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Gomes, Anil. "Snapshot: P. F. Strawson." Philosophers' Magazine, no. 84 (2019): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tpm20198411.
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Campbell, Joe. "P. F. Strawson’s Free Will Naturalism." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 7, no. 1 (April 17, 2017): 26–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-006011220.
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This is an explication and defense of P. F. Strawson’s naturalist theory of free will and moral responsibility. I respond to a set of criticisms of the view by free will skeptics, compatibilists, and libertarians who adopt the core assumption: Strawson thinks that our reactive attitudes provide the basis for a rational justification of our blaming and praising practices. My primary aim is to explain and defend Strawson’s naturalism in light of criticisms based on the core assumption. Strawson’s critiques of incompatibilism and free will skepticism are not intended to provide rational justifications for either compatibilism or the claim that some persons have free will. Hence, the charge that Strawson’s “arguments” are faulty is misplaced. The core assumption resting behind such critiques is mistaken.
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Grover, Dorothy. "The Philosophy of P. F. Strawson." International Philosophical Quarterly 40, no. 1 (2000): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ipq200040162.
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Harré, Rom. "The Philosophy of P. F. Strawson." International Studies in Philosophy 35, no. 4 (2003): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/intstudphil2003354100.
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Bezuidenhout, Anne L., L. E. Hahn, and P. F. Strawson. "The Philosophy of P. F. Strawson." Philosophical Review 110, no. 3 (July 2001): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2693664.
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Bezuidenhout, A. L. "THE PHILOSOPHY OF P. F. STRAWSON." Philosophical Review 110, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00318108-110-3-460.
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Martens, David B. "In Memory of P. F. Strawson (1919–2006)." South African Journal of Philosophy 27, no. 3 (January 2008): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2008.10751635.
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Rateau, Paul. "P. F. Strawson et la critique des monades." Philosophie N° 150, no. 3 (April 22, 2021): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/philo.150.0017.
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Rainey, Stephen. "Austin, Grice and Strawson." Essays in Philosophy 8, no. 1 (2007): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eip20078123.
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Austin discusses the supposed opposition between performative and constative utterances in a paper delivered to a French audience in 1962 entitled Performative—Constative. It is his aim in this paper in a sense to recant his earlier views that such a distinction was clear. A translation of this paper made by G. J. Warnock appeared in 1972 in a collection of essays on the philosophy of language, edited by John Searle. Alongside this translation were criticisms and comments by P. F. Strawson and H. P. Grice. Taken altogether, I regard these papers as containing several important insights that have informed contemporary notions regarding meaning and communication, particularly as they are thought of by Brandom and Habermas. I follow the course of Austin's discussion in assessing the status of the distinction that gives his paper its name and consider its merits, as well as drawing upon some of Strawson's and Grice's thoughts on the matter. After these discussions, I hope that it shall be clear how indebted to these past thinkers are those important theorists of our time.
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Miller, Dale E. ""Freedom and Resentment" and Consequentialism." Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 8, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26556/jesp.v8i2.79.
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In The Second-Person Standpoint, Stephen Darwall offers an interpretation of P. F. Strawson’s “Freedom and Resentment” according to which the essay advances the thesis that good consequences are the “wrong kind of reason” to justify “practices of punishment and moral responsibility.” Darwall names this thesis “Strawson’s Point.” I argue for a different reading of Strawson, one according to which he holds this thesis only in a qualified way and, more generally, is not the unequivocal critic of consequentialism that Darwall makes him out to be. In fact, I contend, Strawson’s account of the reactive attitudes can potentially be a useful resource for consequentialists.
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Couture, Jocelyne. "Analyse et métaphysiquePeter F. Strawson Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 1985. 149 p." Dialogue 27, no. 2 (1988): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300019831.
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Heal, Jane. "P. F. Strawson [1985]: Scepticism and Naturalism: Some Varieties. Methuen. x+98 pp. £10.95." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 37, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 523–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjps/37.4.523.
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Alvarez, Maria. "P. F. Strawson, Moral Theories and ‘The Problem of Blame’: ‘Freedom and Resentment’ Revisited." Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume 95, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arisup/akab001.
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Glouberman, Mark. "Kant's Transcendental Deductions." Dialogue 29, no. 4 (1990): 575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300048277.
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In default of astounding findings — Lampe penned much of the critical corpus — it is likely that continued Kantian exegesis will perforce be featured by more pain for less gain. And since philosophical events must in many respects overtake even so monumental a figure as Kant, does not the treatment of Kantian documents in current terms court anachronism? In a fashion which encourages such musings, the contents of this handsomely produced collection of essays, the proceedings of a 1987 conference at Stanford, deviate from straight exegesis. The contributors include prominent commentators on Kant: Lewis White Beck, Paul Guyer, Jules Vuillemin. A number — P. F. Strawson, John Rawls, Stuart Hampshire — are original philosophers of high calibre. Given the divergent pressures of textual fidelity, of novelty, and of philosophicality, the interaction challenges us to consider the prospects. An especially illuminating portion of the discussion in this regard brings together Dieter Henrich, Guyer, and Strawson.
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Alweiss, Lilian. "Is there an ‘End’ to Philosophical Scepticism?" Philosophy 80, no. 3 (July 2005): 395–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819105000367.
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P F Strawson advocates a descriptive metaphysics. Contrary to Kant, he believes that metaphysics should be ‘content to describe the actual structure of thought about the world’, there is no need of postulating a world that lies beyond our grasp. We neither need to refute nor accept scepticism since we can ignore it with good reasons. Yet this paper argues that Strawson fails to provide us with good reasons. He fails to realise that one cannot do metaphysics by construing its claims as being merely descriptive of a conceptual scheme we find ourselves to possess without even purporting to establish the legitimacy of that scheme. The paper shows that it is possible to overcome this impasse if we endorse Kant's transcendental idealist position. The significance of Kant' position is that it not only allows us to describe our conceptual scheme but moreover that it acknowledges that the world may be (radically) otherwise without however instantiating the truth of scepticism
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Jubb, Robert. "‘Recover it From the Facts as We Know Them’." Journal of Moral Philosophy 13, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455243-4681059.
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In Andrea Sangiovanni’s words, practice-dependent theorists hold that “[t]he content, scope, and justification of a conception of [a given value] depends on the structure and form of the practices that the conception is intended to govern”. They have tended to present this as methodologically innovative, but here I point to the similarities between the methodological commitments of contemporary practice-dependent theorists and others, particularly P. F. Strawson in his Freedom and Resentment and Bernard Williams in general. I suggest that by looking at what Strawson and Williams did, we can add to the reasons for adopting one form or another of practice-dependence. The internal complexity of the practices we hope our principles will govern may require it. However, this defence of practice-dependence also puts pressure on self-identified practice-dependence theorists, suggesting that they need to do more work to justify the interpretations of the practices their theories rely on.
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Coates, D. Justin. "Hard incompatibilism and the participant attitude." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 49, no. 2 (March 2019): 208–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2018.1516057.
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AbstractFollowing P. F. Strawson, a number of philosophers have argued that if hard incompatibilism is true, then its truth would undermine the justification or value of our relationships with other persons. In this paper, I offer a novel defense of this claim. In particular, I argue that if hard incompatibilism is true, we cannot make sense of: the possibility of promissory obligation, the significance of consent, or the pro tanto wrongness of paternalistic intervention. Because these practices and normative commitments are central to our relationships as we currently conceive of them, it follows that hard incompatibilism has radically revisionary conclusions.
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Madell, Geoffrey. "The Road to Substance Dualism." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 67 (July 7, 2010): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246110000111.
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AbstractThe common materialist view that a functional account of intentionality will eventually be produced is rejected, as is the notion that intentional states are multiply realisable. It is argued also that, contrary to what many materialists have held, the causation of behaviour by intentional states rules out the possibility of a complete explanation of human behaviour in physical terms, and that this points to substance dualism. Kant's criticism of the Cartesian self as a substance, endorsed by P. F. Strawson, rests on a misinterpretation of Descartes. The so-called ‘causal pairing problem’, which Kim sees to be the crucial objection to substance dualism, is examined, and Kim's arguments are rejected.
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MASON, ELINOR. "Consequentialism and the Principle of Indifference." Utilitas 16, no. 3 (October 14, 2004): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820804001190.
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James Lenman argues that consequentialism fails as a moral theory because it is impossible to predict the long-term consequences of our actions. I agree that it is impossible to predict the long-term consequences of actions, but argue that this does not count as a strike against consequentialism. I focus on the principle of indifference, which tells us to treat unforeseeable consequences as cancelling each other out, and hence value-neutral. I argue that though we cannot defend this principle independently, we cannot do without it in practical rationality. Thus abandoning the principle of indifference would involve abandoning all of rationality, not just consequentialist reasoning. I suggest that we should understand the principle as P. F. Strawson understands inductive reasoning – as being part of rationality.
