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1
Green, K., A. McGreer, B. Schwartz, D. Cann, P. Wilson, and D. E. Low. "Prospective surveillance for nosocomial group a streptococal infections in Ontario: Do single cases warrant investigation?" American Journal of Infection Control 22, no. 2 (April 1994): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-6553(94)90165-1.
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Santos, Joana Eugénio, Catuxa Rodríguez Magariños, Leticia García Gago, Daniela Astudillo Jarrín, Sonia Pértega, Ana Rodríguez-Carmona, Teresa García Falcón, and Miguel Pérez Fontán. "Long-term trends in the incidence of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis disclose an increasing relevance of streptococcal infections: A longitudinal study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): e0244283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244283.
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Background The selective impact of strategies for prevention of PD-related peritonitis (PDrP) may have modified, in the long term, the causal spectrum, clinical presentation and outcomes of these infections. Objectives To compare trends in the incidence of PDrP by different microorganisms during a 30-year period, with a particular focus on streptococcal infections. To analyze the clinical presentation and outcomes of these infections. Secondarily, to investigate how the isolation of different species of streptococci can influence the clinical course of PDrP by this genus of bacteria. Method Following a retrospective, observational design we investigated 1061 PDrP (1990–2019). We used joinpoint regression analysis to explore trends in the incidence of PDrP by different microorganisms, and compared the risk profile (Cox), clinical presentation and outcomes (logistic regression) of these infections. Main results Our data showed a progressive decline in the incidence of PDrP by staphylococci and Gram negative bacteria, while the absolute rates of streptococcal (average annual percent change +1.6%, 95% CI -0.1/+3.2) and polymicrobial (+1.8%, +0.1/+3.5) infections tended to increase, during the same period. Remarkably, streptococci were isolated in 58.6% of polymicrobial infections, and patients who suffered a streptococcal PDrP had a 35.8% chance of presenting at least one other infection by the same genus. The risk profile for streptococcal infections was comparable to that observed for PDrP overall. Streptococcal PDrP were associated with a severe initial inflammatory response, but their clinical course was generally nonaggressive thereafter. We did not observe a differential effect of different groups of streptococci on the clinical presentation or outcome of PDrP. Conclusions Time trends in the incidence of PDrP by different microorganisms have granted streptococci an increasing relevance as causative agents of these infections, during the last three decades. This behaviour suggests that current measures of prevention of PDrP may not be sufficiently effective, in the case of this genus of microorganisms.
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Numberger, Daniela, Ursula Siebert, Marcus Fulde, and Peter Valentin-Weigand. "Streptococcal Infections in Marine Mammals." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020350.
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Marine mammals are sentinels for the marine ecosystem and threatened by numerous factors including infectious diseases. One of the most frequently isolated bacteria are beta-hemolytic streptococci. However, knowledge on ecology and epidemiology of streptococcal species in marine mammals is very limited. This review summarizes published reports on streptococcal species, which have been detected in marine mammals. Furthermore, we discuss streptococcal transmission between and adaptation to their marine mammalian hosts. We conclude that streptococci colonize and/or infect marine mammals very frequently, but in many cases, streptococci isolated from marine mammals have not been further identified. How these bacteria disseminate and adapt to their specific niches can only be speculated due to the lack of respective research. Considering the relevance of pathogenic streptococci for marine mammals as part of the marine ecosystem, it seems that they have been neglected and should receive scientific interest in the future.
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Liang, Guowei. "Aryl hydrocarbon receptor protects against viridans streptococci infection by activation of immune system through IL-17RA signaling." American Journal of BioMedicine 3, no. 2 (May 19, 2015): 400–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.18081/2333-5106/015-02/400-410.
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The majority of bacterial infections during neutropenia following high-dose chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation are caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, a large number are due to viridans streptococci. Despite considerable progress in the understanding of the AhR-mediated regulation of immune responses, the role of AhR in bacterial infections has not been clearly demonstrated. In the study presented here, we sought to determine whether the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) would protect mice from infection with viridans streptococci. AhR enhances the inflammatory response to viridans streptococci stimuli. Specifically, neutrophil numbers and levels of inflammatory cytokines are often increased in mice treated with viridans streptococci. Furthermore, AhR activation through the IL-17RA is required for protection against viridans streptococcal infection. Taken together, we concluded that AhR plays an important role in optimal innate immunoprotection against microbial infection through the down-regulation of immune response.
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Huang, Allen R., and Dalius J. Briedis. "Group C Streptococcal Endocarditis Presenting as Clinical Meningitis: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 3, no. 5 (1992): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/597941.
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Lancefield group C streptococci are known to be pathogenic in a number of animal species, but cause human disease much less commonly than do streptococci of scrogroups A or B. Reported cases of bacteremic infection, pneumonia or meningitis in humans have been very severe with a grave prognosis. The authors describe a patient who presented with classic clinical and laboratory evidence of bacterial meningitis which proved to be a complication of endocarditis caused by a group C streptococcus. This is the first reported case in which meningitis was the presenting manifestation of group C streptococcal endocarditis and is only the second case in which group C streptococcal meningitis and endocarditis have been associated in the same patient. A total of 13 cases of group C streptococcal meningitis have now been reported in the medical literature. Five of these patients died, and four others recovered only to be left with neurological sequelae. The current case confirms the seriousness of group C streptococcal infections in humans. Such infections are associated with a poor prognosis despite apparently adequate antimicrobial therapy.
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RECCO, R. A., M. M. ZAMAN, H. CORTES, J. COLUCCI, G. POOMKUDY, and E. L. KAPLAN. "Intra-familial transmission of life-threatening group A streptococcal infection." Epidemiology and Infection 129, no. 2 (October 2002): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268802007343.
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Invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections have been of increasing concern worldwide during the past 15 years. Spread of group A streptococci to contacts with resulting invasive infection has been reported in families, in residential nursing homes, and even from patients to health care workers. We report an instance of temporally related life-threatening group A streptococcal infection in a husband and 2 weeks later in his wife. This example further emphasizes the need for careful observation among family members and other close contacts of patients with invasive group A streptococcal infection. Although at present there are no universal recommendations for monitoring or for antibiotic prophylaxis of close contacts of persons with invasive GAS infection, when added to existing literature, this report suggests additional consideration is required.
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Fluckiger, U., K. F. Jones, and V. A. Fischetti. "Immunoglobulins to Group A Streptococcal Surface Molecules Decrease Adherence to and Invasion of Human Pharyngeal Cells." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 974–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.3.974-979.1998.
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ABSTRACT The M protein is one of the most important virulence factors of group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) and may play an important role in the first steps of streptococcal infection. Since acute pharyngitis is a frequently occurring infectious disease caused by these bacteria, we wished to know whether antibodies to the M protein or other surface components inhibit adherence and internalization of streptococci to pharyngeal cells. We investigated the role of whole human secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), M6 protein-specific sIgA, and M6 protein-specific serum IgG in the inhibition of streptococcal adherence and internalization to cultured human pharyngeal cells. S. pyogenes D471, which produces a type 6 M protein (M+), and its isogenic M-negative (M−) derivative JRS75 were tested. Purified whole sIgA, M protein-specific sIgA, and sIgA preabsorbed with M protein were able to decrease significantly the adherence of streptococci to pharyngeal cells. Purified IgG against the M6 protein did not diminish the attachment of streptococci to the pharyngeal cells but did reduce internalization. Thus, our data suggest that secretory IgA may play a key role in preventing streptococcal infection at mucosal surfaces by blocking adherence while affinity-purified anti-M protein-specific IgG blocks epitopes responsible for invasion.
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Fujimori, Isao, Izuru Nozawa, Kazuhito Kikushima, Rei Goto, Ken-Ichi Hisamatsu, and Yoshihiko Murakami. "Interaction between Oral Alpha-Streptococci and Group a Streptococci in Patients with Tonsillitis." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 106, no. 7 (July 1997): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949710600708.
