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Journal articles on the topic 'Stream test'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Ye, Qian, and Minyan Lu. "SPOT: Testing Stream Processing Programs with Symbolic Execution and Stream Synthesizing." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (2021): 8057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178057.

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Adoption of distributed stream processing (DSP) systems such as Apache Flink in real-time big data processing is increasing. However, DSP programs are prone to be buggy, especially when one programmer neglects some DSP features (e.g., source data reordering), which motivates development of approaches for testing and verification. In this paper, we focus on the test data generation problem for DSP programs. Currently, there is a lack of an approach that generates test data for DSP programs with both high path coverage and covering different stream reordering situations. We present a novel solution, SPOT (i.e., Stream Processing Program Test), to achieve these two goals simultaneously. At first, SPOT generates a set of individual test data representing each path of one DSP program through symbolic execution. Then, SPOT composes these independent data into various time series data (a.k.a, stream) in diverse reordering. Finally, we can perform a test by feeding the DSP program with these streams continuously. To automatically support symbolic analysis, we also developed JPF-Flink, a JPF (i.e., Java Pathfinder) extension to coordinate the execution of Flink programs. We present four case studies to illustrate that: (1) SPOT can support symbolic analysis for the commonly used DSP operators; (2) test data generated by SPOT can more efficiently achieve high JDU (i.e., Joint Dataflow and UDF) path coverage than two recent DSP testing approaches; (3) test data generated by SPOT can more easily trigger software failure when comparing with those two DSP testing approaches; and (4) the data randomly generated by those two test techniques are highly skewed in terms of stream reordering, which is measured by the entropy metric. In comparison, it is even for test data from SPOT.

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Kim, Ree Ho, Jinwoo Jeong, Sang Ho Lee, and Chae Sung Gee. "Estimation of Environment-Friendly Permeable Pavement at Laboratory Test." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 914–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.914.

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The creation of large impervious surface in urban and urbanizing areas commonly leads to multiple impacts on the stream systems including higher peak runoff, reduced infiltration, and increased pollutant loads to streams. Permeable pavements made up of a matrix of concrete blocks with voids offer one solution to the problem of increased stormwater runoff and decreased stream water quality. Experiment results indicate that lower pore size pavement showed a higher runoff reduction rate compared with other pavement. Also, water absorption capability of pavement will drop the surface temperature of pavement. Compared to runoff, the turbidity and phosphorus concentration were lower than 27 [NTU] and 0.5 [mg/L], respectively. It appears that turbidity and hosphorus are concentrated in the pavement void.

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Zięba, Damian, and Przemysław Wachniew. "Phosphorus Transport in a Lowland Stream Derived from a Tracer Test with 32P." Water 13, no. 8 (2021): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081030.

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Small streams in urbanized rural areas receive loads of P from various, often episodic, sources. This paper addresses, through a tracer test with 32P, retention and transport of a pulse input of phosphorus in a 2.6 km long stretch of a channelized second-order lowland stream. Tritiated water was introduced alongside the 32P-labelled ortophosphate in order to isolate the influence of the hydrodynamic factors on P behavior. Tracer concentrations in unfiltered water samples were measured by liquid scintillation counting. Four in-stream and five hyporheic breakthrough curves were collected at four points along the stream, two of which encompass a beaver dam impoundment. The overall retention efficiency of 32P along the studied reach was 46%. The transient storage transport model OTIS-P provided reasonable fits for in-stream breakthrough curves (BTCs) but failed at reproducing the hyporheic BTCs. The overall small effect of transient storage on solute transport was higher in the stretch with a more pronounced surface storage. Transient storage and phosphorus retention were not enhanced in the beaver dam impoundment.

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Lough, Hilary K., and Bruce Hunt. "Pumping Test Evaluation of Stream Depletion Parameters." Ground Water 44, no. 4 (2006): 540–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00212.x.

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Vrieze, Lance A., and Peter W. Sorensen. "Laboratory assessment of the role of a larval pheromone and natural stream odor in spawning stream localization by migratory sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58, no. 12 (2001): 2374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f01-179.

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This study used large laboratory mazes and natural stream waters to test the role of olfactory cues, including a pheromone released by larvae, in spawning stream localization by migratory sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). We found that migratory lamprey strongly prefer stream water over lake water and that this response is dependent upon a functional olfactory system. Responses persisted among migratory lamprey even after stream water was diluted a thousand times but were not seen among non-migratory lamprey. Experiments using waters from five streams demonstrated that a larval pheromone is a key determinant of stream attractiveness: water from streams with larval populations were consistently more attractive than those without, and adding larval odor to the latter reversed this relationship. Larval odor was attractive at low, realistic concentrations, especially when presented together with natural stream water, suggesting that streams contain other odors that synergize the actions of the pheromone. Some, but not all, of the activity of the larval pheromone could be explained by two bile acids released by larvae (petromyzonol sulfate and allocholic acid). Together, these results strongly suggest that migratory lamprey locate streams using a larval pheromone. This cue could be useful in lamprey control.

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Athanásio, Camila Gonçalves, Daniel Prá, and Alexandre Rieger. "Water Quality of Urban Streams: TheAllium cepaSeeds/Seedlings Test as a Tool for Surface Water Monitoring." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/391367.

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The present study investigates the genotoxic, mutagenic, and cytotoxic potential of surface waters in urban streams usingAllium cepaand analyzes the applicability of this assay for environmental monitoring. Water samples were collected from three streams located in the urban area of a municipality in the south of Brazil. For each stream, two samples were collected, one upstream and one downstream of the pollution discharge site. Physicochemical evaluation indicated that all samples had various degrees of environmental impact, but substantial impact was seen for the downstream samples of the Preto and Pedras streams. All samples increased the frequency of chromosome aberrations (P<0.05). The sample from Pedras downstream site also caused a decrease in mitotic index (P<0.08) and increase in micronuclei (P<0.08) frequency, indicating potential cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. The Pedras stream receives mixed industrial and urban wastewater, while the Lajeado and Preto streams receive wastewater predominantly domestic in nature, which may partially explain the difference in toxicity among the samples. Moreover, theAllium cepaseeds/seedlings were shown to be extremely sensitive in detecting the genotoxicity of environmental water samples and can be applied as the first tool for environmental health hazard identification and prediction.

