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Journal articles on the topic 'Street children - Mental health'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Roncevic, Nevenka, Aleksandra Stojadinovic, and Daliborka Batrnekantonic. "Street children." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 141, no. 11-12 (2013): 835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1312835r.

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According to UNICEF, street child is any child under the age of 18 for whom the street has become home and/or source of income and which is not adequately protected or supervised by adult, responsible person. It has been estimated that there are between 100 and 150 million street children worldwide. Life and work on the street have long term and far-reaching consequences for development and health of these children. By living and working in the street, these children face the highest level of risk. Street children more often suffer from the acute illness, injuries, infection, especially gastrointestinal, acute respiratory infections and sexually transmitted diseases, inadequate nutrition, mental disorders, and drug abuse. They are more often victims of abuse, sexual exploitation, trafficking; they have higher rate of adolescent pregnancy than their peers from poor families. Street children and youth have higher rates of hospitalization and longer hospital stay due to seriousness of illness and delayed health care. Street children/youth are reluctant to seek health care, and when they try, they face many barriers. Street children are invisible to the state and their number in Serbia is unknown. Recently, some non?governmental organizations from Belgrade, Novi Sad and Nis have recognized this problem and tried to offer some help to street children, by opening drop?in centers, but this is not enough. To solve this problem, an engagement of the state and the whole community is necessary, and primary responsibility lies in health, social and educational sector. The best interests of the child must serve as a basic guideline in all activities aimed at improving health, quality of life and rights of children involved in the life and work in the street.

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2

Murray, Laura K., Namrita S. Singh, Pamela J. Surkan, Katherine Semrau, Judy Bass, and Paul Bolton. "A Qualitative Study of Georgian Youth Who Are on the Street or Institutionalized." International Journal of Pediatrics 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/921604.

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Street children, or children who live and/or spend time on the streets, are a vulnerable group of considerable concern to the global public health community. This paper describes the results of two linked qualitative studies conducted with children living or spending time on the street and in orphanages in and around urban areas in the Republic of Georgia between 2005 and 2006. The studies examined perceived causes of children going to the street, as well as indicators of healthy functioning and psychosocial problems among these children. Results on causes indicated a range of “push” factors leading children to the street and “pull” factors that keep children living on the street. Findings also showed a range of internalizing and externalizing mental health symptoms among children on the street and within orphanages. Some differences in responses were found between children living on the street and in institutions. It is important to understand the perspectives of these vulnerable populations to guide decisions on appropriate interventions that address their primary problems.

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3

Savarkar, Tushar, and Shankar Das. "Mental Health Problems among Street Children: The Case of India." Current Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 2, no. 1 (June 25, 2019): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crjssh.2.1.05.

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A number of studies indicate that street children are vulnerable for exposure to poly-victimization, which includes various types of physical abuse, sexual violence, bullying and exposure to violence, neglect, drug abuse. These children may suffer severe mental health outcomes due to chronic exposure to psychosocial distress, specifically anxiety and depression. An analytical review of the literature was undertaken to examine the research studies on the psychological and social impact of the living condition on the street children from both a national and global lens. Research evidence indicates that there is a strong correlation between mental health and overall holistic development of the individual. The paper finally provides a conceptual framework of vulnerabilities and mental health of street children, implications for future research, interventions and public policy.

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4

Aptekar, Lewis, and Lynda M. Ciano-Federoff. "Street Children in Nairobi: Gender Differences in Mental Health." New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 1999, no. 85 (1999): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cd.23219998505.

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5

Aptekar, Lewis. "The Psychology of Colombian Street Children." International Journal of Health Services 19, no. 2 (April 1989): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/x2v8-x0xq-l0ga-w3xc.

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This article calls into question the diverse perceptions of the street children in Colombia. Through the use of participant observations and the administration of the Bender-Gestalt, Kohs Block Designs, and Human Figure Drawing tests, the author explains the psychology of the street children. Their behavior on the streets is explained as being rational and appropriate to their circumstances. Since most of the children are not actively rejected by their families, and because they receive support among their peers and from private benefactors in the society, their mental health is not as bad as popularly believed. The misperceptions of them and of the way they are treated by the society are explained in the context of the family and class structure in Colombia. The dominant society consists of patrifocal families that raise children to be submissive to their fathers, whereas the lower social classes raise their children in matrifocal families, which do not have men in them, and which encourage their children to be independent at an early age. The children in their early public display of liberty symbolically threaten the man's dominance in the patrifocal family system. As a result the children's skills are devalued.

