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Journal articles on the topic 'Stress and Strain (Materials)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

Shobu, T., A. Shiro, T. Yamada, T. Muramatsu, M. Naganuma, and T. Ozawa. "OS3-3 In-situ Measurement of Internal Strain Distribution in Laser Welding Materials under High Temperature and Tensile Stress(Stress/strain evaluation,OS3 Stress/strain analyses by diffraction method,MEASUREMENT METHODS)." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2015.14 (2015): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2015.14.37.

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2

Kvasnytskyi, V. V., V. F. Kvasnytskyi, Chen Hexing, M. V. Matvienko, and G. V. Yermolayev. "Diffusion welding and brazing of dissimilar materials with controlled stress-strain state." Paton Welding Journal 2018, no. 12 (December 28, 2018): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2018.12.07.

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3

Zhang, Yan-yi, Ze-ping Xu, Gang Deng, Yan-feng Wen, Shu Yu, and Xiao-hui Wang. "Triaxial Wetting Test on Rockfill Materials under Stress Combination Conditions of Spherical Stress p and Deviatoric Stress q." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (May 30, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9853148.

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A GCTS medium-sized triaxial apparatus is used to conduct a single-line method wetting test on three kinds of rockfill materials of different mother rocks such as mixture of sandstone and slate, and dolomite and granite, and the test stress conditions is the combination of spherical stress p and deviatoric stress q. The test results show that (1) for wetting shear strain, the effects of spherical stress p and deviatoric stress q are equivalent, and wetting shear strain and deviatoric stress q show the power function relationship preferably. (2) For wetting volumetric strain, the effect of deviatoric stress q can be neglected because it is extremely insignificant, and spherical stress p is the main influencing factor and shows the power function relationship preferably. (3) The wetting strains decrease significantly with the increase in initial water content and sample density generally, but the excessively high dry density will increase the wetting deformation. Also, the wetting strains will decrease with the increase in the saturated uniaxial compressive strength and average softening coefficient of the mother rock. Based on the test results, a wetting strain model is proposed for rockfill materials. The verification results indicate that the model satisfactorily reflects the development law of wetting deformation.

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4

Vijayakumar, K., and J. G. Ashoka. "A Bilinear Constitutive Model for Isotropic Bimodulus Materials." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 112, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2903341.

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Proper formulation of stress-strain relations, particularly in tension-compression situations for isotropic biomodulus materials, is an unresolved problem. Ambartsumyan’s model [8] and Jones’ weighted compliance matrix model [9] do not satisfy the principle of coordinate invariance. Shapiro’s first stress invariant model [10] is too simple a model to describe the behavior of real materials. In fact, Rigbi [13] has raised a question about the compatibility of bimodularity with isotropy in a solid. Medri [2] has opined that linear principal strain-principal stress relations are fictitious, and warned that the bilinear approximation of uniaxial stress-strain behavior leads to ill-working bimodulus material model under combined loading. In the present work, a general bilinear constitutive model has been presented and described in biaxial principal stress plane with zonewise linear principal strain-principal stress relations. Elastic coefficients in the model are characterized based on the signs of (i) principal stresses, (ii) principal strains, and (iii) on the value of strain energy component ratio ER greater than or less than unity. The last criterion is used in tension-compression and compression-tension situations to account for different shear moduli in pure shear stress and pure shear strain states as well as unequal cross compliances.

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5

Elías-Zúñiga, Alex, Beatriz Montoya, Wendy Ortega-Lara, Eduardo Flores-Villalba, Ciro A. Rodríguez, Hector R. Siller, José A. Díaz-Elizondo, and Oscar Martínez-Romero. "Stress-Softening and Residual Strain Effects in Suture Materials." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/249512.