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The incidence of oral α-streptococci with inhibitory activity against group A streptococci, as a defense mechanism against bacterial infection in the oral cavity, was investigated in 141 patients with streptococcal tonsillitis. The study population included both children (n = 79) and adults (n = 62). Infection by group A streptococci appeared to be more common in children than in adults, as the detection rates of inhibitory α-streptococci in healthy children (29.7%), as well as pediatric patients with tonsillitis (14.9%), were lower than those in adults (63.0%; p < .01). It is possible to consider oral α-streptococci with inhibitory activity to be among the indications for tonsillectomy in patients with streptococcal tonsillitis, since the detection rate of inhibitory α-streptococci in surgical cases (10.9%) was significantly lower than that in nonsurgical cases (31.1 %; p < .01). The high detection rate of these strains during the postoperative state supported the observation that the incidence of group A streptococcal infection was decreased postoperatively. Accordingly, it is useful to investigate bacterial interference between oral α-streptococci and group A streptococci in patients scheduled for tonsillectomy.
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Higgins, P. M. "Streptococcal pharyngitis in general practice. 1. Some unusual features of the epidemiology." Epidemiology and Infection 109, no. 2 (October 1992): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800050147.
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SUMMARYThis report is based on a study of acute infections of the upper respiratory tract in 1965 and detailed records of such infections in 1963 and 1964. A change from illnesses mainly yielding viruses to illnesses mainly yielding group A streptococci was noted around the age of 5 years. A positive culture for group A streptococci in patients over 4 years of age was highly correlated with a complaint of sore throat and with serological evidence of streptococcal infection. A bimodal age distribution curve for pharyngitis associated with a positive culture for group A streptococci was consistently noted. The incidence was highest in children aged 5–9 but a second smaller peak occurred among adults in the 30–39 age group. The evidence suggests that being female increases the risk of acquiring group A streptococci and of experiencing sore throat.
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Liao, Pei-Chih, Yi-Lun Tsai, Yao-Chung Chen, Pei-Chi Wang, Shu-Chu Liu, and Shih-Chu Chen. "Analysis of Streptococcal Infection and Correlation with Climatic Factors in Cultured Tilapia Oreochromis spp. in Taiwan." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 4018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10114018.
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Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.), a prominent warm water food fish, is one of the major fish species grown in the aquaculture industry in south-east Asia. Tilapia can tolerate adverse water quality and other stressors, like diverse salinity and fluctuation of pH value, better than most other commercial aquaculture species. Environmental fluctuations are one of the main factors that affect the outbreak of infectious diseases in cultured tilapia. Cultured tilapia in Taiwan appears to be more susceptible to infections caused by Streptococci during the summer season. The present study emphasizes the Streptococcus spp. infection in tilapia in Taiwan and is the first study on the analysis of the potential impact of climate change on streptococcal infection in cultured tilapia in Asia. The data collected from the treatment and diagnosis system (TDS) of the aquatic animal diseases database from 2006 to 2015 were used to analyze the endemic streptococcal infection and the effect of climatic factors. Based on the results, the factor, average atmospheric pressure, is negatively correlated to streptococcal infection, while the other three, including average temperature, ultraviolet (UV) index, and rainfall, are positively correlated to streptococcal infection. A multivariate logistic regression model with these four factors was also built. When the average temperature is above 27.0 °C, the average atmospheric pressure is lower than 1005.1 hPa, or the UV index is above 7.2, the percentage of cumulated positive farms from all submitted tilapia cases was more than 50%. In addition, within 3 days of rain, rainfall is relevant to the occurrence of Streptococcus in tilapia. Using TDS to alert the occurrence of streptococcal infection in tilapia can be a very useful tool for veterinary aquatic animal inspection stations, and reducing economic losses and labour costs in aquatic agriculture.
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Çiçek, Yasin, Mehmet Özgöz, Varol Çanakçi, and Recep Orbak. "Streptococcal Gingivitis: A Report of Case with a Description of a Unique Gingival Prothesis." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 5, no. 3 (2004): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-5-3-150.
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Abstract Acute streptococcal gingivitis is an acute inflammation of the oral mucosa. Specific bacterial infections of the gingiva may be due to neisseria gonorrhea, treponema pallidum, streptococci, and other organisms. Streptococcal infections are seen rarely. This case report describes a patient who presented with severe gingival inflammation and pain that was diagnosed as an acute streptococcal infection. Bacterial cultures were obtained from the lesion, and biopsies were obtained from the gingiva of lower incisors for histopathologic evaluation. The patient was successfully treated using conventional periodontal therapy (scaling, root planning, curettage) and antibacterial agents. The reconstructive phase for this patient consisted of the fabrication of a heat-cured acrylic gingival facade to mask the gingival recession. The treatment of acute gingivostomatitis is of importance because of the possibility of systemic secondary infections. When esthetics is important, a gingival prostheses can be considered. The differential diagnosis, etiology, and treatment of acute streptococcal gingivitis are discussed and the literature is reviewed in this report. Citation Çiçek Y, Özgöz M, Çanakçi, et. al Streptococcal Gingivitis: A Report of Case with a Description of a Unique Gingival Prosthesis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 August;(5)3:150-157.
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Barnham, M. "Streptococcal infection in general practice." Epidemiology and Infection 109, no. 2 (October 1992): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800050135.
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The last 30 years have been changes in emphasis in the study of streptococci and streptococcal diseases. Earlier work concentrated mainly on the sources and methods of cross-infection and descriptive epidemiology of Streptococcus pyogenes in its major manifestations of respiratory, cutaneous and invasive infection and in the complications of rheumatic fever (RF), scarlet fever (SF) and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN).
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Sun, Hongmin, Angela Yang, Xixi Wang, and David Ginsburg. "Factor V Level Affects the Host Susceptibility to Group A Streptococcal Infection." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.25.25.
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Abstract Group A streptococci (GAS), a common human pathogen, secrete streptokinase (SK), which activates the host’s plasminogen (PLG). SK is highly specific for human PLG, exhibiting little or no activity against other mammalian species. We demonstrated the major role of the PLG/SK interaction in GAS pathogenicity using a transgenic murine model expressing human plasminogen with increased susceptibility to human pathogenic streptococci. We hypothesize that GAS hijack the host fibrinolytic system in order to circumvent local thrombosis for systemic spread. Markedly increased mortality was also observed following GAS injection in C57BL/6J mice treated with the snake venom Ancrod, which proteolytically degrades plasma fibrinogen, supporting the critical roles of coagulation in host/pathogen interaction. However, fibrinogen also plays important roles in inflammation and immune response, it is necessary to use independent genetic models to further test the impact of coagulation in host defense against bacterial infection. The effect of variations in FV on mouse susceptibility to streptococcal infection was tested. We established a mouse model with low plasma FV level. These mice have a slightly increased bleeding time, though otherwise phenotypically normal. Subjected to streptococcal infection, these mice exhibited significantly increased mortality than wildtype controls, suggesting that the decreased thrombotic tendency in the low FV mice increases host susceptibility to infection. FV Leiden is a common prothrombotic mutation among Caucasian population with an incidence between 4% and 6%. Previous studies from Kerlin et al demonstrated the FV Leiden conferred survival advantage in patients with severe sepsis and in mice challenged with endotoxin. This may be an example of balanced gene polymorphism that maintains the FV Leiden mutant in the general gene pool by selection of bacterial infections. In order to identify the selective agents responsible for the prevalence of FV Leiden mutation, we took advantage of our plasminogen transgenic murine model for streptococcal infection to test whether streptococci is one of the selective agents. Human plasminogen transgene was introduced into FV Leiden background and the susceptibility to streptococcal infection was measured. No significant improvement of survival was observed in the FV Leiden mouse comparing with the wildtype control. Thus, streptococcal infection is not the selective agent for the prevalence of FV Leiden mutation. These observations highlight the potential role of variations in blood coagulation factors in host susceptibility to bacterial infection.