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6

Street, Eddy, and Mike Davies. "Constructing Mental Health Services for Looked after Children." Adoption & Fostering 26, no. 4 (December 2002): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857590202600409.

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Recent years have seen a welcome series of government measures aimed at meeting the mental health needs of looked after children. However, as Eddy Street and Mike Davies argue in this paper, there remains a clear lack of integration of models of ‘good practice’ among childcare and mental health professionals. Taking into consideration the ‘tiered model’ recommended by the NHS Health Advisory Service report (1995), the authors advocate a developmental approach through the implementation of a multi-disciplinary service that combines the best of psychiatric, psychological, social work and childcare perspectives.

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7

Dunn, John. "Street children and volatile substance misuse." Psychiatric Bulletin 18, no. 8 (August 1994): 495–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.18.8.495.

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Living in London one gets used to seeing teenagers living rough on the streets, sleeping in shop doorways, and begging for money. Similarly in São Paulo and other large cities in Brazil homeless and destitute children are a common sight, but there are several striking differences. First, in Brazil there are many more of them, they are noticeably younger and they are often seen doing some form of job or ‘bicos' to earn money, such as cleaning shoes or car windows, ‘guarding’ cars, and selling small items, e.g. sweets, fruits and flowers. Another important difference is the danger to which these children are exposed. There have been frequent reports, some of which have reached the international media, of street children being massacred by vigilantes (some of whom have links with the police).

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8

Bashir, Zohaib, and Rabia Dasti. "Poly-victimization and mental health of street children in Lahore city." Journal of Mental Health 24, no. 5 (September 3, 2015): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2015.1057330.

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9

Athiyallah, Arina. "Self-acceptance, Coping Strategies and Depression on Street Children." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 1398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i1/pr200238.

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10

Harimurti, Eka Rista. "Educational Development through Community Learning Center Management for Street Children." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 03 (February 18, 2020): 798–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i3/pr200834.

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11

Moss, Tamarah, Andrew M. Muriuki, Sithokozile Maposa, and Denise Kpebo. "Lived experiences of street girls in Côte d’Ivoire." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 15, no. 2 (May 30, 2019): 150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-12-2017-0052.

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Purpose The United Nations continues to identify street children as one of the most vulnerable sub-populations of children and youth globally. The purpose of this paper is to present social and contextual perspectives of 11 girls living on the streets of Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Implications with respect to the development and delivery of effective sexual/reproductive and mental health interventions and services are discussed. Design/methodology/approach Through semi-structured interviews and applied qualitative thematic analysis, this paper aims to achieve in-depth understanding about the lives of 11 girls living on the street. A socio-ecological framework is utilized to interpret the experiences of the girls at the individual (micro), community (mezzo) and structural (macro) levels. Findings Six main themes evolved from the thematic analysis of interview transcripts: exposure to violence and abuse before and on the street, exposure to violence and sex work, risk and vulnerability to HIV, substance use and sex work, substance use and physical and reproductive health and ways of coping and future planning. Originality/value The interplay of experiences illustrates how girls navigate their lives, and along with an appreciation of intersectionality validates the need for an integrated approach to health and social care related to health and mental health services. Integrated interventions should focus on common issues such as improving access to HIV testing and contraceptives for young girls living on the street.

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John, Davou Francis, Armiya’u Aishatu Yusha’u, Tungchama Friday Philip, and Maigari Yusufu Taru. "Street Children: Implication on Mental Health and the Future of West Africa." Psychology 10, no. 05 (2019): 667–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2019.105042.

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13

Mwiya, Liamunga Imasiku, and Banda Serah. "Mental health problems of street children in residential care in Zambia: Special focus on prediction of psychiatric conditions in street children." Journal of Clinical Medicine and Research 7, no. 1 (March 20, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jcmr11.025.

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14

Ortiz Castro, Arturo, Mario J. Domínguez García, Gabriela Palomares Calderón, and María Elena Medina-Mora. "Activo distribution and paraphernalia among “street children”." Salud mental 40, no. 4 (July 31, 2017): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2017.021.

