Relevant bibliographies by topics / Stress and Strain (Materials)

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Stress and Strain (Materials)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Stress and Strain (Materials)"

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Shobu, T., A. Shiro, T. Yamada, T. Muramatsu, M. Naganuma, and T. Ozawa. "OS3-3 In-situ Measurement of Internal Strain Distribution in Laser Welding Materials under High Temperature and Tensile Stress(Stress/strain evaluation,OS3 Stress/strain analyses by diffraction method,MEASUREMENT METHODS)." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2015.14 (2015): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2015.14.37.

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Kvasnytskyi, V. V., V. F. Kvasnytskyi, Chen Hexing, M. V. Matvienko, and G. V. Yermolayev. "Diffusion welding and brazing of dissimilar materials with controlled stress-strain state." Paton Welding Journal 2018, no. 12 (December 28, 2018): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2018.12.07.

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Zhang, Yan-yi, Ze-ping Xu, Gang Deng, Yan-feng Wen, Shu Yu, and Xiao-hui Wang. "Triaxial Wetting Test on Rockfill Materials under Stress Combination Conditions of Spherical Stress p and Deviatoric Stress q." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (May 30, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9853148.

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A GCTS medium-sized triaxial apparatus is used to conduct a single-line method wetting test on three kinds of rockfill materials of different mother rocks such as mixture of sandstone and slate, and dolomite and granite, and the test stress conditions is the combination of spherical stress p and deviatoric stress q. The test results show that (1) for wetting shear strain, the effects of spherical stress p and deviatoric stress q are equivalent, and wetting shear strain and deviatoric stress q show the power function relationship preferably. (2) For wetting volumetric strain, the effect of deviatoric stress q can be neglected because it is extremely insignificant, and spherical stress p is the main influencing factor and shows the power function relationship preferably. (3) The wetting strains decrease significantly with the increase in initial water content and sample density generally, but the excessively high dry density will increase the wetting deformation. Also, the wetting strains will decrease with the increase in the saturated uniaxial compressive strength and average softening coefficient of the mother rock. Based on the test results, a wetting strain model is proposed for rockfill materials. The verification results indicate that the model satisfactorily reflects the development law of wetting deformation.
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Vijayakumar, K., and J. G. Ashoka. "A Bilinear Constitutive Model for Isotropic Bimodulus Materials." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 112, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2903341.

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Proper formulation of stress-strain relations, particularly in tension-compression situations for isotropic biomodulus materials, is an unresolved problem. Ambartsumyan’s model [8] and Jones’ weighted compliance matrix model [9] do not satisfy the principle of coordinate invariance. Shapiro’s first stress invariant model [10] is too simple a model to describe the behavior of real materials. In fact, Rigbi [13] has raised a question about the compatibility of bimodularity with isotropy in a solid. Medri [2] has opined that linear principal strain-principal stress relations are fictitious, and warned that the bilinear approximation of uniaxial stress-strain behavior leads to ill-working bimodulus material model under combined loading. In the present work, a general bilinear constitutive model has been presented and described in biaxial principal stress plane with zonewise linear principal strain-principal stress relations. Elastic coefficients in the model are characterized based on the signs of (i) principal stresses, (ii) principal strains, and (iii) on the value of strain energy component ratio ER greater than or less than unity. The last criterion is used in tension-compression and compression-tension situations to account for different shear moduli in pure shear stress and pure shear strain states as well as unequal cross compliances.
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Elías-Zúñiga, Alex, Beatriz Montoya, Wendy Ortega-Lara, Eduardo Flores-Villalba, Ciro A. Rodríguez, Hector R. Siller, José A. Díaz-Elizondo, and Oscar Martínez-Romero. "Stress-Softening and Residual Strain Effects in Suture Materials." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/249512.

