Journal articles: 'Street children – Addis Ababa – Ethiopia'

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Belay, Degwale Gebeyehu. "Positioning Agency of Migrant Street Working Children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Political Activism and Engagement 6, no. 2 (2019): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpae.2019040104.

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Ethiopia is among the poorest countries of the world in which many children do not have access to a quality education, and many children are engaged in child labour. The study aims to explain the interplay of factors for independent migration and street working experience of children. The article adopted an ethnographic qualitative research method. In-depth interviews, observation, and informal discussions were important tools of data collection. The findings show that independent migration is an important component of working children on streets of Addis Ababa. Children exercise their agency to migrate and engage in a certain kinds of street activities. Most of them migrate from rural areas for non-economic reasons. Street activities are gendered as well as generationally divided. These children have positioned themselves as workers and streets as their workplaces. Despite their agency, they are vulnerable to different structural problems. Hence, blaming child street workers cannot be an effective means of eliminating child labour.

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Nieuwenhuys, Olga. "By the Sweat of Their Brow? ‘Street Children’, NGOs and Children's Rights in Addis Ababa." Africa 71, no. 4 (2001): 539–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2001.71.4.539.

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AbstractIn the past two decades NGOs helping ‘street children’ in Addis Ababa have distinguished themselves by their adherence to highly controversial assumptions about the nature of childhood and the failure of the poor to raise their children in ways that they conceive as ‘proper’. The ratification of the UN Declaration on the Rights of the Child by the Ethiopian government has inspired them to stop food relief in order to persuade the children in their care to seek a way out of their miserable ways of life through work on the street. In a remarkable replication of late Victorian philanthropic thinking, NGOs dispel hereby local middle-class fears that relief agencies may foster truancy and idleness and reassuringly define the code—work—that confers legitimacy on children's presence on the streets. Anticipating their escape from undeniably harsh and unjust family relations, the children of the poor are enticed into accepting this solution as the price of a ‘decent’ and morally acceptable childhood. They remain nevertheless highly critical of the rights-based approach, claiming that in the name of their rights they are denied what used to be children's normal entitlement such as protected food prices, free basic health and education. The article is based on the findings of an action research project by social workers among the children assisted by eight Addis Ababa-based NGOs in the period 1996-98.

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Gelan, Eshetu. "Municipal Solid Waste Management Practices for Achieving Green Architecture Concepts in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Technologies 9, no. 3 (2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies9030048.

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Solid waste is one of the social and environmental challenges that urban areas are facing. The study assesses the state of solid waste in Addis Ababa during 2016–2020 to provide implications for achieving green architecture concepts through better management of solid waste and its economic contribution. The study uses secondary and primary data. Quantitative and qualitative data are analyzed through descriptive statistics and context analysis, respectively. The result reveals that most solid waste is generated from households, followed by commercial centers, street sweeping, industries/factories, hotels, and hospitals, respectively. From 2016 to 2020, an average of 80.28% of solid waste is collected, whereas 19.72% of the waste is not collected. There are little or no efforts made to segregate solid waste at the source. The generated waste is disposed of in the Reppi open landfill. Together with Ethiopian electric power (EEP) and the City Government of Addis Ababa, waste has been converted to energy since 2019. The study suggests minimizing waste from its source by reducing generation, composting, reusing, recycling, waste-to-energy strategy, and well-designed buildings to achieve the concept of green architecture in Addis Ababa through better solid waste management.

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Abebe, Tatek. "Begging as a Livelihood Pathway of Street Children in Addis Ababa." Forum for Development Studies 36, no. 2 (2009): 275–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2009.9666438.

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Habtamu, Demelash, and Addisie Adamu. "Assessment of Sexual and Reproductive Health Status of Street Children in Addis Ababa." Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2013 (December 26, 2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/524076.

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Street children worldwide do not have the information, skills, health services, and support they need to go through sexual development during adolescence. This study is undertaken to systematically investigate the fit between street children’s sexual and reproductive health needs and the existing services. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 street children and four service providers. About 72.5% of the respondents were sexually active during data collection and 84.3% of males and 85.7% of females tended to have multiple sexual partners. More than two-thirds (67.3%) of the participants had used at least one type of substance. History of substance use (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.42–4.56) and being on the street for the first one to three years (OR = 5.9; 95% CI = 1.41–7.22) increased the likelihood of having sexual activity. More than half (64.9%) of the street children did not attend any kind of sexual or reproductive health education programs. Lack of information on available services (26.5%) was the biggest barrier for utilization of local sexual and reproductive health services. From the individual interview with coordinator, the financial and networking problems were hindering the service delivery for street children. In conclusion, street children who are special high risk group have not been targeted and hence continue to remain vulnerable and lacking in sexual and reproductive health services and sexual health services are poorly advertised and delivered to them.

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Beiser, Morton, Busha Taa, Haile Fenta-Wube, Yonas Baheretibeb, Clare Pain, and Mesfin Araya. "A comparison of levels and predictors of emotional problems among preadolescent Ethiopians in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Toronto, Canada." Transcultural Psychiatry 49, no. 5 (2012): 651–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461512457155.

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According to a literature of theory and advocacy, immigration and resettlement jeopardize the mental health of children and youth, largely because of factors such as intergenerational tensions arising from conflicts about the retention of traditional values, and experiences of prejudice and discrimination. The current study examines the specificity of these putative mental health risks to the immigration experience. The level and predictors of emotional problems among preadolescent Ethiopians living in immigrant families in Toronto, Canada, were compared with a matched sample of Ethiopian youngsters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Data came from structured interviews with the person most knowledgeable about the family (usually a parent), as well as from the children themselves. Youth reported higher levels of emotional problems (EP) than their parents. Predictors differed for parent and child ratings. In both the Toronto and Addis Ababa samples, parental mental health predicted parent-rated, but not self-rated EP. Contrary to immigration stress theory, parental perceptions of prejudice predicted EP in Addis Ababa, but not Toronto, and parent–child discordance regarding ethnic adherence were predictors of self-rated emotional problems in Ethiopia, but not in Canada. Perceived discrimination was a significant predictor of self-rated emotional problems in both settings. Implications for theory and further research are discussed.

