Academic literature on the topic 'Středověk (10. - 13. století)'

Italské městské státy – Benátky, Janov, Pisa, Florencie, Milán, Siena, Lucca – se ve 12. a 13. století rozvíjely s rychlostí neobvyklou pro poklidný středověk. Rozšíření evropského trhu, růst obchodu s Východem, nájezdy do bohatých oblastí Sýrie, Palestiny, Malé Asie a Balkánu přispěly ve 14. století k rozkvětu italských měst, která se nacházela na křižovatce hlavních tras ve Středomoří. Obchodníci ze Západu ochotně využívali cesty přes Malou Asii a Írán, přičemž se postupně přesouvali dále ke zdrojům „jemného koření“. V těchto zemích souběžně postupovali jak janovští obchodníci, tak františkánští a dominikánští misionáři. Zejména janovské kolonie, faktorie a hlavní obchodní stanice se staly základnami těchto řádových misií.

The work submitted is focused on the issue of the feudal institute. Based on an analysis of the Latin terminology, the metamorphoses of the terminology and its context, it attempts to capture the form and importance of this phenomenon in 'everyday practice', as it is portrayed particularly by the diplomatic sources. The text is comprised of two basic parts. The first section deals with the composition of the image of the feudal institution on the background information of the sources of imperial provenience. It is not possible to treat the imperial sources as whole within this work and so attention is focused on the wider region spread in the area of Harz, which is delimited by five bishoprics - Miessen, Naumburg, Hildesheim, Halberstadt and Merseburg. The basic sources are the diplomatic materials of the mentioned dioceses, which complement the collection of documents of the two most powerful secular ducal families asserting influence in this area in the long term - the Houses of Welph and Ascania. The subject of the analysis is first of all the Latin, or German, terminology and its importance in the range from ca the 10th to the beginning of the 14th centuries. Considering the state of the preserved document production, however, the main attention focuses on the last two centuries of the period mentioned....

The thesis studies political, legal and cultural historical events on the land of present Wales in the high medieval period. The emphasis is put on the rule of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (1246-1282) associated with the english invasion into Wales by Edward I. The study concentrates on understanding of the conflict in a historical context and on an analysis of legal sources. The work is divided into three main parts. First part focus on the cultural-legal essence of medieval Wales and with it bounded political cohabitation of an individual welsh leaders. Second part of this work analyzes situation in the high medieval England, characterizes so-called Welsh March and a mutual anglo-welsh cohabitation. The last part analyzes the culmination of the conflict as a consequence of the aspects described in previous parts of this work, the conflict between Llywelyn and Edward I. and the subsequent arrengment of Wales.

The main topic of the thesis is the city of Cherson, which has been under excavation mainly by Russian or Ukrainian researchers for more than 180 years. Due to a difficult political situation, the area was not accessible to other scholars till 1993. Therefore, most of the books or articles were published in Russian and have not been widely spread among western researchers. The first two chapters of the dissertation deal with the sources and the history of research. The main body of the dissertation is divided into three parts: (chapter 3) From the end of the Roman times till the early Middle Ages (5th - mid-7th centuries), (chapter 4) The Dark Ages (mid-7th - mid-9th centuries), (chapter 5) The new era of prosperity (mid-9th - end of the 10th century). The third chapter is devoted to the time when the era of Antiquity was slowly coming to its end and the development proceeded to the Middle Ages, in this case to the early Byzantine period. The fish industry and fish processing will be discussed because these activities which had begun here in the Roman times continued in the Byzantine period, too. Afterwards, the beginnings and spread of Christianity are debated. Furthermore, the beginnings of Christianity in Cherson are described, likewise the building activities, which resulted in transformation...

The present work was written following a master thesis on the settlement and the shape of the early mediaeval agglomeration of Žatec in the 9th century. Subject of this dissertation is the processing of pottery from settlement features and from the 10th -century fortification. This enabled to study the development of the fortification system and changes of the settlement structure within individual settlement components. On the basis of excavations a relative chronology of the pottery and in accordance with the dendrochronological data a hypothesis on absolute dating has been presented. In view of this new chronology a new quantitative and qualitative analysis of information on the early mediaeval strongholds and hill-top settlements of the 9th and 10th century in the central and lower Ohře Region and in the Ore Mountain foothills was undertaken. A processing of the research on Drahúš stronghold has contributed substantially to this new perspective. The 1960s opinion on the affiliation of early mediaeval strongholds on the territory in question to the tribal territory of the Lučans, which should have been opposed to the Central Bohemian Přemyslid patrimony, based on the gathered information and its analysis could have been rejected. It was possible to comprise the evaluation of the excavation at...