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Journal articles on the topic 'Streptococcus pneumoniæ – Canada'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Yin, Charles, and Jeffrey Law. "Community-acquired pneumonia and pneumococcal vaccination in the elderly." University of Western Ontario Medical Journal 84, no. 2 (2016): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/uwomj.v84i2.4296.

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Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), most often caused by infection with the Gram-positive diplococcus Streptococcus pneumoniae, remains a leading cause of death in Canada amongst the elderly. With an aging population in Canada, CAP will soon be a significant challenge to the healthcare system in this country. In this article, we review the characteristics of CAP in the elderly, including its epidemiology, etiology and clinical features. We then provide an overview and history of pneumococcal vaccines and present current recommendations for S pneumoniae vaccination in Canada.

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2

Burdge, David R., Vincent C. Woo, and Patricia MA Ritchie. "Bacteremic Pneumonia Caused by Penicillin-Resistant Pneumococci: Case Report and Review with a Canadian Perspective." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 3, no. 4 (1992): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/963907.

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A Canadian adult with bacteremic pneumonia caused by a relatively penicillin-resistant (minimal inhibitory concentration 0.25 μg/mL) Streptococcus pneumoniae is reported, and the published literature regarding penicillin-resistant pneumococci in Canada reviewed. Although penicillin resistance has been reported infrequently to date, this case emphasizes the need for routine antimicrobial sensitivity testing of all pneumococci isolated from normally sterile sites, and for ongoing systematic surveillance for penicillin and other antibiotic resistance in Canada.

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3

Feldman, Charles, and Ronald Anderson. "The Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Community-Acquired Pneumonia." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 41, no. 04 (2020): 455–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1702193.

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AbstractWith the notable exceptions of the United States and Canada in particular, the global burden of disease in adults due to invasive infection with the dangerous respiratory, bacterial pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) remains. This situation prevails despite the major successes of inclusion of polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in many national childhood immunization programs and associated herd protection in adults, as well as the availability of effective antimicrobial agents. Accurate assessment of the geographic variations in the prevalence of invasive pneumococ

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4

Mitchell, Peter. "Fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae spread across Canada." Lancet 354, no. 9176 (1999): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)75819-0.

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5

Blondeau, J. M., and D. Vaughan. "A review of antimicrobial resistance in Canada." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 10 (2000): 867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-076.

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Antimicrobial resistance is a global concern. Over the past 10 years, considerable efforts and resources have been expended to detect, monitor, and understand at the basic level the many different facets of emerging and increasing resistance. This review summarizes our current understanding of bacterial antimicrobial resistance issues in Canada with particular emphasis given to the Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. In additi

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Mittman, Scott A., Richard C. Huard, Phyllis Della-Latta, and Susan Whittier. "Comparison of the automated Phoenix with the Vitek 2 for the identification of Streptococcus pneumoniaePortions of this study were presented at the 2007 American Society of Microbiology 107th General Meeting in Toronto, Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 56, no. 4 (2010): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-016.

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Rapid and accurate identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a critical component in the optimal management of infected patients. The performance of the BD Phoenix Automated Microbiology System (BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, Md.) was evaluated for identification of S. pneumoniae (n = 311) and was compared to the Vitek 2 (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Étoile, France). Strains with discordant identification between methods were resolved with 16S rRNA gene sequencing as the gold standard. The Phoenix and the Vitek 2 correctly identified 96.8% (n = 301) and 95.2% (n = 296) of S. pneumoniae strains, res

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Nichol, Kimberly A., George G. Zhanel, and Daryl J. Hoban. "Molecular Epidemiology of Penicillin-Resistant and Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 2 (2003): 804–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.2.804-808.2003.

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ABSTRACT Eighty-nine penicillin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates were evaluated by serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Although penicillin-resistant isolates demonstrated considerable homogeneity, resistance to ciprofloxacin did not correlate with a reduction in genotypic variability. These results suggest that, unlike that of penicillin resistance, the spread of S. pneumoniae ciprofloxacin resistance in Canada is currently not attributable to clonal dissemination.

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8

Greenberg, D., D. P. Speert, E. Mahenthiralingam, et al. "Emergence of Penicillin-Nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae Invasive Clones in Canada." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40, no. 1 (2002): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.40.1.68-74.2002.

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9

Wierzbowski, Aleksandra K., Dean Swedlo, Dave Boyd, et al. "Molecular Epidemiology and Prevalence of Macrolide Efflux Genes mef(A) and mef(E) in Streptococcus pneumoniae Obtained in Canada from 1997 to 2002." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 3 (2005): 1257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.3.1257-1261.2005.