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Simmons, Greg. "Free Will and Law: Toward a Pragmatic Approach." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 30, no. 1 (February 2017): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2017.9.
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Despite its profound significance for notions of legal responsibility, the courts and legal system have tended to avoid direct engagement with the philosophical problem of free will. Focusing on mental illness and the criminal law, I advance here a naturalistic approach that builds on the work of P. F. Strawson, one I believe offers a pragmatic basis from which to address the contradictions and challenges present when folk wisdom, science, philosophy and the law intersect. In this way, I contend that moving dialectically between a reflexive engagement with extant practical attitudes to freedom and the empirical investigation of the participant/object divide affords the opportunity to develop more rational and humane legal and social responses to both the mentally disordered and broader population.
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Kelstrup, Erik. "Grundtvigs anvendelse af modsigelsen grundsætning i »Kirkens Gienmæle« - filosofisk belyst." Grundtvig-Studier 51, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 126–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/grs.v51i1.16361.
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The principle of contradiction in Kirkens Gienmæle« - in a philosophical lightBy Erik KelstrupThe article has two purposes. The first one is to show some characteristic ways, in which the principle of contradiction has been understood in the history of philosophy. This philosophical overview should serve as a basis for analysing Grundtvig’s use of the principle of contradiction.The second purpose, is in connection to this, to analyse Grundtvig’s use of the principle in the important pamphlet »Kirkens Gienmæle« (1825). The view presented here is that H. Høirup’s claim that the principle is a theological axiom for »Kirkens Gienmæle«, is if not entirely wrong, then at least exaggerated.The first part of the article begins with a presentation and discussion of Aristotle’s understanding of the principle of contradiction. It is shown that Aristotle understands the principle as a primary ontological principle, but that in his argumentation for the principle he actually argues in linguistic ways. Consequently there is a tension between an ontological and a linguistic way of understanding the principle of contradiction in Aristotle. The ontological claim of the principle continues in the philosophy of Christian von Wolff, from whom Grundtvig received his way of understanding the principle through his teacher in propadeutic philosophy, Børge Riisbrigh. Against Wolff Immanuel Kant argues that the principle of contradiction can only be used as an entirely formal and negative principle of truth. It has no connection to reality. The rejection of the ontological relevance of the principle continues in the analytical philosophy nowadays. So E. Tugendhat and P. F. Strawson argue that the principle of contradiction expresses only a necessary condition, if speech is to be meaningful. To speak in contradictions, is to say nothing. Such a speech does not have to be pointless, but if it is not explained, there will be given no information. In a critical reflection on the Aristotelian understanding of the principle of contradiction Tugendhat also emphasizes (in agreement with Strawson), that the predicative expression, which is contradicted in a contradiction, can only be understood on the basis of the situation in which it is used. This leads him to a corrected formulation of the Aristotelian principle of contradiction. Tugendhat’s formulation implies, however, that the principle is only an interior linguistic matter. It does not say anything about how the connection between language and reality should be. Therefore contradictions are not to be understood as false statements (against Kant). As Strawson puts it: there is a difference between declaring that a man’s remarks are untrue, and declaring that they are inconsistent. In the first case the relation to reality is the central issue, in the second it is not.In the second part of the article »Kirkens Gienmæle« is closely analysed with regard to the principle of contradiction. Here it is argued that although Grundtvig seems to find it useful to criticize H. N. Clausen for contradicting himself, and although he declares that Clausen’s contradictions are indications that Clausen is lying, the real argumentation takes place in a comparison between Grundtvig’s and Clausen’s understandings of church and Christianity. This means that the theological axiom is first and foremost Grundtvig’s view of the church, the socalled »kirkelige anskuelse«. Grundtvig’s opinion (in agreement with Kant) that contradiction and falseness are closely related, is rejected on the basis of Strawsons argumentation. But this opinion plays a minor role in »Kirkens Gienmæle«. It is also argued that Grundtvig’s examples of inconsistent thoughts in Clausen’s theology are purely linguistic (as Strawson and Tugendhat would accept it). The principle of contradiction is not used ontologically (as it is in Aristotle and Wolff). Therefore Grundtvig’s attack on Clausen is not epistemological (in opposition to Høirup). Grundtvig is not defending Wolff against Kant. Furthermore it is argued, that Grundtvig’s use of the principle of contradiction is totally superfluous. The actual argumentation is grounded in the demonstration, that Clausen’s understanding of the church is untrue, because it stands in opposition to (what Grundtvig thinks is) the true understanding of the church. And this demonstration and argumentation does not depend on the principle of contradiction. Finally the principle is not at all used (positive or negative) in defining the ground on which the whole pamphlet depends: the true view of the church.
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Kuehn, Manfred. "Rethinking Kant—Again." Dialogue 24, no. 3 (1985): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001221730004035x.
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This is a highly interesting book, and one that is, in its own way, most important. The Structure of Experience is well written and effectively argued. It shows Gordon Nagel to be a rigorous and independent thinker who is as well acquainted with Kant's Critique of Pure Reason as he is with modern analytic philosophy. Because he has been successful in avoiding “to presuppose a background in Kant studies”, the book can indeed “be read by anyone interested in perception, cognition, or the philosophy of mind” (vii). In fact, it is to be recommended as an introduction to recent epistemology as well as to Kant. And this is perhaps as it should be, as the study of Kant has deeply influenced the broader developments of contemporary philosophy. P. F. Strawson, Jonathan Bennett, Richard Rorty, and Barry Stroud, to name only a few of the best-known figures, all developed their own views in conscious dependence upon and/or opposition to Kant. Since Nagel is firmly rooted in this tradition, his book may be taken as a contribution to both the study of Kant and the discussion of contemporary philosophieal issues.
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Merritt, Melissa McBay. "Analysis in the Critique of Pure Reason." Kantian Review 12, no. 1 (March 2007): 61–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415400000819.
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It is widely supposed that the principal task of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason is to carry out some kind of analysis of experience. Commentators as profoundly at odds on fundamental points of interpretation as P. F. Strawson and Patricia Kitcher share this supposition. In a letter to J. S. Beck, Kant seems to endorse this view himself, referring to some unspecified stretch of the Critique as an ‘analysis of experience in general’. The idea that the Critique is engaged in an analysis of experience accords well with an attractive conception of Critical philosophy as making something explicit that is generally only implicit in our cognitive lives. After all, the categorical imperative is no innovation of Kant's practical philosophy, but rather is meant to be revealed as the animating principle of ‘ordinary moral rational cognition’. Likewise, the principles revealed in Kant's theoretical philosophy should be nothing other than the principles that necessarily animate ordinary empirical cognition; and Kant says that experience is, or is a mode of, empirical cognition. For this reason, it is undeniably compelling to think of the Critique as offering some kind of analysis of experience.
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Carter, Ian. "SELF-OWNERSHIP AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE HUMAN BODY." Social Philosophy and Policy 36, no. 2 (2019): 94–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052519000384.
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Abstract:In this essay I attempt to vindicate the “asymmetry thesis,” according to which ownership of one’s own body is intrinsically different from ownership of other objects, and the view that self-ownership, as libertarians normally understand the concept, enjoys a special “fact-insensitive” status as a fundamental right. In particular, I argue in favor of the following claims. First, the right of self-ownership is most plausibly understood as based on the more fundamental notion of respect for persons, where the concept of a person is in turn understood, along the lines set out by P. F. Strawson and P. M. S. Hacker, as referring to an entire biological organism with a certain set of mental and corporeal characteristics. If we restrict our attention to human persons, we can say on this basis that there is a special moral status attaching to the entire human body, and to no more than the human body. Second, self-ownership is not, as critics have sometimes supposed, based on a more fundamental right to equal freedom or autonomy. Criticisms of self-ownership as insufficiently justified on the basis of such rights are therefore off target. Rather, equal freedom and self-ownership are each based directly on the more fundamental notion of respect for persons. For left-libertarians, the asymmetry thesis serves to give priority to self-ownership when delineating a set of original property rights, given that there are many alternative ways of realizing equal freedom not all of which involve fully respecting people’s property rights in themselves.
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Alweiss, Lilian. "Embodiment and Self-Awareness – Evans, Cassam and Husserl." Philosophy 93, no. 1 (January 2018): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003181911700050x.