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Introduction. The use of solvent inhalants has been documented in Mexico since the 1970s. Nevertheless, very little is known about the distribution and use dynamics among “street children”. Few have ventured to study this issue because of the difficulties involved in working with marginalized, relatively inaccessible populations. Objective. To analyze the distribution and consumption dynamics of activo, as it is known among street children in downtown Mexico City, and to document the paraphernalia and argot associated with these practices. Method. This is a qualitative, descriptive, and interpretative study guided by the “Meeting Place” approach used by Hughes (1977), which has been adapted to Mexican population by Ortiz (1979). We also used ethnographic observation techniques and a social and immersion mapping of street spaces that allowed us to contact and relate to both informants and users. Results. We identified activo distributors and storage areas; user groups were made up of men and women in a 7-3 ratio; physical and psycho-social characteristics of sellers and users, and some street argot and paraphernalia that allowed us to understand the dynamics of distribution and consumption. Discussion and conclusion. The activo market is both captive and hidden; it is detrimental to the physical and mental health of street children, and is fostered by social exclusion and the lack of legislation.

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15

Veale, Angela, and Giorgia Donà. "Street children and political violence: a socio-demographic analysis of street children in Rwanda." Child Abuse & Neglect 27, no. 3 (March 2003): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(03)00005-x.

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16

Nugroho, Indra Prapto, Angeline Hosana Zefany Tarigan, and Muhammad Zainal Fikri. "PERAN LITERASI KESEHATAN MENTAL TERHADAP INTENSITAS PERILAKU PENCARIAN PERTOLONGAN DI KALANGAN ANAK JALANAN KOTA PALEMBANG." JURNAL BIMBINGAN DAN KONSELING AR-RAHMAN 6, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/jbkr.v6i2.3528.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada peran literasi kesehatan mental terhadap intensitas perilaku pencarian pertolongan pada anak jalanan di kota Palembang. Hipotesis penelitian ini adalah ada peran literasi kesehatan mental terhadap intensitas perilaku pencarian pertolongan. Penelitian ini menggunakan partisipan sebanyak 150 anak jalanan berusia 6-17 tahun yang masih memiliki keluarga dan bekerja di jalanan kota Palembang serta menggunakan 50 anak jalanan sebagai partisipan uji coba. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah insidental sampling. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah skala literasi kesehatan mental dan perilaku pencarian pertolongan yang mengacu pada alat ukur Mental Health Literacy Questionnare (MHLQ) oleh Campos, Dias, Palha, Duarte, dan Veiga (2016) serta proses perilaku pencarian pertolongan dari Liang, Goodman, Tummala-Narra, dan Weintraub (2005). Analaisis data yang digunakan adalah regresi linier sederhana. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan nilai R square = 0,307, F = 65,645, dan p = 0,000. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa literasi kesehatan mental memiliki peran signifikan terhadap perilaku pencarian pertolongan. Dengan demikian, hipotesis penelitian dapat diterima, dimana kontribusi literasi kesehatan mental terhadap perilaku pencarian pertolongan ialah sebesar 30,7%.___________________________________________________________________ This study aims to determine whether there is a role of mental health literacy toward help seeking behaviour intensity among street children in Palembang City. The hypotheses is there is a role of mental health literacy toward help seeking behaviour intensity. This study used 200 street children as participants with age between 6-17 years old who still has family and works on the Palembang city’s street and also used 50 street children as trial participants. The sampling technique was incidental sampling. The measurements used mental health literacy and help seeking behaviour scale. The data analysis used simple linier regression. The result of regression shows the value of R square = 0,307, F=65,645, and p=0,000. This means that mental health literacy has a significant role toward help seeking behaviour intensity. Thus, the study hypotheses is accepted, which the contribution of mental health literacy toward help seeking behaviour intensity is 30,7%.

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Bah, Yahya Muhammed. "Drug abuse among street children." COUNS-EDU: The International Journal of Counseling and Education 4, no. 1 (May 16, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23916/0020190416610.