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Tefera, Belaynesh, Alice Schippers, Marloes Van Engen, and Jack Van der Klink. "THE EXPERIENCES OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES AND PRIMARY CAREGIVERS ON THE SOCIAL INCLUSION OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES IN ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 9, no. 4 (2018): 146–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs94201818645.

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This article presents the findings of a qualitative study on the social inclusion of children with disabilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and how this affects their achievement of valued life goals. The study is based on focus group discussions with children with disabilities and primary caregivers of such children. The thematic analysis is based on family quality of life and the capability approach, which are used to explain the effects of social inclusion (and exclusion) on children with disabilities and their families in three areas of quality of life: being, belonging, and becoming. The study also looked at how the social inclusion of children with disabilities can be actualised. The results of the study confirm the existence of considerable challenges to the social inclusion of children with disabilities in Addis Ababa, which is reflected in their capabilities. The results suggest that children with disabilities need assistance and support to achieve a good quality of life. They also indicate the need for the involvement of the wider community to support children with disabilities and their families to enhance the capability of such children, and so improve their family quality of life.

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ENQUSELASSIE, F., W. AYELE, A. DEJENE, et al. "Seroepidemiology of measles in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: implications for control through vaccination." Epidemiology and Infection 130, no. 3 (2003): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268803008446.

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We undertook a representative survey of measles antibodies in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 1994, to characterize immunity and transmission. Specific-antibody levels (IU/l) were determined by ELISA for 4654 sera from individuals aged 0–49 years (1805 <15 years) collected by stratified household-cluster sampling. The proportion seronegative (<100 IU/l) was 20% (95% CI: 16–25) in children 9–59 months old, declining to 9% (7–12) in 5–9 year olds, 5% (4–7) in 10–14 year olds, and <1% in adults. The proportion of children (<15 years old) with low-level antibody (100–255 IU/l) was 8% (7–10). Vaccination and an absence of a history of measles illness were strongly associated with low-level antibody. History of measles vaccination in 9 months to 14-year-old children was ~80%. We estimate a primary vaccine failure rate of 21% (12–34) and continued high measles incidence of 22 per 100 susceptibles (19–24) per annum. Our data support the introduction of campaign vaccination in the city in 1998, although higher routine vaccine coverage is required to sustain the impact. The implications of a high prevalence of low-level antibody are discussed.

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Kastro, Asayeberhan, and Karen Dullea. "Community-based prevention of child trafficking in Southern Ethiopia." International Social Work 63, no. 2 (2018): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872818798000.

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The focus of this article is on children trafficked or migrating alone from rural areas of the Wolaita zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region to the urban centres of Jimma or Addis Ababa in Ethiopia. The article, based on information from interviews and focus groups, develops awareness of this issue as it is locally conceptualised and prevented. Recommendations include coordinated efforts between government, non-government and community-based organisations (CBOs) to protect children, and economic development/skills training in rural communities.

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Selamu, Liranso G., and Mohan S. Singhe. "Mental Health Care Service and Mental Problems among Orphan and Vulnerable Children in Addis Ababa Ethiopia." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 07, no. 04 (2017): 003–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1708727.

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AbstractA lot of children in the world suffer from untreated mental health problems. The global burdens of childhood mental disorders are increasing but mental health care services are neglected in most countries. The objective of this critical analysis was to realize the access to mental health service and mental problems among orphan and vulnerable children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. To achieve the purpose of the analysis, the method was based on the critical analysis of the recent research literature from Pub-Med, Global Health, Google Scholar, Ethiopian Universities, Psych-Info, and WHO data sources. Thirty-six journals published after 2001 were identified and critically analyzed based on scientific inclusion and exclusion criteria as well as analyzed in a systematic manner. The orphan and vulnerable children face a prospect of a persistent effort for physically continued existence, for fundamental needs, education, love and affection, and protection against exploitation violence and bias. The problem of meeting these desires of the children corresponds to a major new challenge that requires an in-depth research, future interventions, and policy plans in tackling the problem. In light of the problem in Ethiopia, researches regarding the mental health care services of the orphan and vulnerable children in Addis Ababa are extremely inadequate.

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Burnett, Delia, Jane Aronson, and Ramin Asgary. "Oral health status, knowledge, attitudes and behaviours among marginalized children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Child Health Care 20, no. 2 (2015): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367493515569328.

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Tsige, Arega Gashaw, Teshome Nedi, and Tigist Bacha. "Assessment of the Management of Diarrhoea Among Children Under Five in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics Volume 11 (May 2020): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/phmt.s243513.

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Taye, Fasil Nigussie, and Roy Huijsmans. "Monetised childhoods: Money and consumption among young weavers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Global Studies of Childhood 10, no. 2 (2019): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043610619895021.

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In this article, we bring to the foreground an understudied dimension of working children’s lives in the Global South: their access to money and the consumption this facilitates. Drawing on life history interviews, we show that among the Gamo weavers of Ethiopia, the modern phenomenon of a monetised childhood is at least six decades old and an element of the informal apprenticeships through which Gamo children learn to weave. Qualitative research with young weavers shows that both girls and boys become involved in weaving. Yet the amount of senbeta misa money they receive differs substantially, fuelling distinctly different consumption practices and reinforcing broader gender relations. Zooming in on boys’ monetised leisure activities, we furthermore argue that through consumption belonging to age-based, ethnic peer groups is realised. Moreover, while the monetisation of leisure is shaped by globalisation and market forces, we show that boys and young men themselves also actively contribute to the monetisation of their leisure activities and thereby transform the nature of play.

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Scheerlinck, Kris. "STREETSCAPE TERRITORIES AND THE CASE OF ADDIS ABABA." Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning 19, no. 2 (2015): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53700/jrap1922015_2.