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AbstractIn recent years there has been a general attempt – inspired by P. F. Strawson – to naturalise Kant's notion of the transcendental self. The argument being that self-consciousness should refer to neither a kind of noumenal nor mental self but that the self-conscious subject must conceive of itself as an embodied entity, a person among persons that regards itself as an element of the objective order of the world. While Kant does not make room for the notion of an embodied transcendental self, this is where we need to go as our bodily awareness is central both for self-knowledge and the possibility of cognition and thus a transcendental condition for knowledge claims. In this paper I should like to single out Quassim Cassam's work Self and World to see whether such a position is tenable. Cassam's main claim is that we can only become aware of ourselves as subjects if we are at the very same time aware of ourselves as objects located in the spatio-temporal world. We could not be self-conscious and ascribe experiences to ourselves unless we are also aware of ourselves as a physical object among other physical objects in the world. The central claim is that when we self-refer we do not refer to two distinct entities, one possessing only mental, and the other possessing only physical features, rather we refer to a subject that is both mental and physical at the very same time. Awareness of ourselves qua subject is just awareness of ourselves qua object. This paper will focus on this claim alone and will ask whether it is tenable. The answer will be negative. Drawing on the work of Edmund Husserl, I shall argue that there is an inherent flaw in Cassam's position which he has inherited from Gareth Evans’ depiction of the self. The contention will be that our awareness of ourselves qua subject is not compatible with the awareness of ourselves qua object.
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Di Napoli, Ricardo Bins. "O INTUICIONISMO MORAL E OS DILEMAS MORAIS." Revista Dissertatio de Filosofia 35 (July 1, 2012): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/dissertatio.v35i0.8680.
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Na história da filosofia moral, por um lado, de Platão, passando por Aristoteles, I. Kant, J. S. Mill, e mais recentemente incluindo racionalistas como J. Habermas, J. Rawls, R. M. Hare e C. Korsgaard, várias tentativas foram feitas para mostrar que a razão é o melhor guia para nossas ações e julgamentos. Por outro lado, outros filósofos como D. Hume, A. Smith, A. J. Ayer, P. F. Strawson and S. Blackburn ensinaram que a moralidade deve ser uma tarefa para nossos sentimentos. Eu penso que é mais plausível aceitar que nossas duas capacidades devem ser consideradas na decisão moral, porque há novos importantes dados da psicologia, ciências cognitivas e neurociências que evidenciam a importância dos sentimentos nas nossas decisões, e não apenas a da racionalidade. Leis, valores e sentimentos morais podem todos nos dar boas razões para agirmos moralmente. Esta é a razão pela qual eu defendo aqui a visão que as abordagens da filosofia moral falham em oferecer uma boa maneira de tratar questões morais quando elas não abordam também o papel das emoções. Deste ponto de vista, eu pretendo mostrar aqui que uma forma de intuicionismo pode ajudar-nos a responder a questão sobre o conhecimento moral e aprender o modo como nós decidimos. Eu argumento que esta forma de intuicionismo pode nos ajudar a lidar com os dilemas morais. Na primeira parte do artigo eu considero as definições de dilemas morais, na segunda, na terceira e quarta partes eu explico três formas de intuicionismo – a racionista (D. Ross), a empirista (R. Audi) e a reflexiva (C. Gowans) – e finalmente na última secção eu indico uma forma de pensar as intuições. Eu chamo este tipo de intuicionismo naturalista. O naturalismo moral é a posição que nossas decisões e julgamentos são parcialmente determinados por um processo natural e propriedades naturais do mundo. Neste sentido, eu assumo que algumas de nossas capacidades emotivas (como a de sentir nojo, revolta por desaprovação, indignação, arrependimento, vergonha, etc.) ou capacidades cognitivas (e.g. racionalidade, cognição) estão gravadas e integradas na nossa psicologia. Isto significa que as normas morais sociais são aprendidas deste a infância, embora dadas pela evolução. Logo, elas podem ser tomadas como naturais no sentido que elas são produtos tanto do mundo social como da constituição biológica do ser humano.
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Kelland, Lindsay. "Free Will and Reactive Attitudes: Perspectives on P. F. Strawson's ‘Freedom and Resentment’, edited by Michael McKenna and Paul Russell." Philosophical Papers 39, no. 1 (March 2010): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05568641003669557.
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Eldridge, Richard. "Encountering Cavell." Conversations: The Journal of Cavellian Studies, no. 7 (June 19, 2019): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/cjcs.vi7.4285.
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I first came across Stanley Cavell’s writing in the fall of 1974 in a senior seminar in the philosophy of mind at Middlebury College, co-taught by Stanley Bates and Timothy Gould. We spent most of the term reading Gilbert Ryle’s The Concept of Mind and P. F. Strawson’s Individuals—books that at that time, before the widespread reception of Kripke’s Naming and Necessity, Putnam-style functionalism, and central state identity theory, still counted as contemporary philosophy of mind. It was then felt by Bates and Gould, I conjecture, that something more lively and something having to do with subjectivity might be order. Both of them had been Ph.D. students with Cavell at Harvard, and so we turned to “Knowing and Acknowledging.”
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Mocé, E., E. Blanch, A. Talaván, and M. P. Viudes de Castro. "Effect of different freezing velocities on the quality and fertilising ability of cryopreserved rabbit spermatozoa." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 5 (2015): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd14009.
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The freezing step of the cryopreservation protocol negatively influences the quality and fertilising ability of rabbit spermatozoa. This study determines the effect of different rates of freezing on the quality and fertilising ability of rabbit spermatozoa cryopreserved with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (1.75 M) and sucrose (0.05 M). Ejaculates from meat rabbit line males (n = 12) were pooled and each pool (n = 7) was split into four aliquots. One group of straws (control, C) was frozen in static liquid nitrogen vapour (5 cm above the liquid nitrogen, 10 min) and the other groups were frozen at different freezing rates (°C min–1) from –6°C to –100°C using a programmable freezer: slow (–15°C min–1, S), medium (–40°C min–1, M) or fast (–60°C min–1, F). After thawing (50°C, 12 s), the quality was highest (P < 0.05) in C and M samples and lowest in S and F samples. F samples presented the lowest litter sizes (P ≤ 0.05) and fertility whilst M samples exhibited the highest values. In conclusion, the freezing rate affects both the quality and the fertilising ability of frozen–thawed rabbit spermatozoa, with both slow (–15°C min–1) and fast (–60°C min–1) freezing rates being detrimental for the quality and fertilising ability.
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Benn, Piers. "Forgiveness and Loyalty." Philosophy 71, no. 277 (July 1996): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100041644.
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Contemporary moral philosophy rightly gives an important place not only to theories of right action, but to the nature and value of our interpersonal moral attitudes, including such reactions as resentment, admiration and forgiveness. Whilst these concerns have always been of interest to theologians and psychologists, their philosophical importance partly derives from wider concerns about the nature of persons. The recent resurgence, for instance, of retributivist theories of punishment, which are finding favour among many philosophical writers, largely bases itself on the idea that a range of ‘participant reactive attitudes’ (to borrow P. F. Strawson's phrase) is both socially indispensable and morally legitimate. In this web of interpersonal responses is forgiveness, which cannot properly be examined without discussion of other responses such as indignation, anger and even hatred.
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Bolarín, A., G. Carvajal, M. Hernandez, J. M. Vazquez, E. A. Martinez, and J. Roca. "11 TIME OF INSEMINATION RELATIVE TO OVULATION EXPLAINS FERTILITY VARIATIONS OFFROZEN - THAWED SPERMATOZOA BETWEEN FARMS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 2 (2005): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv17n2ab11.
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Swine fertility after AI with frozen-thawed spermatozoa varies between trials. As thawed spermatozoa have an extremely limited life span in the female genital tract, fertility of frozen-thawed spermatozoa depends mainly on the time of insemination relative to ovulation. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the time of insemination relative to ovulation could explain the farm differences in fertility when frozen-thawed spermatozoa are used. Pooled sperm-rich fractions collected from three mature Pietrain boars were diluted in lactose/egg-yolk/glicerol/Orvus-ES-Paste extender, loaded in 0.5-mL straws (1 × 109 cells/mL), and frozen under controlled conditions (Carvajal et al. 2003 J. Androl. 25, 389–396). Thawing was conducted in a waterbath at 37°C for 20 s. Inseminations were performed using the deep intrauterine insemination technique (Martínez et al. 2002 Reproduction 123, 167–170) with 1 × 109 thawed spermatozoa (post-thaw motility >50%) diluted in 5 mL of Beltsville thaw solution (BTS). Ninety-seven and 82 weaned sows (parity 2–7) in farms A and B, respectively, were twice inseminated at 30 and 36 h after onset of estrus (estrus detection was performed twice a day by allowing females nose-to-nose contact with a mature boar and by applying back pressure). At insemination time, both ovaries were checked for ovulation by transrectal ultrasonography and sows were classified into three groups: F sows (follicles visible during the two examinations), O sows (ovulation visible during at least one examination), and C sows (corpora lutea visible during both examinations). Data were analysed with ANOVA and chi-square test, and are reported as % or mean ± SEM. Overall farrowing rates differed (P < 0.01) between farms: 70.1% (68/97) and 51.22% (42/82) in farms A and B, respectively. Litter size did not differ (P > 0.05) between farms (9.18 ± 0.24 and 9 ± 0.39 in farms A and B, respectively). Distribution of sows among F, O, and C groups differed (P < 0.05) between farms. Seventeen (17.52%), 70 (72.16%), and 10 (10.31%) sows in farm A and 33 (40.24%), 24 (29.27%), and 25 (30.49%) sows in farm B were classified as F, O, and C, respectively. Fertility in F, O, or C sows did not differ (P > 0.05) between farms. Farrowing rates and litter size in O sows (82.98% and 9.45 ± 0.23) were higher (P < 0.05) than in F (48% and 8.67 ± 0.54) and C (48.57% and 7.55 ± 0.62) sows. We can conclude that time of insemination relative to ovulation explains fertility differences between farms when frozen-thawed spermatozoa are used. This work was supported by INIA (RZ01-019) and INFO (CARM).