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In The Gambia like all nations, drug abuse is seen as a social and health problem that has many serious implications for the physical, social, psychological and intellectual development of the victims more especially, the children. Therefore, it continues to be a concern to families, community leaders, educators, social workers, health care professionals, academics, government and its development partners. Though there some studies on drug abuse, there is none on children and drug abuse focusing on the street children the most vulnerable category. Street children are hypothesized to be more at risk of any epidemic including drug abuse. This study sought to determine the risk and prevalence of drug abuse among street children focusing on those in the car parks. The research was focused on six critical areas: level of knowledge of drug abuse, perception towards it, level of knowledge of the causes of it in the community and among street children, level of knowledge of negative impacts of it, level of knowledge of the preventive methods; and level of knowledge of the support services and treatments needed by victims. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from thirty five participants (i.e. one driver and six casual apprentices from each of the five car parks) were interviewed. The data was presented and analysed using tables and percentage. The findings revealed among other things, that there is high level of awareness of drug abuse but the feelings towards it is mixed. Like other children, street children are abusing drugs mainly due to peer influence with the ultimate objective of getting high to relief stress, group recognition, trusted by peers, etc. Similarly, participants are highly aware of the negative impacts encompassing fighting, stealing, mental illness, etc. To finance the behaviour, victims are engaged in all types of dangerous antisocial behaviour including romantic ones exposing them to a range of diseases including STIs and HIV/AIDS. Marijuana is the most commonly abused drug. Though in the minority, some have started experimenting cocaine/coke, hashish; and heroin. While participants have good knowledge of the critical methods to fight drug abuse, the support services needed by victims, victims are mostly reluctant to seek the services not only because they are hard to find but fear societal stigmatization, exclusion and discrimination and professionals’ maltreatments.

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18

Bah, Yahya Muhammed. "Drug Abuse among Street Children." Journal of Clinical Research In HIV AIDS And Prevention 3, no. 3 (November 28, 2018): 12–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2324-7339.jcrhap-18-2291.

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In The Gambia like all nations, drug abuse is seen as a social and health problem that has many serious implications for the physical, social, psychological and intellectual development of the victims more especially, the children. Therefore, it continues to be a concern to families, community leaders, educators, social workers, health care professionals, academics, government and its development partners. Though there are some studies on drug abuse, there is none on children and drug abuse focusing on the street children the most vulnerable category. Street children are hypothesized to be more at risk of any epidemic including drug abuse. This study sought to determine the risk and prevalence of drug abuse among street children focusing on those in the car parks. The research was focused on six critical areas: level of knowledge of drug abuse, perception towards it, level of knowledge of the causes of it in the community and among street children, level of knowledge of negative impacts of it, level of knowledge of the preventive methods; and level of knowledge of the support services and treatments needed by victims. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from thirty five participants (i.e. one driver and six casual apprentices from each of the five car parks) were interviewed. The data was presented and analyzed using tables and percentage. The findings revealed among other things, that there is high level of awareness of drug abuse but the feelings towards it are mixed. Like other children, street children are abusing drugs mainly due to peer influence with the ultimate objective of getting high to relief stress, group recognition, desire to be trusted by peers, etc. Similarly, participants are highly aware of the negative impacts encompassing fighting, stealing, mental illness, etc. To finance the behavior, victims are engaged in all types of dangerous antisocial behavior including romantic ones exposing them to a range of diseases including STIs and HIV/AIDS. Marijuana is the most commonly abused drug. Though in the minority, some have started experimenting cocaine/coke, hashish; and heroin. While participants have good knowledge of the critical methods to fight drug abuse, the support services needed by victims, victims are mostly reluctant to seek the services not only because they are hard to find but fear societal stigmatization, exclusion and discrimination and professionals’ maltreatments.

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19

Souza, Renato, Klaudia Porten, Sarala Nicholas, and Rebecca Grais. "Outcomes for street children and youth under multidisciplinary care in a drop-in centre in Tegucigalpa, Honduras." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 57, no. 6 (September 14, 2010): 619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764010382367.

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Background: There is little evidence to describe the feasibility and outcomes of services for the care of street children and youth in low-income countries. Aims: To describe the outcomes of a multidisciplinary case management approach delivered in a drop-in centre for street children and youth. Methods: A longitudinal study of street children and youth followed in an urban drop-in centre. Four hundred (400) street children and youth received a multidisciplinary case management therapeutic package based on the community reinforcement approach. The main outcomes were changes in psychological distress, substance abuse and social situation scores. Results: The median follow-up time for the cohort was 18 months. There were reductions in the levels of psychological distress ( p = 0.0001) and substance abuse ( p ≤ 0.0001) in the cohort as well as an improvement in the social situation of street children and youth ( p = 0.0001). There was a main effect of gender ( p < 0.001) and a significant interaction of gender over time ( p < 0.001) on improvements in levels of psychological distress. Survival analysis showed that the probability of remaining on substances at 12 months was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.69–0.81) and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.42–0.59) at 24 months. At 12 months, fewer female patients remained using substances compared to male ( p < 0.01). Conclusion: To be most effective, programmes and strategies for children and youth in street situations in developing countries should target both their health and social needs.

