocusing on Sustainability: Promoting Straw Bale Building for Government-Assisted, Self-Help Housing Programs in Utah and Abroad." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 2545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052545.

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Central to this housing program evaluation and policy analysis is the need to clarify competing definitions of self-help housing and to delineate the role of straw bale building in creating more sustainable, subsidized housing programs. Straw bale home construction is shown to be achieved at a lower cost, with lower embodied carbon than conventional housing, yet the building technique is not widely practiced as part of government-assisted housing, internationally, nor among mutual self-help housing (MSHH) programs in the United States, due in part to limitations of code adoption. Community Rebuilds, a federally subsidized MSHH program in Moab, Utah, is compared to other self-help housing programs in the state and stands apart with current “living building” development. Interviews and survey results from Community Rebuilds staff, contractors, and homeowners provide qualitative insights regarding the value of social capital, and embodied carbon calculations were used to assess the sustainability of conventional versus natural building methods and materials. Results confirm the need for increasing straw bale building code adoption and the creation of more sustainable self-help housing options in the U.S. and abroad.

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Platt, Shawn, Daniel Maskell, Pete Walker, and Aurélie Laborel-Préneron. "Manufacture and characterisation of prototype straw bale insulation products." Construction and Building Materials 262 (November 2020): 120035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120035.

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Swan, A. Jenkins, A. Rteil, and G. Lovegrove. "Sustainable Earthen and Straw Bale Construction in North American Buildings: Codes and Practice." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 23, no. 6 (June 2011): 866–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000241.

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34

Chaussinand, Adrien, J. L. Scartezzini, and Vahid Nik. "Straw bale: A Waste from Agriculture, a New Construction Material for Sustainable Buildings." Energy Procedia 78 (November 2015): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.646.

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35

Guo, Haibo, Siyuan Zhou, Tongyu Qin, Lu Huang, Wenjie Song, and Xunzhi Yin. "Energy Sustainability of Bio-Based Building Materials in the Cold and Severe Cold Regions of China—A Case Study of Residential Buildings." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (February 26, 2020): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051582.

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The aim of this research is to investigate the energy sustainability of cross-laminated timber (CLT) and straw residential buildings in the Cold and Severe Cold Regions of China. In the study, three building materials, namely reinforced concrete (RC), CLT, and straw bale, are used separately to design the building envelope in reference residential buildings in different climate zones. The energy consumption during the operation phase of these buildings is then simulated using Integrated Environmental Solutions—Virtual Environment software (IES-VE). The results show that both CLT and straw buildings are more efficient than reinforced concrete with a reduction in energy consumption during the operational phase. Overall, the calculated heating energy-saving ratios for CLT buildings in Hailar, Harbin, Urumchi, Lanzhou, and Beijing are 3.04%, 7.39%, 7.43%, 12.69%, and 13.41%, respectively, when compared with RC. The calculated energy-saving ratios for heating in straw buildings in comparison with RC in these cities are 8.04%, 22.09%, 22.17%, 33.02%, and 34.28%, respectively. The results also reveal that a south orientation of the main building facade results in approximately 5% to 7% energy reduction in comparison with east or west orientations, and as the building height increases, energy consumption decreases gradually. Although RC is the most frequently used building material in Cold and Severe Cold regions in China, as bio-based building materials, there is great potential to promote CLT and straw bale construction in view of the energy sustainability features.

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36

Vardy, Stephen, and Colin MacDougall. "Concentric and Eccentric Compression Experiments of Plastered Straw Bale Assemblies." Journal of Structural Engineering 139, no. 3 (March 2013): 448–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000668.

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37

Xu, Ling Ling, Guo Xing Zhang, and Jian Zhang. "Research on Energy-Saving Technology of Housing Colony of Yangling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.323.

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Based on field survey, we had a discuss on the grange character and problem on energy-saving of Yangling in Shanxi Province, whats more, site selection, spatial arrangement of housing colony, straw-bale application, comprehensive application of a variety of energy resources and afforest were mentioned and illustrated in detail as the energy-saving measures for grange, which would have active effect on the construction of low-energy consumption and ecological residence in Yangling region.

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38

Ovsyannikov, Sergey I., and Vladislav Yurevich Dyachenko. "Fire Resistance Evaluation of Pressed Straw Building Envelopes." Materials Science Forum 974 (December 2019): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.974.237.

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Ecological construction has a tendency to increase. One of its directions is the straw bale-house. The safety of such buildings is based on increasing the fire resistance of pressed straw panels. In order to increase the fire resistance of such panels, they are plastered with a clay-lime mixture, treated with flame retardants and antipyrenes. The protective equipment effect on the fire resistance is not fully understood. Therefore, the work considers evaluation issues of the fire resistance in pressed straw building envelopes, depending on the plaster layer thickness, the straw pressing density and the flame retardants treatment. The study found that with a panel thickness of 450 mm, the straw density in the range of 110-140 kg/m3, clay plaster thickness of 30 mm ensure integrity, insulating and load-carrying capacity. The temperature on the panel rear side did not exceed 67 °C. The pressed straw density has almost no effect on the panel fire resistance. Antipyrenes treatment improves flammability from 18% to 37-42% that makes it possible to classify the samples as hardly combustible materials.