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Urban transformation is directly related to the planning, design and use of a series of urban infrastructures, from streets to highways, from pedestrian, bicycle, bus or train lines and their connecting transport hubs to rivers, canals or harbor facilities. They play an essential role in the transformation of the urban fabric. Recent societal changes, especially in developing countries, demanding higher mobility and urban interaction, influence the used planning and design strategies to transform or extend urbanized areas by planning or renewing these infrastructures. However, its relationship to the surrounding urban fabric, more specifically the collective spaces it constitutes at the level of the streetscape, is not always an initial or integral part of providing these infrastructures. In many cases, the urban fabric is wrapped around or fragmented by these infrastructural projects, causing scale contrasts and struggle to integrate within, generating processes of misappropriation or misuse. Especially in developing contexts, new infrastructures are often planned and built in a fast way, rarely considering the qualities of the existing urban fabric. During the last decades, research on planning and design models related to the building or integrating of urban infrastructures has been developed and tested via specialised disciplinary approaches to produce insights on the relationship urban infrastructures have with the surrounding urban fabric (Secchi, 2013; Hasan, et. al. 2010; Shannon and Smets, 2009; De Maulder, 2008; Hillier, 1996;). However, additional in-depth research is needed to achieve critical insights on the relationship of infrastructures and their direct environments, starting from their constituent streetscapes - considering the level of the street that defines the perception and use by the inhabitants at an intermediate scale. This paper focuses on an ongoing research project in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), where different visions and models of urban growth are at stake (Figure 1). The recent increase of (foreign) investment in major infrastructures, changes the city's streetscapes drastically. This large scale and formal approach of installing high speed trains, Light Rail Transit's (LRT) or expanded highways and ring roads, to stimulate urban growth, contrasts with the daily routines of the proper citizens that move around by walking or by means of mini buses, both adding to the informal qualities of the city's streetscapes. Within this multi-centred capital, the location of built and planned housing projects, commercial centres, administrative or commercial high rises is studied in relation to the present infrastructural axes and questions models of proximity, accessibility and permeability. Keywords: Streetscapes, High Speed Trains, LRT, Addis Ababa, Infrastructure

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Groenewold, W. G. F., and M. Tilahun. "Anthropometric indicators of nutritional status, socioeconomic factors and mortality in hospitalized children in Addis Ababa." Journal of Biosocial Science 22, no. 3 (1990): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000018733.

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SummaryThe influence of some household and maternal variables on three anthropometric nutritional status indices of hospitalized children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, are examined. On admission, only 30% of these children can be classified as being of a normal overall nutritional status. There are no significant differences in weight-for-age of hospitalized children between those residing in Addis Ababa and those residing in the rural areas. Income and father's occupation appear to be the major household factors influencing the level of two of the three indices (weight-for-age and weight-for-height). Length of last closed birth interval and, to a lesser degree, maternal age appear to have significant effects on all three nutritional status indices. Upon admission to hospital, children who will in the end survive their hospital stay are on average nutritionally normal or in a mild state of malnutrition, whereas children who will die during their stay arrive in a moderate or severe state of malnutrition. The degree of malnutrition is positively related to the risk of mortality in respiratory disease patients.

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Fite, Ayana Chimdessa, and Amsale Cherie. "Risky Sexual Behavior and Its Determinants among Orphan and Vulnerable Children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." World Journal of AIDS 06, no. 04 (2016): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wja.2016.64015.

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Bohn, J. A., D. A. Record, B. M. Kassaye, et al. "Demographic and mortality analysis of hospitalized children at a referral hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Annals of Global Health 82, no. 3 (2016): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2016.04.610.

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Tebekaw, Yibeltal, Yohana James Mashalla, and Gloria Thupayagale-Tshweneagae. "Factors Influencing Women’s Preferences for Places to Give Birth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/439748.

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The main aim of this study was to examine factors determining women’s preference for places to give birth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A quantitative and cross-sectional community based study design was employed. Data was collected using structured questionnaire administered to 901 women aged 15–49 years through a stratified two-stage cluster sampling technique. Multinomial logistic regression model was employed to identify predictors of delivery care. More than three-fourth of slum women gave birth at public healthcare facilities compared to slightly more than half of the nonslum residents. Education, wealth quintile, the age of respondent, number of children, pregnancy intention, and cohabitation showed net effect on women’s preference for places to give birth. Despite the high number of ANC attendances, still many pregnant women especially among slum residents chose to deliver at home. Most respondents delivered in public healthcare institutions despite the general doubts about the quality of services in these institutions. Future studies should examine motivating factors for continued deliveries at home and whether there is real significant difference between the quality of maternal care service offered at public and private health facilities.

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Tafa, Lema, and Yoseph Worku. "Family planning utilization and associated factors among postpartum women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2018." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (2021): e0245123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245123.

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Background Pregnancies that occur in the first year after birth can result in adverse outcomes for the mothers and their babies. Postpartum family planning (PPFP) can save lives of many mothers and children. Only few data are available about the magnitude of PPFP use and its determinants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Objective To assess PPFP utilization and associated factors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2018. A total of 625 women were enrolled in the study. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to analyze the data. Binary logistic regression model with adjusted odd ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to identify the factors associated with PPFP use. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Result The magnitude of PPFP utilization in Addis Ababa was 71.8%. Previous family planning (FP) information (AOR = 13.2; 95% CI: (1.96, 88.07)), FP information from health facility visit (AOR = 2.23; 95% CI: (1.45, 3.43)), antenatal care (AOR = 4.96; 95% CI: (1.58, 15.64)), counseling on FP at postnatal care (AOR = 1.97; 95% CI: (1.27, 3.05)), menses resumption after birth (AOR = 1.75; 95% CI: (1.11, 2.76)), and commencing sexual activity after birth (AOR = 9.34; 95% CI: (5.39, 16.17)) were the factors associated with PPFP use. Conclusion and recommendation Though the magnitude of PPFP use is encouraging, still three out of the ten postpartum women did not use PPFP. The determinants of PPFP use were having FP information, having FP information from health facility visit, antenatal care, counseling about FP during postnatal care, menses resumption after birth, and commencing sexual activity after birth. The health system in the City and the healthcare providers should strive to reach every woman who is not accessing the PPFP services and antenatal care services, and improve counseling services on PPFP during delivery and postnatal care services.