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NORTON, B. W., and J. H. AHN. "A comparison of fresh and dried Calliandra calothyrsus supplements for sheep given a basal diet of barley straw." Journal of Agricultural Science 129, no. 4 (December 1997): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859697004917.
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Leaves from the tropical tree legume calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) were harvested and fed either fresh frozen (F) or dried (D) as a supplement (200 g dry matter (DM)) to sheep (n=4) given barley straw ad libitum in metabolism cages in a controlled-environment animal house. Sheep given these diets were intra-ruminally infused (0·5 litres/day) with either water or a solution containing 100 g/l polyethylene glycol (PEG). These treatments were administered in a randomized complete block design, and the results statistically analysed. Drying significantly increased the cell wall (cellulose, hemicellulose) and lignin contents, but decreased the condensed tannin (butanol-HCl method) content (F=35·7, D=21·7 g/kg DM). Both drying and PEG infusion significantly (P<0·05) increased straw organic matter (OM) intake, but the effects of drying plus PEG were not additive. Organic matter digestibility of the diets was significantly (P<0·05) increased by drying (F=433 g/kg, D=486 g/kg), but not by the infusion of PEG. Total nitrogen (N) digestibility was significantly (P<0·05) increased by drying (F=207 g/kg, D=316 g/kg) in the absence of PEG, and by PEG for both frozen (−PEG=207 g/kg, +PEG=392 g/kg) and dried (−PEG=316 g/kg, +PEG=434 g/kg) calliandra. PEG infusion significantly increased the proportion of feed N degraded in the rumen (−PEG=0·41, +PEG=0·52) and rumen ammonia concentrations (−PEG=63, +PEG=103 mgN/l), but had no significant effect on the rate or efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. PEG infusions significantly increased the amount and proportion of N intake absorbed from the lower digestive tract, but had no significant effect on overall N balance. Drying decreased the tannin losses (as % intake) occurring in the rumen (F=37·3%, D=24·2%), and PEG infusion increased these losses for both frozen (−PEG=37·3%, +PEG=72·5%) and dried (−PEG=24·2%, +PEG=68·7%) calliandra supplements. It was concluded from these studies that the presence of tannins in fresh (frozen) calliandra depressed feed utilization, and that drying was an effective means of improving the nutritive value of calliandra when fed as a supplement to low quality straws.
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Rubio-Santillanes, V. A., J. Antillón-Ruiz, F. A. Rodríguez-Almeida, S. Romo, H. Álvarez-Gallardo, J. L. Rodríguez-Suástegui, E. Hernández-Pichardo, and M. E. Kjelland. "37 In vitro maturation and fertilization in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) oocytes vitrified with trehalose or sucrose." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 32, no. 2 (2020): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv32n2ab37.
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White-tailed deer (WTD) invitro embryo production is not well documented, due to the seasonality of the wildlife species and available hunting permits. The objective of the present study was to conduct IVM and IVF using WTD oocytes vitrified with trehalose (TH) or sucrose (SC). A total of 121 immature oocytes were obtained from ovaries (n=18) using the slicing technique from hunter-slaughtered deer, not more than 2h after death. The WTD oocytes were vitrified using a solid surface vitrification technique in two different groups: 1) TH (n=60) and 2) SC (n=61). Oocyte warming (OW) was done using four concentrations (OW1 1 M, OW2 0.5 M, OW3 0.25 M, and OW4 0 M) in the oocytes after thawing. Then, a sample was used to evaluate viability for TH (n=5) and SC (n=5) (MTT stain (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), 0.5mgmL−1) and nuclear status (NS) for TH (n=4) and SC (n=5) with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (1μgmL−1), defining the stage as germinal vesicle (GV), MI, and unable to evaluate (NE). The remaining oocytes (n=88) were used for IVM for 36h in tissue culture medium-199 supplemented with human menopausal hormone (75 UImL−1) and epidermal growth factor (10ngmL−1). The evaluation of NS was defined (GV, MI considered immature and MII matured). The IVF (n=15) took place in Tyrode's albumin lactate pyruvate media supplemented with heparin (10μgmL−1), penicillamine (0.075mgmL−1), hypotaurine (10M), epinephrine (1μM), and bovine serum albumin fraction V (0.4%), with a final semen concentration of 3×106 spermmL−1. Frozen straws of conventional WTD semen were used; the straws were split into 3 parts, with one fraction thawed and capacitated using “swim-up” technique. After 24h of incubation at 38.5°C with 5% CO2, and humidified air, nuclear evaluation was made as fertilized (F), not fertilized (NF), or NE. A Fisher exact test was used (SAS, 9.0 version for Windows), α=0.05. After warming, for the TH group (n=5), viability was 60% and nuclear status (n=4) was 50% GV, 50% MI, and 0% NE. For the SC group (n=5), viability was 40% and nuclear status (n=5) was 60% GV, 20% MI, and 20% NE. After 36h IVM, NS evaluation in the TH group (n=38) was 66% GV, 24% MI, 0% MII, and 10% NE; for the SC group (n=50), 84% GV, 10% MI, 2% MII, and 4% NE, not a statistically significant difference (P>0.05). For IVF after 24h, the NS evaluation in the TH treatment (n=10) was 0% F, 60% NF, and 40% NE versus the SC treatment (n=5) with 20% F, 40% NF, and 40% NE, not a statistically significant difference (P>0.05). A statistically significant difference (P>0.05) was not found between the TH and SC groups with regard to post-thaw viability, IVM, and IVF. Future research with larger numbers of immature or mature oocytes is suggested for further evaluation of both TH and SC for WTD oocyte vitrification for use with invitro-production techniques as a model for other endangered cervid species.
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Levi, Melih. "Sounds and gestures of linguistic reference: the endurance of reality in the poetry of Wallace Stevens." Semiotica 2021, no. 240 (March 1, 2021): 351–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2021-0018.
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Abstract The article seeks a rapprochement between pragmatic and semantic theories of language by returning to a breaking point in the history of philosophy, the middle of the twentieth century, when these theoretical models began to evolve into distinct schools of thought. Philosophical accounts of this period explore various and intertwined dependencies between semantics and context; however, they only implicitly examine the potential of sounds and bodily gestures in bringing descriptive clarity to the modes and limits of such dependencies. The article first investigates the way W. V. Quine conceptualized linguistic reference by combining behavioral models of language acquisition with more systematic explorations of syntax. It then turns to P. F. Strawson’s revisionary accounts of Kantian philosophy which reassess the silent strains of empiricism in Kant’s framework in order to identify possible grounds of reconciliation between pragmatic and semantic theories of language. Sound and gesture, two aspects that supplement language and give it an embodied feeling, are suggested as possible devices for formalizing intersections between context and semantic-oriented approaches. Poems by Wallace Stevens are used to think about the endurance of reference and how this endurance can find more compelling demonstration through an investigation of language as an embodied phenomenon.
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Shoemaker, David. "QUALITIES OF WILL." Social Philosophy and Policy 30, no. 1-2 (January 2013): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052513000058.
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AbstractOne of P. F. Strawson's suggestions in “Freedom and Resentment” was that there might be an elegant theory of moral responsibility that accounted for all of our responsibility responses (our “reactive attitudes,” in his words) in a way that also explained why we get off the hook from those responses. Such a theory would appeal exclusively toquality of will: when we react with any of a variety of responsibility responses to someone, we are responding to the quality of her will with respect to us, and when we let her off the hook (either for her action or with respect to her qua agent), we are doing so in virtue of her lacking the capacity for the relevant quality of will. Strawson's own attempt to put forward such a view fails, for reasons Gary Watson has given, but several other theorists have advanced their own, more developed,Pure Quality of Willtheories in recent years (including Scanlon, Arpaly, and McKenna). Specifically, there have been three distinct interpretations of “will” defended in the literature, yielding three different possible targets of our responsibility responses: quality ofcharacter, quality ofjudgment, or quality ofregard.My first task in this essay will be to show that none of these theories individually can captureallof our responsibility responses, given our deeply ambivalent responses to several marginal cases (e.g., psychopathy, clinical depression, Alzheimer's dementia). One reaction to this fact might be to abandon the quality of will approach altogether. Another, more plausible, reaction is to develop a pluralistic account of responsibility, one that admits three noncompeting conceptions of responsibility, each of which emphasizes one of the three different qualities of will as the target of a distinct subset of our responsibility responses. On this pluralistic approach, marginal agents might be responsible on some conceptions, but not responsible on others. In the bulk of the paper, I discuss each of the relevant subsets of responsibility responses, the different qualities of will they target, what the capacities for the three qualities of will are, and how the pluralistic qualities of will approach could account for our ambivalence in the marginal cases.