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Abolfotouh, Mostafa A., Naser E. Bilal, and Ibrahim A. Badawl. "Throat culture screening for Beta-haemolytic streptococci among schoolboys in Saudi Arabia." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 2, no. 3 (September 2, 2021): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1996.2.3.425.
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Thistudy was designed to estimate the carrier rate of beta-haemolytic streptococci among 972 primary-school boys in a high-altitude area of Saudi Arabia, and its association with social class, crowding index and body mass index, and also to determine the seasonal variation of infection. A carrier rate of 13.1% for beta-haemolytic streptococci was detected. The carrier rate was significantly higher in spring than in winter. The association between streptococcal infection and social class, crowding index, or body mass index was statistically not significant. The low prevalence of streptococcal infection might be attributed to the high altitude but further studies are needed to determine whether this is the case
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Misic, Milena, Aleksandra Arsovic, Jelena Cukic, Milenko Rosic, Jelena Tosic-Pajic, Nevena Manojlovic, Ivan Cekerevac, Dejan Vidanovic, Milanko Sekler, and Dejan Baskic. "The prevalence of resistance to macrolides and lincosamides among community- and hospital- acquired staphylococci and streptococci isolates in southeast Serbia." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 146, no. 7-8 (2018): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh170407197m.
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Introduction/Objective. The increasing resistance to macrolides and lincosamides among staphylococci and streptococci is becoming a global problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) resistance phenotypes in staphylococcal and streptococcal isolates in southeast Serbia. Methods. The MLS phenotypes were determined by the double-disk diffusion method in 2,121 inpatient and outpatient staphylococcal and streptococcal isolates collected during a one-year period at the Center for Microbiology. Results. The methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolates were significantly more resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin (100%, 100%, 29.2%, 65.6%, and 53.1%, respectively) than the methicillin-sensitive ones (93.6%, 64.9%, 12%, 28.9%, and 11.7%, respectively). The inducible clindamycin resistance phenotype was dominant in S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates. S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, and S. agalactiae isolates showed very high resistance to erythromycin (77.8%, 46.2%, and 32.4%, respectively). All staphylococci and streptococci isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid, and all beta-hemolytic streptococci isolates to penicillin and ceftriaxone. Conclusion. The phenotypic triage of staphylococci is necessary in order to separate inducible resistant and truly clindamycin-sensitive isolates. Macrolides should not be recommended for empirical therapy of streptococcal infections. Penicillins remain the drug of choice for treatment of streptococcal infections in our local area.
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Uchida, Takahiro, and Takashi Oda. "Glomerular Deposition of Nephritis-Associated Plasmin Receptor (NAPlr) and Related Plasmin Activity: Key Diagnostic Biomarkers of Bacterial Infection-related Glomerulonephritis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 2595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072595.
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It is widely known that glomerulonephritis (GN) often develops after the curing of an infection, a typical example of which is GN in children following streptococcal infections (poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis; PSAGN). On the other hand, the term “infection-related glomerulonephritis (IRGN)” has recently been proposed, because infections are usually ongoing at the time of GN onset in adult patients, particularly in older patients with comorbidities. However, there has been no specific diagnostic biomarker for IRGN, and diagnosis is based on the collection of several clinical and pathological findings and the exclusion of differential diagnoses. Nephritis-associated plasmin receptor (NAPlr) was originally isolated from the cytoplasmic fraction of group A streptococcus as a candidate nephritogenic protein for PSAGN and was found to be the same molecule as streptococcal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and plasmin receptor. NAPlr deposition and related plasmin activity were observed with a similar distribution pattern in the glomeruli of patients with PSAGN. However, glomerular NAPlr deposition and plasmin activity could be observed not only in patients with PSAGN but also in patients with other glomerular diseases, in whom a preceding streptococcal infection was suggested. Furthermore, such glomerular staining patterns have been demonstrated in patients with IRGN induced by bacteria other than streptococci. This review discusses the recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of bacterial IRGN, which is characterized by NAPlr and plasmin as key biomarkers.
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INAGAKI, Y., T. KONDA, S. MURAYAMA, S. YAMAI, A. MATSUSHIMA, Y. GYOBU, D. TANAKA, et al. "Serotyping of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from common and severe invasive infections in Japan, 1990–5: implication of the T3 serotype strain-expansion in TSLS." Epidemiology and Infection 119, no. 1 (August 1997): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268897007644.
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To clarify the relationship between the epidemics of severe invasive group A streptococcal infections (streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome; TSLS) and common group A streptococcal infections in Japan, we examined the T serotypes of S. pyogenes strains (group A streptococci) isolated from clinical specimens of the streptococcal infections (17999 cases) in the period 1990–5, including the severe infections (TSLS) (29 cases) in the period 1992–5. Characteristic points of the analyses were: (1) dominant serotypes of the infections in these periods were T12, T4, T1, T28 and TB3264, which were consistently isolated; (2) isolates of T3 rapidly increased through 1990 to 1994 while T6 decreased in the period 1990–3; (3) when Japanese area was divided into three parts, T3 serotype tended to spread out from the north-eastern to the south-western area; (4) strains of T3 and T1 serotypes were dominant in the TSLS. Dominant-serotype strains of streptococcal infections did not always induce severe infections and dominance of T3 serotype in the TSLS seemed to be correlated with the increase of T3 in streptococcal infections. These results may indicate that certain clones of S. pyogenes are involved in the pathogenesis of the TSLS.
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Tewodros, W., L. Muhe, E. Daniel, C. Schalén, and G. Kronvall. "A one-year study of streptococcal infections and their complications among Ethiopian children." Epidemiology and Infection 109, no. 2 (October 1992): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800050172.
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SUMMARYPost-streptococcal complications are known to be common among Ethiopian children. Little is known, however, about the epidemiology of beta-haemolytic streptococci in Ethiopia. A total of 816 children were studied during a one-year period: 24 cases of acute rheumatic fever (ARF), 44 chronic rheumatic heart disease (CRHD), 44 acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN), 143 tonsillitis, 55 impetigo, and 506 were apparently healthy children. Both ARF and APSGN occurred throughout the year with two peaks during the rainy and cold seasons. The female: male ratio among ARF patients was 1·4:1 and 1:1·9 among APSGN. The monthly carrier rate of beta-haemolytic streptococci group A varied from 7·5–39%, average being 17%. T type 2 was the most frequent serotype. Marked seasonal fluctuations were noted in the distribution of serogroups among apparently healthy children. Beta-haemolytic streptococci group A dominated during the hot and humid months of February–May. Strains were susceptible to commonly used antibiotics, except for tetracycline.
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Xerri, Yezi, and Mark N Evans. "Role of alkaline protease in activation of viridans streptococci complement system pathway." American Journal of BioMedicine 3, no. 3 (August 6, 2015): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18081/2333-5106/015-3/473-481.
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Viridans streptococci are a grouping of multiple streptococcal species which do not possess Lancefield antigens, are alpha-hemolytic, and result in infective endocarditis. Despite intensive care with antimicrobial therapy, the mortality has remained high for these infections and post infection squeal. All the pathways of complement system culminate in the formation of C3 convertase enzymes that mediate deposition of C3b on foreign surfaces. The goal of this study, to assay interferes between alkaline protease (AprA) of viridans streptococci and complement activation. Our data found that alkaline protease potently blocked phagocytosis of viridans streptococci by neutrophils the AprA specifically blocked C3b deposition via 2-pathways; the classical and lectin pathways. Serum degradation assays revealed that AprA degrades both human C1s and C2. However, repletion assays demonstrated that the mechanism of action for complement inhibition is cleavage of C2. These results suggest a novel viridans streptococci mechanism, through AprA interferes with complement system pathway activation via cleavage of C2.