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Kebede, Getahun Fenta. "Social Capital and Entrepreneurial Outcomes: Evidence from Informal Sector Entrepreneurs in Ethiopia." Journal of Entrepreneurship 27, no. 2 (2018): 209–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971355718781250.

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In Africa, social capital (SC) is an important resource for the informal economy. It substitutes the limited formal business support systems as factor inputs for enterprise development. This article investigates the effect of Burt’s structural holes theory of social capital in the context of the Ethiopian informal economy. Data were collected from street entrepreneurs in Addis Ababa using multiple name generators constructed on the basis of entrepreneurs’ frequent interaction with people related to resources needed for entrepreneurial activities. Social network analyses and statistical procedures of instrumental variables estimation were used to analyse the data. By controlling the potential endogeneity problem between structural holes and enterprise outcomes, the findings of the study show that entrepreneurs’ dense network structure, which lacks structural holes, has a significant negative effect on entrepreneurial outcome. Accordingly, policies that aim at supporting informal entrepreneurs need to consider the benefits of social contacts while taking into account the downside of being excessively embedded in dense networks.

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McGurk, Mark, and Fiona McClenaghan. "Complex facial reconstruction in the developing world." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 95, no. 8 (2013): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363513x13690603819984.

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Ethiopia is a country of over 91,000,000, making it the second most populous in Africa. doctors are 1 in 36,000 of the population (compared with 1 in 400 in the UK) and 43 per cent are based in the capital, Addis Ababa, which comprises only 5 per cent of the population. As a result, healthcare in rural areas is practically nonexistent. Ethiopia is one of the many developing countries that welcome surgical missions in order to meet the demands of complex patients who would otherwise be unable to access healthcare. In 2001 Project Harar was set up with the aim of funding surgical missions to provide facial reconstruction for children and young people suffering from facial deformity in Ethiopia.

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Negash, Abel Abera, Daniel Asrat, Workeabeba Abebe, et al. "Etiology, antibiotic susceptibility and prognostic factors of pediatric community-acquired sepsis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 15, no. 01 (2021): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12674.

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Introduction: There is a scarcity of data on pediatric community-acquired sepsis (CAS) in Ethiopia. We sought to determine the etiology, role of Streptococcus pneumoniae, antibiotic susceptibility pattern, and prognostic factors in children with CAS in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methodology: A prospective cross-sectional study of 101 children aged 0-15 years with suspected CAS was performed at two major hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Blood culture, antibiotic susceptibility testing, amplification of the autolysin (lytA) gene and typing S. pneumoniae by sequencing and Quellung reaction were performed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of culture-positive CAS was 18.81% (19/101). S. pneumoniae (21.1%) (Serotypes 19A (n = 2), 33C and 12F) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.1%) were the most common causes of CAS. Half of K. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to gentamicin and ceftriaxone. The most common antibiotics used for treatment were a combination of ampicillin with gentamicin (47.5%). The presence of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in the preceding 3 months was an independent predictor associated with culture-proven sepsis (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 7.02; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.42 - 34.64; P = 0.02). The case-fatality rate was 11.9% (12/101). Presence of underlying comorbidity (AOR, 6.8; 95% CI, 1.59-28.7; P = 0.009) was an independent predictor of mortality. Conclusions: S. pneumoniae and K. pneumoniae were the major causes of CAS and there was a substantial level of antibiotic resistance. Presence of LRTIs in the preceding 3 months was a predictor of culture-proven CAS whereas underlying comorbidity was a predictor of mortality.

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Gebreyohannes Selamu, Liranso. "Access to Mental Health Care Services for the Orphan and Vulnerable Children in Addis Ababa Ethiopia." American Journal of Applied Psychology 7, no. 1 (2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20180701.12.

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Debebe, Dawit, Fiseha Behulu, and Zerihun Getaneh. "Predicting children's blood lead levels from exposure to school drinking water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 4 (2020): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.248.

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Abstract Human beings could be exposed to impacts associated with heavy metals such as lead (Pb) through drinking water. The objective of this study was to evaluate quality of water consumed by kindergarten school children in Addis Ababa city, who are highly susceptible to issues related to heavy metals in water. Through conducting chemical analysis, using microwave plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (MP-AES), the level of lead (Pb) was measured at 38 selected schools in the city. Drinking water samples were taken from three water supply sub-systems: Akaki, Legedadi, and Gefersa. Results revealed the average Pb concentration in the city was 62.37 μg/L which is significantly higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended threshold value of 10 μg/L. The children's blood lead levels and exposure to Pb were also calculated using the integrated exposure uptake bio-kinetic (IEUBK) model as per USEPA guidelines. Estimated geometric mean blood lead levels (BLLs) for each school ranged from 4.4 to 13.2 μg/dL. On average, the model predicted that 20% of children in the city will have blood lead levels above the WHO recommended 10 μg/dL. The study can be considered as an unprecedented piece of work as it addresses critical issues and methods to mitigate problems caused by high concentration of Pb in water supply distribution infrastructure.

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Tekliye, Endashaw, Tinsae Alemayehu, and Tigist Bacha. "Clinical, immunologic and virologic outcomes of children and adolescents receiving second line anti-retroviral therapy in two referral hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (2021): e0249085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249085.