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This work focuses on the experimental characterization of suture material samples of MonoPlus, Monosyn, polyglycolic acid, polydioxanone 2–0, polydioxanone 4–0, poly(glycolide-co-epsilon-caprolactone), nylon, and polypropylene when subjected to cyclic loading and unloading conditions. It is found that all tested suture materials exhibit stress-softening and residual strain effects related to the microstructural material damage upon deformation from the natural, undistorted state of the virgin suture material. To predict experimental observations, a new constitutive material model that takes into account stress-softening and residual strain effects is developed. The basis of this model is the inclusion of a phenomenological nonmonotonous softening function that depends on the strain intensity between loading and unloading cycles. The theory is illustrated by modifying the non-Gaussian average-stretch, full-network model to capture stress-softening and residual strains by using pseudoelasticity concepts. It is shown that results obtained from theoretical simulations compare well with suture material experimental data.
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Kitagawa, Masayoshi, Tetsuyuki Onoda, and Kazunobu Mizutani. "Stress-strain behaviour at finite strains for various strain paths in polyethylene." Journal of Materials Science 27, no. 1 (January 1992): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02403638.

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SAKAMOTO, Masao, and Masatoshi NIHEI. "Local Stress-Strain Behavior of Polycrystalline Materials." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 48, no. 1 (1999): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.48.44.

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Salguero, Francisco, Sixto Romero, Fulgencio Prat, Ricardo Arribas, and Francisco Moreno. "Universal Stress-Strain Equation for Metallic Materials." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 26, no. 8 (August 2014): 04014030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000911.

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Erel, Veysel, and Alan D. Freed. "Stress/strain basis pairs for anisotropic materials." Composites Part B: Engineering 120 (July 2017): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.03.065.

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Wong, Colin L. Y. "A normalizing relation for granular materials." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t90-007.

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It is hypothesized that a normalized shear stress – strain curve for granular materials can be obtained by accounting fully for the effects of volume change. In this sense, volume change behavior is a factor that controls the shear stress – strain behavior of a granular material. This hypothesis is applied to Rowe's stress-dilatancy theory to include slip, rolling, rearrangement, and crushing strains, and a theoretical normalizing relation is obtained. The relation is demonstrated to be reasonably correct for the published test data utilized in this study. Differing fabrics of a granular material at the same void ratio can be corrected for by the normalizing relation. The hypothesis is also applied to simple shear behavior and an empirical normalizing relation is obtained.On the basis of the success of the normalizing relation, it is suggested that the volume change rate at 4% axial strain may be, in relation to shear behavior, a more appropriate characterizing parameter than void ratio. However, owing to the long-standing use and acceptance of void ratio, the concept of a reference void ratio, determined by specific sample preparation and testing procedures, is introduced as a characterizing parameter for granular materials. Key words: volume change, dilatancy, normalization, fabric, stress, strain, deformation, sand, granular material.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stress and Strain (Materials)"

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Julian, Michael Robert. "Material characterization of viscoelastic polymeric molding compounds." Connect to resource, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1137616726.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio State University, 1994.
Advisors: Vernal H. Kenner and Carl H. Popelar, Dept. of Engineering Mechanics. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 106). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Soediono, Andy H. "Near tip stress and strain fields for short elastic cracks." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19557.

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Kyriazopoulos, Antonios. "Mechanical stress induced electrical emissions in cement based materials." Thesis, Brunel University, 2009. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4037.