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Soares, Juliane A. C., Valéria F. Batista-Silva, Daiane D. Boneto, Dayani Bailly, Milza C. F. Abelha, and Iana A. D. V. de Oliveira. "Assemblage of immature Odonata (Insecta, Anisoptera) in streams of the Mato Grosso do Sul State: spatial implications." Iheringia. Série Zoologia 105, no. 3 (2015): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-476620151053325332.

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ABSTRACT This study investigated the assemblages attributes (composition, abundance, richness, diversity and evenness) and the most representative genera of Odonata, Anisoptera at Água Boa and Perobão Streams, Iguatemi River basin, Brazil. Both are first order streams with similar length that are impacted by riparian forest removal and silting. Quarterly samplings were conducted from March to December 2008 in the upper, intermediate and lower stretch of each stream. The Mantel test was used to check the influence of spatial autocorrelation on the Odonata composition. Spatial variations in the composition were summarized by the Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) using Mantel test residuals. The effects of spatial correlation on richness and abundance were investigated by the spatial correlogram of Moranʼs I coefficients. The most representative genera in each stream were identified by the Indicator Value Method. The spatial variations in the attributes of the assemblages were assessed using analysis of variance of null models. We collected 500 immature individuals of 23 genera and three families. Among the attributes analyzed only the composition and abundance showed significant spatial differences, with the highest mean abundance found in the Perobão Stream. Miathyria and Zenithoptera were the indicator genera of the Água Boa Stream and Erythrodiplax, Libellula, Macrothemis, Progomphus and Tramea were the indicator genera of the Perobão Stream.

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Wood, Petra B., Mack W. Frantz, and Douglas A. Becker. "Louisiana Waterthrush and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Response to Shale Gas Development." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 7, no. 2 (2016): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/092015-jfwm-084.

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Abstract Because shale gas development is occurring over large landscapes and consequently is affecting many headwater streams, an understanding of its effects on headwater-stream faunal communities is needed. We examined effects of shale gas development (well pads and associated infrastructure) on Louisiana waterthrush Parkesia motacilla and benthic macroinvertebrate communities in 12 West Virginia headwater streams in 2011. Streams were classed as impacted (n = 6) or unimpacted (n = 6) by shale gas development. We quantified waterthrush demography (nest success, clutch size, number of fledglings, territory density), a waterthrush Habitat Suitability Index, a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol habitat index, and benthic macroinvertebrate metrics including a genus-level stream-quality index for each stream. We compared each benthic metric between impacted and unimpacted streams with a Student's t-test that incorporated adjustments for normalizing data. Impacted streams had lower genus-level stream-quality index scores; lower overall and Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera richness; fewer intolerant taxa, more tolerant taxa, and greater density of 0–3-mm individuals (P ≤ 0.10). We then used Pearson correlation to relate waterthrush metrics to benthic metrics across the 12 streams. Territory density (no. of territories/km of stream) was greater on streams with higher genus-level stream-quality index scores; greater density of all taxa and Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa; and greater biomass. Clutch size was greater on streams with higher genus-level stream-quality index scores. Nest survival analyses (n = 43 nests) completed with Program MARK suggested minimal influence of benthic metrics compared with nest stage and Habitat Suitability Index score. Although our study spanned only one season, our results suggest that shale gas development affected waterthrush and benthic communities in the headwater streams we studied. Thus, these ecological effects of shale gas development warrant closer examination.

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Chen, X. H., W. H. Dong, G. X. Ou, Z. W. Wang, and C. Liu. "Opposite distribution pattern of streambed hydraulic conductivity in losing and gaining stream reaches." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 2 (2013): 1693–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-1693-2013.

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Abstract. In gaining streams, groundwater seeps out into streams. In losing streams, stream water moves into groundwater systems. The flow moving through the streambed sediments under these two types of flow conditions are generally in opposite directions (upward vs. downward). The two opposite flow mechanism will affect the pore size and fine particle content of streambeds. It is thus very likely that the opposite flow conditions affect the streambed hydraulic conductivity. However, comparisons of the hydraulic conductivity (K) of streambeds for losing and gaining streams are not well documented. In this study, we examined the K distribution patterns of sediments below the channel surface or stream banks for the Platte River and its tributaries in Nebraska, USA. Two contrast vertical distribution patterns were observed from the test sites. In gaining reaches, hydraulic conductivity of streambed decreases with the depth of the sediment cores. In losing reaches, hydraulic conductivity increases with the depth of the sediment cores. This contrast patterns in the two types of streams were mostly attributed to flow directions during stream water and groundwater exchanges. In losing reaches, downward movement of water brought fine particle into the otherwise coarse sediment matrix, partially silting the pores. For gaining reaches, upward flow winnows fine particles, increasing the pore spacing in the top parts of streambed, leading to higher hydraulic conductivity in shallower parts of streambeds. These flux directions can impact K values to depth of greater than 5 m. At each test sites, in-situ permeameter tests were conducted to measure the K values of the top streambed layer. Statistical analyses indicated that K values from the sites under losing stream condition are significantly different from the K values from the sites under gaining stream condition.

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Feng, Feng, Xin Chang, Xiang Ru CHENG, and Chao Wang. "Research on the Model Test of Super Stream Duct(SSD)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 2736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2736.

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Super Stream Duct(SSD) was a new-type hydrodynamic energy-saving device. This paper designed the test model of Super Stream Duct. The resistance trial and the self-navigation trial of the model ship with the super stream duct equipped were proceeded. The influences of geometry shape and the installation position of SSD on the energy-saving effect was analyzed at different flow speeds. The experimental results have shown that the Super Stream Duct can save energy when the ship installed the SSD. When the open angle of profile was 12°(type B), the distance between the SSD and propeller disc was 40mm, the effect of saving energy was the best.

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Kim, Jaeil, Sungpo Bae, Jinyoung Yang, and Donghyun Kwon. "Test Stream Generation Method for UHDTV Broadcasting Standard." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 41, no. 7 (2016): 823–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2016.41.7.823.

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Field, Malcolm. "Tracer-test design for losing stream-aquifer systems." International Journal of Speleology 35, no. 1 (2006): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.35.1.4.