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Background Ethiopia launched free access for antiretroviral therapy in 2005. The number of patients on second line antiretroviral treatment has increased with each passing year. The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical, immunological and virologic outcomes of children and adolescents receiving second line anti-retroviral therapy in two referral hospitals, Yekatit 12 and Zewditu Memorial Hospitals, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods This was a hospital based retrospective cohort study conducted among children and adolescents aged 18 years and less and receiving a second line antiretroviral drugs. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. Means and percentages were used for nominal variables. Statistical analysis was made using statistical software–SPSS 23.0. Kaplan Meier analysis, long rank test and multivariate Cox proportion model were used to identify factors affecting survival. Results A total of 75 children and adolescents were studied with a mean age of 13.28 years (SD: 4) with a mean treatment period on second line regimens of 35.2 months (SD: 21.8 months). Forty-eight participants were experiencing successful measures (in all three parameters) for their second line anti-retroviral treatment. Ten had virologic treatment failure while seven had died. Both treatment failure and death rates were higher within the first two years of treatment. Poor treatment adherence (Adjusted hazard ratio: 5.1 (95% CI: 1.1–23.2; p-value = 0.02)) and advanced World Health Organization clinical stage at start of the second line antiretrovirals (Adjusted hazard ratio: 7.51 (95% CI: 1.35–18.02; p-value = 0.002)) correlated significantly with survival of children and adolescents receiving treatment. Conclusions The study describes clinical, immunological and virologic outcomes of second line antiretroviral treatment in a pediatric cohort under care in two hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Poor adherence and pre-treatment advanced clinical stages were predictors of survival.

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Girma, Desalegn, Rajalakshmi Murugan, Kalkidan Wondossen, Sewagegn Yeshiwas, Alemnew Wale, and Semahagn Tilahun. "Health-Related Quality of Life and Its Associated Factors in Children and Adolescents with Type1 Diabetes, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Global Pediatric Health 8 (January 2021): 2333794X2110308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794x211030879.

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Background. In the clinical management of diabetes, fixing metabolic variables is insufficient, and thus, health-related quality of life assessment is becoming an important indicator of the outcome of the treatment and detector of a problem in children and adolescents with chronic disease. Therefore the main aim of this study was to assess the Quality of life of children with type 1 diabetes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study design was included 229 study participants with type 1 diabetics aged between 8 and 18 years in Addis Ababa governmental hospitals. Samples were selected by a systematic sampling method and interviewed face to face. Health-related quality of life was determined by the pediatric quality of life inventory. Multivariable linear regression was done and a significant association was declared at P < .05. Result. The total mean score of health-related quality of life was 78.8 ± 15.6 reported by child and 61 ± 7.9 reported by parents. In this study well-controlled glycemic level (β = 11.8, 95%CI: 8.7, 14.9), health education on diabetes (β = 5.92, 95%CI: 2.9, 8.9) and frequency of hospital admission (β = −2.6, 95%CI: −4.8, −0.42) were clinically predicting factors of health-related quality of life. Conclusion. This study found that there was a somewhat reduction in school and emotional functions of health-related quality of life. The glycemic level, health education of diabetes and frequency of hospital admission was clinically significant factors of health-related quality of life. This study will recommend to the health professional to sustain a health education program on diabetes.

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Berhane, Hanna Y., Magnus Jirström, Semira Abdelmenan, et al. "Social Stratification, Diet Diversity and Malnutrition among Preschoolers: A Survey of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (2020): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030712.

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In Sub-Saharan Africa, being overweight in childhood is rapidly rising while stunting is still remaining at unacceptable levels. A key contributor to this double burden of malnutrition is dietary changes associated with nutrition transition. Although the importance of socio-economic drivers is known, there is limited knowledge about their stratification and relative importance to diet and to different forms of malnutrition. The aim of this study was to assess diet diversity and malnutrition in preschoolers and evaluate the relative importance of socioeconomic resources. Households with children under five (5467) were enrolled using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Standardized tools and procedures were used to collect data on diet, anthropometry and socio-economic factors. Multivariable analysis with cluster adjustment was performed. The prevalence of stunting was 19.6% (18.5–20.6), wasting 3.2% (2.8–3.7), and overweight/obesity 11.4% (10.6–12.2). Stunting, overweight, wasting and limited diet diversity was present in all social strata. Low maternal education was associated with an increased risk of stunting (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.8; 1.4–2.2), limited diet diversity (AOR: 0.33; 0.26–0.42) and reduced odds of being overweight (AOR: 0.61; 0.44–0.84). Preschoolers in Addis Ababa have limited quality diets and suffer from both under- and over-nutrition. Maternal education was an important explanatory factor for stunting and being overweight. Interventions that promote diet quality for the undernourished whilst also addressing the burgeoning problem of being overweight are needed.

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Arega, Balew, Ermias Diro, Taye Zewude, et al. "High levels of scabies and malnutrition amongst orphans referred to a hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 06.1 (2020): 48S—52S. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11712.

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Introduction: Orphans are at high risk for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and other comorbidities such as malnutrition. We investigated how many orphans suffered from scabies, other NTDs and malnutrition. Methodology: A descriptive study using medical records of orphans referred to a teaching hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from December 2014 to December 2018 was done. Files documenting NTDs were reviewed in detail for age, referral diagnosis, and nutritional status. Nutritional assessment was done using the WHO Standard growth curve, classifying children as stunted (height for age Z score < -2SD or wasted (weight for length Z score < -2SD). Results: Of the 852 orphans referred, 23.1% (196/852) was diagnosed with scabies, amongst which 28.1% (55/196) had multiple episodes. The median age (interquartile range) of the children with scabies was 3 (2-5) months. 85.2% (169/196) of the orphans with scabies were stunted and /or wasted. No other NTDs were reported. All of the scabies cases identified were not documented in the referral letter of the orphanage. Conclusions: There is ongoing transmission of scabies among children in the orphanage. Amongst orphans with scabies, an alarmingly high percentage was malnourished. Referrals from orphanages may provide an opportunity to detect NTDs and this is being missed.