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This work deals with the underlying physical mechanisms and processes that dominate the fracture of cement based materials and their electrical properties. Electric current emissions were recorded when hardened cement pastes and cement mortars suffered mechanical loading in various modes. Such electric current emissions are known as Pressure Stimulated Currents (PSC) when the applied loading is compressional while they are mentioned as Bending Stimulated Currents (BSC) when the material suffers bending loadings. The physical mechanism responsible for the PSC and BSC emissions can be interpreted in terms of the Moving Charged Dislocations model that correlates mechanical deformation and electric charge distortions in the sample bulk. Laboratory experiments were designed based on the mechanical and physical properties of cement. To conduct the experiments all the background material concerning cement fracture mechanics, the microstructure of the hardened cement paste and the Interfacial Transition Zone of cement mortar were taken into consideration. Additionally, the experience of the PSC technique when it was applied on marble samples was used to guide the experimental procedures and compare qualitatively and quantitatively the experimental results. The relationship between the emitted PSC and the strain was established for the very first time for cement based materials in the present work. When the material was stressed within the range where stress and strain are linearly related a linear relation between PSC and stress rate (d/dt) was observed. Deviation from this linearity appeared when the applied stress was in the range where the applied stress and the yielded strain were not linearly related. Slightly before fracture, intense, non-linear PSC emissions were detected. The damage of the sample structure due to excessive loading in the plastic region significantly affected the recorded phenomena. Bending tests proved that similar electric current emissions are detected when a sample beam suffers 3 Point Bending Tests. The dependence of the emitted electric current on the way of fracture (i.e. compressional or tensional) was proved. It was also shown that the magnitude of the emitted electric current is directly related to the magnitude of damage due to the external loading. Thus, as it was expected, the electric current emitted from the tensed zone is significantly greater than the corresponding emitted from the compressed zone.
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Jones, Eric James Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Nanoscale quantification of stress and strain in III-V semiconducting nanostructures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98578.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2015.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 142-149).
III-V semiconducting nanostructures present a promising platform for the realization of advanced optoelectronic devices due to their superior intrinsic materials properties including direct band gap energies that span the visible light spectrum and high carrier mobilities. Additionally, the inherently high surface-to-volume ratio of nanostructures allows for the efficient relaxation of stress enabling the realization of defect free heterostructures between highly mismatched materials. As a result, nanostructures are being investigated as a route towards the direct integration of III-V materials on silicon substrates and as platforms for the fabrication of novel heterostructures not achievable in a thin film geometry. Due to their small size, however, many of the methods used to calculate stress and strain in 2D bulk systems are no longer valid as free surface effects allow for relaxation creating more complicated stress and strain fields. These inhomogeneous strain fields could have significant impacts on both device fabrication and operation. Therefore, it will be vital to develop techniques that can accurately predict and measure the stress and strain in individual nanostructures. In this thesis, we demonstrate how the combination of advanced transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and continuum modeling techniques can provide a quantitative understanding of the complex strain fields in nanostructures with high spatial resolutions. Using techniques such as convergent beam electron diffraction, nanobeam electron diffraction, and geometric phase analysis we quantify and map the strain fields in top-down fabricated InAlN/GaN high electron mobility transistor structures and GaAs/GaAsP core-shell nanowires grown by a particle-mediated vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. By comparing our experimental results to strain fields calculated by finite element analysis, we show that these techniques can provide quantitative strain information with spatial resolutions on the order of 1 nm. Our results highlight the importance of nanoscale characterization of strain in nanostructures and point to future opportunities for strain engineering to precisely tune the behavior and operation of these highly relevant structures.
by Eric James Jones.
Ph. D.
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Moseson, Alexander J. Barsoum M. W. Barsoum M. W. "Spherical nanoindentation : insights and improvements, including stress-strain curves and effective zero point determination /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/1868.

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Seki, Wataru. "Analysis of strain localization in hyperelastic materials, using assumed stress hybrid elements." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19088.

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Falola, Adekunle Samuel. "MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION – MONOTONIC MICRO-TENSILE, STRESS RELAXATION, AND STRAIN-CONTROLLED CYCLIC STRESS-STRAIN RESPONSES OF SINGLE ELECTROSPUN PVDF NANOFIBERS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1564557199987647.

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Basu, Sandip Barsoum M. W. "On spherical nanoindentation stress-strain curves, creep and kinking nonlinear elasticity in brittle hexagonal single crystals /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/2904.

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Qiu, Pei. "Stress-strain behaviour of cold-worded materials in cold-formed stainless steel sections." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2493011.

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Abba, Mohammed Tahir. "Spherical nanoindentation protocols for extracting microscale mechanical properties in viscoelastic materials." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54359.

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Nanoindentation has a high load resolution, depth sensing capabilities, and can be used to characterize the local mechanical behavior in material systems with heterogeneous microstructures. Recently nanoindentation has been used to extract useful stress-strain curves, primarily in hard materials such as metals and ceramics. To apply these indentation stress-strain methods to polymer composites, we have to first develop analysis techniques for materials that exhibit viscoelasticity. In a lot of current research the viscoelastic material properties are extracted after the material has been deformed enough to initiate plasticity and in some cases the time dependence of the deformation is ignored. This doesn’t give an accurate representation of the material properties of the undeformed sample or the local deformation behavior of the material. This dissertation develops analysis protocols to extract stress-strain curves and viscoelastic properties from the load-displacement data generated from spherical nanoindentation on materials exhibiting time-dependent response at room temperature. Once these protocols are developed they can then be applied, in the future, to study viscoelastic and viscoplastic properties of various mesoscale constituents of composite material systems. These new protocols were developed and tested on polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, low-density polyethylene, and the bio-polymer chitosan. The properties extracted were consistent under different conditions and we were able to produce stress-strain curves for different loading rates and different indenter tip sizes. This dissertation demonstrates that a set of protocols can be used to reliably investigate the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of time-dependent materials using nanoindentation.
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Books on the topic "Stress and Strain (Materials)"