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Wu, J. J., K. Y. Lin, P. R. Hsueh, J. W. Liu, H. I. Pan, and S. M. Sheu. "High incidence of erythromycin-resistant streptococci in Taiwan." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41, no. 4 (April 1997): 844–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.41.4.844.
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The activities of nine antimicrobial agents against 247 isolates of group B, C, F, and G streptococci and viridans group streptococci were studied by the broth microdilution method. Erythromycin resistance was found in 29.7, 41.7, 81.8, 23.5, and 53.3% of the strains of group B, C, F, and G streptococci and viridans group streptococci tested, respectively. Macrolides are not considered an optimal alternative to penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal infections, at least empirically, in Taiwan.
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Bhuiyan, Mohammed Saiful Islam, Abida Sultana, Farzana Rabin, AKM Rejaul Haque, and ASM Zakaria. "Association of streptococcal throat infection with plaque psoriasis." Bangladesh Medical Journal 44, no. 2 (April 5, 2016): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v44i2.27252.
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The association of streptococcal sore throat with guttate psoriasis is well established, but its association with psoriasis vulgaris is not yet clear. This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the department of Dermatology and Venereology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from June, 2012 to February 2013 with the intention to ascertain whether streptococcal throat infections are more common in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titre and culture for ?-haemolytic streptococci was done among thirty four patients with chronic plaque type psoriasis and same number of normal healthy controls. Raised ASO titre was found in 26.5% of patients with psoriasis vulgaris and 11.8% of normal healthy controls (p>0.05). Culture of throat swab for streptococcus ?-haemolyticus was positive in 20.6% of psoriatics and none of controls. Laboratory evidences of streptococcal throat infection are more common in patients with chronic plaque type psoriasis. More clinical trials to see the e_cacy of anti-streptococcal therapy and tonsillectomy in plaque psoriasis should be carried out.Bangladesh Med J. 2015 May; 44 (2): 102-104
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Pancholi, Vijaykumar, and Vincent A. Fischetti. "Regulation of the Phosphorylation of Human Pharyngeal Cell Proteins by Group A Streptococcal Surface Dehydrogenase: Signal Transduction between Streptococci and Pharyngeal Cells." Journal of Experimental Medicine 186, no. 10 (November 17, 1997): 1633–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.186.10.1633.
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Whether cell-to-cell communication results when group A streptococci interact with their target cells is unknown. Here, we report that upon contact with cultured human pharyngeal cells, both whole streptococci and purified streptococcal surface dehydrogenase (SDH) activate pharyngeal cell protein tyrosine kinase as well as protein kinase C, thus regulating the phosphorylation of cellular proteins. SDH, a major surface protein of group A streptococci, has both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and ADP-ribosylating enzyme activities that may relate to early stages of streptococcal infection. Intact streptococci and purified SDH induce a similar protein phosphorylation pattern with the de novo tyrosine phosphorylation of a 17-kD protein found in the membrane/particulate fraction of the pharyngeal cells. However, this phosphorylation required the presence of cytosolic components. NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analysis identified the 17-kD protein as nuclear core histone H3. Both phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine-specific monoclonal antibodies reacted with the 17-kD protein by Western blot, suggesting that the binding of SDH to these pharyngeal cells elicits a novel signaling pathway that ultimately leads to activation of histone H3–specific kinases. Genistein-inhibitable phosphorylation of histone H3 indicates that tyrosine kinase plays a key role in this event. Treatment of pharyngeal cells with protein kinase inhibitors such as genistein and staurosporine significantly inhibited streptococcal invasion of pharyngeal cells. Therefore, these data indicated that streptococci/SDH-mediated phosphorylation plays a critical role in bacterial entry into the host cell. To identify the membrane receptor that elicits these signaling events, we found that SDH bound specifically to 30- and 32-kD membrane proteins in a direct ligand-binding assay. These findings clearly suggest that SDH plays an important role in cellular communication between streptococci and pharyngeal cells that may be important in host cell gene transcription, and hence in the pathogenesis of streptococcal infection.
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Briko, N. I., E. V. Glushkova, E. P. Kakorina, and N. V. Nikitin. "STREPTOCOCCAL (GROUP A) INFECTION IN RUSSIA: STATE OF THE PROBLEM AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS." Journal Infectology 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2019-11-1-7-16.
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Aim. To assess the current situation on streptococcal (group A) infection in Russia, to study the molecular properties and antimicrobial susceptibility of group A streptococcus isolated from patients with soft tissue infection.Materials and methods. We performed a descriptive epidemiological study using official statistics. A total of 97 cases of soft tissue infection caused by group A streptococci were investigated for emm-types, the presence of genes of bacteriophage toxins and integrases by PCR and sequencing. We tested 91 strains for antimicrobial susceptibility by the micro dilution methods.Results. From 2009 through 2017, 2.8 million cases (563 thousand primary cases) of group A streptococcal disease were reported. There was a decrease in the incidence of scarlet fever in Russia (31.5 per 100 000 population). In 2009–2017 the incidence of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart diseases increase slightly but the prevalence of this forms group A streptococcal disease are decrease. Annually 2600 people die from the rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart diseases. Of the 97 cultures of group A streptococci, 33 were associated with invasive infection. We identified 33 different emm-type. All cultures contained speB gene. Some strains contained speA, and others speC genes. We did not find any correlation between the presence of bacteriophage toxin genes and the invasive properties of streptococci. Tetracycline and macrolides are ineffective in patients with of soft tissue infectionConclusion. Streptococcal (group A) infection continues to be of significant social and economic importance for Russia. The streptococcus cultures isolated from patients with invasive forms were heterogeneous in molecular and biological properties and remained sensitive to penicillin antibiotics.
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Pattullo, Andrew LS, and Eric J. Bow. "A Case of Group A Streptococcal Meningitis in an Adult." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 4, no. 4 (1993): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1993/730879.
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Group A streptococci are an important cause of soft tissue infections but have rarely been reported as the cause of pyogenic meningitis since the advent of antibiotics. A case of group A streptococcal meningitis in an adult is presented along with a review of similar cases reported in the literature. This case serves to illustrate the virulent nature of this pathogen in infections of the meninges, the potential for associated complications, and the need for rapid diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The source of infection in this and many other cases in the literature is the upper respiratory tract. The case presented responded well to antibiotics but resulted in permanent auditory-vestibular dysfunction.
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Maltseva, G. S., and O. N. Grinchuk. "Role of antibiotic therapy in the treatment of streptococcal infection." Medical Council, no. 20 (November 16, 2019): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2019-20-91-96.
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The article states the principles for antibiotic therapy for chronic tonsillitis (CT) and acute tonsillopharyngitis (ATP). The greatest attention is paid to the non-angina CT, when the patients, as a general rule, are deprived of antibiotic therapy. At the same time, the article provides data of St. Petersburg Research Institute of ENT, whereby at least 40% of patients with CT have streptococcal etiology of the disease caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) that is confirmed by not only bacteriological, but also immunological research methods (increase in antistreptolysin-O). In addition, the number of diseases caused by groups C and G beta-hemolytic streptococci has increased in recent years. These groups of streptococci contribute to the development of complications like those caused by GABHS, and therefore the doctor’s attitude towards them should be more critical and in some respects - the same as to GABHS. As you know, streptococcal infection is one of the most dangerous due to the development of internal organs and systems complications. This proposition justifies the need for systemic antibacterial therapy in patients with CT, when they are diagnosed with streptococcal infection, regardless of the presence of angina. In vitro studies showed that GABHS has good sensitivity to penicillin preparations. However, it is not always possible to achieve treatment targets in practice. Given that the duration of antibiotic therapy for streptococcal infection should be at least 10 days, it is difficult to achieve full medication adherence. In this regard, prolonged-release penicillins, such as Bicillin-5, gain ground. The article substantiates the use of this drug in CT, discusses a clinical case, which shows the medical history of a girl with coexistent affection with GABHS of the pharynx and vagina. Only 4-month administration of Bicillin-5 allowed to cure the patient, having achieved GABH eradication.