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Molis, Arūnas, Angela Aiello, and Simona Sglavo. "Nord Stream 2: Litmus Test for European Unity." Humanities and Social Sciences Latvia 26, no. 2 (2018): 4–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/hssl.26.2.1.

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Johns, Elizabeth, D. Randolph Watts, and H. Thomas Rossby. "A test of geostrophy in the Gulf Stream." Journal of Geophysical Research 94, no. C3 (1989): 3211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc094ic03p03211.

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Wang, Ke, Xuejing Li, Jianhua Yang, Jun Wu, and Ruifeng Li. "Temporal action detection based on two-stream You Only Look Once network for elderly care service robot." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 18, no. 4 (2021): 172988142110383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17298814211038342.

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Human action segmentation and recognition from the continuous untrimmed sensor data stream is a challenging issue known as temporal action detection. This article provides a two-stream You Only Look Once-based network method, which fuses video and skeleton streams captured by a Kinect sensor, and our data encoding method is used to turn the spatiotemporal temporal action detection into a one-dimensional object detection problem in constantly augmented feature space. The proposed approach extracts spatial–temporal three-dimensional convolutional neural network features from video stream and view-invariant features from skeleton stream, respectively. Furthermore, these two streams are encoded into three-dimensional feature spaces, which are represented as red, green, and blue images for subsequent network input. We proposed the two-stream You Only Look Once-based networks which are capable of fusing video and skeleton information by using the processing pipeline to provide two fusion strategies, boxes-fusion or layers-fusion. We test the temporal action detection performance of two-stream You Only Look Once network based on our data set High-Speed Interplanetary Tug/Cocoon Vehicles-v1, which contains seven activities in the home environment and achieve a particularly high mean average precision. We also test our model on the public data set PKU-MMD that contains 51 activities, and our method also has a good performance on this data set. To prove that our method can work efficiently on robots, we transplanted it to the robotic platform and an online fall down detection experiment.

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Wang, D., and L. Wu. "Similarity between runoff coefficient and perennial stream density in the Budyko framework." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 6 (2012): 7571–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-7571-2012.

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Abstract. Streams are categorized into perennial and temporal streams based on flow durations. Perennial stream is the basic network, and temporal stream (ephemeral or intermittent) is the expanded network. Connection between perennial stream and runoff generation at the mean annual scale exists since one of the hydrologic functions of perennial stream is to deliver runoff. The partitioning of precipitation into runoff and evaporation at the mean annual scale, on the first order, is represented by the Budyko hypothesis which quantifies the ratio of evaporation to precipitation (E/P) as a function of climate aridity index (Ep/P, ratio of potential evaporation to precipitation). In this paper, it is hypothesized that similarity exists between perennial stream density (Dp) and runoff coefficient (Q/P) as a function of climate aridity index, i.e., DpDp* (EpP) and QP (EpP) where Dp* is a scaling factor and Q is mean annual runoff. To test the hypothesis, perennial stream densities for 185 watersheds in the United States are computed based on the high resolution national hydrography dataset (NHD). The similarity between perennial stream density and runoff coefficient is promising based on the case study watersheds. As a potential application for macroscale hydrological modeling, perennial stream density in ungauged basin can be predicted based on climate aridity index using the complementary Budyko curve.

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Li, Guang Di, Guo Yin Wang, Xue Rui Zhang, Wei Hui Deng, and Fan Zhang. "Forest Cover Types Classification Based on Online Machine Learning on Distributed Cloud Computing Platforms of Storm and SAMOA." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 3803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3803.

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Storm is the most popular realtime stream processing platform, which can be used to deal with online machine learning. Similar to how Hadoop provides a set of general primitives for doing batch processing, Storm provides a set of general primitives for doing realtime computation. SAMOA includes distributed algorithms for the most common machine learning tasks like Mahout for Hadoop. SAMOA is both a platform and a library. In this paper, Forest cover types, a large benchmaking dataset available at the UCI KDD Archive is used as the data stream source. Vertical Hoeffding Tree, a parallelizing streaming decision tree induction for distributed enviroment, which is incorporated in SAMOA API is applied on Storm platform. This study compared stream prcessing technique for predicting forest cover types from cartographic variables with traditional classic machine learning algorithms applied on this dataset. The test then train method used in this system is totally different from the traditional train then test. The results of the stream processing technique indicated that it’s output is aymptotically nearly identical to that of a conventional learner, but the model derived from this system is totally scalable, real-time, capable of dealing with evolving streams and insensitive to stream ordering.

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Mitchell, Teresa V., and Helen J. Neville. "Asynchronies in the Development of Electrophysiological Responses to Motion and Color." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 8 (2004): 1363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929042304750.

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Recent reports have documented greater plasticity in the dorsal visual stream as compared with the ventral visual stream. This study sought to test the hypothesis that this greater plasticity may be related to a more protracted period of development in the dorsal as compared with the ventral stream. Age-related effects on event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by motion and color stimuli, designed to activate the two visual streams, were assessed in healthy individuals aged 6 years through adulthood. Although significant developmental effects were observed in amplitudes of ERPs to both color and motion stimuli, marked latency effects were observed only in response to motion. These results provide support for the hypothesis that the dorsal stream displays a longer developmental time course across the early school years than the ventral stream. Implications for neural and behavioral plasticity are discussed.

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SOARES, Bruno Eleres, Naraiana Loureiro BENONE, Daniela Cristina Oliveira ROSA, and Luciano Fogaça de Assis MONTAG. "Do local environmental factors structure the trophic niche of the splash tetra, Copella arnoldi? A test in an Amazonian stream system." Acta Amazonica 50, no. 1 (2020): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201802681.

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ABSTRACT Environmental variation affects the availability of spatial and trophic resources in Amazonian streams and may be important factors structuring the diet of fishes. We analyzed the diet composition and trophic niche breadth of the lebiasinid splash tetra, Copella arnoldi, aiming to evaluate how environmental variation in Amazonian streams affects the species’ trophic niche. Fish were captured and environmental factors were recorded in 20 streams in the Caxiuanã National Forest, in the eastern Amazon, in November 2010. We made a semi-quantitative analysis of stomach contents of 200 individuals. Copella arnoldi exhibited an omnivorous diet composed mainly of detritus and allochthonous invertebrates. Environmental variation (stream width, stream depth, canopy cover and flow) did not affect the diet composition or trophic niche breadth of the species, possibly due to the regional integrity of the forest within the boundaries of the protected area. Riparian cover probably minimizes the effect of the small-scale variations in food resources, thus leading to a locally homogeneous diet composition in the splash tetra C. arnoldi.