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Young, Warren C. (Warren Clarence), 1923-, Budynas, Richard G. (Richard Gordon), and Sadegh Ali M, eds. Roark's formulas for stress and strain. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.

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Roark, Raymond J. Roark's formulas for stress and strain. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.

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Roark, Raymond J. Roark's formulas for stress and strain. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989.

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1924-, Blazynski T. Z., ed. Materials at high strain rates. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1987.

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W, Miles A., and Tanner K. E. 1957-, eds. Strain measurement in biomechanics. London: Chapman & Hall, 1992.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Division., ed. Weld stresses beyond elastic limit: Materials discontinuity. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1989.

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Polymer viscoelasticity: Stress and strain in practice. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000.

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Lucas, GF, and DA Stubbs, eds. Nontraditional Methods of Sensing Stress, Strain, and Damage in Materials and Structures. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp1318-eb.

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McKeighan, P. C., G. F. Lucas, and J. S. Ransom, eds. Nontraditional Methods of Sensing Stress, Strain, and Damage in Materials and Structures. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp1323-eb.

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Zhu, Ren, and Rusen Yang. Synthesis and Characterization of Piezotronic Materials for Application in Strain/Stress Sensing. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70038-0.

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Book chapters on the topic "Stress and Strain (Materials)"

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Ghavami, Parviz. "Stress and Strain." In Mechanics of Materials, 143–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07572-3_6.

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Nielsen, Lauge Fuglsang. "Preliminaries on Stress/Strain." In Composite Materials, 17–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27680-7_3.

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Bedford, Anthony, and Kenneth M. Liechti. "States of Strain and Stress-Strain Relations." In Mechanics of Materials, 611–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22082-2_8.

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Liu, Zhen. "Mechano: Stress and Strain." In Multiphysics in Porous Materials, 139–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93028-2_14.

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Gere, James M., and Stephen P. Timoshenko. "Analysis of Stress and Strain." In Mechanics of Materials, 378–460. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3124-5_6.

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Bedford, Anthony, and Kenneth M. Liechti. "Measures of Stress and Strain." In Mechanics of Materials, 37–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22082-2_2.

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Park, R. G. "Stress and strain in materials." In Foundations of Structural Geology, 44–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6576-1_7.

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Subhash, Ghatu, and Shannon Ridgeway. "Stress-Strain Response of Materials." In Mechanics of Materials Laboratory Course, 87–111. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79721-7_3.

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Gross, Dietmar, Wolfgang Ehlers, Peter Wriggers, Jörg Schröder, and Ralf Müller. "Stress, Strain, Hooke’s Law." In Mechanics of Materials – Formulas and Problems, 1–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53880-7_1.

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Muvdi, B. B., and J. W. McNabb. "Stress, Strain, and Their Relationships." In Engineering Mechanics of Materials, 60–120. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3022-9_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Stress and Strain (Materials)"

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EREL, VEYSEL, MINGLIANG JIANG, and ALAN D. FREED. "Conjugate Stress/Strain Pair Approach for Anisotropic Materials." In American Society for Composites 2018. Lancaster, PA: DEStech Publications, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc33/25932.

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Todd, Beth A., S. Leeann Smith, and Tera S. Bunn. "Stress-Strain Relationships of Open-Cell Foams." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-1405.