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This work focuses on the experimental characterization of suture material samples of MonoPlus, Monosyn, polyglycolic acid, polydioxanone 2–0, polydioxanone 4–0, poly(glycolide-co-epsilon-caprolactone), nylon, and polypropylene when subjected to cyclic loading and unloading conditions. It is found that all tested suture materials exhibit stress-softening and residual strain effects related to the microstructural material damage upon deformation from the natural, undistorted state of the virgin suture material. To predict experimental observations, a new constitutive material model that takes into account stress-softening and residual strain effects is developed. The basis of this model is the inclusion of a phenomenological nonmonotonous softening function that depends on the strain intensity between loading and unloading cycles. The theory is illustrated by modifying the non-Gaussian average-stretch, full-network model to capture stress-softening and residual strains by using pseudoelasticity concepts. It is shown that results obtained from theoretical simulations compare well with suture material experimental data.

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6

Kitagawa, Masayoshi, Tetsuyuki Onoda, and Kazunobu Mizutani. "Stress-strain behaviour at finite strains for various strain paths in polyethylene." Journal of Materials Science 27, no. 1 (January 1992): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02403638.

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7

SAKAMOTO, Masao, and Masatoshi NIHEI. "Local Stress-Strain Behavior of Polycrystalline Materials." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 48, no. 1 (1999): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.48.44.

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8

Salguero, Francisco, Sixto Romero, Fulgencio Prat, Ricardo Arribas, and Francisco Moreno. "Universal Stress-Strain Equation for Metallic Materials." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 26, no. 8 (August 2014): 04014030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000911.

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9

Erel, Veysel, and Alan D. Freed. "Stress/strain basis pairs for anisotropic materials." Composites Part B: Engineering 120 (July 2017): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.03.065.

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10

Wong, Colin L. Y. "A normalizing relation for granular materials." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t90-007.

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It is hypothesized that a normalized shear stress – strain curve for granular materials can be obtained by accounting fully for the effects of volume change. In this sense, volume change behavior is a factor that controls the shear stress – strain behavior of a granular material. This hypothesis is applied to Rowe's stress-dilatancy theory to include slip, rolling, rearrangement, and crushing strains, and a theoretical normalizing relation is obtained. The relation is demonstrated to be reasonably correct for the published test data utilized in this study. Differing fabrics of a granular material at the same void ratio can be corrected for by the normalizing relation. The hypothesis is also applied to simple shear behavior and an empirical normalizing relation is obtained.On the basis of the success of the normalizing relation, it is suggested that the volume change rate at 4% axial strain may be, in relation to shear behavior, a more appropriate characterizing parameter than void ratio. However, owing to the long-standing use and acceptance of void ratio, the concept of a reference void ratio, determined by specific sample preparation and testing procedures, is introduced as a characterizing parameter for granular materials. Key words: volume change, dilatancy, normalization, fabric, stress, strain, deformation, sand, granular material.

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11

Dvorak, George J., and Tungyang Chen. "Thermal Expansion of Three-Phase Composite Materials." Journal of Applied Mechanics 56, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3176099.

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Exact expressions are found for overall thermal expansion coefficients of a composite medium consisting of three perfectly-bonded transversely isotropic phases of cylindrical shape and arbitrary transverse geometry. The results show that macroscopic thermal expansion coefficients depend only on the thermoelastic constants and volume fractions of the phases, and on the overall compliance. The derivation is based on a decomposition procedure which indicates that spatially uniform elastic strain fields can be created in certain heterogeneous media by superposition of uniform phase thermal strains with local strains caused by piecewise uniform stress fields, which are in equilibrium with prescribed surface tractions. The procedure also allows evaluation of thermal stress fields in the aggregate in terms of known local fields caused by axisymmetric overall stresses. Finally, averages of local fields are found with the help of known mechanical stress and strain concentration factors.

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12

Guo, Yi, Yun Rong Luo, and Qing Yuan Wang. "Mean Strain Effect on the Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior of Steel Structure Materials Q235." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.430.

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The low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of Q235 steel under mean strain control has been investigated. A serious of the strain controlled cyclic loading experiments with several combinations of strain amplitudes and mean strains have been performed. Significant cyclic hardening and mean stress relaxation were observed in all cases. Fractography by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the LCF failure mechanisms and fatigue crack propagation modes of the Q235 steel.