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Harris, J. P., J. L. Edwards, L. A. Rispoli, N. R. Rorhbach, T. M. Prado, A. M. Saxton, and F. N. Schrick. "13 MOTILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SPERMATOZOA FROM BULLS GRAZING TALL FESCUE PASTURES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26, no. 1 (2014): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv26n1ab13.
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Fertilisation is less than expected with spermatozoa from bulls consuming toxic endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue. The objective of this study was to evaluate motility characteristics of spermatozoa from bulls grazing tall fescue pastures using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Semen was collected from six Angus bulls (average age = 15.1 ± 0.04 months) during a three-month grazing study. Bulls grazed Kentucky 31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) infected with Neotyphodium coenophialum, an ergot alkaloid-producing endophyte (n = 3), or Jesup tall fescue with Max-Q™ (NTE), a non-ergot alkaloid producing endophyte (n = 3), and grouped by body weight and scrotal circumference to graze pastures from April 18 to June 26. Semen was collected once per week between 0600–0800 h beginning in mid-May and ending the last week of June. Gross motility and morphology was evaluated before extending with Bioxcell® animal protein-free formula (IMV, Aigle, France) and antibiotics (CSS 100, 2% of total volume). Extended semen was then evaluated using CASA to determine final dilution and packaged into straws (20 million sperm/straw), where equilibration occurred over 3 h in a cold room at 4°C. Straws were frozen for 7 min in static vapor of liquid nitrogen and plunged into goblets filled with liquid nitrogen. Semen was thawed and assessed using CASA at 0 and 3 h post-thaw. Data were analysed as a randomised block design with the fixed effects of treatment, blocking on semen collection date, utilising the mixed models procedure of SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Data were tested for normality (Shapiro-Wilk W ≥ 0.90), and treatment differences were determined using F-protected least significant differences. Path velocity (P = 0.001) and progressive velocity (P = 0.003) were lower in spermatozoa from bulls grazing E+ during the last 2 weeks of collection in June independent of time of assessment post-thaw. Sperm head area decreased in size in spermatozoa from E+ grazing bulls at 3 h post-thaw (P = 0.04) compared with NTE grazing bulls. Percent of rapid (progressive % with path velocity >50 μm s–1) and medium (progressive % with path velocity <50 μm s–1 but > 30μm s–1) velocity spermatozoa was decreased for E+ grazing bulls compared to NTE grazing bulls (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.004, respectively) and was accompanied by an increase in static (immobile) spermatozoa from E+ bulls (P < 0.0001). These findings indicate that spermatozoa movement and velocity are impaired in bulls grazing E+ tall fescue pastures compared to bulls grazing NTE tall fescue pastures after the freeze and thaw process, which may explain decreased fertilisation and cleavage rates of oocytes co-incubated with these spermatozoa.
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Nakashima, Y., and E. R. Ørskov. "Rumen degradation of straw. 7. Effects of chemical pre-treatment and addition of propionic acid on degradation characteristics of botanical fractions barley stra treated with a cellulase preparation." Animal Production 48, no. 3 (June 1989): 543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100004062.
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ABSTRACTFour experiments were carried out to measure the effects of exposure to a cellulase preparation on the degradation characteristics of whole barley straw and its botanical fractions. The effect of chemical pre-treatment (NaOH and H2O2) on treatment with a cellulase preparation and the addition of propionic acid to inhibit loss of dry matter were also studied during the fermentation of ensiled straws. Samples of each preparation were incubated in polyester bags in the rumens of three sheep to estimate degradability. The data were described using the equationp = a + b (1—ec) where p is degradability at time t and a, b and c are constants.The pH of ensiled straw was consistently decreased (P < 0·01) and the solubility increased (P < 0·01) by treatment with a cellulase preparation and by increasing the period of ensiling. The b values were decreased by increasing the length of the ensiling period (F < 0·01). The increase in the solubility of the treated botanical fractions was particularly apparent for the leaf blades, followed by leaf sheath, with the internodes being least affected (P < 0·01). However, treatment with a cellulase preparation had little or no effect in increasing the potential degradability (a + b) of any botanical fraction. The degradability of the whole plant and botanical fractions of straw increased (P < 0·01) with NaOH treatment and was further improved (P < 0·01) by alkaline H2O2 treatment. The increase was greater in internodes than in leaf sheath (P < 0·01). Treatment with a cellulase preparation and chemical pre-treatment had little or no effect on the 48-h dry-matter loss (DML) and the (a + b) values, but it increased (P < 0·01) the a values and solubility.DML from straw treated with a cellulase preparation during fermentation decreased (P < 0·01) from about 60 to less than 10 g/kg with 30 g propionic acid added per kg straw to inhibit bacterial activity. The decreased fermentation loss was reflected in an increase in the 48-h DML and potential (a + b) values of straw treated with a cellulase preparation.
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Ochoa, J., G. Fonseca, and M. A. Ellis. "First Report of Fusarium Wilt of Babaco (Carica × heilbornii var. pentagona) in Ecuador." Plant Disease 84, no. 2 (February 2000): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.2.199a.
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Babaco, Carica × heilbornii V.M. Badillo var. pentagona (Heilborn) V.M. Badillo, is a fruit native to Ecuador that has great potential as a cultivated crop. Local market demand and strong potential as an export crop have greatly increased interest in babaco production in Ecuador. Although the crop can be produced in open fields, the majority of crop production is in plastic greenhouses. In 1996, a serious wilt disease developed on babaco in several greenhouses, resulting in up to 100% loss of plants. Symptoms first appeared as chlorosis of the lower leaves, followed by defoliation progressing up the stem until the entire plant was defoliated. When cut in cross section, vascular discoloration was observed in the stem. Eventually necrosis and soft rot of the stem occurred and entire plants collapsed. Fungal isolations were conducted from fine feeder roots of diseased plants by soaking root pieces (2 cm long) in a 0.5% solution of sodium hypochlorite for 3 min. Root pieces were cut into smaller sections and placed on potato dextrose (PDA) or corn meal (CMA) agar in petri dishes. Isolations from larger roots, crowns, stems and fruits were made by soaking tissue sections of each plant part in a 2.87% solution of sodium hypochlorite for 3 min. Tissue sections were rinsed three times in sterile distilled water. Smaller tissue sections (≈0.125 cm3) were cut from surface-disinfested pieces and placed on PDA and CMA in petri dishes. Cultures were incubated at 20°C. A fungus resembling Fusarium sp. was isolated consistently from infected tissues from all infected plant parts. Based on the morphology of the fungal colony and conidia from monosporic isolations, the fungus was identified as Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend:Fr. (1). Pathogenicity tests were conducted by growing babaco plants in pots containing an equal mixture of sterilized soil, compost, and sand in the greenhouse. Eight 7-month-old plants were inoculated by placing 40 ml of a suspension (106 conidia per ml) of F. oxysporum in four plastic straws placed in the soil (5 cm depth) at equal distances (5 cm) from the base of each plant. Straws around noninoculated control plants received sterile water. Plants were watered with 400 ml of sterile water daily. Pathogenicity tests were repeated once as described. All inoculated plants developed typical wilt symptoms within 45 days after inoculation. No symptoms developed on uninoculated control plants. F. oxysporum was successfully reisolated from infected stem tissues of inoculated plants. Incidence of Fusarium vascular wilt of babaco has continued to increase since 1996 and is currently the major constraint to production. References: (1) P. E. Nelson et al. 1981. Fusarium: Diseases, Biology, and Taxonomy. The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park.
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Albero, G., G. Zullo, A. Salzano, R. Brun, V. Longobardi, G. Bifulco, and B. Gasparrini. "264 EFFECT OF SEASON ON CRYOCAPACITATION OF BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS) SEMEN." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 1 (2015): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv27n1ab264.