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Abstract Open-cell foams provide cushioning and precise positioning in medical applications. To design cushions and supporting surfaces with these types of foams, a thorough understanding of the foam material properties, such as the elastic tangent modulus, is needed. While these foam materials do not have the same type of stress-strain relationship as more traditional engineering materials, this relationship can be determined. Four types of foam material were tested according to the ASTM D-3574-91, “Standard Methods of Testing Flexible Cellular Materials-Slab, Bonded and Molded Urethane Foams”. The variation in stiffness among the materials was approximately an order of magnitude. The stress-strain relationships for all of the materials began with a linear region at small strains followed by a non-linear region at higher strains. The polyurethane materials also contained a linear transitional region which exhibited a reduced stiffness. The effect of applying a liquid proof coating to the foam was also investigated.
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Kellogg, Rick A., and Alison B. Flatau. "Stress-strain relationship in Terfenol-D." In SPIE's 8th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, edited by L. Porter Davis. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.436583.

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ISKHAKOV, IAKOV, and YURI RIBAKOV. "THEORETICAL STRESS–STRAIN MODEL FOR COMPRESSED COMPOSITE CEMENT MATERIALS." In HPSM/OPTI 2018. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/hpsm180021.

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Bedov, Anatoliy. "Stress-strain state of brick vaults with steel beams." In ADVANCES IN SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0103482.

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Klimenov, Vasilij, Artem Ovchinnikov, Artem Ustinov, and Artem Danilson. "Stress-strain state of mechanical rebar couplings." In ADVANCED MATERIALS IN TECHNOLOGY AND CONSTRUCTION (AMTC-2015): Proceedings of the II All-Russian Scientific Conference of Young Scientists “Advanced Materials in Technology and Construction”. AIP Publishing LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4937878.

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Solovei, V. D., and A. N. Mushnikov. "The strain and strain rate dependence of the yield stress of copper." In MECHANICS, RESOURCE AND DIAGNOSTICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES (MRDMS-2020): Proceeding of the 14th International Conference on Mechanics, Resource and Diagnostics of Materials and Structures. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0036669.

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Vargas, Pedro M., Stig Wa¨stberg, and Paul Woollin. "Stress Based Design Guidelines for Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking (HISC) Avoidance in Duplex Materials." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79504.

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Following the failure of several subsea components made of duplex steel, two JIPs were formed, one by TWI and another by DNV and Sintef to address the failure mechanism and to formulate design guidance for the industry. (TWI: The Effects of Notches and Welds on Hydrogen Embrittlement Stress Cracking of Duplex Stainless Steels, Sintef/DNV: HISC) Hydrogen charging from the cathodic protection system in the presence of creep strains embrittles the duplex steel, making the duplex susceptible to cracking (hydrogen-induced-stress-cracking, HISC). Creep effects focused on strain measurements in the test specimens from early work at TWI, favoring a strain based approach in the development of early versions of the design guidance for the industry. This paper summarizes the relevant content from the two JIPs to formulate a stress based design criteria, and provides new FEA assessment of the Foinhaven Hubs to better quantify the effect of residual stresses. The basis for the stress-based design guidelines in DNV-RP-F112 is presented that promises to be easier to apply and equally robust as the strain-based approach.
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Fatinah, T. S., K. S. Basaruddin, A. S. Abd Rahman, and M. S. Abdul Majid. "Effect of mean stress and amplitude stress on mechanical stress-strain response of chopped strand mat (CSM) composite under cyclic load." In 3RD ELECTRONIC AND GREEN MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017 (EGM 2017). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5002288.

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MILLWATER, H., B. THACKER, and S. HARREN. "Probabilistic analysis of structures involving random stress-strain behavior." In 32nd Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1991-919.

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Reports on the topic "Stress and Strain (Materials)"

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Panayotou, N. F., D. G. Baldrey, and F. M. Haggag. Materials property testing using a stress-strain microprobe. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/350966.

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Hart and Zulfiqar. L52324 Characterization of Anisotropic Pipe Steel Stress-Strain Relationships Influence On Strain Demand. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010014.

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This report summarizes a PRCI research project aimed at evaluation of the effects of anisotropy and the shape of pipe steel stress-strain relationships on pipeline strain demand for X80 and X100 UOE pipe. The research included: a review of pipeline industry literature on the subject matter; a discussion of pipe steel plasticity concepts for UOE pipe; characterization of the anisotropy and stress-strain curve shapes for both conventional and high strain pipe steels; development of representative analytical X80 and X100 stress-strain relationships; and evaluation of a large matrix of ground-movement induced pipeline deformation scenarios to evaluate key pipe stress-strain relationship shape and anisotropy parameters. One goal of this research was to apply the findings toward guidance for supplemental pipe material specifications aimed at minimizing undesirable effects of anisotropy and stress-strain curve shape on pipe deformations under displacement-controlled loads.
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K.R. Arpin and T.F. Trimble. Material Properties Test to Determine Ultimate Strain and True Stress-True Strain Curves for High Yield Steels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/815195.