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Bucerzan, Dominic, Mihaela Crăciun, Violeta Chiș, and Crina Rațiu. "Stream Ciphers Analysis Methods." International Journal of Computers Communications & Control 5, no. 4 (2010): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2010.4.2506.

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The purpose of this paper is to present and to discuss analysis methods applied in symmetric cryptography, especially on stream ciphers. The tests were made on some algorithms and also on the personal symmetric cryptographic algorithm, HENKOS, based on a pseudorandom number generator. The test confirms that the algorithm appears to be secure and fast. The paper describes first the main parts of the cryptosystem, its implementation and different analysis methods. The code is written in the C/C++ language. The software application and the tests applied were processed on a PC computer. The quality analysis presents the results of many classical statistical tests, comparing some algorithms based especially on pseudo random number generators. The tests use standard sequence of 12.5 MB resulted from some test generators. The main part of the work presents selected results for the most important statistical tests like: FIPS 1401, FIPS 1402 , ENT tests, Diehard battery of tests, NIST Statistical Test Suite. The final question is: are these tests enough to certifie the quality of a tested algorithm?

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Grzenda, Maciej, Heitor Murilo Gomes, and Albert Bifet. "Delayed labelling evaluation for data streams." Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 34, no. 5 (2019): 1237–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10618-019-00654-y.

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AbstractA large portion of the stream mining studies on classification rely on the availability of true labels immediately after making predictions. This approach is well exemplified by the test-then-train evaluation, where predictions immediately precede true label arrival. However, in many real scenarios, labels arrive with non-negligible latency. This raises the question of how to evaluate classifiers trained in such circumstances. This question is of particular importance when stream mining models are expected to refine their predictions between acquiring instance data and receiving its true label. In this work, we propose a novel evaluation methodology for data streams when verification latency takes place, namely continuous re-evaluation. It is applied to reference data streams and it is used to differentiate between stream mining techniques in terms of their ability to refine predictions based on newly arriving instances. Our study points out, discusses and shows empirically the importance of considering the delay of instance labels when evaluating classifiers for data streams.

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Wing, Michael G., and Arne Skaugset. "Relationships of channel characteristics, land ownership, and land use patterns to large woody debris in western Oregon streams." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 5 (2002): 796–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-052.

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Regression tree analysis was used to test the relationship of channel and aquatic habitat characteristics from 3793 stream reaches in western Oregon State to the abundance of large woody debris (LWD). Stream reaches were drawn from diverse ownerships and land uses land cover types over a broad geographic extent. When all land uses land covers were considered, ownership and land use patterns were related to LWD abundance. When nonforested land uses were excluded, however, these factors became less important. In forested streams, LWD abundance was predicted primarily by stream gradient and bankfull channel width, with the volume, frequency, and size of LWD pieces decreasing as channel size increased. Within forested lands, stand age and forest distribution were related to LWD size but had small correlations with LWD volume and abundance. The strong relationship of stream gradient and bankfull channel width with LWD suggests that in forested areas, the most significant factor related to LWD counts is the geomorphology of stream reaches and their surrounding areas. Land managers in western Oregon who want to improve aquatic habitat quality may want to direct their efforts to increasing LWD in larger streams, which typically include smaller quantities of LWD.

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Sin, Jae-Gi, Dong-Seop Kim, Hye-Geun Lee, Seung-Jin Maeng, and Sun-Jin Hwang. "Algal Growth Potential Test (AGPT) in Streams and Embayment of the Okchon Stream Watershed, Korea." ALGAE 18, no. 2 (2003): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/algae.2003.18.2.169.

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Prado Rodrigues, Gabriela Zimmermann, Aline Belem Machado, Mariana Finkler, Daiane Bolzan Berleze, and Günther Gehlen. "Environmental assessment of luiz Rau Stream (Brazil) utilizing allium cepa test." Ciência e Natura 42 (June 29, 2020): e76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x41818.

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The aim of this study was to monitor the water quality of Luiz Rau stream, through physicochemical parameters, environmental characteristics of the site, and genotoxicity test in Allium cepa. Four water samples from Luiz Rau stream were collected once a week for one month and some physicochemical parameters were verified. The environmental characteristics were performed by the Quick Assessment Protocol (QAP) and evaluated at the sampling site. For the genotoxicity assay, the Allium cepa test was utilized. In relation to the water physicochemical parameters, low levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) and high levels of ammonia, and phosphorus were obtained, which demonstrates the poor quality of the stream. The QAP results identified the stream as impacted. The mitotic index parameter was altered in the seed exposed to raw water samples in the third and fourth sample collection, demonstrating cell cycle reduction and proliferation respectively; witch can be associated with the presence of contaminated effluents in the water. In relation to the genotoxicity, the micronuclei were increased in seeds exposed to four raw samples in comparison to the control group. Therefore, the results obtained can characterize the Luiz Rau stream as impacted, mostly by anthropic actions, corroborating with other publications.

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Su, He, Pei Wu, Jing Xue, Yongan Zhang, and Haijun Zhang. "Analysis of flow field characteristics and structure optimization of the split-stream rushing muffler for diesel engine." Noise Control Engineering Journal 68, no. 1 (2020): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/1/37688.

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In order to analyze the flow field characteristics of the split-stream rushing muffler, a theoretical model describing the velocity of the split streams is established and verified by the tracer test. For this new-principle muffler, the acoustic performance and the relationship between the velocity drop of the airflow and the pressure field are analyzed, also the structure optimization of the muffler is carried out based on the orthogonal test. Finally, a new muffler is fabricated based on the designing theory of this type of muffler for a prototype of diesel engine, and the comparative analyses are conducted compared with its original muffler. The results show that the establishment and analysis of the theoretical model for velocity during the split-streams rushing process are correct. In the frequency range of 0â–“1000 Hz, the average transmission loss of split-stream rushing muffler is better than that of the original muffler. While the speed of airflow is reduced by split-streams rushing, a certain pressure loss is caused at the same time, which is about 50% of total pressure loss of the muffler, and the average fluid resistance coefficient of the split-stream rushing process is 0.91. Compared to the original muffler of the sample engine, the average insertion loss of the optimized new muffler is increased by 61.2%. At inlet air velocity of 30 m/s, the pressure loss is reduced by 16.8%. The results provide a potential for practical engineering application of this new split-stream rushing muffler in future.