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ABSTRACT One hundred forty M phenotype Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates were evaluated by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism, serotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Molecular genotyping revealed that the predominant macrolide resistance mechanism in S. pneumoniae in Canada is mef(E) and resistance dissemination is due to both spread of the genetic element MEGA as well as clonal dissemination of penicillin- and/or macrolide-resistant strains.

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10

Simor, A. E., M. Louie, and D. E. Low. "Canadian national survey of prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Canadian Bacterial Surveillance Network." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 9 (1996): 2190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.9.2190.

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The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 1,089 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae obtained from 39 laboratories across Canada between October 1994 and August 1995 were determined. A total of 91 isolates (8.4%) demonstrated intermediate resistance (MIC, 0.1 to 1.0 microgram/ml) and 36 (3.3%) had high-level resistance (MIC, > or = 2.0 micrograms/ml) to penicillin. Penicillin-resistant strains were more likely to have been recovered from normally sterile sites (P = 0.005) and to be cross-resistant to several beta-lactam and non-beta-lactam antimicrobial agents (P < 0.05). These resu

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11

LeBlanc, Jason J., May ElSherif, Amanda L. S. Lang, et al. "2714. Streptococcus pneumoniae Nasopharyngeal Carriage in Canadian Adults Hospitalized with Community-Acquired Pneumonia from 2010 to 2017." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (2019): S954—S955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2391.

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Abstract Background Streptococcus pneumoniae can colonizes the human nasopharynx, and can cause life-threatening infections like community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD). In Canada, the 13-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was introduced in childhood immunization since 2010, with hopes that it would not only protect the vaccinated, but also confer indirect protection to adults through herd immunity. Given data on S. pneumoniae nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage in adults is scarce, this study reports on S. pneumoniae-positivity and serotype distribution in adult car

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12

Davidson, Ross J., Roberto Melano, and Kevin R. Forward. "Antimicrobial resistance among invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae collected across Canada." Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 59, no. 1 (2007): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.03.024.

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13

Karlowsky, James A., Laurie J. Kelly, Ian A. Critchley, Mark E. Jones, Clyde Thornsberry, and Daniel F. Sahm. "Determining Linezolid’s Baseline In Vitro Activity in Canada Using Gram-Positive Clinical Isolates Collected prior to Its National Release." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 6 (2002): 1989–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.6.1989-1992.2002.

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ABSTRACT All of the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (n = 317), Enterococcus species (n = 315), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 282), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 176) collected at 16 Canadian microbiology laboratories from October 2000 to April 2001 were susceptible to linezolid. Future studies will determine how linezolid clinical use in Canada affects its in vitro activity.

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14

Taylor, Robert M., James A. Karlowsky, Melanie R. Baxter, et al. "In vitro susceptibility of common bacterial pathogens causing respiratory tract infections in Canada to lefamulin, a new pleuromutilin." Official Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada 6, no. 2 (2021): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jammi-2020-0043.

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Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a significant global health concern. Pathogens causing CAP demonstrate increasing resistance to commonly prescribed empiric treatments. Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most prevalent bacterial cause of CAP, has been increasing worldwide, highlighting the need for improved antibacterial agents. Lefamulin, a novel pleuromutilin, is a recently approved therapeutic agent highly active against many lower respiratory tract pathogens. However, to date minimal data are available to describe the in vitro activity of lefamulin against bacteri

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Pfaller, Michael A., Ronald N. Jones, Gary V. Doern, Kari Kugler, and The Sentry Participants Group. "Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Patients with Bloodstream Infection: Frequencies of Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (United States and Canada, 1997)." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 42, no. 7 (1998): 1762–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.42.7.1762.

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ABSTRACT The SENTRY Program was established in January 1997 to measure the predominant pathogens and antimicrobial resistance patterns of nosocomial and community-acquired infections over a broad network of sentinel hospitals in the United States (30 sites), Canada (8 sites), South America (10 sites), and Europe (24 sites). During the first 6-month study period (January to June 1997), a total of 5,058 bloodstream infections (BSI) were reported by North American SENTRY participants (4,119 from the United States and 939 from Canada). In both the United States and Canada, Staphylococcus aureus an

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16

Low, Donald E., Joyce de Azavedo, Karl Weiss, et al. "Antimicrobial Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada during 2000." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 5 (2002): 1295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.5.1295-1301.2002.