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13

KOTAKE, Shigeo, Kimihiro OZAKI, and Keizo KOBAYASHI. "OS7-6 Ferromagnetic Metals as a Magnetomechanical Functional Material for the Evaluation of Additional Plastic Strain Distribution(Stress and strain measurement II,OS7 Stress and strain measurement,MEASUREMENT METHODS)." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2015.14 (2015): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2015.14.97.

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14

Toribio, Jesús, Miguel Lorenzo, and Leticia Aguado. "Innovative Design of Residual Stress and Strain Distributions for Analyzing the Hydrogen Embrittlement Phenomenon in Metallic Materials." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 19, 2022): 9063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15249063.

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Round-notched samples are commonly used for testing the susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of metallic materials. Hydrogen diffusion is influenced by the stress and strain states generated during testing. This state causes hydrogen-assisted micro-damage leading to failure that is due to HE. In this study, it is assumed that hydrogen diffusion can be controlled by modifying such residual stress and strain fields. Thus, the selection of the notch geometry to be used in the experiments becomes a key task. In this paper, different HE behaviors are analyzed in terms of the stress and strain fields obtained under diverse loading conditions (un-preloaded and preloaded causing residual stress and strains) in different notch geometries (shallow notches and deep notches). To achieve this goal, two uncoupled finite element (FE) simulations were carried out: (i) a simulation by FE of the loading sequences applied in the notched geometries for revealing the stress and strain states and (ii) a simulation of hydrogen diffusion assisted by stress and strain, for estimating the hydrogen distributions. According to results, hydrogen accumulation in shallow notches is heavily localized close to the wire surface, whereas for deep notches, hydrogen is more uniformly distributed. The residual stress and plastic strains generated by the applied preload localize maximum hydrogen concentration at deeper points than un-preloaded cases. As results, four different scenarios are established for estimating “a la carte” the HE susceptibility of pearlitic steels just combining two notch depths and the residual stress and strain caused by a preload.

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15

Chang, Chao, M. A. Garrido, J. Ruiz-Hervias, Zhu Zhang, and Le-le Zhang. "Representative Stress-Strain Curve by Spherical Indentation on Elastic-Plastic Materials." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8316384.

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Tensile stress-strain curve of metallic materials can be determined by the representative stress-strain curve from the spherical indentation. Tabor empirically determined the stress constraint factor (stress CF), ψ, and strain constraint factor (strain CF), β, but the choice of value for ψ and β is still under discussion. In this study, a new insight into the relationship between constraint factors of stress and strain is analytically described based on the formation of Tabor’s equation. Experiment tests were performed to evaluate these constraint factors. From the results, representative stress-strain curves using a proposed strain constraint factor can fit better with nominal stress-strain curve than those using Tabor’s constraint factors.

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16

Zhang, Tie Shan, Jing Hu, and Jin Shui Wu. "Study on Stress-Strain Model of Metallic Materials with Shot Peening Residual Stress." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 1121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.1121.

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Study on Stress-strain model of metallic materials with residual stress. First of all, Stress-strain model of metallic materials with residual stress was analyzed, then, derivation of a stress-strain model was done. Finally, according to the model of stress and strain analysis and derivation of results, taking diaphragm spring as an example, using methods of derivation of kinds of material obtained from this model portfolio, using finite element modeling tools, calculate the relationship between load and deformation. The test result indicated that, using the method of many kinds of material model combination can get the higher precision of calculation.

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17

Mansilla, A., A. Regidor, D. García, and A. Negro. "Dynamic tensile testing for determining the stress-strain curve at different strain rate." Revista de Metalurgia 37, no. 2 (April 30, 2001): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.2001.v37.i2.475.

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18

Naseem, S., E. S. Perdahcıoğlu, H. J. M. Geijselaers, and A. H. van den Boogaard. "A New in-Plane Bending Test to Determine Flow Curves for Materials with Low Uniform Elongation." Experimental Mechanics 60, no. 9 (August 17, 2020): 1225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-020-00621-5.