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Reino, Stella, Elena M. Rossi, Robyn E. Sanderson, et al. "Galactic potential constraints from clustering in action space of combined stellar stream data." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 502, no. 3 (2021): 4170–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab304.

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ABSTRACT Stream stars removed by tides from their progenitor satellite galaxy or globular cluster act as a group of test particles on neighbouring orbits, probing the gravitational field of the Milky Way. While constraints from individual streams have been shown to be susceptible to biases, combining several streams from orbits with various distances reduces these biases. We fit a common gravitational potential to multiple stellar streams simultaneously by maximizing the clustering of the stream stars in action space. We apply this technique to members of the GD-1, Palomar 5 (Pal 5), Orphan, and Helmi streams, exploiting both the individual and combined data sets. We describe the Galactic potential with a Stäckel model, and vary up to five parameters simultaneously. We find that we can only constrain the enclosed mass, and that the strongest constraints come from the GD-1, Pal 5, and Orphan streams whose combined data set yields $M(\lt 20\, \mathrm{kpc}) = 2.96^{+0.25}_{-0.26} \times 10^{11} \, \mathrm{ M}_{\odot}$. When including the Helmi stream in the data set, the mass uncertainty increases to $M(\lt 20\, \mathrm{kpc}) = 3.12^{+3.21}_{-0.46} \times 10^{11} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot}$.

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Tieqiao Liu, Jishun Kuang, Weizheng Wang, Zhiqiang You, and Shuo Cai. "Embedding N-Detect Test Set into Controlled Bits Stream." International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications 5, no. 10 (2011): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jdcta.vol5.issue10.31.

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Michael, Claire W., Kalyani Naik, and Michael McVicker. "Value Stream Mapping of the Pap Test Processing Procedure." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 139, no. 5 (2013): 574–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/ajcpiwks7djxeeqq.

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Grimm, Peter, Menashe Aboudy, Alex Galperin, and Meir Segev. "A Test of Main Stream Pin Power Reconstruction Methods." Nuclear Science and Engineering 122, no. 3 (1996): 395–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nse96-a24174.

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SAMPSELLE, CAROLYN M., and JOHN O. L. DELANCEY. "The Urine Stream Interruption Test And Pelvic Muscle Function." Nursing Research 41, no. 2 (1992): 73???77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-199203000-00003.

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Ipate, Florentin, and Mike Holcombe. "Generating Test Sets from Non-Deterministic Stream X-Machines." Formal Aspects of Computing 12, no. 6 (2000): 443–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001650070004.

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Tsuboi, Jun-ichi, Kentaro Morita, Thomas Klefoth, Shinsuke Endou, and Robert Arlinghaus. "Behaviour-mediated alteration of positively size-dependent vulnerability to angling in response to historical fishing pressure in a freshwater salmonid." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 3 (2016): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0571.

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Positively size-selective vulnerability to fishing is well established in recreational fisheries. Size-selective harvesting can either induce an indirect selection response of behavioural traits that are correlated with size or exert direct selection pressures on behaviours that contribute to vulnerability. In addition, learning to avoid future capture may always happen. Behavioural change caused by fishing may in turn affect the size-selective properties of angling. To test this prediction, field experiments with amago salmon (Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae) were conducted. We demonstrated that, as expected, large fish were more vulnerable than smaller individuals in a low fishing pressure (LP) stream and that positively size-selective angling was not (or no longer) present in a high fishing pressure (HP) stream. Moreover, fish in the HP stream were by far less vulnerable to angling with natural bait than fishes in the LP stream. Laboratory studies showed that offspring from HP streams were intrinsically shyer than offspring collected from LP streams. We propose that the increased timidity of individuals inhibiting HP streams disrupted the generally positive relationship among salmon body size and its vulnerability to angling. Fisheries-induced timidity in response to high exploitation rates reduces catchability, affects the size-selective properties of angling, reduces the value of fishery-dependent stock assessments, and potentially affects trophic interactions.

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Johnston, N. T., S. A. Bird, D. L. Hogan, and E. A. MacIsaac. "Mechanisms and source distances for the input of large woody debris to forested streams in British Columbia, Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 11 (2011): 2231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-110.

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The geomorphic process domain concept predicts consistent associations between stream channel geomorphology and large woody debris (LWD) input mechanisms. We used synoptic surveys at 51 stream reaches adjacent to undisturbed mature or old-growth forests in central and southern British Columbia to test associations between stream geomorphology and the input processes, source distances, physical characteristics, and geomorphic functions of LWD within the bankfull channel. Standing dead tree fall was the dominant input mechanism, but bank erosion was important in low- and medium-gradient channels >3 m bankfull width. Wind-induced inputs (stem breakage and windthrow) were relatively more important in small or steep channels. LWD piece size and source distance varied among delivery processes. LWD originated at ground distances up to 65 m from the streams, but 90% of the LWD at a site originated within 18 m of the channel at 90% of the sites. Statistical models incorporating tree size and stream characteristics (bankfull width, channel type) explained 40%–64% of the variation among sites in the distances from which LWD entered streams. In general, LWD source distances increased with increasing tree height and decreased with increasing stream width; however, the strengths of these relationships were modified by channel type.

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Cotrim, Carlos Filipe Camilo, Max Miller Bicudo dos Reis, Fabrício Barreto Teresa, and Luciana De Souza Ondei. "Contrasting fish biomarker responses between streams with different environmental conditions." Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science 10, no. 1 (2021): 427–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2021v10i1.p427-443.