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20

Aderinto, Adeyinka A. "Social correlates and coping measures of street-children: a comparative study of street and non-street children in South-Western Nigeria." Child Abuse & Neglect 24, no. 9 (September 2000): 1199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(00)00172-1.

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21

Whitworth Wittig, Martha Caroline, James D. Wright, and Donald C. Kaminsky. "Substance Use among Street Children in Honduras." Substance Use & Misuse 32, no. 7-8 (January 1997): 805–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826089709055860.

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22

Praharaj, Samir Kumar, Pankaj Verma, and Manu Arora. "Inhalant Abuse (Typewriter Correction Fluid) in Street Children." Journal of Addiction Medicine 2, no. 4 (December 2008): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/adm.0b013e31817be5bc.

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23

Williams, Christopher. "Who are “street children?” a hirerarchy of street use and appropriate responses." Child Abuse & Neglect 17, no. 6 (January 1993): 831–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(08)80013-0.

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24

Priya R Khatavkar. "Nurturing Children’s Health Through Neighbourhood Morphology." Creative Space 6, no. 1 (July 2, 2018): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/cs.2018.61002.

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Among the key factors required for the adequate development and growth of children’s physical and mental health is the child’s outdoor activities. Master plans are inclusive and provide sustainable settlements when they accommodate and respond to children. An understanding of the child’s need for outdoor spaces will help build better public spaces thereby providing opportunities for better physical, mental and emotional health of children. This paper is an effort to explore those environmental settings which are conducive for their physical activities. It tries to uncover the spatial planning approach which can contribute to child friendly spaces. The study is an investigation and a comparative analysis of a planned and an organic settlement in an urban fabric; HSR layout and Mangammanapalya in Bangalore, India. A qualitative analysis of the various layers of the physical settings has been done. The investigations reveal how each settlement caters to and supports the physical needs of children. The goal is to make use of these findings in the future planning and design intervention of neighbourhoods. The findings for the planned settlement, HSR revealed the presence of amenities like parks, playgrounds and sports facilities which the children frequented. The organic settlement lacked the presence of parks but the street network pattern revealed a majority of dead ends which are used as play spaces by children. Increase in commercial use in the settlement of HSR brought about the threat of traffic and stranger danger which act as deterrents to the independent mobility of the child while Mangammanapalya because of its cul de sacs which discourage through traffic offered a relatively safe and sustainable environment for play and mobility on its streets. A child friendly route could act as a safe and interesting path for children to explore the neighbourhood.

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Watters, Cynthia. "Editorial Perspective: Effective mental health and psychosocial interventions for children and adolescents in street situations." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 58, no. 2 (January 19, 2017): 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12625.

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Guernina, Zoubida. "The sexual and mental health problems of street children: a transcultural preventative approach in counselling psychology." Counselling Psychology Quarterly 17, no. 1 (March 2004): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515070410001665721.

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Elkoussi, Alaaeldin, and Sayed Bakheet. "Volatile Substance Misuse Among Street Children in Upper Egypt." Substance Use & Misuse 46, sup1 (May 24, 2011): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2011.580202.

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Kaplan, Veysel, and Döndü Çuhadar. "The levels of anger and aggression in street children with substance dependence." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 33, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12275.

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Towe, Vivian L., Salman ul Hasan, S. Tariq Zafar, and Susan G. Sherman. "Street Life and Drug Risk Behaviors Associated with Exchanging Sex Among Male Street Children in Lahore, Pakistan." Journal of Adolescent Health 44, no. 3 (March 2009): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.09.003.

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Shafira, Greisca Rosa, and Oedojo Soedirham. "GAMBARAN DIMENSI INTERNAL DALAM KONSEP DIRI ANAK ASUH UPTD KAMPUNG ANAK NEGERI SURABAYA." Indonesian Journal of Public Health 12, no. 2 (February 8, 2018): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v12i2.2017.154-166.

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Every child has rights for survival, growth, development and protection from violence and discrimination. Family’s problem such as poverty, bad relationship between children and p arents, divorce, and acts of violence in children that affecting children become street children and abandoned children. Street children are very close to violence, neglected by parents, economic problems that result in children not attending school or an inadequate life. Although children in UPTD Kampung Anak Negeri has background as street children and abandoned children but with training that provided, the children are able to achieve a proud achievement. The research was conducted at UPTD Kampung Anak Negeri Surabaya with descriptive method of qualitative approach. The first variable in this research is the characteristics of children consisting of the background of p arenting, achievements, and activities that are occupied. The second variable is the internal dimension factor of s elf-concept consisting of selfidentity, self-behavior, and self-assessment. Instrument in this research is guidance of interview and observation with informant amounted to 8 people who already have achievements. Most children already know their self-identity. Most children are satisfied with their self if it compared with before they in UPTD Kampung Anak Negeri. Most children are already aware and responsible with the task they do. The conclusions of this study indicate that the self-concept supports the creation of good mental health.