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ABSTRACT A total of 2,245 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were collected from 63 microbiology laboratories from across Canada during 2000 and characterized at a central laboratory. Of these isolates, 12.4% were not susceptible to penicillin (penicillin MIC, ≥0.12 μg/ml) and 5.8% were resistant (MIC, ≥2 μg/ml). Resistance rates among non-β-lactam agents were the following: macrolides, 11.1%; clindamycin, 5.7%; chloramphenicol, 2.2%; levofloxacin, 0.9%; gatifloxacin, 0.8%; moxifloxacin, 0.4%; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 11.3%. The MICs at which 90% of the isolates were inhib

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17

Granger, Dominic, Geneviève Boily-Larouche, Pierre Turgeon, Karl Weiss, and Michel Roger. "Genetic analysis of pbp2x in clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Quebec, Canada." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 55, no. 6 (2005): 832–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dki118.

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18

Nichol, Kimberly A., Heather J. Adam, James A. Karlowsky, George G. Zhanel, and Daryl J. Hoban. "Increasing Genetic Relatedness of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolated in Canada from 1997 to 2005." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 3 (2008): 1190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01260-07.

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ABSTRACT The genetic relatedness of ciprofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected from 1997 to 2002 (n = 82) and 2003 to 2005 (n = 123) was compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Increased genetic homogeneity among the isolates from 2003 to 2005 (cluster analysis; P < 0.001) appeared to be due to expansion of existing clonal groups and to introduction of new PFGE types.

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19

Low, Donald E., Joyce de Azavedo, Canadian Bacterial Surveillance Network, and Ross Davidson. "In Vitro Activity of Cefepime against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli, Viridans Group Streptococci andStreptococcus pneumoniaefrom a Cross-Canada Surveillance Study." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 10, no. 2 (1999): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/172031.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the in vitro activity of cefepime against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci obtained from an ongoing cross-Canada surveillance study.DESIGN: Clinical isolates of aerobic Gram-negative bacilli with inducible and constitutive chromosomally mediated cephalosporinases, viridans group streptococci andStreptococcus pneumoniaewere collected from laboratories serving hospitals, nursing homes and physician offices in the community from across Canada during 1996 and 1997. Laboratories were asked to submit only clinically relevant nonduplicate isola

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20

Muller, Matthew P. "Clinical and Epidemiologic Features of Group A Streptococcal Pneumonia in Ontario, Canada." Archives of Internal Medicine 163, no. 4 (2003): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.4.467.

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21

Powis, Jeff, Allison McGeer, Karen Green, et al. "In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae Clinical Isolates Obtained in Canada in 2002." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 9 (2004): 3305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.9.3305-3311.2004.

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ABSTRACT Empirical treatment is best guided by current surveillance of local resistance patterns. The goal of this study is to characterize the prevalence of antimicrobial nonsusceptibility within pneumococcal isolates from Canada. The Canadian Bacterial Surveillance Network is comprised of laboratories from across Canada. Laboratories collected a defined number of consecutive clinical and all sterile site isolates of S. pneumoniae in 2002. In vitro susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution with NCCLS guidelines. Rates of nonsusceptibility were compared to previously publishe

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22

Zhanel, George G., Andrew Walkty, Kim Nichol, Heather Smith, Ayman Noreddin, and Daryl J. Hoban. "Molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates obtained from across Canada." Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 45, no. 1 (2003): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0732-8893(02)00498-4.

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23

Hoban, Daryl J., Aleksandra K. Wierzbowski, Kim Nichol, and George G. Zhanel. "Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada during 1998–1999: Prevalence ofmef(A) and erm(B) and Susceptibilities to Ketolides." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45, no. 7 (2001): 2147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.7.2147-2150.2001.

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ABSTRACT In this study (1998–1999), we collected 215 macrolide-resistantStreptococcus pneumoniae isolates from an ongoing Canadian Respiratory Organism Surveillance Study involving 23 centers representing all regions of Canada. The prevalence of erythromycin-resistant S. pneumoniae was 8% (215 of 2,688). Of the 215 isolates, 48.8% (105 of 215) were PCR positive formef(A) and 46.5% (100 of 215) were PCR positive forerm(B). The ketolides telithromycin and ABT-773 demonstrated excellent activity against both mef(A) (MIC for 90% of strains [MIC90], 0.06 and 0.03 μg/ml, respectively) and erm(B) (MI

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Adam, Heather J., Kristen N. Schurek, Kimberly A. Nichol, et al. "Molecular Characterization of Increasing Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in Canada, 1997 to 2005." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 1 (2006): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00609-06.