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Streams are environments susceptible to anthropic impacts that harm aquatic organisms by affecting their homeostasis. This study aimed to determine variations in the response of biochemical and genetic biomarkers of fish under the influence of anthropogenic impacts. For this, individuals of the tetra fish Astyanax lacustris were exposed in an impacted stream and one of its non-impacted tributaries (reference) during the dry and rainy seasons. For biochemical analyzes, we evaluated the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation in tissue samples of gills and liver. For the genotoxicity test, we evaluated micronuclei and nuclear anomalies in blood samples. The antioxidant enzymes showed seasonal variation, regardless of the stream; lipid peroxidation didn’t differ between seasons or between streams. The frequency of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities were more frequent in the impacted stream during the rainy season, probably in response to the leaching of toxic compounds that tends to be increased in that season. These results support the use of nuclear biomarkers in biomonitoring programs.

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Watmuff, Jonathan H. "Effects of Weak Free Stream Nonuniformity on Boundary Layer Transition." Journal of Fluids Engineering 128, no. 2 (2005): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2169813.

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Experiments are described in which well-defined weak Free Stream Nonuniformity (FSN) is introduced by placing fine wires upstream of the leading edge of a flat plate. Large amplitude spanwise thickness variations form in the boundary layer as a result of the interaction between the steady laminar wakes from the wires and the leading edge. The centerline of a region of elevated layer thickness is aligned with the centerline of the wake in the freestream and the response is shown to be remarkably sensitive to the spanwise length-scale of the wakes. The region of elevated thickness is equivalent to a long narrow low speed streak in the layer. Elevated Free Stream Turbulence (FST) levels are known to produce randomly forming arrays of long narrow low speed streaks in laminar boundary layers. Therefore the characteristics of the streaks resulting from the FSN are studied in detail in an effort to gain some insight into bypass transition that occurs at elevated FST levels. The shape factors of the profiles in the vicinity of the streak appear to be unaltered from the Blasius value, even though the magnitude of the local thickness variations are as large as 60% of that of the undisturbed layer. Regions of elevated background unsteadiness appear on either side of the streak and it is shown that they are most likely the result of small amplitude spanwise modulation of the layer thickness. The background unsteadiness shares many of the characteristics of Klebanoff modes observed at elevated FST levels. However, the layer remains laminar to the end of the test section (Rx≈1.4×106) and there is no evidence of bursting or other phenomena associated with breakdown to turbulence. A vibrating ribbon apparatus is used to examine interactions between the streak and Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) waves. The deformation of the mean flow introduced by the streak is responsible for substantial phase and amplitude distortion of the waves and the breakdown of the distorted waves is more complex and it occurs at a lower Reynolds number than the breakdown of the K-type secondary instability that is observed when the FSN is not present.

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Uriarte-Arcia, Abril Valeria, Itzamá López-Yáñez, Cornelio Yáñez-Márquez, João Gama, and Oscar Camacho-Nieto. "Data Stream Classification Based on the Gamma Classifier." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/939175.

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The ever increasing data generation confronts us with the problem of handling online massive amounts of information. One of the biggest challenges is how to extract valuable information from these massive continuous data streams during single scanning. In a data stream context, data arrive continuously at high speed; therefore the algorithms developed to address this context must be efficient regarding memory and time management and capable of detecting changes over time in the underlying distribution that generated the data. This work describes a novel method for the task of pattern classification over a continuous data stream based on an associative model. The proposed method is based on the Gamma classifier, which is inspired by the Alpha-Beta associative memories, which are both supervised pattern recognition models. The proposed method is capable of handling the space and time constrain inherent to data stream scenarios. The Data Streaming Gamma classifier (DS-Gamma classifier) implements a sliding window approach to provide concept drift detection and a forgetting mechanism. In order to test the classifier, several experiments were performed using different data stream scenarios with real and synthetic data streams. The experimental results show that the method exhibits competitive performance when compared to other state-of-the-art algorithms.

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Huang, Yi-Jing, Kuan-Lin Chen, Yeh-Tai Chou, I.-Ping Hsueh, Chieh-Yi Hou, and Ching-Lin Hsieh. "Comparison of the Responsiveness of the Long-Form and Simplified Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement: Group- and Individual-Level Analysis." Physical Therapy 95, no. 8 (2015): 1172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20140331.

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BackgroundThe group-level responsiveness of the original, 30-item Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement measure (STREAM-30) is similar to that of the simplified STREAM (STREAM-15), even though the STREAM-30 has twice as many items as those of the STREAM-15.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare the responsiveness of the STREAM-30 and STREAM-15 at both group and individual levels in patients with stroke. For the latter level, the Rasch-calibrated 27-item STREAM (STREAM-27) was used because the individual-level indexes of the STREAM-30 could not be estimated.DesignA repeated-measurements design was used. In total, 195 patients were assessed with the STREAM-30 at both admission and discharge.MethodsThe Rasch scores of the STREAM-27 and STREAM-15 were estimated from the participants' responses on the STREAM-30. We calculated the paired t-test value, effect size, and standardized response mean as the indexes of group-level responsiveness. The significance of change for each participant was estimated as the individual-level responsiveness index, and the paired t test and test of marginal homogeneity were used for individual-level comparisons between the STREAM-27 and STREAM-15.ResultsAt the group level, the STREAM-30, STREAM-27, and STREAM-15 showed sufficient and comparable responsiveness. At the individual level, the STREAM-27 detected significantly more participants with significant improvement and fewer participants with no change or deterioration compared with the STREAM-15.LimitationsFew patients with subacute stroke showed deterioration at discharge, so the abilities of the 2 measures to detect deterioration remain inconclusive.ConclusionsThe STREAM-27 detected more participants with significant recovery compared with the STREAM-15, although the group-level responsiveness of the 2 measures was the same. The STREAM-27 is recommended as an outcome measure to demonstrate the treatment effects of movement and mobility for patients with stroke.

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Murphy, Robert D., John A. Hagan, Bradley P. Harris, Suresh A. Sethi, T. Scott Smeltz, and Felipe Restrepo. "Can Landsat Thermal Imagery and Environmental Data Accurately Estimate Water Temperatures in Small Streams?" Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 12, no. 1 (2021): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-20-048.