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McAlpine, Kate, Robert Henley, Mario Mueller, and Stefan Vetter. "A Survey of Street Children in Northern Tanzania: How Abuse or Support Factors May Influence Migration to the Street." Community Mental Health Journal 46, no. 1 (May 5, 2009): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10597-009-9196-5.

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Mello, Andrea F., Mariana R. Maciel, Victor Fossaluza, Cristiane S. de Paula, Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira, Luciana P. Cavalcante-Nóbrega, Giuliana C. Cividanes, et al. "Exposure to maltreatment and urban violence in children working on the streets in São Paulo, Brazil: factors associated with street work." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 36, no. 3 (April 25, 2014): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1185.

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Abou-Hatab, M., and Y. Okasha. "P01-164 - Volatile inhalant dependence and intoxication among a sample of Egyptian street children." European Psychiatry 25 (2010): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(10)70370-9.

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Sharma, Shridhar, and Rakesh Lal. "Volatile Substance Misuse Among Street Children in India: A Preliminary Report." Substance Use & Misuse 46, sup1 (May 24, 2011): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2011.580206.

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Derivois, Daniel, Jude Mary Cénat, Amira Karray, and Emilie Charpillat-Richard. "Determinants of Resilience in Haitian Street Children Four Years After the January 2010 Earthquake." Journal of Loss and Trauma 25, no. 1 (August 16, 2019): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2019.1648017.

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Seth, Rajeev, Atul Kotwal, and K. K. Ganguly. "Street and Working Children of Delhi,1India, Misusing Toluene: An Ethnographic Exploration." Substance Use & Misuse 40, no. 11 (January 2005): 1659–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826080500222792.

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Bryden, Jennifer. "Autistic and peudo-autistic traits in ongoing complex trauma." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.644.

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AimsTo compare the neurodevelopmental profiles of Albanian street children to those predicted by the Coventry grid.BackgroundA street children's centre had requested help to meet children's emotional needs. No program exists for children experiencing ongoing complex trauma. With input from widely-experienced consultant psychiatrist and consultant psychologist, a very low-intensity program of coping skills was piloted. Extensive anonymised notes were taken as part of the piloting.The Coventry grid is a clinical tool comparing patterns of difficulties typically seen in autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) versus attachment difficulties. It's based on clinical experience and invites ongoing feedback.Method12 Children aged 5–12 years completed the two-week program. The notes were examined for their relevance to areas of the Coventry Grid.ResultThe children showed both traits typical of ASD and of attachment problems. Identifying emotions was impossible for the youngest group (5–7 years); while the older groups could say whether someone was likely to feel “good” or “bad” but struggled to differentiate further.Fantasy and symbolic play were hard for the younger children. If asked to imagine a situation, they replied “but that's not happening”. One child constantly hugged a stuffed doll, but couldn't use it for play. Both younger groups found it hard to imagine a safe-place, though they could say what they wanted in it (chocolate and a working lightbulb). The oldest group all chose a real place related to the centre.Generalising was difficult for all the children. The older children could say whether a story character was a good friend, but not apply this to real life. The youngest children were told a story about a dangerous stranger. Afterwards, the children said they would still go away with strangers as only the man in the story had said he wanted to harm children.The younger children were diffusely attached, but the boys’ eye contact, gesturing, and language were normal in all age groups. All children formed friendships easily, played in a group and were intensely loyal to siblings. They didn't show restricted interests, distress at changes to routine or sensory difficulties. They showed good awareness of the widely divergent social rules at the centre and at home.ConclusionThe children showed a mix of traits usually associated with attachment difficulties and those usually associated with ASD. They may be different from UK clinic samples as they continued to experience severe trauma.

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Maciel, Mariana R., Andrea F. Mello, Victor Fossaluza, Luciana P. Nobrega, Giuliana C. Cividanes, Jair J. Mari, and Marcelo F. Mello. "Children working on the streets in Brazil: predictors of mental health problems." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 22, no. 3 (October 17, 2012): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-012-0335-0.