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Abstract Background Flow curves can easily be obtained by uniaxial tensile tests, but strains are then limited by diffuse necking. For many applications, the flow stress must be known above this limit. Objective The main objective of this paper is to obtain flow curves for material with low uniform elongation to relatively high strains compared to a uniaxial tensile test. Method A novel in-plane sheet bending experiment and stress evaluation procedure is presented. The developed bending device can be mounted in a tensile test machine and can produce very high bending curvatures compared to previously proposed pure bending setups. The bending angle and curvature are obtained by image processing and the bending moment is calculated directly from the force measured from the tensile test machine and the bending angle. The moment–curvature relation is used to determine the uniaxial stress–strain relation using an analytical approach, without presuming any hardening model. The bending process and the analytical procedure are validated by a numerical simulation as well as by experiments. Results The numerical validation shows good agreement between the stress–strain curve obtained from the bending process and that of the uniaxial input flow curve up to 12% strain. Experimentally the model is validated by comparing the stress–strain curve obtained from the bending test with the results directly obtained from a tensile test for mild steel. Good agreement is observed up to 12% strain. As an application example, bending tests were performed on a martensitic steel (MS) with low uniform strain (less than 3%). For this material, flow curves could be obtained up to relatively high strains (~12%), compared to a tensile test. Conclusion This bending test setup allows to study materials with low uniform elongation up to significantly higher strains than are readily obtained in a tensile test.

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19

Harničárová, M., J. Valíček, S. Duer, M. Kušnerová, Z. Palková, and Z. Mital'ová. "Express diagnostics of stress‐strain states of materials." Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 53, no. 4 (April 2022): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202100329.

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20

ONO, Tetsuro, and Atsushi SATO. "MODELING OF STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS ON METALLIC MATERIALS." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 65, no. 532 (2000): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.65.177_2.

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21

He, Li H., and Michael V. Swain. "Nanoindentation derived stress–strain properties of dental materials." Dental Materials 23, no. 7 (July 2007): 814–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2006.06.017.

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22

Finér, Sirpa, Seppo Kivivuori, and Heikki Kleemola. "Stress—Strain relationships of wax-based model materials." Journal of Mechanical Working Technology 12, no. 2 (December 1985): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3804(85)90142-1.

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23

Xu, Kenneth J., Martin D. Liu, Buddhima Indraratna, and Suksun Horpibulsuk. "Explicit stress–strain equations for modeling frictional materials." Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 36, no. 6 (October 31, 2017): 722–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1064119x.2017.1384872.

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24

Belytschko, T., Xiao-Jun Wang, Z. P. Bazant, and Y. Hyun. "Transient Solutions for One-Dimensional Problems With Strain Softening." Journal of Applied Mechanics 54, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3173062.

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Closed-form solutions are presented for the transient response of rods in which strain softening occurs and the stress-strain laws exhibit nonvanishing stresses after the strain-softening regime. It is found that the appearance of any strain softening results in an infinite strain rate if the material is inviscid. For a stress-strain law with a monotonically decreasing stress the strains are infinite also. If the stress increases after the strain-softening portion, the strains remain finite and the strain-softening point moves through the rod.

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25

Payzant, Edward, and Lindsay Sochalski-Kolbus. "Neutron diffraction strain mapping in engineering materials." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314092675.

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Bragg peak positions with precisions of a few parts in 10^4 are typically necessary to provide the strain resolution required for measurement of the residual strains in bulk materials. Neutron diffraction, mainly because of its high penetration in many engineering materials, provides a unique non-destructive capability for strain measurement. Dedicated instruments for mapping lattice strains using neutron diffraction, a technique first demonstrated in the 1980s, are found at all major neutron scattering facilities around the world. Residual stresses typically arise during synthesis, forming, joining, thermal processing, or use of engineering materials and can significantly impact the strength and performance of the final part. We present two recent examples of strain-mapping experiments conducted at the HB-2B beamline at the High Flux Isotope Reactor. Strain-mapping data collected on a friction stir welded ODS alloy reveals changes in texture and stress resulting from the FSW process, and dependent on the FSW process variables. Mapping experiments on steel conduit intended for the ITER project show the strain distribution from the forming operations, and the partial reduction of these strains through high temperature annealing.