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Fitsum, Kidus, Gudina Egata, Melake Demena, and Berhe Gebremichael. "Overweight/Obesity and Associated Factors Among Second Cycle Primary School Children in Kirkos Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Global Advances in Health and Medicine 10 (January 2021): 216495612110178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21649561211017883.

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Background Although overweight/obesity is becoming a public health issue in low income countries, there is a paucity of evidence concerning overweight/obesity in Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to assess the magnitude of overweight/obesity and associated factors among second cycle primary school children in Kirkos Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A school based cross-sectional study was conducted among 482 children from May to June, 2019. Data were collected using a questionnaire and checklist. Data were entered using EpiData version 3.1 and exported into SPSS version 22.0. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done to identify factors associated with overweight/obesity. Level of statistical significance was declared at p ≤ 0.05. Results The overall magnitude of overweight/obesity was 21.2%. The magnitude of overweight was 13.7% while obesity was 7.5%. Vehicle availability, being from private school, not having friend(s), preferring sweet foods, eating breakfast irregularly, watching movies/Television while eating and physical inactivity were the factors significantly associated with overweight/obesity among second cycle primary school children. Conclusions The magnitude of overweight/obesity was high in the study area. Therefore, health and education sectors should promote healthy lifestyle to curb child overweight/obesity.

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Tadesse, Michael Emru. "The role of taekwondo training on the subjective wellbeing of adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 10, no. 2 (2015): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v10i2.1758.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of taekwondo (TKD) training on the subjective well-being (SWB) of adolescents (12-18 years old) in Addis Ababa city. A cross-sectional survey method was used; self-administered questionnaire was the main data collection tool. A total number of 162 adolescents (108 TKD adolescents from four randomly selected TKD clubs and 54 non-TKD adolescents from a randomly selected public high school), participated in the study. The study sought to determine TKD adolescents’ level of SWB as measured by the Personal Wellbeing Index – School Children (PWI-SC). Besides, adolescents in different groups (TKD adolescents in three groups according to rank/belt level and TKD adolescents and non-TKD adolescents) were compared based on their score of PWI-SC. Results of the study showed that: (1) TKD adolescents had high level (mean points) of SWB as measured by the PWI-SC, i.e., 81.95 (95%CI: 79.70 to 84.20); (2) there was no significant difference in SWB among the three groups of TKD adolescents (lower, middle and high level belts) (F(2, 81) = 1.58, p &gt; .05.); and (3) when compared with non-TKD adolescents, TKD adolescents were found to have a significantly higher mean points of SWB, (t = 4.25(77.97), p &lt; 0.001; d = 0.79). Overall, the results of this study indicated the training of TKD can have a positive contribution to adolescents’ well-being.

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Darge, Haile Fentahun, Getahun Shibru, Abiy Mulugeta, and Yinebeb Mezgebu Dagnachew. "The Prevalence of Visual Acuity Impairment among School Children at Arada Subcity Primary Schools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Ophthalmology 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9326108.

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Background. Visual impairment and blindness are major public health problems in developing countries where there is no enough health-care service. Objective. To determine the prevalence of visual impairment among school children. Materials and Methods. A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted between 15 June 2015 and 30 November 2015 at Arada subcity primary schools, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Two schools were selected randomly, and 378 students were screened from grades 1 to 8 using systematic random sampling method. Snellen chart was used for visual acuity test. Students who had visual acuity of ≤6/12 were further examined by an ophthalmologist to diagnose the reason for low vision. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results. A total of 378 students were screened, and 192 (50.8%) were females and the remaining 186 (49.2%) were males. The prevalence of visual impairment (VA) of ≤6/12 on either eye was 5.8%, VA < 6/18 on either eye was 1.1%, and VA < 6/18 on the better eye was 0.53%. In this study, color blindness [OR: 19.65, 95% CI (6.01–64.33)] was significantly associated with visual acuity impairment. Conclusion. The prevalence of visual impairment among school children in the study area was 5.8% and school screening is recommended.

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Tadesse, A. A. "Hospital-based surveillance of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children less than five years-old: 2007-2011, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 16 (June 2012): e146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.330.

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Getahun, Samuel, Samuel Masresha, Eyob Zenebe, Tsegazeab Laeke, and Abenezer Tirsit. "Four-Year Treatment Outcomes of Children Operated for Neural Tube Defect in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study." World Neurosurgery 148 (April 2021): e695-e702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2021.01.098.

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Aynalem Tesfay, Filmawit, Fekadu Bulte Aga, and Girum Sebsibie Teshome. "Determinants of neural tube defect among children at zewditu memorial hospital, addis ababa, ethiopia a case control study." International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences 15 (2021): 100318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2021.100318.

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Maalim Issack, Ali, Tilahun Jiru, and Andualem Wubetie Aniley. "Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice on first aid management of choking and associated factors among kindergarten teachers in Addis Ababa governmental schools, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional institution-based study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (2021): e0255331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255331.

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Background Choking refers to a blockage of upper airways by food or other objects resulting in interruption of breathing. It is a medical emergency that needs immediate action by anyone near by the victim to save life. Chocking is a major cause of illness and death in the pediatric population under the age of 5 years. Children at this age spent more time in their school and are at high risk during their feeding and playing. Immediate provision of first aid in response to choking by a preschool teacher will help to decrease the risk of developing life-threatening complications, length of hospital stays, the cost of treatment, and death. Methods Institutional-based cross-sectional study design was applied to the study area using pretested, structured, and self-administered questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with Knowledge, attitude, and practice of kindergarten teachers towards first aid management of choking. Results A total of 224 Kindergarten teachers were involved in the study with a response rate of 95%. Only eighty-three (37%) of them were knowledgeable and 97 (43.3%) have faced a choked child in the school compound. Of these, only 42 (43.2%) had provided first aid to the victim. Most of the respondents 95.1% had a positive attitude towards choking first aid and 57.1% of them agreed that choking needs immediate management. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that Kindergarten teachers with the previous first aid training were 2.9 times more knowledgeable than those kindergarten teachers without previous first aid training (AOR: 2.902, 95% CI: 1.612, 5.227) Conclusions The level of knowledge and skills for providing first aid for choking children among kindergarten teachers is low. There is a need for urgent intervention to train teachers regarding the provision of first aid for choking children.