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Buffalo are short-day breeders; at our latitudes, reproductive activity improves during autumn. Although extensive studies have been conducted on the female, seasonal variations were also reported on post-thaw motility and membrane integrity of buffalo sperm (Andrabi 2009 Reprod. Domest. Anim. 44, 552–569). It was reported that cryopreservation induces capacitation-like changes in buffalo spermatozoa, assessed by both chlortetracycline (CTC) fluorescent and protein tyrosine phosphorylation assays (Kadirvel et al. 2011 Theriogenology 75, 1630–1639; Elkhawagah et al. 2014 J. Buffalo Sci. 3, 3–11). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of season on cryocapacitation of buffalo semen. At least two ejaculates were collected from 4 bulls during 2 seasons with different daylength: spring (low season) and autumn (peak season). Each ejaculate was diluted at 37°C with BioXcell extender to a final concentration of 30 × 106 spermatozoa per mL. After 4 h at 4°C, straws were frozen in an automated system. Immediately after thawing, sperm motility was evaluated by phase-contrast microscopy and viability, as well as capacitation status, were assessed by CTC fluorescent staining, as reported (Kadirvel et al. 2011 Theriogenology 75, 1630–1639). Briefly, sperm suspensions were first stained with 0.1 µg mL–1 Hoechst 33258 for 2 min. Then, equal volumes of sperm suspension and CTC solution (750 mM CTC, 5 mM cysteine in 130 mM NaCl, and 20 mM Tris-HCl) were mixed at room temperature, and glutaraldehyde (12.5%) was added. Sperm suspensions were mounted on slides and stored at 4°C overnight (in the dark). Each sample was assessed twice under a microscope equipped with phase contrast and epifluorescent optics. At least 100 spermatozoa per slide were evaluated and classified into 3 CTC staining patterns: 1) uniform bright fluorescence over the entire head (uncapacitated spermatozoa, pattern F); 2) fluorescence-free band in the post-acrosomal region (capacitated spermatozoa, pattern B); and 3) dull fluorescence over the entire head, except for a thin punctuate band of fluorescence along the equatorial segment (acrosome-reacted spermatozoa, pattern AR). Data were analysed by chi-square. There were no differences in sperm viability between seasons (78.4 and 76.4%, respectively, in autumn and spring). However, post-thaw motility increased (P < 0.05) in autumn (60.0%) compared with spring (50.0%). The percentage of sperm displaying CTC pattern F increased in autumn compared with spring (40.5 and 27.3%, respectively; P < 0.01), whereas the percentage of sperm with both pattern B (57.9 and 66.6%, respectively; P < 0.01) and AR (1.6 and 6.1%, respectively; P < 0.01) decreased. The number of bulls and ejaculates used in this study was too low to draw definitive conclusions. However, these findings suggested that capacitation-like changes after sperm cryopreservation may be reduced during the favourable season in buffalo.
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Robeck, T. R., and J. K. O¿Brien. "212EFFECT OF CRYOPRESERVATION METHODS AND PRE-CRYOPRESERVATION STORAGE ON BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN (TURSIOPS TRUNCATES) SPERMATOZOA." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 2 (2004): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv16n1ab212.
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In conjunction with artificial insemination (AI) and sperm preservation, sperm sexing technology has great potential as a population management strategy for captive bottlenose dolphins. Successful AI using fresh spermatozoa (Robeck TR et al. 2001 CRC Marine Mammal Medicine 193–226) and flow cytometric analysis of bottlenose dolphin spermatozoa (Garner DL and Seidel GE Jr 2002 CSAS Symposium 2–13) support this approach. For sperm sexing, methods for short-term storage of semen in a liquid state are required to enable transport of spermatozoa to the sorting laboratory. In addition, cryopreservation techniques must be optimized for long-term storage of sexed spermatozoa. Our objectives were to assess: (i) 3 cryopreservation methods×2 straw sizes×3 thawing rates (Exp. 1) and (ii) effects of liquid storage for 24h (pre-cryopreservation) and sperm concentration at freezing (Exp. 2) on post-thaw characteristics (PT) of bottlenose dolphin spermatozoa. For Exp. 1 and 2, 4 ejaculates (collected by manual stimulation)×3 males (aged 14–34yr)×4 replicates were used. For Exp. 1, semen was frozen in 0.25-mL (SM) and 0.5-mL straws (LG) by 3 methods (Mt) (Mt1: lactose, egg yolk, −32°Cmin−1; Mt2: lactose, egg yolk, 1.5% Equex STM (Nova Chemical, Calgary, Canada), −19.7°Cmin−1; Mt3: Test yolk buffer (TYB), −116°Cmin−1). All Mt had 3% glycerol. Samples were thawed using a slow (S: 2.8°Cs−1), medium (M: 8.8°Cs−1) or fast (F: 21°Cs−1) rate. In Exp. 2, ejaculates were divided into 4 aliquots for dilution (1:1) and stored at 4°C with EquiPro® (EP4°C, Minitube, Verona, WI, USA) and TYB (TYB4°C) or at 21°C with Androhep EnduraguardTM (AH21°C, Minitube) or no dilution (NEAT21°C). After 24h, samples were frozen and thawed using Mt3×SM×F at 10×106 spermmL−1 (LOW) or 100×106 spermmL−1 (STD). PT evaluations of motility (total motility [TM], % progressive motility [PPM], kinetic rating [KR, 0 to 5]) and acrosomal status (Spermac® , Minitube) were performed at 30min and 6h after dilution (1:1) with AH at 21°C. For statistical analysis (ANOVA), a sperm motility index (SMI=TM×PPM×KR) was calculated and expressed as % of initial SMI. For all ejaculates, initial TM and PPM were greater than 85% and KR was 5. In Exp. 1, at 6h PT, %SMI was highest for Mt3×LG×M (45.5±8.7) and Mt3×SM×F (44.8±11.9). For Exp. 2, %SMI at 0h PT was higher for samples stored at 4°C than at 21°C (TYB4°C 41.0±8.4, EP4°C: 36.7±7.7, NEAT21°C: 23.8±8.6, AH21°C: 14.8±8.6, P<0.001) and, with the exception of AH21°C, was similar between the LOW and STD concentration. At 6h PT, %SMI for all treatments was higher for STD than LOW concentration (P<0.05). Acrosome integrity was similar across treatments. In summary, a semen cryopreservation protocol maintained high levels of the initial characteristics of ejaculated spermatozoa. Transport of semen for sex pre-selection and cryopreservation within 24h may be feasible, but impact of storage time on functional capacity of dolphin spermatozoa is unknown.
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Magarey, G., J. Herrick, K. Thiangtum, W. Tunwattana, and W. Swanson. "284 COMPARATIVE FERTILITY OF FRESHLY-COLLECTED VERSUS FROZEN - THAWED SPERMATOZOA FOR IN VITRO FERTILIZATION IN THE FISHING CAT (PRIONAILURUS VIVERRINUS)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab284.
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Wild populations of fishing cats (Prionailurus viverrinus) in Southeast Asia are in decline, primarily due to habitat loss. Because the fishing cat population in North American zoos is small (n = 69) and inbred (F = 0.17) with relatively low genetic variation (86%), infusion of new founder genes from Asia is a conservation priority. Importation of cryopreserved semen for use with IVF and ET may offer one alternative to the international transport of living animals. In this study, our objectives were to (1) compare motility longevity of fresh vs. frozen-thawed fishing cat spermatozoa in two culture media, (2) evaluate ovarian responses to exogenous gonadotropins, and (3) assess development of IVF embryos produced with fresh vs. frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Raw semen was collected via electroejaculation from male fishing cats (n = 4), divided into groups, and washed. Two sperm pellets were resuspended in either Ham's F10 medium (HF10; with 5% FBS) or our feline optimized culture medium (FOCM; with 0.4% BSA); another pellet was diluted in TEST egg yolk, cooled to 5�C over 3 h, glycerated (4%), and cryopreserved in straws over LN2 vapor. Frozen sperm samples were thawed, washed, and diluted in either HF10 or FOCM. Fresh and frozen-thawed sperm motility (percent motile, rate of forward progress) in each medium (10 � 106 motile sperm/mL) was assessed (at 0, 1, 3, and 6 h) in microdrops under oil during culture (38�C; 6% CO2 in air). Female fishing cats (n = 10) were treated with exogenous gonadotropins (150 IU eCG, 100 IU hCG, 85-h interval) and ovarian follicles were aspirated laparoscopically. Recovered oocytes were inseminated with fresh (2 � 105 motile sperm/mL) or frozen-thawed (5 � 105 motile sperm/mL) spermatozoa in FOCM microdrops; resulting embryos were either cryopreserved or cultured in FOCM (with 5% FBS added at 72 h post-insemination) for 7 days. Sperm motility over time did not differ (P > 0.05) between media for either fresh or frozen-thawed samples; however, across media, frozen-thawed sperm motility was lower (P < 0.05) and declined faster (P < 0.05) compared to fresh spermatozoa. Females produced an average (�SEM) of 9.8 � 2.9 mature ovarian follicles, allowing recovery of 7.3 � 2.6 high-quality oocytes per female. Oocyte cleavage percentage at 42 h p.i. was lower (P < 0.05) with frozen-thawed spermatozoa (38%, 11/29) compared to freshly collected spermatozoa (68%, 17/25). Overall, 35% (6/17) of cultured embryos developed to blastocysts with no difference (P > 0.05) between embryos produced with frozen-thawed (4/11) vs. fresh (2/6) spermatozoa. Although fishing cat sperm motility and fertility appear compromised after cryopreservation, our results demonstrate the ability of frozen-thawed spermatozoa to produce IVF embryos that are capable of developing to blastocyst stage in vitro. This work was supported by (NIH RR015388).