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Wollein Waldetoft, Kristofer, Tirthankar Mohanty, Christofer Karlsson, Matthias Mörgelin, Inga-Maria Frick, Johan Malmström, and Lars Björck. "Saliva-Induced Clotting Captures Streptococci: Novel Roles for Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Host Defense and Immune Evasion." Infection and Immunity 84, no. 10 (July 25, 2016): 2813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00307-16.
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Streptococcal pharyngitis is among the most common bacterial infections, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Here we investigate the interactions among three major players in streptococcal pharyngitis: streptococci, plasma, and saliva. We find that saliva activates the plasma coagulation system through both the extrinsic and the intrinsic pathways, entrapping the bacteria in fibrin clots. The bacteria escape the clots by activating host plasminogen. Our results identify a potential function for the intrinsic pathway of coagulation in host defense and a corresponding role for fibrinolysis in streptococcal immune evasion.
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Mohanty, Deeganta, and Manaswini Das. "Prevalence of Streptococcal Infections in Sore Throat Patients." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 8 (June 1, 2012): 372–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/aug2013/122.
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Donders, Gilbert, Peter Greenhouse, Francesca Donders, Ulrike Engel, Jorma Paavonen, and Werner Mendling. "Genital Tract GAS Infection ISIDOG Guidelines." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 9 (May 10, 2021): 2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10092043.
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There has been an increasing worldwide incidence of invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) disease in pregnancy and in the puerperal period over the past 30 years. Postpartum Group A streptococci infection, and in particular streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and necrotizing fasciitis, can be life threatening and difficult to treat. Despite antibiotics and supportive therapy, and in some cases advanced extensive surgery, mortality associated with invasive group A streptococcal postpartum endometritis, necrotizing fasciitis, and toxic shock syndrome remains high, up to 40% of postpartum septic deaths. It now accounts for more than 75,000 deaths worldwide every year. Postpartum women have a 20-fold increased incidence of GAS disease compared to non-pregnant women. Despite the high incidence, many invasive GAS infections are not diagnosed in a timely manner, resulting in potentially preventable maternal and neonatal deaths. In this paper the specific characteristics of GAS infection in the field of Ob/Gyn are brought to our attention, resulting in guidelines to improve our awareness, early recognition and timely treatment of the disease. New European prevalence data of vaginal GAS colonization are presented, alongside two original case histories. Additionally, aerobic vaginitis is proposed as a supplementary risk factor for invasive GAS diseases.
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Mathur, Purva, Nidhi Bhardwaj, Kushal Mathur, Bijayini Behera, Gunjan Gupta, Arti Kapil, Sarman Singh, and Mahesh Chandra Misra. "Clinical and molecular epidemiology of beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections in India." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8, no. 03 (March 13, 2014): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.3216.
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Introduction: Beta-hemolytic streptococci (βHS) cause a diverse array of human infections. Despite the high number of cases of streptococcal carriers and diseases, studies discerning the molecular epidemiology of βHS in India are limited. This study reports the molecular and clinical epidemiology of beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections from two geographically distinct regions of India. Methodology: A total of 186 isolates of βHS from north and south India were included. The isolates were identified to species level and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done to detect exotoxin genes, and emm types of group A streptococci (GAS) strains were ascertained by sequencing. Results: GAS was the most common isolate (71.5%), followed by group G streptococci (GGS) (21%). A large proportion of GAS produced speB (97%), smeZ (89%), speF (91%), and speG (84%). SmeZ was produced by 21% and 50% of GGS and GGS, respectively. A total of 45 different emm types/subtypes were seen in GAS, with emm 11 being the most common. Resistance to tetracycline (73%) and erythromycin (34.5%) was commonly seen in GAS. Conclusions: A high diversity of emm types was seen in Indian GAS isolates with high macrolide and tetracycline resistance. SpeA was less commonly seen in Indian GAS isolates. There was no association between disease severity and exotoxin gene production.
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Schofield, Behnaz, Clive Gregory, Micaela Gal, David Gillespie, Gurudutt Naik, Alastair Hay, and Nick Francis. "The feasibility of measuring calprotectin from a throat swab as a marker of infections caused by group A streptococcus: a case–control feasibility study." BJGP Open 4, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): bjgpopen20X101006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgpopen20x101006.
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BackgroundMost people with sore throat do not benefit from antibiotic treatment, but nearly three-quarters of those presenting in primary care are prescribed antibiotics. A test that is predictive of bacterial infection could help guide antibiotic prescribing. Calprotectin is a biomarker of neutrophilic inflammation, and may be a useful marker of bacterial throat infections.AimTo assess the feasibility of measuring calprotectin from throat swabs, and assess whether individuals with sore throats likely to be caused by streptococcal infections have apparently higher throat calprotectin levels than other individuals with sore throat and healthy volunteers.Design & settingA proof of concept case–control study was undertaken, which compared primary care patients with sore throats and healthy volunteers.MethodBaseline characteristics and throat swabs were collected from 30 primary care patients with suspected streptococcal sore throat, and throat swabs were taken from 10 volunteers without sore throat. Calprotectin level determination and rapid antigen streptococcal testing were conducted on the throat swab eluents. Calprotectin levels in the following groups were compared: volunteers without a sore throat; all patients with a sore throat; patients with a sore throat testing either negative or positive for streptococcal antigen; and those with lower and higher scores on clinical prediction rules for streptococcal sore throat.ResultsCalprotectin was detected in all throat swab samples. Mean calprotectin levels were numerically higher in patients with sore throat compared with healthy volunteers, and sore throat patients who had group A streptococci antigen detected compared with those who did not.ConclusionCalprotectin can be measured from throat swab samples and levels are consistent with the hypothesis that streptococcal infection leads to higher throat calprotectin levels. This hypothesis will be tested in a larger study.
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Weisman, S. J., F. J. Scoopo, G. M. Johnson, A. J. Altman, and J. J. Quinn. "Septicemia in pediatric oncology patients: the significance of viridans streptococcal infections." Journal of Clinical Oncology 8, no. 3 (March 1990): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1990.8.3.453.
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One hundred nine consecutive episodes of septicemia were retrospectively evaluated in 61 children with malignancy. In addition, the records of all pediatric oncology patients who received high-dose cytarabine (HDAC) chemotherapy were reviewed. Gram-positive organisms accounted for 82.6% of the septicemic episodes. In the total group, coagulase-negative staphylococci and viridans streptococci accounted for 35.8% and 28.4% of the episodes, respectively. In granulocytopenic patients, viridans streptococci were the most common pathogens (36.8%). In the subset of patients who received HDAC, 62.5% of the septicemic episodes were caused by viridans streptococci. Pulmonary complications developed in nine (29%) of the total cases of viridans streptococcal sepsis, whereas these complications occurred in only eight (10.3%) of the septic episodes caused by other organisms. In patients who had viridans septicemia, prior treatment with HDAC did not increase the incidence of pulmonary complications. In septic children with malignancy, our results demonstrate a high incidence of gram-positive organisms, including viridans streptococci, which were once regarded as culture contaminants.
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Nestorovic, Branimir, Suzana Laban-Nestorovic, Veselinka Paripovic, and Katarina Milosevic. "Value of rapid test for identification of beta hemolytic Streptococcus antigens in children with Streptococcal pharyngitis." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 132, suppl. 1 (2004): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh04s1039n.