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Abstract The ability to monitor water temperature is important for assessing changes in riverine ecosystems resulting from climate warming. Direct in situ water temperature collection efforts provide point samples but are cost-prohibitive for characterizing stream temperatures across large spatial scales, especially for small, remote streams. In contrast, satellite thermal infrared imagery may provide a spatially extensive means of monitoring riverine water temperatures; however, researchers do not have a good understanding of the accuracy of these remotely sensed temperatures for small streams. Here, we investigated the utility of Landsat 8 thermal infrared imagery and both local and regional environmental variables to estimate subsurface temperatures in high-latitude small streams (2–30 m wetted width) from a test watershed in southcentral Alaska. Our results suggested that Landsat-based surface temperatures were biased high, and the degree of bias varied with hydrological and meteorological factors. However, with limited in-stream validation work, results indicated it is possible to reconstruct average in situ water temperatures for small streams at regional scales using a regression modelling framework coupled with publicly available Landsat or air temperature information. Generalized additive models built from stream stage information from a single gage and air temperatures from a single weather station in the drainage fit to a limited set of in situ temperature recordings could estimate average stream temperatures at the watershed level with reasonable accuracy (root mean square error = 2.4°C). Landsat information did track closely with regional air temperatures and we could also incorporate it into a regression model as a substitute for air temperature to estimate in situ stream temperatures at watershed scales. Importantly, however, while average watershed-scale stream temperatures may be predictable, site-level estimates did not improve with the use of Landsat information or other local covariates, indicating that additional information may be necessary to generate accurate spatially explicit temperature predictions for small order streams.

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González-Pinzón, R., J. Mortensen, and D. Van Horn. "Comment on "Solute-specific scaling of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in streams" by Hall et al. (2013)." Biogeosciences 12, no. 18 (2015): 5365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5365-2015.

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Abstract. Hall et al. (2013) presented a synthesis on 969 nutrient tracer experiments conducted primarily in headwater streams (generally < fourth-order streams), with discharges < 200 L s−1 for ~90 % of the experiments, and used a scaling method to test the hypothesis that nutrient demand is constant with increasing stream size (i.e., along a river continuum). In this comment we present a reanalysis of a subset of the data used by Hall et al. (2013) and propose that their correlations between nutrient uptake lengths of ecologically important solutes and specific discharge are inadvertently spurious. Therefore, the conclusions derived from such correlations are debatable. We conclude the comment by highlighting some of the uncertainties associated with using modeling frameworks for scaling nutrient uptake in stream ecosystems.

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Liu, Sanmin, Shan Xue, Fanzhen Liu, et al. "Microcluster-Based Incremental Ensemble Learning for Noisy, Nonstationary Data Streams." Complexity 2020 (May 5, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6147378.

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Data stream classification becomes a promising prediction work with relevance to many practical environments. However, under the environment of concept drift and noise, the research of data stream classification faces lots of challenges. Hence, a new incremental ensemble model is presented for classifying nonstationary data streams with noise. Our approach integrates three strategies: incremental learning to monitor and adapt to concept drift; ensemble learning to improve model stability; and a microclustering procedure that distinguishes drift from noise and predicts the labels of incoming instances via majority vote. Experiments with two synthetic datasets designed to test for both gradual and abrupt drift show that our method provides more accurate classification in nonstationary data streams with noise than the two popular baselines.

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Lindsay, John B., Wanhong Yang, and Duncan D. Hornby. "Drainage Network Analysis and Structuring of Topologically Noisy Vector Stream Data." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 9 (2019): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8090422.

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Drainage network analysis includes several operations that quantify the topological organization of stream networks. Network analysis operations are frequently performed on streams that are derived from digital elevation models (DEMs). While these methods are suited to application with fine-resolution DEM data, this is not the case for coarse DEMs or low-relief landscapes. In these cases, network analysis that is based on mapped vector streams is an alternative. This study presents a novel vector drainage network analysis technique for performing stream ordering, basin tagging, the identification of main stems and tributaries, and the calculation of total upstream channel length and distance to outlet. The algorithm uses a method for automatically identifying outlet nodes and for determining the upstream-downstream connections among links within vector stream networks while using the priority-flood method. The new algorithm was applied to test stream datasets in two Canadian study areas. The tests demonstrated that the new algorithm could efficiently process large hydrographic layers containing a variety of topological errors. The approach handled topological errors in the hydrography data that have challenged previous methods, including disjoint links, conjoined channels, and heterogeneity in the digitized direction of links. The method can provide a suitable alternative to DEM-based approaches to drainage network analysis, particularly in applications where stream burning would otherwise be necessary.

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Zhao, Xuezhuan, Ziheng Zhou, Lingling Li, Lishen Pei, and Zhaoyi Ye. "Scene Text Detection Based On Fusion Network." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 10 (2021): 2153005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001421530050.

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Due to the robustness resulted from scale transformation and unbalanced distribution of training samples in scene text detection task, a new fusion framework TSFnet is proposed in this paper. This framework is composed of Detection Stream, Judge Stream and Fusion Stream. In the Detection Stream, loss balance factor (LBF) is raised to improve the region proposal network (RPN). To predict the global text segmentation map, the algorithm combines regression strategy and case segmentation method. In the Judge Stream, a classification of the samples is proposed based on the Judge Map and the corresponding tags to calculate the overlap rate. As a support of Detection Stream, feature pyramid network is utilized in the algorithm to extract Judge Map and calculate LBF. In the Fusion Stream, a new fusion algorithm is raised. By fusing the output of the two streams, we can position the text area in the natural scene accurately. Finally, the algorithm is experimented on the standard data sets ICDAR 2015 and ICDAR2017-MLT. The test results show that the [Formula: see text] values are 87.8% and 67.57%, respectively, superior to the state-of-the art models. This proves that the algorithm can solve the robustness issues under the unbalance between scale transformation and training data.

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Robson, Belinda J. "Role of residual biofilm in the recolonization of rocky intermittent streams by benthic algae." Marine and Freshwater Research 51, no. 7 (2000): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00012.

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Human use of stream flow for water supply may increase the duration and/or frequency of dry periods in intermittent streams, but there is little information on the effect of this change on in-stream flora or fauna. To predict the effects of dry periods on stream biota, it is necessary to understand the relative roles of various sources of recolonization. A transplant experiment was used to test the hypothesis that the dry residual algal biofilm on stones in intermittent streams is an important source of algal growth when the streams are re-wetted. Two sites were chosen, one on each of two intermittent streams in south-eastern Australia. Rocks at the sites differed in the amount of naturally occurring residual biofilm on them. Forty rocks were transplanted between the sites and counts of algal densities were made from samples taken one and five weeks after flow recommenced. At one of the sites, where the biofilm was dominated by Cyanobacteria, dry residual biofilm strongly influenced the developing algal community at both one and five weeks after flow recommenced. At the other site the influence of dry biofilm was limited after five weeks, implying that other sources of algal recolonization were influential there.