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Loganathasamy, K., R. Rajhans, G. SaiKumar, and G. T. Sharma. "102 DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE OF BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS) OOCYTES VITRIFIED AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF MATURATION IN VITRO." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab102.
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Cryopreservation of unfertilized oocytes at very low temperature (-196�C) is carried out to ensure their continuous availability during different assisted reproductive techniques. However, various problems associated with the freezing of oocytes influence their developmental competence, resulting in suboptimal embryo production. The present study was planned to assess the developmental competence of buffalo oocytes vitrified at different meiotic stages of maturation. Expression profile of developmentally important genes, viz, heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) and glucose transporter 1 (Glut1), was verified in these vitrified warmed oocytes. Buffalo cumulus-oocyte complexes were collected from slaughterhouse ovaries and divided into six groups: control (no vitrification); 0 h group (vitrified before maturation), and 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-h groups [vitrified respectively at 6, 12, 18, and 24 h post-in vitro maturation (IVM)]. Vitrification solution consisted of propylene glycol (40% w/v), and trehalose (0.25 mol/L) in PBS + BSA (4% w/v) and vitrification was carried out by directly plunging 0.25-mL French mini-straws into liquid nitrogen. After a minimum storage period of 7 days, the straws were thawed at 37�C for 30 sec. In all groups, the oocytes completed 24-h of maturation. After 24 h maturation, a few oocytes from each of the six groups were stained with ethidium bromide to reveal their nuclear status. The remaining oocytes were co-incubated with frozen thawed buffalo semen in fertilization TALP with 6 mg/mL fatty acid free BSA and 10 �g/mL heparin sodium salt for 18 h. Presumptive zygotes were cultured in mSOF for 8 days. Vitrified warmed oocytes were subjected to total RNA isolation and RT-PCR for detection of mRNA transcripts of HSP 70 and Glut1 genes. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and F-test analysis. Differences of P < 0.05 were considered significant. The percentage of oocytes recovered from all five vitrification groups varied from 89 to 92 out of which 84-91% of oocytes were morphologically normal. A higher proportion of nonvitrified control oocytes (72.8%; 40/55) reached the metaphase II stage than for the oocytes vitrified at 24 (60%; 36/60), 18 (54.4%; 31/57), 12 (42.3%; 22/52), 6 (33.3%; 20/60), and 0 (31.7%; 19/60) h of IVM. The cleavage rate of nonvitrified control oocytes was higher (36.8%) than that of oocytes vitrified at 0 (1.6%), 6 (2.0%), 12 (3.2%), 18 (5.3%), and 24 (5.2%) h of IVM. With regard to subsequent development, 0- and 6-h oocytes were blocked at 8 cells, whereas in other groups development reached the late morula (4.8%) and blastocyst (3.5%) stages, confirming that the stage of maturation at which oocytes are vitrified influenced the nuclear maturation and developmental competence. Total RNA content was 2.24 � 0.40 ng/oocyte in the control group and 2.11 � 0.22 ng/oocyte in the group vitrified after 24 h of IVM. The expression pattern of HSP 70 and Glut1 was identical in control and vitrified groups, indicating that the vitrification protocol did not alter the expression pattern of these genes.
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Ideta, A., S. Iwasa, T. Takedomi, M. Urakawa, M. Konishi, and Y. Aoyagi. "153 EFFECTS ON SEX RATIO AND PREGNANCY RATES OF IN VIVO-DERIVED BOVINE EMBRYOS USING LOOP-MEDIATED ISOTHERMAL AMPLIFICATION SEXING METHOD." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 2 (2005): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv17n2ab153.
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In this study, we examined the effects of developmental stages and quality grades on sex ratio of in vivo-derived bovine embryos. Furthermore, pregnancy rates of fresh frozen-thawed sexed embryos or intact (non-sexed) fresh and frozen-thawed embryos were compared in order to efficiently carry out the sexing of embryos in the field. Embryos were collected from donors at 7 days after estrus following a routine superovulation protocol, and classified into four stages (late morula, early blastocyst, blastocyst, and expanded blastocyst) and two quality grades (Grade 1 and Grade 2–3) by the IETS manual. Embryos were frozen by direct transfer method from 1 to 3 h post-collection in 0.25-mL straws as described previously (Aoyagi et al. 1996 Theriogenology 45, 165 abst). Frozen embryos were thawed in 30°C water for 20 s following 7 s in air. They were then squeezed out into PBS + 5% FCS (PBS), washed twice, and incubated in CR1aa + 5% CS (CR1aa) or PBS. Recently, a commercial embryo sexing program was performed at our laboratory using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The procedure takes 5 min to perform each embryo biopsy and only 40 min for the LAMP process. A few cells of fresh (F; n = 105) and frozen-thawed (Z; n = 143) embryos of Grade 1 (H), and fresh (F; n = 77) embryos of Grade 2–3 (L) were biopsied with a microsurgical blade, and sex was determined by the LAMP method. Embryos were transferred non-surgically into heifers on Day 7 of the estrus cycle. Pregnancies were determined by ultrasonography on Day 30. Data were analyzed by the chi-square test. The sexing of all 325 embryos yielded 148 female (46%), and only 2 embryos were indeterminant (1%). There was no evidence of any effect of developmental stage on sex ratio (female embryos: late morula 69/157 (44%), early blastocyst 42/94 (45%), blastocyst 29/53 (55%), and expanded blastocyst 10/21 (48%)). However, when the sex ratio was examined for embryos of different quality grades, significantly more females were found in the embryos appearing more degenerated (female embryos: FH + ZH vs. FL; 42% vs. 57%, P < 0.05). Pregnancy rates on Day 30 with FH embryos (38/45, 84%) were similar to rates obtained with non-sexed fresh (60/81, 78%) and frozen-thawed embryos (44/54, 82%). The pregnancy rates on Day 30 with ZH embryos incubated in CR1aa (18/40, 45%) were lower than those of FH, non-sexed fresh, and frozen-thawed embryos. However, pregnancy rates of ZH embryos incubated in PBS (13/16, 81.3%) were significantly higher than for those frozen embryos that were thawed and incubated in CR1aa (P < 0.05). After the transfer of embryos sexed by the LAMP method to recipient animals, all 55 calves born were of the predicted sex. In conclusion, the present results showed that with the LAMP method for sexing of the embryos, there were only a few samples for which sex could not be determined. Examination of in vivo-derived Day 7 embryos indicated that female embryos graded lower than male embryos. Furthermore, the removal of a few cells from a fresh or frozen-thawed embryo did not impact its subsequent viability.
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Hobbs, R., L. Keogh, K. James, J. Baxter-Gilbert, and M. Whiting. "109 Sperm cryopreservation in Eulamprus quoyii (Eastern water skink)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 1 (2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv31n1ab109.
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Australia has a rich diversity and high endemism (93%) of reptilian species, the largest family being Scincidae (252 species), yet there continues to be a paucity of reports for gamete cryopreservation in reptilians (Clulow and Clulow 2016 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 28, 1116-1132, DOI: 10.1071/RD15466). The goal of this study was to collect sperm from a locally abundant skink species (Eulamprus quoyii; Eastern water skink) to examine sperm sensitivity to cryopreservation. Wild-caught males (n=50; snout-vent length=103-126mm) were held in seminatural conditions for the duration of the study. Semen was collected during the breeding season (September-October) using an adapted ventral-massage technique (Molinia et al. 2010 Herp. Cons. Biol. 5, 311-319; retrieved from http://www.herpconbio.org). Sperm metrics (volume, concentration, progressive and total motility, and membrane integrity) were assessed subjectively under light or fluorescence microscopy. Results were compared using ANOVA. Sperm volume (9.43±5.18μL) and concentration (7.79×108±5.32×108 sperm/mL) did not correlate with snout-vent length in adult males (r2=0.025 and r2=0.15, respectively). Due to small volumes, sperm samples (motility >80%) from 4 to 6 males were pooled before allocation across treatments. For all cryopreservation experiments, sperm samples (5-10μL) were loaded into 0.2-mL French straws and frozen using a controlled-rate freezer (Cryobath; −6°C per minute), then plunged into LN. Sperm were thawed in a water bath at 35°C for 10s. In year 1, pooled samples (n=3) were maintained at room temperature (21±1.5°C) either raw, or diluted in PBS, Tris-citrate glucose, TLHepes, or Ham’s F-10 and assessed at 0, 1, 3, 16, 40h. Tris-citrate-glucose-diluted sperm had significantly lower total motility from 3h (36.7±11.5%; P<0.05), decreasing to 1% motility by 16h. Up to 70% motility could be maintained for 16h in all other treatment groups. In year 2, pooled samples (n=3) were cooled to 4°C over a period of 2h, then gradually diluted 1:1 with buffer to a final concentration of either 0.6, 1.35, or 2.7M cryoprotectant (CPA; dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl acetamide, glycerol) in PBS or no CPA. Sperm diluted in 1.35 and 2.7M dimethyl sulfoxide in PBS had significantly (P<0.05) higher kinetic rating and proportion of live sperm than control or dimethyl acetamide treatments; 1.35 and 2.7M glycerol were intermediate. In year 3, dilution and cryopreservation using 1.35M CPA in complex diluents, Tris-yolk buffer (20.1±2.6% live) and Beltsville poultry semen extender (29.7±2.0% live), did not significantly improve sperm survival compared to PBS (26.4±2.7% live); however, post-thaw progressive motility (5±1.1%) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher with 1.35M dimethyl sulfoxide Tris-yolk buffer than all other treatment groups. In conclusion, dimethyl sulfoxide yields promise for sperm cryopreservation in a skink, but further studies are required.