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Beta-hemolytic group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) is the most common bacterial agent associated with the upper respiratory tract infections in humans. The most frequently group A streptococcus-associated disease is pharyngitis. Males and females are equally affected by group A streptococcus. There is seasonal increase in the prevalence of group A streptococcus-associated pharyngitis. Streptococcal pharyngitis is most prevalent in winter and early spring with higher incidence of disease observed in crowded population such as school children. Early diagnosis and treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis has been shown to reduce the severity of symptoms and further complications such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. The conventional methods used for identification of group A streptococci depend on isolation and identification of the organism on blood agar plates. These methods usually require 18-24 hours of incubation at 37?C. Such delay in identifying the group A streptococcus has often made physicians to administer therapy without first disclosing the etiological agent. Development of immunologic tests, capable of detecting the group A streptococcal antigen directly from the throat swabs, produced rapid test results employed for better treatment of patients. STREP A test is a rapid immunochromatographic test for the detection of group A streptococci from throat swabs or culture. The accuracy of the test does not depend on the organism viability. Instead, group A strep antigen is extracted directly from the swab and identified using antibodies specific for the group A carbohydrates. We compared rapid test with conventional throat swab in 40 children, who met Centor criteria for streptococcal pharyngitis (absence of cough, high fever, purulent pharyngitis, enlarged and painful cervical lymph nodes). Overall congruence of rapid test and culture was 94%. Test is easy to perform and it is recommended as the first diagnostic test for management of children with streptococcal pharyngitis. In children with negative test, but with characteristics highly suggestive of streptococcal infection, throat culture should be performed.
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RAO, MANDAVA. "ACUTE POST STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS WITH DOMINANT IGA, REPRESENTS AS ACUTE RENAL FAILURE IN A KIDNEY TRANSPLANT RECIPIENT." International Journal of Medical Reviews and Case Reports 4, Reports in Microbiology, Infecti (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijmrcr.post-streptococcal-infectious-glomerulonephritis-iga.
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Okahashi, Nobuo, Masanobu Nakata, Hirotaka Kuwata, and Shigetada Kawabata. "Streptococcus oralis Induces Lysosomal Impairment of Macrophages via Bacterial Hydrogen Peroxide." Infection and Immunity 84, no. 7 (April 25, 2016): 2042–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00134-16.
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Streptococcus oralis, an oral commensal, belongs to the mitis group of streptococci and occasionally causes opportunistic infections, such as bacterial endocarditis and bacteremia. Recently, we found that the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced byS. oralisis sufficient to kill human monocytes and epithelial cells, implying that streptococcal H2O2is a cytotoxin. In the present study, we investigated whether streptococcal H2O2impacts lysosomes, organelles of the intracellular digestive system, in relation to cell death.S. oralisinfection induced the death of RAW 264 macrophages in an H2O2-dependent manner, which was exemplified by the fact that exogenous H2O2also induced cell death. Infection with either a mutant lackingspxB, which encodes pyruvate oxidase responsible for H2O2production, orStreptococcus mutans, which does not produce H2O2, showed less cytotoxicity. Visualization of lysosomes with LysoTracker revealed lysosome deacidification after infection withS. oralisor exposure to H2O2, which was corroborated by acridine orange staining. Similarly, fluorescent labeling of lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 gradually disappeared during infection withS. oralisor exposure to H2O2. The deacidification and the following induction of cell death were inhibited by chelating iron in lysosomes. Moreover, fluorescent staining of cathepsin B indicated lysosomal destruction. However, treatment of infected cells with a specific inhibitor of cathepsin B had negligible effects on cell death; instead, it suppressed the detachment of dead cells from the culture plates. These results suggest that streptococcal H2O2induces cell death with lysosomal destruction and then the released lysosomal cathepsins contribute to the detachment of the dead cells.
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Pancholi, V., and V. A. Fischetti. "A major surface protein on group A streptococci is a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase with multiple binding activity." Journal of Experimental Medicine 176, no. 2 (August 1, 1992): 415–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.176.2.415.
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The surface of streptococci presents an array of different proteins, each designed to perform a specific function. In an attempt to understand the early events in group A streptococci infection, we have identified and purified a major surface protein from group A type 6 streptococci that has both an enzymatic activity and a binding capacity for a variety of proteins. Mass spectrometric analysis of the purified molecule revealed a monomer of 35.8 kD. Molecular sieve chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis suggest that the native conformation of the protein is likely to be a tetramer of 156 kD. NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analysis revealed 83% homology in the first 18 residues and about 56% in the first 39 residues with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) of eukaryotic or bacterial origin. This streptococcal surface GAPDH (SDH) exhibits a dose-dependent dehydrogenase activity on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the presence of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide both in its pure form and on the streptococcal surface. Its sensitivity to trypsin on whole organism and its inability to be removed with 2 M NaCl or 2% SDS support its surface location and tight attachment to the streptococcal cell. Affinity-purified antibodies to SDH detected the presence of this protein on the surface of all M serotypes of group A streptococcal tested. Purified SDH was found to bind to fibronectin, lysozyme, as well as the cytoskeletal proteins myosin and actin. The binding activity to myosin was found to be localized to the globular heavy meromyosin domain. SDH did not bind to streptococcal M protein, tropomyosin, or the coiled-coil domain of myosin. The multiple binding capacity of the SDH in conjunction with its GAPDH activity may play a role in the colonization, internalization, and the subsequent proliferation of group A streptococci.
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Ahmad, Waseem, Muhammad Yousaf Saleemi, and Muhammad Iqbal. "β-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 12 (December 8, 2018): 1882–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4585.
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Background: Strep throat is also known as Streptococcal Pharyngitis. It is an infection in back of the throat including tonsils which reasoned by group A Streptococcus (GAS). General signs like fever, red tonsils, sore throat and grow lymph nodes in the neck. Nausea, headache and vomiting may also happen due to Streptococcal Pharyngitis. Objective: The aim of study is to conclude the correctness in discover Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococci (GABHS) through brisk antigen testing evaluate with throat culture methods which are generally used. Materials and Methods: Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore. Period: 1st July 2016 to 31st December 2016. At first throat culture,Streptococcal select agar or sheep blood agar, performed on 192 patients with severe strep throat and after that brisk antigen detection tests, Directigen Group A Strep, was also executed. Statistical investigation contained sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value as well as its prevalence. Results: The prevalence of group A β-hemolytic streptococci is 13.54%. Sensitivity is 96.15%, specificity is 95.18%, positive predictive value is 75.76% along with negative predictive value is 99.37% which shows that a very low percentage of patients with Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococci as <1%. Conclusion: This showed that a very low percentage as <1% of patients with Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococci evade findings by brisk screening test methods.
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Johansson, Linda, Pontus Thulin, Parham Sendi, Erika Hertzén, Adam Linder, Per Åkesson, Donald E. Low, Birgitta Agerberth, and Anna Norrby-Teglund. "Cathelicidin LL-37 in Severe Streptococcus pyogenes Soft Tissue Infections in Humans." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 8 (May 19, 2008): 3399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01392-07.
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ABSTRACT Severe soft tissue infections, such as necrotizing fasciitis and severe cellulitis, caused by group A streptococci (GAS) are rapidly progressing life-threatening infections characterized by massive bacterial loads in the tissue even late after the onset of infection. Antimicrobial peptides are important components of the innate host defense, and cathelicidins have been shown to protect against murine necrotic skin infections caused by GAS. However, it has been demonstrated that the streptococcal cysteine protease SpeB proteolytically inactivates the human cathelicidin LL-37 in vitro. Here we have investigated the expression of LL-37 and its interaction with GAS and SpeB during acute severe soft tissue infections by analyses of patient tissue biopsy specimens. The results showed large amounts of LL-37, both the proform (hCAP18) and the mature peptide, in the tissue. Confocal microscopy identified neutrophils as the main source of the peptide. A distinct colocalization between the bacteria and LL-37 could be noted, and bacterial loads showed positive correlation to the LL-37 levels. Areas with high LL-37 levels coincided with areas with large amounts of SpeB. Confocal microscopy confirmed strong colocalization of GAS, SpeB, and LL-37 at the bacterial surface. Taken together, the findings of this study provide in vivo support of the hypothesis that SpeB-mediated inactivation of LL-37 at the streptococcal surface represents a bacterial resistance mechanism at the infected tissue site in patients with severe GAS tissue infections.