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Zubrick, Stephen R., Sven R. Silburn, Paul Burton, and Eve Blair. "Mental Health Disorders in Children and Young People: Scope, Cause and Prevention." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 4 (August 2000): 570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00703.x.

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Objective: To review the scope and characteristics of mental health disorders in children and young people in Australia; detail some emerging concepts of the causal pathways of mental health disorders in children and young people; and discuss aspects of the prevention of mental health disorders and the promotion of mental health in children and young people. Method: An integrated review of selected literature. Results: (i) While as many as one in five Australian children aged from four to 17 have significant mental health problems there remains a need for prevalence estimates in subsections of the population, notably children and young people of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent; (ii) appropriate studies of gene-environment interaction will require better measurement and developmental exposition of those risk exposures that are known to be on the causal pathway to mental health disorder; and (iii) universal, selective and indicated prevention trials and evaluations directed at anxiety, depression and conduct disorder are needed. Conclusion: Preventive intervention and promotion in mental health must entail effective collaboration at national, state and local levels between health, welfare and education sectors. These sectors must be informed by high quality epidemiology and a knowledge of the causal pathways of mental health disorders. Such intervention must also improve the movement of scientific knowledge to political policy on one hand and to praxis on the other. This will require a clear and persistent vision of the urgency, costs and consequences of mental health disorders in children and young people coupled with effective leadership and political resolve.

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Praveen, Devarsetty, Pallab K. Maulik, Bellara Raghavendra, Maseer Khan, Rama K. Guggilla, and Prakash Bhatia. "Determinants of Inhalant (Whitener) Use Among Street Children in a South Indian City." Substance Use & Misuse 47, no. 10 (May 18, 2012): 1143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2011.644844.

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Sen, Amit. "Street Children in India: A Non-Government Organization (NGO)-Based Intervention Model." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 30, no. 6 (December 2009): 552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181c21caa.

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Cénat, Jude Mary, Daniel Derivois, Martine Hébert, Laetitia Mélissande Amédée, and Amira Karray. "Multiple traumas and resilience among street children in Haiti: Psychopathology of survival." Child Abuse & Neglect 79 (May 2018): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.01.024.

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Benaim, Silvio. "Giuseppe Pampiglione, formerly Head of the Department of Neurophysiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London." Psychiatric Bulletin 17, no. 7 (July 1993): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.17.7.443.

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Omari, Felicita, Stavroula A. Chrysanthopoulou, Lonnie E. Embleton, Lukoye Atwoli, David O. Ayuku, Edwin Sang, and Paula Braitstein. "The impact of care environment on the mental health of orphaned, separated and street-connected children and adolescents in western Kenya: a prospective cohort analysis." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 3 (March 2021): e003644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003644.

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IntroductionThe effect of care environment on orphaned and separated children and adolescents’ (OSCA) mental health is not well characterised in sub-Saharan Africa. We compared the risk of incident post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety and suicidality among OSCA living in Charitable Children’s Institutions (CCIs), family-based care (FBC) and street-connected children and youth (SCY).MethodsThis prospective cohort followed up OSCA from 300 randomly selected households (FBC), 19 CCIs and 100 SCY in western Kenya from 2009 to 2019. Annual data were collected through standardised assessments. We fit survival regression models to investigate the association between care environment and mental health diagnoses.ResultsThe analysis included 1931 participants: 1069 in FBC, 783 in CCIs and 79 SCY. At baseline, 1004 participants (52%) were male with a mean age (SD) of 13 years (2.37); 54% were double orphans. In adjusted analysis (adjusted HR, AHR), OSCA in CCIs were significantly less likely to be diagnosed with PTSD (AHR 0.69, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.97), depression (AHR 0.48 95% CI 0.24 to 0.97), anxiety (AHR 0.56, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.68) and suicidality (AHR 0.73, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.95) compared with those in FBC. SCY were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with PTSD (AHR 4.52, 95% CI 4.10 to 4.97), depression (AHR 4.72, 95% CI 3.12 to 7.15), anxiety (AHR 4.71, 95% CI 1.56 to 14.26) and suicidality (AHR 3.10, 95% CI 2.14 to 4.48) compared with those in FBC.ConclusionOSCA living in CCIs in this setting were significantly less likely to have incident mental illness, while SCY were significantly more, compared with OSCA in FBC.

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Watters, Cynthia, and Paul O’Callaghan. "Mental health and psychosocial interventions for children and adolescents in street situations in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review." Child Abuse & Neglect 60 (October 2016): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.09.002.