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Wang and Cheng. L52193 Guidelines on Tensile Strain Limits. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011134.

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There are no generally accepted industry standards that allow the determination of the maximum tensile strain limits of girth welds. Most ECA (Engineering Critical Assessment) codes are stress-based and cannot be used if the longitudinal strain is greater 0.5%. The objective of this project was to develop guidelines on tensile strain limits of pipeline girth welds as a part of the overall development of seismic design guidelines. The loading on pipelines from seismic events is largely displacement-controlled. Such loading can impose high longitudinal tensile strains on the girth welds of pipelines. Therefore, it is necessary to define tensile strain limits of girth welds in the seismic design guidelines. This work represents a systematic investigation of various factors affecting the tensile strain limits of pipeline girth welds. By using the concept of crack driving and apparent toughness, baseline tensile strain limits have been established for a wide range of pipe grade, wall thickness, defect size, and material toughness.
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Alexander, Chris. PR-562-184500-R01 Feasibility Study of Piggable Plug Technologies for Onshore Pressure Isolation. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011665.

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Pipeline isolation tools from three different manufacturers were evaluated using full-scale testing and numerical modeling to evaluate stresses generated in 24-inch diameter pipe material considering tool-induced loads and internal pressure. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was conducted to calculate stresses and strains considering different pipe sizes, material grades, and internal pressures. The FEA results were used to generate a user-friendly parametric tool that was validated with measurements made using strain gauges installed on the test spools. The program demonstrated that the isolation tools are an effective means for isolating pressures without inducing excessive levels of stress or damage to the internal pipe surfaces.
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Graville, B. A. L51707 Factors Affecting Heat Affected Zone Root Strains in Pipeline Girth Welds and Repairs. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010219.

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A previous study on hydrogen cracking in the heat affected zone of pipeline girth welds and repairs found that large strains in the HAZ transverse to the weld played a major role in causing cracking. Large transverse strains were believed to arise from bending of the weld due to the thermal contraction of the weld around the pipe circumference. Large root strains were simulated in the laboratory using a bend test which enabled the effect of material composition and strength to be studied. In the bend test, the specimen deflection at the onset of cracking, indicated by a drop in load, was used as a measure of susceptibility to cracking. The study showed that increasing the base metal strength for the same HAZ (achieved experimentally by heat treating the same base metal) resulted in a decrease in the critical deflection. This suggested that considerable strain concentration was occuring in the HAZ which increased as the base metal strength increased. Although the study succeeded in quantifying the effects of base metal composition and strength on the sensitivity to cracking, the program did not attempt to address the factors that influence the degree of strain applied to the weld. Specifically, the study only considered a single weld metal strength, and only one pipe wall thickness was addressed. Thus it was not clear whether the move to higher strength pipes welded with higher strength electrodes or a change in the dimensions of the pipe might increase the exposure to cracking risks. Furthermore, if bend tests are used to screen materials, the question is raised as to whether the acceptance level of critical deflection should be changed for higher strength materials. Heat affected zone cracking was observed in both complete circumferential welds (tie-in welds) and in part-circumferential welds (repairs). Various procedural details, such as heat input and length of repair, could influence the root strain and might warrant specific controls to minimize risk of cracking. This study assessed the effects of weld metal strength, pipe thickness, pipe diameter, heat input, and weld (repair) length on root strains in girth welds. A literature review was conducted and simple analysis methods were applied to identify areas with a high risk for cracking. The results show that high tensile stresses in the axial direction on the inside surface of the pipe result from the radial contraction of the weld and consequent bending of the pipe. Welding procedures with high heat inputs and few weld passes tend to have the greatest effect on stress. Multipass welds decrease the tensile stress, which becomes compressive after a certain thickness. Base metal and weld metal strength were shown to significantly impact strain in the heat-affect zone.
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Psaila-Dombrowski, M. J., W. A. Van Der Sluys, and B. P. Miglin. GRI-97-0001 Investigation of Pipeline Stress Corrosion Cracking Under Controlled Chemistry Conditions. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012043.