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Nikolic, Branka, Ana Mitrovic, Svetlana Dragojevic-Dikic, Snezana Rakic, Zlatica Cakic, Milena Saranovic, and Milan Sikimic. "Group a streptococcal cellulitis in the early puerperium." Vojnosanitetski pregled 68, no. 7 (2011): 607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1107607n.
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Introduction. Infectious diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a member of the group A Streptococci (GAS) are among the most common life threatening ones. Patients with GAS infections have a poor survival rate. Cellulitis is a severe invasive GAS infection and the most common clinical presentation of the disease associated with more deaths than it can be seen in other GAS infections. According to the literature data, most cases of GAS toxic shock syndrome are developed in the puerperium. However, there are two main problems with GAS infection in early puerperium and this case report is aimed at reminding on them. The first problem is an absence of awareness that it can be postpartal invasive GAS infection before the microbiology laboratory confirms it, and the second one is that we have little knowledge about GAS infection, in general. Case report. A 32- year-old healthy woman, gravida 1, para 1, was hospitalized three days after vaginal delivery with a 38-hour history of fever, pain in the left leg (under the knee), and head injury after short period of conscious lost. Clinical picture of GAS infection was cellulites. Group A Streptoccocus pyogenes was isolated in vaginal culture. Rapid antibiotic and supportive treatment stopped development of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) and potential multiorganic failure. Signs and symptoms of the infection lasted 25 days, and complete recovery of the patient almost 50 days. Conclusion. In all women in childbed with a history of fever early after delivery, vaginal and cervical culture specimens should be taken as soon as possible. Early recognition of GAS infection in early puerperium and prompt initiation of antimicrobial drug and supportive therapy can prevent development of STSS and lethal outcome.
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Higgins, P. M. "Splenomegaly in acute infections due to group A streptococci and viruses." Epidemiology and Infection 109, no. 2 (October 1992): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800050160.
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SUMMARYOver a period of 9 years in general practice temporary enlargement of the spleen was found in 29 episodes of pharyngitis or tonsillitis, in 2 episodes of acute upper respiratory tract infection other than pharyngitis and in 6 episodes of acute cervical lymphadenitis. In five patients more than one episode of illness associated with splenomegaly was recorded.In 26 of the 37 episodes a possible aetiology was identified. Evidence only of infection with group A streptococci was found in 14 episodes, adenoviruses or coxsackie B viruses were isolated alone in 4 episodes and in 4 episodes the only finding was the presence in the blood of more than occasional atypical mononuclear cells; in 4 episodes there was evidence of both streptococcal and viral infection. Episodes with evidence of streptococcal infection only tended to be of shorter duration and to be more evenly distributed over the year than were episodes without such evidence. Temporary splenomegaly was noted also in two children with varicella (one of whom also had streptococcal infection) and in an adult with probable rubella.
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Goodfellow, Alison M., Megan Hibble, Susanne R. Talay, Bernd Kreikemeyer, Bart J. Currie, Kadaba S. Sriprakash, and Gursharan S. Chhatwal. "Distribution and Antigenicity of Fibronectin Binding Proteins (SfbI and SfbII) of Streptococcus pyogenes Clinical Isolates from the Northern Territory, Australia." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 1 (January 2000): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.1.389-392.2000.
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ABSTRACT Fibronectin binding proteins play an important role in the adherence and invasion of group A streptococci (GAS). Genotypically distinct GAS isolates were screened for the presence and expression of two streptococcal fibronectin binding protein genes, sfbI and sfbII . Of the tested strains, 64 and 36% were shown to harbor and express the sfbI and sfbII genes, respectively. All sfbII -positive strains tested were also positive for sfbI , but only 28% of the sfbII -negative strains were positive for sfbI . High levels of immunoglobulin G antibodies to both SfbI and SfbII were found in sera from 80 subjects with defined streptococcal infections.
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Lizano, Sergio, and Kenneth H. Johnston. "Structural Diversity of Streptokinase and Activation of Human Plasminogen." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 7 (July 2005): 4451–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.7.4451-4453.2005.
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ABSTRACT The β domain of streptokinase is required for plasminogen activation and contains a region of sequence diversity associated with infection and disease in group A streptococci. We report that mutagenesis of this polymorphic region does not alter plasminogen activation, which suggests an alternative function for this molecular motif in streptococcal disease.
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Neely, Melody N., John D. Pfeifer, and Michael Caparon. "Streptococcus-Zebrafish Model of Bacterial Pathogenesis." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 7 (July 2002): 3904–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.7.3904-3914.2002.
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ABSTRACT Due to its small size, rapid generation time, powerful genetic systems, and genomic resources, the zebrafish has emerged as an important model of vertebrate development and human disease. Its well-developed adaptive and innate cellular immune systems make the zebrafish an ideal model for the study of infectious diseases. With a natural and important pathogen of fish, Streptococcus iniae, we have established a streptococcus- zebrafish model of bacterial pathogenesis. Following injection into the dorsal muscle, zebrafish developed a lethal infection, with a 50% lethal dose of 103 CFU, and died within 2 to 3 days. The pathogenesis of infection resembled that of S. iniae in farmed fish populations and that of several important human streptococcal diseases and was characterized by an initial focal necrotic lesion that rapidly progressed to invasion of the pathogen into all major organ systems, including the brain. Zebrafish were also susceptible to infection by the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. However, disease was characterized by a marked absence of inflammation, large numbers of extracellular streptococci in the dorsal muscle, and extensive myonecrosis that occurred far in advance of any systemic invasion. The genetic systems available for streptococci, including a novel method of mutagenesis which targets genes whose products are exported, were used to identify several mutants attenuated for virulence in zebrafish. This combination of a genetically amenable pathogen with a well-defined vertebrate host makes the streptococcus-zebrafish model of bacterial pathogenesis a powerful model for analysis of infectious disease.
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Michon, Francis, Samuel L. Moore, John Kim, Milan S. Blake, France-Isabelle Auzanneau, Blair D. Johnston, Margaret A. Johnson, and B. Mario Pinto. "Doubly Branched Hexasaccharide Epitope on the Cell Wall Polysaccharide of Group A Streptococci Recognized by Human and Rabbit Antisera." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 10 (October 2005): 6383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.10.6383-6389.2005.
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ABSTRACT A number of epitope specificities associated with the cell wall polysaccharide antigen of group A streptococci were identified in a polyclonal rabbit antiserum induced in rabbits by whole group A streptococci and in polyclonal convalescent human antisera from children that had recovered from streptococcal A infections. The identification was achieved by using a series of synthetic oligosaccharides, glycoconjugates, and bacterial polysaccharide inhibitors to inhibit the binding of the group A helical polysaccharide to the polyclonal antisera. The exclusively dominant epitope expressed in the convalescent human antisera was the doubly branched extended helical hexasaccharide with the structure α-l-Rhap(1→2)[β-d-GlcpNAc(1→3)]α-l-Rhap(1→3)α-l-Rhap(1→2)[β-d-GlcpNAc(1→3)]α-l-Rhap. The hexasaccharide epitope also bound with the highest immunoreactivity to the rabbit antiserum. In contrast, the human antisera did not show significant binding to the singly branched pentasaccharide with the structure α-l-Rhap(1→2)α-l-Rhap(1→3)α-l-Rhap(1→2)[β-d-GlcpNAc(1→3)]α-l-Rhap or the branched trisaccharide α-l-Rhap(1→2)[β-d-GlcpNAc(1→3)]α-l-Rhap, although both these haptens bound significantly to the same rabbit antiserum, albeit with less immunoreactivity than the hexasaccharide. Inhibition studies using streptococcal group A and B rabbit antisera and the inhibitors indicated above also suggested that the group A carbohydrate, unlike the group B streptococcal polysaccharide, does not contain the disaccharide α-l-Rhap(1→2)α-l-Rhap motif at its nonreducing chain terminus, stressing the importance of mapping the determinant specificities of these two important streptococcal subcapsular group polysaccharides to fully understand the serological relationships between group A and group B streptococci.