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Forell, F., C. Feltrin, L. C. Santos, A. D. Vieira, U. M. Costa, M. Hölker, and J. L. Rodrigues. "29 PRODUCTION OF BOVINE CLONED EMBRYOS BY NUCLEAR TRANSFER USING VITRIFIED IMMATURE OOCYTES AS RECIPIENT CYTOPLASTS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab29.
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The cryopreservation of immature oocytes is a logistic alternative to make cytoplasts available throughout the year for cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Oocyte cryopreservation will help to overcome hurdles related to oocyte availability, seasonality, or sanitary constraints. The objective of this experiment was to determine the efficiency of vitrification of bovine immature oocytes for use as cytoplasts to produce clone embryos. Cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) obtained from bovine ovaries by slicing from a local abattoir were selected and vitrified prior to maturation. Vitrification and warming solutions and exposure times were as previously described (Vieira AD et al. 2008 Rep. Dom. Anim. 43, 314–318) with minor modifications. Groups of 15 COCs were loaded in a 5-μL vitrification solution microdrop in beveled-cut straws (0.5 mL), which were plunged into N2L. Following warming, vitrified and control (non-vitrified) oocytes were in vitro-matured for 22 h and 17 h, respectively (Oliveira ATD et al. 2005 Theriogenology 64, 1559–1572). After maturation, cumulus cells were removed and oocytes were selected by the presence of a polar body. Embryo reconstruction by SCNT, carried out by standard micromanipulation procedures using fibroblast cells from adult origin, and in vitro culture to the blastocyst stage (Day 7) were based on our established procedures (Forell F et al. 2008 Acta Sci. Vet. 36, 141–148). Data regarding oocyte recovery following cumulus cell removal, oocyte survival after micromanipulation, and maturation, fusion, cleavage (Day 2), and blastocyst (Day 7) rates were analyzed by the chi-square test. Oocyte recovery (73.0%, n = 558/764 v. 91.4%, n = 529/579), maturation (46.8%, n = 261/558 v. 65.8%, n = 348/529) and cleavage (47.2%, n = 60/127 v. 60.2%, n = 77/128) rates were lower in the vitrified than in the non-vitrified group, respectively (P < 0.05). Conversely, oocyte survival after micromanipulation (77.8% and 78.4%) and fusion (82.1% and 82.3%) and blastocyst (16.7%, 10/60 v. 23.4%, n = 18/77) rates were similar between vitrified and non-vitrified groups. However, the overall efficiency (blastocysts produced from selected COCs) was 3.4-fold lower for vitrified oocytes than controls. In conclusion, the vitrification of immature bovine oocytes was proven as a valuable procedure for the production of blastocysts by SCNT, providing that a strict selection is made following warming, being an alternative resource either for the use of large numbers of oocytes obtained from slaughterhouse ovaries or to overcome seasonal variations in oocyte supply for use in animal cloning. This work was supported by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).
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Graff, Delia. "Definite descriptions, A reader, edited by Gary Ostertag, Bradford books, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1998, xii + 411 pp. - Gary Ostertag, Introduction, Pp. 1–34. - Bertrand Russell, On denoting, A reprint of 1119. Pp. 35–49. - A. N. Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, From Principia mathematica, A reprint of pp. 30–32, 66–71, 173–175 of 1941. Pp. 51–65. - Bertrand Russell, Descriptions, A reprint of pp. 167–180 of 11126. Pp. 67–77. - Stephen Neale, Grammatical form, logical form, and incomplete symbols. A reprint of LXI 1391. Pp. 79–121. - Rudolf Carnap, From Meaning and necessity, A reprint of pp. 32–42 of XIV 237. Pp. 123–133. - P. F. Strawson, On referring, A reprint of XVIII 87, Pp. 135–160. - Karel Lambert, A theory of definite descriptions, A revised reprint of XXXII 252(1, 3) with altered title, Pp. 161–171. (Reprinted from Philosophical applications of free logic, edited by Karel Lambert, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 1991, pp. 17–27). - Keith Donnellan, Reference and definite descriptions, A reprint of XL 276(12), Pp. 173–193. - H. P. Grice, From “Vacuous names,” A reprint of pp. 138–144 of XL 479(7), Pp. 195–200. - Christopher Peacocke, Proper names, reference, and rigid designation, Pp. 201–224. (Reprinted from Meaning, reference and necessity, New studies in semantics, edited by Simon Blackburn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge etc. 1975, pp. 109–132.) - Saul Kripke, Speaker's reference and semantic reference, Pp. 225–256. (Reprinted from Contemporary perspectives in the philosophy of language, edited by Peter A. French, Theodore E. Uehling, Jr., and Howard K. Wettstein, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 1979, pp. 6–27; also in Studies in the philosophy of language, edited by Peter A. French, Theodore E. Uehling, Jr., and Howard K. Wettstein, Midwest studies in philosophy, vol. 2, The University of Minnesota, Morris 1977, pp. 255–276.) - Howard Wettstein, Demonstrative reference and definite descriptions, Pp. 257–273. (Reprinted from Philosophical studies, vol. 40 (1981), pp. 241–257.) - Scott Soames, Incomplete definite descriptions, Pp. 275–308. (Reprinted from Notre Dame journal of formal logic, vol. 27 (1986), pp. 349–375.) - Stephen Neale, Context and communication, Pp. 309–368. (Reprinted from Stephen Neale, Descriptions, Bradford books, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1990, pp. 62–117.) - Stephen Schiffer, Descriptions, indexicals, and belief reports: some dilemmas (but not the ones you expect). Pp. 369–395. (Reprinted from Mind, n.s. vol. 104 (1995), pp. 107–131.)." Journal of Symbolic Logic 64, no. 3 (September 1999): 1371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2586643.
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"The Philosophy of P. F. Strawson." Choice Reviews Online 36, no. 06 (February 1, 1999): 36–3270. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.36-3270.
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Taieb, Hamid. "Husserl et P. F. Strawson sur les qualités secondes." Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Philosophie, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.24894/stph-fr.2016.75008.
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SILVA (UNIFESP), Daniel Soares da. "STRAWSON, ESQUEMA CONCEITUAL E CIÊNCIA: O CASO DA PERCEPÇÃO." Kínesis - Revista de Estudos dos Pós-Graduandos em Filosofia 7, no. 13 (October 8, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/1984-8900.2015.v7n13.5456.
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Tomando como base a percepção, este artigo visa a examinar a relação entre ciência e esquema conceitual na filosofia de P. F. Strawson. Em outras palavras, a meta é explorar como Strawson entende o papel da ciência na modificação do nosso esquema básico de ideias. Para tanto, a primeira seção expõe como Strawson entende o esquema conceitual e a distinção entre metafísica descritiva e metafísica revisionista. A segunda seção analisa, em primeiro lugar, a concepção sobre a percepção de Strawson, a qual surge do exame crítico da explicação oferecida por Alfred Ayer; em seguida, três perspectivas acerca da percepção (realismo confuso, realismo científico e realismo de senso comum), tais como apresentadas em "Perception and its objects", de Strawson, são consideradas; finalmente, examina-se de que modo entender as alegações da ciência que buscam revisar o conceito comum de percepção.
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Di Napoli, Ricardo Bins. "Livre-arbítrio e responsabilidade a naturalização da responsabilidade de P. F. Strawson." ethic@ - An international Journal for Moral Philosophy 8, no. 3 (May 28, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1677-2954.2009v8n3p73.
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