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AUGUSTYN, MARILYN. "???G??? is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 24, no. 6 (December 2003): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200312000-00011.

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O'Brien, Kathleen, Jason Agostino, Karen Ciszek, and Kirsty A. Douglas. "Physical activity and risk of behavioural and mental health disorders in kindergarten children: analysis of a series of cross-sectional complete enumeration (census) surveys." BMJ Open 10, no. 3 (March 2020): e034847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034847.

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ObjectivesThere is mixed evidence on the relationship between physical activity and behavioural and mental health. We aimed to estimate the association between physical activity and risk of behavioural and mental health disorders in early school-aged children.DesignA series of cross-sectional complete enumeration (census) surveys.SettingsAll primary schools in the Australian Capital Territory, 2014–2016.ParticipantsAll children enrolled in their first year of full-time primary education (kindergarten) were invited to participate. Of the 16 662 eligible kindergarten children, 15 040 completed the survey for the first time.Outcome measuresAverage daily physical activity participation and prevalence of risk of behavioural and mental health disorders derived from parent-reported data and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Characteristics associated with SDQTotal difficultiesand subscales were estimated using logistic regression.Results8340 (61.7%) children met physical activity targets (60 min or more daily) and 709 (4.8%) were at clinically significant risk of behavioural and mental health disorders (Total difficulties).Known sociodemographic correlates were also those variables associated with high risk of behavioural and mental health disorders (Total difficulties): Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.78–4.16), relative socioeconomic disadvantage (most disadvantaged vs least disadvantaged, OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.38–2.50) and male sex (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.49–2.17). Average daily physical activity was not significant, despite the highest levels of physical activity (90 min or more daily) being reported in boys, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and those from more disadvantaged areas.ConclusionsOur study provides comprehensive cross-sectional data on the relationship between physical activity participation and the risk of behavioural and mental health disorders in a large cohort of early school-aged Australian children. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, boys and those from the most disadvantaged socioeconomic group were at greatest risk of clinically significant behavioural and mental health disorders.

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Kudrati, Mustafa, Mary L. Plummer, and Nassrin Dafaalla El Hag Yousif. "Children of the sug: A study of the daily lives of street children in Khartoum, Sudan, with intervention recommendations." Child Abuse & Neglect 32, no. 4 (April 2008): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.07.009.

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Stock, Lisanne, and Sacha Evans. "Improving risk assessments for CAMHS admissions at Great Ormond Street Hospital." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.316.

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AimsDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, admissions to the Mildred Creek Unit (MCU), an Inpatient CAMHS Ward at Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) changed.The MCU is a 7–10 bed unit for children aged 7–15 years based on therapeutic milieu principles. The ward accepts patients via a planned national referral pathway, however, during the COVID-19 pandemic, patients were admitted as emergencies and consequently risk assessments were missed. Risk assessment is important in all admissions and as the MCU is not a locked unit, early risk assessment is particularly important.We aimed to review whether risk assessment occurred within one working day of admission, as suggested by the ward risk assessment policy, and if this was not the case, our aim was to ensure that all risk assessments took place within this period via our audit interventions.MethodWe collated data looking at the time between admission to GOSH and the date at which first risk assessments took place. We then put in place three interventions. 1)Posters prompting doctors who were providing on-call liaison input to perform a risk assessment within one working day of admission.2)New junior doctors were provided with written and verbal information to emphasise the importance of early risk assessment.3)Guidelines also highlight that assessment of risk may need to be on-going. We therefore added a prompt section in the weekly ward round proforma with the aim of reducing the interval between risk assessments during admission.The first audit cycle was conducted on the 3/8/2020 and the second on the 28/11/21 to allow for a comparative number of inpatients between the first and second audit cycle.ResultWe found these interventions significantly reduced delays in risk assessments. Prior to the audit's first cycle the average delay between admission to GOSH/MCU and a risk assessment was 2 weeks. After the interventions there were no patients whose risk assessment was delayed outside the next working day parameters.ConclusionThis full cycle audit demonstrates the impact that prompts to clinical practice can make on patient care. It is important to recognise the need for flexible risk assessment with regular review, especially at times of clinical change. We hope that this continued trend for early risk assessment leads to improved clinical care and timely discussion of risk for all new CAMHS inpatients at GOSH.

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Marshall, Brandon D. L., and Evan Wood. "Sex Work and Sex Exchange Among Street Children: An Urgent Need for a Global Response." Journal of Adolescent Health 44, no. 3 (March 2009): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.11.002.

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