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ABSTRACT Molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada was conducted from 1997 to 2005. Over the course of the study, 205 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were evaluated for ParC and GyrA quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) substitutions, substitutions in the full genes of ParC, ParE, and GyrA, reserpine sensitivity, and serotype and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Rates of ciprofloxacin resistance of S. pneumoniae increased significantly, from less than 1% in 1997 to 4.2% in 2005. Ciprofloxacin resistance was greatest in people >

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Granger, Dominic, Geneviève Boily-Larouche, Pierre Turgeon, Karl Weiss, and Michel Roger. "Molecular characteristics of pbp1a and pbp2b in clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Quebec, Canada." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 57, no. 1 (2005): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dki401.

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26

Demczuk, Walter H. B., Irene Martin, Averil Griffith, et al. "Serotype distribution of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada during the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 2010." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 58, no. 8 (2012): 1008–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w2012-073.

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A baseline serotype distribution was established by age and region for 2058 invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected during the implementation period of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) program in many parts of Canada in 2010. Serotypes 19A, 7F, and 3 were the most prevalent in all age groups, accounting for 57% in <2 year olds, 62% in 2–4 year olds, 45% in 5–14 year olds, 44% in 15–49 year olds, 41% in 50–64 year olds, and 36% in ≥65 year olds. Serotype 19A was most predominant in Western and Central Canada representing 15% and 22%, respectively, of the isol

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Low, Donald E., Barbara M. Willey, and Allison J. McGeer. "The Threat of the Emergence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Gram-Positive Pathogens in Canada." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 5, suppl c (1994): 9C—14C. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1994/841492.

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Since the early 1980s, much attention has been focused on the emergence or resistance in nosocomially acquired Gram-negative pathogens. However, in the 1990s we are witnessing in North America the development and spread or multiple resistance in Gram-positive pathogens in the hospital selling as well as in the community. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci are now endemic in many urban centres in the United States, although less so in Canada. In some states, penicillin -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the community selling has gone from rates

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Zhanel, George G., Lorraine Palatnick, Kimberly A. Nichol, Tracy Bellyou, Don E. Low, and Daryl J. Hoban. "Antimicrobial Resistance in Respiratory Tract Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates: Results of the Canadian Respiratory Organism Susceptibility Study, 1997 to 2002." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 6 (2003): 1867–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.6.1867-1874.2003.

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ABSTRACT A total of 6,991 unique patient isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were collected from October 1997 to June 2002 from 25 medical centers in 9 of the 10 Canadian provinces. Among these isolates, 20.2% were penicillin nonsusceptible, with 14.6% being penicillin intermediate (MIC, 0.12 to 1 μg/ml) and 5.6% being penicillin resistant (MIC, ≥2 μg/ml). The proportion of high-level penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates increased from 2.4 to 13.8% over the last 3 years of the study, and the proportion of multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates increased from 2.7 to 8.8% over the 5-

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Wierzbowski, A. K., J. A. Karlowsky, H. J. Adam, K. A. Nichol, D. J. Hoban, and G. G. Zhanel. "Evolution and molecular characterization of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada between 1998 and 2008." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 69, no. 1 (2013): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt332.

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Lagacé-Wiens, Philippe R. S., Heather J. Adam, Susan Poutanen, et al. "Trends in antimicrobial resistance over 10 years among key bacterial pathogens from Canadian hospitals: results of the CANWARD study 2007–16." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 74, Supplement_4 (2019): iv22—iv31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz284.

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Abstract Objectives We sought to analyse 10 years of longitudinal surveillance data (2007–16) from the CANWARD study and describe emerging trends in antimicrobial resistance for key bacterial pathogens across Canada. Methods Longitudinal data from CANWARD study sites that contributed isolates every year from 2007 to 2016 were analysed to identify trends in antimicrobial resistance over time using univariate tests of trend and multivariate regression models to account for the effects of patient demographics. Results Statistically significant increases occurred in the proportion of Escherichia c

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Kellner, James D., Leah J. Ricketson, Walter H. B. Demczuk, Irene Martin, and Gregory J. Tyrrell. "Whole-Genome Analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 4 Causing Outbreak of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease, Alberta, Canada." Emerging Infectious Diseases 27, no. 7 (2021): 1867–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204403.