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Kitten, Todd, Cindy L. Munro, Aijuan Wang, and Francis L. Macrina. "Vaccination with FimA from Streptococcus parasanguis Protects Rats from Endocarditis Caused by Other Viridans Streptococci." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 1 (January 2002): 422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.1.422-425.2002.
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ABSTRACT The FimA protein of Streptococcus parasanguis is a virulence factor in the rat model of endocarditis, and immunization with FimA protects rats against homologous bacterial challenge. Because FimA-like proteins are widespread among the oral streptococci, the leading cause of native valve endocarditis, we evaluated the ability of this vaccinogen to protect rats when challenged by other streptococcal species. Here we report that FimA vaccination produced antibodies that cross-reacted with and protected against challenge by the oral streptococci S. mitis, S. mutans, and S. salivarius. FimA thus has promise as a vaccinogen to control infective endocarditis caused by oral streptococci.
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Monasterio, Erik, Roger T. Mulder, and Thomas D. Marshall. "Obsessive—Compulsive Disorder in Post-Streptococcal Infection." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 4 (August 1998): 579–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809068334.
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Objective: We describe the sudden onset of obsessive—compulsive symptoms fol lowing a peritoneal infection with α-haemolytic streptococci. Clinical picture: A 35–year-old woman with no past history or family history of obsessions or compulsions developed these symptoms 2 weeks after a peritoneal infection. Treatment: The patient received 80 mg fluoxetine daily. Outcome: She responded to treatment with a progressive reduction in symptoms. Conclusions: It is suggested that these obsessions and compulsions may be related to an autoimmune response to the streptococcal infection.
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Smith, D. J. "Dental Caries Vaccines: Prospects and Concerns." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 13, no. 4 (July 2002): 335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300404.
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Dental caries remains one of the most common infectious diseases of mankind. Cariogenic micro-organisms enter the dental biofilm early in life and can subsequently emerge, under favorable environmental conditions, to cause disease. In oral fluids, adaptive host defenses aroused by these infections are expressed in the saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. This review will focus on methods by which mucosal host defenses can be induced by immunization to interfere with dental caries caused by mutans streptococci. The natural history of mutans streptococcal colonization is described in the context of the ontogeny of mucosal immunity to these and other indigenous oral streptococci. Molecular targets for dental caries vaccines are explored for their effectiveness in intact protein and subunit (synthetic peptide, recombinant and conjugate) vaccines in pre-clinical studies. Recent progress in the development of mucosal adjuvants and viable and non-viable delivery systems for dental caries vaccines is described. Finally, the results of clinical trials are reviewed, followed by a discussion of the prospects and concerns of human application of the principles presented.
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Wouthuyzen-Bakker, Marjan, Jaime Lora-Tamayo, Eric Senneville, Matthew Scarbourough, Tristan Ferry, Ilker Uçkay, Mauro J. Salles, et al. "Erysipelas or cellulitis with a prosthetic joint in situ." Journal of Bone and Joint Infection 3, no. 4 (October 4, 2018): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/jbji.25519.
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Abstract. We describe a case of a 60-year old male who developed an acute prosthetic joint infection (PJI) of the knee, secondary to erysipelas of the lower leg due to beta-hemolytic Group G streptococci. As it is unknown how often this phenomenon occurs in patients with prosthetic implants and which patients are most prone to develop this complication, we analyzed: i) the incidence of the development of a PJI in these patients and ii) the clinical characteristics of streptococcal PJI during an episode of erysipelas/cellulitis. Based on a retrospective analysis of patients with a prosthetic implant in situ presenting at the emergency department with erysipelas/cellulitis, 1 out of 10 patients developed a PJI. An additional analysis within a multicenter cohort on streptococcal PJI demonstrated in 22 patients that a secondary PJI due to erysipelas/cellulitis mostly develops in young implants (<5 years old). In 20 cases (91%), the skin infection was in the same limb as the joint prosthesis suggesting contiguous spread of bacteria. These data emphasizes the importance of preventive measures to reduce the occurrence of skin infections in patients with prosthetic implants, and if an erysipelas or cellulitis does occur, to monitor patients carefully.
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Schlievert, Patrick M. "Chitosan Malate Inhibits Growth and Exotoxin Production of Toxic Shock Syndrome-Inducing Staphylococcus aureus Strains and Group A Streptococci." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 9 (June 18, 2007): 3056–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01295-06.
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ABSTRACT Previously, it has been shown that the polysaccharide chitosan inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria. In this study, chitosan malate was evaluated in broth and thin-film cultures for its effect on the growth and exotoxin production of toxic shock syndrome (TSS)-inducing Staphylococcus aureus (five strains, three producing TSS toxin 1 and one each producing enterotoxin B or C) and group A streptococci (three strains producing streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A). Also, the compound was evaluated in a rabbit subcutaneous Wiffle ball model for its ability to prevent S. aureus and group A streptococcal induction of TSS. Finally, chitosan malate was evaluated for its ability to prevent TSS and necrotizing fasciitis in rabbits after subcutaneous inoculation with microbes. Chitosan malate inhibited both bacterial growth and, at sub-growth-inhibitory concentrations, the production of exotoxins, in both broth and thin-film cultures. Rabbits treated with chitosan malate in implanted Wiffle balls were protected from prior challenge with TSS-inducing S. aureus compared to animals not receiving chitosan malate (P < 0.001) and group A streptococci (P < 0.005). Chitosan malate protected rabbits from the development of streptococcal TSS with necrotizing fasciitis (P < 0.01). The data suggest that use of this growth- and toxin-inhibitory compound may be able to reduce the severity of S. aureus and group A streptococcal mucous membrane and trauma-associated skin infections.
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Xu, Ping, Joao M. Alves, Todd Kitten, Arunsri Brown, Zhenming Chen, Luiz S. Ozaki, Patricio Manque, et al. "Genome of the Opportunistic Pathogen Streptococcus sanguinis." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 8 (February 2, 2007): 3166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01808-06.
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ABSTRACT The genome of Streptococcus sanguinis is a circular DNA molecule consisting of 2,388,435 bp and is 177 to 590 kb larger than the other 21 streptococcal genomes that have been sequenced. The G+C content of the S. sanguinis genome is 43.4%, which is considerably higher than the G+C contents of other streptococci. The genome encodes 2,274 predicted proteins, 61 tRNAs, and four rRNA operons. A 70-kb region encoding pathways for vitamin B12 biosynthesis and degradation of ethanolamine and propanediol was apparently acquired by horizontal gene transfer. The gene complement suggests new hypotheses for the pathogenesis and virulence of S. sanguinis and differs from the gene complements of other pathogenic and nonpathogenic streptococci. In particular, S. sanguinis possesses a remarkable abundance of putative surface proteins, which may permit it to be a primary colonizer of the oral cavity and agent of streptococcal endocarditis and infection in neutropenic patients.
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Cimolai, N., L. MacCulloch, and S. Damm. "The epidemiology of beta-haemolytic non-Group A streptococci isolated from the throats of children over a one-year period." Epidemiology and Infection 104, no. 1 (February 1990): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800054595.
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SUMMARYThe incidence of beta-haemolytic non-Group A streptococci (BHNAS) in the throats of a paediatric population was examined over a 1-year period. There was minimal seasonal fluctuation of Lancefield groups including species and biotypes within Groups C and G streptococci. A trend of increasing incidence with age ofStreptococcus anginosus(‘Streptococcus milleri’) (possessing Groups C and G Lancefield antigens) was evident. A clinical impression of streptococcal pharyngitis was more common in patients with large-colony Groups C or G streptococci isolated from their throats compared with those patients where other BHNAS were isolated. This study is requisite to the planning of case control studies which are required to test the association of BHNAS (especially Groups C and G subgroups) and pharyngitis.