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Kefeni, Elzabeth Girma, and Walelegn Worku Yallew. "Communal latrine utilization and associated factors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 2 (2018): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.098.

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Abstract Despite the quick urban population growth increased volume of wastes, including human excreta, which demands an expanded need of infrastructure, solid institutional setup and communities' engagement for management of safe disposal of excreta, arrangement of such basic social services has not developed as per the rate of population growth. Mostly, communal latrines are inclined towards an absence of cleanliness, as they accommodate many people beyond their capacity, filling up septic tanks quickly. A community-based cross-sectional study conducted in 817 randomly selected communal latrine user households, five focus group discussions and four key informant interviews were analysed. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to discover the impact of different factors on the use of communal latrines. The findings revealed that the rate of communal latrine use in Addis Ababa was about 79.8%. Unhygienic conditions, latrine emptying challenges, extreme smell, number of family units sharing the same squats, and latrine designs for the aged and children were identified as barriers to latrine utilization. This study suggests that, in parallel with the continued investments to increase access to sanitary facilities in the city, the management and behavioural change part has likewise to be stressed for better use and sustainability.

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Abebe, Tatek. "Earning a living on the margins: begging, street work and the socio‐spatial experiences of children in addis ababa." Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 90, no. 3 (2008): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0467.2008.292.x.

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BERGGREN PALME, I., B. GUDETTA, H. DEGEFU, L. MUHE, J. BRUCHFELD, and J. GIESECKE. "A controlled estimate of the risk of HIV infection in Ethiopian children with tuberculosis." Epidemiology and Infection 127, no. 3 (2001): 517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268801006215.

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To quantify the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children with tuberculosis (TB) a hospital-based, 1-year prospective, case-control study was performed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Children with TB were compared to a control group of children admitted for elective surgery. The control group was also compared to a recent census of the background population. The crude odds ratio for HIV infection was 8·6 (95% CI 2·2–73). After adjustment for possible confounders in a multivariate regression model, the odds ratio for HIV infection in children with TB was found to be 12·7 (95% CI 2·9–55). Of several independent determinants of TB assessed in the study, this association was the strongest. Until HIV transmission has reached its peak, an increasing burden of dual infection among Ethiopian children is to be expected.

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Bitew, Zebenay Workneh, Animut Alebel, Teshager Worku, and Ayinalem Alemu. "Recovery rate and its predictors among children with severe acute malnutrition in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 7 (2020): e0235259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235259.

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Mekonnen, Helina, Gebretensaye Tigistu Gebreyohannis, and Amsale Cherie. "Depression and associated factors among parents of children diagnosed with cancer at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Psycho-Oncology 29, no. 7 (2020): 1141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.5389.

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Kassahun, Meseret. "Social support and stress of kin caregivers of orphaned children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Implications for practice and policy." International Journal of Social Welfare 24, no. 4 (2015): 388–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12145.

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Assefa, Dawit, Eveline Klinkenberg, and Genet Yosef. "Cross Sectional Study Evaluating Routine Contact Investigation in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Missed Opportunity to Prevent Tuberculosis in Children." PLOS ONE 10, no. 6 (2015): e0129135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129135.

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Teshome, S., H. Biazin, T. Abebe, A. Mihret, A. Aseffa, and R. Howe. "Antibody level against HBV after hepatitis B vaccination and sero-prevalence of HBV in children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Clinica Chimica Acta 493 (June 2019): S555—S556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.1167.

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Berhane, Hanna, Eva-Charlotte Ekström, Magnus Jirström, et al. "What Influences Urban Mothers’ Decisions on What to Feed Their Children Aged Under Five—The Case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Nutrients 10, no. 9 (2018): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10091142.

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Mothers carry the prime responsibility for childcare and feeding in low-income countries. Understanding their experiences in providing food for their children is paramount to informing efforts to improve the nutritional status of children. Such information is lacking in Sub-Saharan Africa. To understand what influences urban mothers’ food acquisition and their motivations for selecting food for their children, 36 in-depth interviews were carried out with mothers having children under five years of age. Interviews were conducted in the local language, audio-recorded, transcribed, and translated into English. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis which led to the identification of four major themes: mothers give-in to a child-driven diet; quick-fix versus the privilege of planning; keen awareness on food safety, nutrition, and diet diversity; and social, familial, and cultural influences. The findings indicate that child feeding practices are influenced by interlinked social and environmental factors. Hence, nutrition education campaigns should focus on targeting not only families but also their children. Attention should also be given to food safety regulations, as well as to the much-needed support of mothers who are struggling to ensure their children’s survival in low-income countries.

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Tsegaw, Hilina, Mohammed Yimam, Dejen Nureye, Workineh Woldeselassie, and Solomon Hambisa. "Predictors of Treatment Outcomes among Pediatric Patients Hospitalized with Pneumonia in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2021 (April 20, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6690622.

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Background. Pneumonia remains the leading cause of hospitalization and mortality in young children in low- and middle-income countries. This study is aimed to assess predictors of treatment outcomes among pediatric patients hospitalized with pneumonia in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. A facility-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among pediatric patients admitted with pneumonia, considering patient medical charts recorded for a 1-year period from February 2017 to February 2018. The sample size was computed based on a single population proportion formula and giving a total sample size of 207. The systematic random sampling method was employed to select patient cards from the sampling frame. The data extraction format was used to extract any relevant information from patient chart. The processed data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 21). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the patients’ baseline characteristics and related information. The logistic regression model was fitted to determine factors associated with treatment outcomes. To identify predictors of poor treatment outcome, the level of significance was set at P < 0.05 . Results. From a total of 207 patient charts reviewed, more than half (55.6%) of the study participants were males. Majority of patients, 130 (62.8%), were in the age range of 1 month–11 months. Furthermore, 191 (92.3%) patients had good treatment outcome. Patients who treated with ceftriaxone + azithromycin were less likely to have poor treatment outcome compared with patients who were placed on crystalline penicillin (AOR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.01–0.83). On the contrary, patients who stayed ≥ 8 days were about 14.3 times more likely to have poor treatment outcome compared with patients who stayed ≤ 3 days (AOR = 14.3, 95% CI 1.35–151.1). Conclusion. Even though the study revealed good treatment outcome among the pediatric patients, particular consideration should be given to children in need of other interventions.