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Luna, Vicki A., Daniel B. Jernigan, Alan Tice, James D. Kellner, and Marilyn C. Roberts. "A Novel Multiresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Serogroup 19 Clone from Washington State Identified by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Restriction Fragment Length Patterns." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 4 (2000): 1575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.4.1575-1580.2000.

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In 1997, a cluster of multiresistant invasive serogroup 19 pneumococcus infections, including two fatalities, was reported in Washington State. Further investigation identified other cases. Fourteen Washington Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates, four from Alaska, and eight isolates from eastern Canada with reduced penicillin susceptibility (MIC of ≥1 μg/ml) were included in the study. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with ApaI,SacII, and SmaI restriction enzymes and IS1167 and mef restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern analysis were performed. Twenty of the 26 isolates h

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Golden, Alyssa R., Melanie R. Baxter, Ross J. Davidson, et al. "Comparison of antimicrobial resistance patterns in Streptococcus pneumoniae from respiratory and blood cultures in Canadian hospitals from 2007–16." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 74, Supplement_4 (2019): iv39—iv47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz286.

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Abstract Objectives To compare the epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae collected from respiratory and blood culture samples in Canada between 2007 and 2016. Methods S. pneumoniae strains were obtained from Canadian hospitals as part of the ongoing national surveillance study, CANWARD. Isolates were serotyped using the Quellung method. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the CLSI broth microdilution method. MDR and XDR were defined as resistance to three or more and five or more classes of antimicrobials, respectively. Results

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Farrell, D. J., S. Douthwaite, I. Morrissey, et al. "Macrolide Resistance by Ribosomal Mutation in Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the PROTEKT 1999-2000 Study." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 6 (2003): 1777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.6.1777-1783.2003.

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ABSTRACT Sixteen (1.5%) of the 1,043 clinical macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected and analyzed in the 1999-2000 PROTEKT (Prospective Resistant Organism Tracking and Epidemiology for the Ketolide Telithromycin) study have resistance mechanisms other than rRNA methylation or efflux. We have determined the macrolide resistance mechanisms in all 16 isolates by sequencing the L4 and L22 riboprotein genes, plus relevant segments of the four genes for 23S rRNA, and the expression of mutant rRNAs was analyzed by primer extension. Isolates from Canada (n = 4), Japan (n = 3),

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Golden, Alyssa R., Heather J. Adam, James A. Karlowsky, et al. "Molecular characterization of predominant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes causing invasive infections in Canada: the SAVE study, 2011–15." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 73, suppl_7 (2018): vii20—vii31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky157.

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Adam, Heather J., Alyssa R. Golden, James A. Karlowsky, et al. "Analysis of multidrug resistance in the predominant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Canada: the SAVE study, 2011–15." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 73, suppl_7 (2018): vii12—vii19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky158.

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37

Adam, Heather J., Daryl J. Hoban, Alfred S. Gin, and George G. Zhanel. "Association between fluoroquinolone usage and a dramatic rise in ciprofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada, 1997–2006." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 34, no. 1 (2009): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.02.002.

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38

Wierzbowski, Aleksandra K., Dave Boyd, Michael Mulvey, Daryl J. Hoban, and George G. Zhanel. "Expression of the mef(E) Gene Encoding the Macrolide Efflux Pump Protein Increases in Streptococcus pneumoniae with Increasing Resistance to Macrolides." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 11 (2005): 4635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.11.4635-4640.2005.

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ABSTRACT Active macrolide efflux is a major mechanism of macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in many parts of the world, especially North America. In Canada, this active macrolide efflux in S. pneumoniae is predominantly due to acquisition of the mef(E) gene. In the present study, we assessed the mef(E) gene sequence as well as mef(E) expression in variety of low- and high-level macrolide-resistant, clindamycin-susceptible (M-phenotype) S. pneumoniae isolates (erythromycin MICs, 1 to 32 μg/ml; clindamycin MICs, ≤0.25 μg/ml). Southern blot hybridization with mef(E) probe and EcoRI

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Demczuk, Walter H. B., Irene Martin, Averil Griffith, et al. "Serotype distribution of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada after the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 2010–2012." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 59, no. 12 (2013): 778–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2013-0614.

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The introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7) in Canada was very effective in reducing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children; however, increases of non-PCV7 serotypes have subsequently offset some of these reductions. A 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) targeting additional serotypes was implemented between 2010 and 2011, and in 2012 changes in the incidence of disease and the distribution of IPD serotypes began to emerge. The incidence of IPD in children <5 years of age declined from 18.0 to 14.2 cases per 100 000 population between 2010 and 2012; however, the

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Adam, Heather J., James A. Karlowsky, Kimberly A. Nichol, et al. "Baseline Epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes in Canada Prior to the Introduction of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Vaccine." Microbial Drug Resistance 18, no. 2 (2012): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2011.0197.