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Stress corrosion cracking failures of high-pressure gas transmission pipelines have occurred. Although such failures are infrequent, there is a concern about their potentially catastrophic nature. The susceptibility of a material to this failure is controlled by crack growth kinetics which is governed by the composition of the water at the crack tip, the material composition, temperature, and stress/strain conditions. Hence, there is a need to investigate these parameters to begin to understand and develop predictive capabilities to avoid this phenomenon.
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Glover. L51488 Effects of Stress Relief Due to Hydrostatic Testing on Girth Weld Failure. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010068.

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Fitness-for-purpose analyses are being increasingly used in the engineering assessment of the safety of gas pipelines. The potential need for this arises because of the likelihood of a defect being present in the girth weld. Many of these analyses make an allowance for the residual stress caused by the weld, whilst others do not. It has been argued that if a defect survives the field hydrostatic test that the residual stress distribution will be altered and this could subsequently affect the tolerable defect size analysis. Four full-scale tests were carried out, two at each wall thickness; one of which was as-welded and one hydrostatically tested. In order to simulate the field hydrostatic test a novel laboratory technique was developed that minimized the end load during pressurization. The results of the full-scale tests, that failed by ductile tearing, show that for similar defect sizes the strain to failure is the same whether in the as-welded or hydrostatically tested condition. The strain to initiate tearing, however, is quite different. In the case of the 24" (610 mm) thin wall tests the strain to initiate tearing increases from 0.09% (as welded) to 0.17% (hydra test). For the 36" (914 mm) thick wall tests the equivalent figures are 0.11% and 0.12%. These results are consistent with the radial deflection measurements which predicted a much higher axial residual strain for the thinner wall pipe material. The results, do point out the effect of the residual stress oncleavage failure. The overall results are consistent with the various Engineering Critical Assessment techniques, however, the approach of CSA Z184 may prove to be more appropriate. This approach makes no allowance for residual strain for either brittle or ductile failure.
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Yoosef-Ghodsi, Ozkan, and Bandstra. PR-244-114501-R01 Review of Compressive Strain Capacity Assessment Methods Final Report. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010402.

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Buried pipelines subjected to non-continuous ground movement such as frost heave, thaw settlement, slope instability and seismic movement experience high compressive strains that can cause local buckling (or wrinkling), in which the pipe wall buckles like a thin cylindrical shell in axial compression. In a strain-based design and assessment framework, excessive local buckling deformation that may cause loss of serviceability, or even pressure containment in some cases, is managed by limiting the strain demand below the strain limit. The determination of compressive strain limit is typically performed by full-scale structural testing or nonlinear finite element analysis that takes into account material and geometric non-linearity associated with the inelastic buckling of cylindrical shells. Before performing testing and numerical analysis (or when such options do not exist), empirical equations are used to estimate the strain limit. In this report a number of representative equations were evaluated by comparing strain limit predictions to full-scale test results. Work prior to this study has identified the importance of key variables that have the greatest impact on the local buckling behaviour. Examples of these variables include the diameter-to-thickness (D/t) ratio, internal pressure and shape of the stress strain curve. The evaluation focused on how existing equations address these key variables, and the performance with respect to key variables and in different ranges.
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Swankie, Martin, and Andrews. L52012 Mechanisms and Kinetics of Crack Growth in Areas of Mechanical Damage. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011185.

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The project was primarily experimental in nature. It has utilised small scale specimen and ring expansion testing rather than full scale vessel tests to investigate the mechanisms responsible for time-delayed failures. The aim was to perform a series of laboratory experiments to investigate the influence of pre-strain and cyclic frequency on the behaviour of pipeline steels subject to low cycle fatigue and sustained loads. The initial experimental programme consisted of tensile tests and fatigue crack growth tests including tensile dwell periods, carried out on pre-strained and non pre-strained pipe material. Ring expansion tests were then carried out on specimens with dent-gouge defects with varying dent depths. These tests included hold periods at maximum pressure intended to produce time dependent crack growth. Small scale testing to determine isochronous stress-strain curves at ambient temperature was also carried out for one material.
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