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Temnerud, J., C. von Brömssen, J. Fölster, et al. "Map-based prediction of organic carbon in headwater streams improved by downstream observations from the river outlet." Biogeosciences 13, no. 2 (2016): 399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-399-2016.

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Abstract. In spite of the great abundance and ecological importance of headwater streams, managers are usually limited by a lack of information about water chemistry in these headwaters. In this study we test whether river outlet chemistry can be used as an additional source of information to improve the prediction of the chemistry of upstream headwaters (size < 2 km2), relative to models based on map information alone. We use the concentration of total organic carbon (TOC), an important stream ecosystem parameter, as the target for our study. Between 2000 and 2008, we carried out 17 synoptic surveys in 9 mesoscale catchments (size 32–235 km2). Over 900 water samples were collected in total, primarily from headwater streams but also including each catchment's river outlet during every survey. First we used partial least square regression (PLS) to model the distribution (median, interquartile range (IQR)) of headwater stream TOC for a given catchment, based on a large number of candidate variables including sub-catchment characteristics from GIS, and measured river chemistry at the catchment outlet. The best candidate variables from the PLS models were then used in hierarchical linear mixed models (MM) to model TOC in individual headwater streams. Three predictor variables were consistently selected for the MM calibration sets: (1) proportion of forested wetlands in the sub-catchment (positively correlated with headwater stream TOC), (2) proportion of lake surface cover in the sub-catchment (negatively correlated with headwater stream TOC), and (3) river outlet TOC (positively correlated with headwater stream TOC). Including river outlet TOC improved predictions, with 5–15 % lower prediction errors than when using map information alone. Thus, data on water chemistry measured at river outlets offer information which can complement GIS-based modelling of headwater stream chemistry.

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Ahmed, Sara, Nancy E. Mayo, Johanne Higgins, Nancy M. Salbach, Lois Finch, and Sharon L. Wood-Dauphinée. "The Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement (STREAM): A Comparison With Other Measures Used to Evaluate Effects of Stroke and Rehabilitation." Physical Therapy 83, no. 7 (2003): 617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/83.7.617.

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AbstractBackground and Purpose. The Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement (STREAM) is a relatively new measure of voluntary movement and basic mobility. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to examine the relationship of the STREAM to other measures of impairment and disability and (2) to compare its usefulness for evaluating effects of stroke and rehabilitation and for assessing change over time with that of other measures of impairment and disability. Subjects and Methods. The performance of 63 patients with acute stroke on the STREAM and other measures of impairment and disability was evaluated during the first week after stroke and 4 weeks and 3 months later. Results. Scores on the STREAM were associated with scores on the Box and Block test, Balance Scale, Barthel Index, gait speed, and the Timed “Up & Go” Test (with Pearson correlation coefficients ranging from .57 to .80) and were associated with categories of the Barthel Index and Balance Scale. The STREAM's ability to predict discharge destination from the acute care hospital, as well as to predict gait speed and Barthel Index scores at 3 months poststroke, was comparable to that of other commonly used measures. Standardized response mean estimates provided supporting evidence for the ability of the STREAM to reflect change over time. Discussion and Conclusion. The results obtained with the STREAM, as compared with other measures of impairment and disability in people with stroke, suggest that it may be useful in clinical practice and research.

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Benone, N. L., R. Ligeiro, L. Juen, and L. F. A. Montag. "Role of environmental and spatial processes structuring fish assemblages in streams of the eastern Amazon." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 2 (2018): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17103.

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Considering the increasing importance of analysing spatial structure in ecological studies, the aims of the present study were to test whether fluvial distances and environmental factors are important drivers of the β-diversity of stream fish assemblages, and whether β-diversity is different in distinct hydrological periods. Specimens were sampled at 33 stream sites in the eastern Amazon. Eight environmental variables were measured at each site and fluvial distances between pairs of stream sites were determined. Environmental variables were the main factors structuring fish assemblages in both periods. However, fluvial distances were important only during the flood period. This can be related to the formation of extensive flood plains in this period, which increases connectivity between streams, breaking habitat isolation and increasing the regional signal for fish species. The higher correlation of β-diversity with environmental variables during the flood period may be related to decreased dispersal limitations and intermediate dispersal. Finally, β-diversity was higher during the flood period, highlighting the importance of the heterogeneity of the flood plain to stream biota. The results of the present study indicate that spatial and environmental factors play complementary roles in structuring fish assemblages in Amazon streams, and that β-diversity was affected by changes in the habitat connectivity experienced in different hydrological periods.

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Freeman, Mary C., and Gary D. Grossman. "A Field Test for Competitive Interactions among Foraging Stream Fishes." Copeia 1992, no. 3 (1992): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1446170.

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Srinivasan, Chungath, Utkarsh Umesan Pillai, K. V. Lakshmy, and M. Sethumadhavan. "Cube Attack on Stream Ciphers using a Modified Linearity Test." Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography 18, no. 3 (2015): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720529.2014.995967.

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Winter, Jennifer G., and Hamish C. Duthie. "Stream biomonitoring at an agricultural test site using benthic algae." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 10 (2000): 1319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-104.

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The percent cover and composition of benthic macroalgal growths and the structure of epilithic diatom communities were analyzed in 1995 at four sites in a stream flowing through a cultivated field near Kintore, Ontario, Canada. The dominant epilithic diatom taxa did not differ greatly among sites. However, a correspondence analysis of the diatoms sampled monthly between July and September separated an upstream site from those receiving agricultural runoff. Sites downstream of agricultural inputs showed an increase in the cover of Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kütz and other green algae, and in general a reduction in the cover of diatoms and crusts dominated by Oscillatoriaceae (aff. Oscillatoria sp.) and the red alga Audouinella violacea (Kütz.) Hamel. In particular, there was a positive correlation between the cover of Cladophora and nitrate concentration.Key words: biomonitoring, diatoms, periphyton, agriculture, correspondence analysis (CA).

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