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&NA;. "MACROLIDE-RESISTANT STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE IN CANADA DURING 1998???1999: PREVALENCE OFmef(A) ANDerm(B) AND SUSCEPTIBILITIES TO KETOLIDES." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 10, no. 5 (2001): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019048-200106000-00027.

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Schillberg, E., M. Isaac, X. Deng, et al. "Outbreak of Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 12F Among a Marginalized Inner-City Population in Winnipeg, Canada, 2009-2011." Clinical Infectious Diseases 59, no. 5 (2014): 651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu366.

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Karlowsky, James A., Philippe R. S. Lagacé-Wiens, Donald E. Low, and George G. Zhanel. "Annual macrolide prescription rates and the emergence of macrolide resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada from 1995 to 2005." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 34, no. 4 (2009): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.05.008.

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Zhanel, George G., Mel DeCorby, Nancy Laing, et al. "Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens in Intensive Care Units in Canada: Results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) Study, 2005-2006." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 4 (2008): 1430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01538-07.

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ABSTRACT Between 1 September 2005 and 30 June 2006, 19 medical centers collected 4,180 isolates recovered from clinical specimens from patients in intensive care units (ICUs) in Canada. The 4,180 isolates were collected from 2,292 respiratory specimens (54.8%), 738 blood specimens (17.7%), 581 wound/tissue specimens (13.9%), and 569 urinary specimens (13.6%). The 10 most common organisms isolated from 79.5% of all clinical specimens were methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (16.4%), Escherichia coli (12.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.0%), Haemophilus influenzae (7.9%), coagula

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Ricketson, Leah J., Melissa L. Wood, Otto G. Vanderkooi, et al. "Trends in Asymptomatic Nasopharyngeal Colonization With Streptococcus pneumoniae After Introduction of the 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Calgary, Canada." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 33, no. 7 (2014): 724–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000000267.

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Jetté, L. P., and F. Lamothe. "Surveillance of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in Quebec, Canada, from 1984 to 1986: serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, and clinical characteristics." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27, no. 1 (1989): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.27.1.1-5.1989.

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Vanderkooi, Otto G., Deirdre L. Church, Judy MacDonald, Franziska Zucol, and James D. Kellner. "Community-Based Outbreaks in Vulnerable Populations of Invasive Infections Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes 5 and 8 in Calgary, Canada." PLoS ONE 6, no. 12 (2011): e28547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028547.

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Golden, Alyssa R., Heather J. Adam, and George G. Zhanel. "Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada, 2011–2014: Characterization of new candidate 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes 22F and 33F." Vaccine 34, no. 23 (2016): 2527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.058.

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Zhanel, George G., Melanie DeCorby, Heather Adam, et al. "Prevalence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens in Canadian Hospitals: Results of the Canadian Ward Surveillance Study (CANWARD 2008)." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 11 (2010): 4684–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00469-10.

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ABSTRACT A total of 5,282 bacterial isolates obtained between 1 January and 31 December 31 2008, inclusive, from patients in 10 hospitals across Canada as part of the Canadian Ward Surveillance Study (CANWARD 2008) underwent susceptibility testing. The 10 most common organisms, representing 78.8% of all clinical specimens, were as follows: Escherichia coli (21.4%), methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA; 13.9%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (10.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.0%), coagulase-negative staphylococci/Staphylococcus epidermidis (5.4%), methicil

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Karlowsky, James A., Heather J. Adam, Melanie R. DeCorby, Philippe R. S. Lagacé-Wiens, Daryl J. Hoban, and George G. Zhanel. "In Vitro Activity of Ceftaroline against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Pathogens Isolated from Patients in Canadian Hospitals in 2009." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 6 (2011): 2837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01787-10.

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ABSTRACTThein vitroactivities of ceftaroline and comparative agents were determined for a collection of the most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens from hospital-associated patients across Canada in 2009 as part of the ongoing CANWARD surveillance study. In total, 4,546 isolates from 15 sentinel Canadian hospital laboratories were tested using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution method. Compared with other cephalosporins, including ceftobiprole, cefepime, and ceftriaxone, ceftaroline exhibited the greatest potency against methicillin-susceptibleStaph

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