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39

Mattila, Tuomas, Juha Grönroos, Jachym Judl, and Marja-Riitta Korhonen. "Is biochar or straw-bale construction a better carbon storage from a life cycle perspective?" Process Safety and Environmental Protection 90, no. 6 (November 2012): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2012.10.006.

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40

Yin, Xunzhi, Mike Lawrence, and Daniel Maskell. "Straw bale construction in northern China – Analysis of existing practices and recommendations for future development." Journal of Building Engineering 18 (July 2018): 408–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.04.009.

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41

Koh, Chuen Hon (Alex), and Dimitrios Kraniotis. "Hygrothermal performance, energy use and embodied emissions in straw bale buildings." Energy and Buildings 245 (August 2021): 111091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111091.

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42

Viera, Paulina, Jose Pachala, Hernan Rosero, Jose Maria Monzo, and Pablo Caiza. "Construction System for Single-Family Homes using Load Bearing Straw Bale Walls Quivillungo Community, Bolivar, Ecuador." Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 14, no. 10 (November 30, 2019): 3400–3407. http://dx.doi.org/10.36478/jeasci.2019.3400.3407.

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Koh, Chuen Hon (Alex), and Dimitrios Kraniotis. "A review of material properties and performance of straw bale as building material." Construction and Building Materials 259 (October 2020): 120385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120385.

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44

Holzhueter, Kyle, and Koji Itonaga. "The Hygrothermal Environment and Potential for Mold Growth within a Straw Bale Wall." Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 9, no. 2 (November 2010): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.9.495.

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45

Węglarz, Arkadiusz, and Michał Pierzchalski. "Comparing construction technologies of single family housing with regard of minimizing embodied energy and embodied carbon." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900126.

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This article concerns the Life Cycle Assessment method of evaluation and the ways in which it can be applied as a tool facilitating the design of buildings to reduce embodied energy and embodied carbon. Three variants of a building were examined with the same functional ground plan and usable floor area of 142.6 m2. Each variant of the building was designed using different construction technologies: bricklaying technology utilizing autoclaved aerated concrete popular in Poland, wooden frame insulated with mineral wool, and the Straw-bale technology. Using digital models (Building Information Model) the building’s energy characteristics was simulated and the embodied energy and embodied carbon of the production stage (also called cradle-to-gate) were calculated. The performed calculations were used to compare the cumulative energy and embodied carbon of each variant for a 40 year long life cycle.

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Carfrae, Jim, Pieter De Wilde, John Littlewood, Steve Goodhew, and Peter Walker. "Development of a cost effective probe for the long term monitoring of straw bale buildings." Building and Environment 46, no. 1 (January 2011): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.07.010.

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Chen, Zhihua, Huaishuan Sun, and Baozhu Cao. "Experimental study on seismic behavior of cold-formed steel shear walls with reinforced plastered straw-bale sheathing." Thin-Walled Structures 169 (December 2021): 108303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2021.108303.

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48

Cornaro, C., V. Zanella, P. Robazza, E. Belloni, and C. Buratti. "An innovative straw bale wall package for sustainable buildings: experimental characterization, energy and environmental performance assessment." Energy and Buildings 208 (February 2020): 109636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109636.

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Rybka, Adam, and Anna Brudnicka. "Architecture in the process of social inclusion of homeless." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900093.

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The phenomenon of homelessness requires active support to stimulate the actions of socially excluded people in the process of leaving homelessness. The study exemplifies transfer of benefits from the design sector to the social service sector. Shelters or installations for homeless people give them, on the one hand, a chance to survive, on the other, signal of acceptance of their status. Is it necessary to design forms that consolidate their condition or initiate a process whose aim is to overcome the state of homelessness and social inclusion? The paper reveals how to engage homeless populations as clients participating in the design and building process. The study presents a project in the field of natural construction based on straw balls technology. Materials are common, cheap, local and biodegradable. Straw bale technology allows building intentional communities developing in direction of social, economic and environmental sustainability. The project tries to solve the main problems of homelessness through assurance of refuge, inclusion in society, motivation to work and to develop the ability of the homeless to cooperate. The target group can gradually achieve economic independence and become an active part of society.

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Kim, Yail J., Andrew Reberg, and Mozahid Hossain. "Bio-Building Materials for Load-Bearing Applications: Conceptual Development of Reinforced Plastered Straw Bale Composite Sandwich Walls." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 26, no. 1 (February 2012): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0000207.

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