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Assen, Hussien Endris, Anissa Mohammed Hassen, Ananya Abate, and Bikis Liyew. "Preoperative Fasting Time and Its Association with Hypoglycemia during Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Elective Procedures at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." BioMed Research International 2021 (July 14, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9166603.

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Background. Preoperative fasting is important to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration during anesthesia. The influence of prolonged fasting time on glucose levels during anesthesia in children remains uncertain. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing preoperative fasting time and its association with hypoglycemia during anesthesia in pediatric patients undergoing elective procedures at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The research hypothesis of the study is as follows: there is a prolonged preoperative fasting time, and it influences the glucose levels during anesthesia among pediatric patients undergoing elective procedures at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 258 pediatric patients who had undergone elective procedures in a tertiary care center. A systematic sampling method was used to select study participants. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews and medical record reviews. Binary logistic regression was used to identify associated factors of hypoglycemia during anesthesia among pediatric patients undergoing elective procedures. All explanatory variables with a p value of ≤0.25 from the bivariable logistic regression model were fitted into the multivariable logistic regression model to control the possible effect of confounders, and finally, the variables which had an independent association with hypoglycemia were identified based on adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval, and a p value less than 0.05 was significant. Results. The mean (standard deviation) fasting hours from breast milk, solid foods, and clear fluids were 7.75 (2.89), 13.25 (3.14), and 12.31 (3.22), respectively. The majority (89.9%, 57.9%, and 100%) of participants had fasted from solid, breast milk, and clear fluids for more than 8, 6, and 4 hours, respectively. More than one-fourth (26.2%) of participants were hypoglycemic immediately after induction. Residence, order of nothing per mouth, source of patient, and duration of fasting from solid foods had a significant association with hypoglycemia during anesthesia in children. Conclusion. Children undergoing elective procedures were exposed to unnecessarily long fasting times which were associated with hypoglycemia during anesthesia.

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Abdi, Ali Ahmed. "Ethiopia’s Burgeoning Democratic Transition: New Glamour or New Statesmanship Gimmicks?" Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies 13, no. 5. (2021): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2019.13.5.2.

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Following the amounting accusation of autocracy, the heritage of exclusionary rulership with an underlying ethnic undertone that confined the parameters of political power finally yielded nearly three years of unemployed youth-led street protests initially in Oromia region and later spread all over the country, demanding for political reform and socio-economic improvements. All these paved the way for PM Abiy Ahmed on April 2nd, 2018 in what seemed to be a transition in the form of a “play-within-a-play”. In this article, I offer an account that explains the image of Ethiopia’s democratic transition in 2018, undeniably using my own physical experience and observations as an academic and a humanitarian practitioner owing to my more than 15 years of stay in the country where I have often been close to the decision-making tables in Addis Ababa as well as in the Somali region. Of course, I will also use all other seminally relevant information helpful to draw an explanation tothe interminable socio-political and economic transformation in Ethiopia.

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Beyene, Getenet, Satheesh Nair, Daniel Asrat, Yohannes Mengistu, Howard Engers, and John Wain. "Multidrug resistant Salmonella Concord is a major cause of salmonellosis in children in Ethiopia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 01 (2011): 023–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.906.

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Introduction: S. Concord in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to determine the aetiology of febrile and diarrhoeic illness in Ethiopian children focussing on Salmonella. Methodology: Paediatric patients (n = 1,225) presenting with diarrhoea or fever from the paediatric outpatient department of Tikur Anbessa University Hospital, Addis Ababa (n = 825), and Jimma University Hospital, South West Ethiopia (n = 400), were investigated for pathogens from January to August 2006. Results: Parasites were detected in 337 cases, Salmonella in 65, and Shigella in 61. Serotyping of Salmonella (including 48 stored isolates) demonstrated the dominance of S. Concord: S. Concord (85), S. Typhimurium (7), S. Paratyphi B (2), S. Haifa (1), S. Typhi (2), S. Enteritidis (4), S. Butantan (2), S. Infantis (1), S. Pomona (1), Salmonella group M (28:y:-) (1), and S. Oskarshamn (1). Six isolates in serogroups B and D were untypeable. Of 81 S. Concord isolates, 30% were invasive, most (86.5%) were positive for ESBL production by E-test and 70% were multiply resistant to trimethoprim-sulphamethaxole, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol and gentamicin, of which over one quarter (27%) also showed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Multi-drug resistant S. Concord was the major cause of salmonellosis in two regions of Ethiopia. The strain isolated was highly invasive, highly antibiotic-resistant, and represents a threat to heath care globally.

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Debasu, Mestewat, M. Menon, Yididya Belayneh, Workeabeba Abebe, Degu Jerene, and Daniel Seifu. "Anti-retroviral Treatment Related Haematological Disorders among HIV- Infected Children Attending HIV Clinic at Yekatit 12 Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Blood Research & Reviews 4, no. 2 (2015): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ibrr/2015/20197.

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Setato, Temesgen, Tihitena Negussie Mammo, and Belachew Wondemagegnehu. "Outcome of Delayed Perineal Anastomotic Urethroplasty in Children with Post-Traumatic Urethral Stricture in a Tertiary Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Research and Reports in Urology Volume 13 (August 2021): 631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/rru.s322980.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Street children – Addis Ababa – Ethiopia'

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