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26

UEBAYASHI, Katsutoshi, Kazunori FUJIKAKE, Tomonori OHNO, Jun MIZUNO, and Atsushi SUZUKI. "Stress-Strain Model with Dynamic Strain Softening Behaviors for Concrete Materials under Triaxial Compressive Stress States." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 669 (2001): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2001.669_135.

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27

Ivanov, E. Yu, and V. A. Kirpichev. "Determining the rheological properties of viscoelastic materials by the values of creep strain." VESTNIK of Samara University. Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 18, no. 3 (October 31, 2019): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7533-2019-18-3-166-172.

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Determination of creep strain arising due to stresses acting up to the moment of time t is considered. The phenomenon of constant-stress creep is described. A method is proposed to determine the parameters of the Arutyunyan creep kernel selected to describe the behavior of a material using two creep curves of a material with viscoelastic properties and nonlinear dependence of creep strain on the stress. In addition, the constant in the expression describing nonlinear dependence of creep strain on the stress is defined. The AMg6M alloy, widely used in the design of aerospace products, was chosen as the material to be analyzed. The tests were carried out on samples 3 mm thick at strains of 65 MPa and 156.9 MPa. According to the results of testing samples of materials on the test bench of Samara University creep curves were obtained. By determining the parameters of the approximation of the Arutyunyan kernel and the parameter included in the expression of nonlinear dependence of creep strain on the stress, it is possible to determine the value of the creep strain of the material for arbitrary values of stress and time. Comparison of the experimental and calculated creep curves for the AMg6M alloy confirms the validity of determination of the rheological characteristics of the tested material.

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28

Yan, Ming Qing, Fa Cheng Yi, and Bao Long Zhu. "Mechanical Characteristic of Buffer/Backfilling Materials After Different Temperatures." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.852.

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Based on uniaxial compression test, the mechanical properties of buffer/backfilling materials after different temperatures are studied. The study analyzed buffer/backfilling materials of stress-strain curve，peak stress，modulus of elasticity，peak strain, with the variation of temperature. The buffer/backfilling materials of strengthening and degradation in different temperature are discussed briefly. The test result show that below 200°C, buffer/backfilling materials of stress-strain curve of slope，peak stress，modulus of elasticity，peak strain ,are increase with increasing temperature increase. The main reason is that with increasing temperature, adsorbed water in the sample will evaporate, and brittleness of sample will improve; mineral particles of expansion lead to the original cracks closing, the porosity will reduce, and improve friction properties between particles. 300 °C,buffer / backfill materials of stress - strain curve of slope, peak stress, elastic modulus, decreased to varying degrees compared to 200 °C. the main reason is that thermal stress damage to the internal structure of the samples, resulting in new small cracks. The peak strain of buffer / backfill materials in the 25 °C～100 °C is increase with increasing temperature increase.100°C～200°C, peak strain is decrease with the increase of temperature. In the 200 °C～300 °C, the peak strain change little.

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29

Yasuda, Nario, and Norihisa Matsumoto. "Dynamic deformation characteristics of sands and rockfill materials." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30, no. 5 (October 1, 1993): 747–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t93-067.

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Cyclic torsional simple shear (CTSS) tests and cyclic triaxial (CTX) tests were carried out to investigate the dynamic deformation characteristics of sands and rockfill materials. It was found that the shear modulus and damping ratio can be expressed as a function of shear strain, void ratio, and confining stress. Also the shear modulus in CTSS tests is larger than in CTX tests because of the influence of the intermediate principal stress. When the shear strain is increased, the shear modulus (G) and damping ratio (h) of the rockfill materials were altered at smaller strains than in sands. Key words : sands, rockfill materials, torsional simple shear, shear modulus, damping ratio.

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30

Zhang, W., and K. E. Evans. "A strain-based tensor polynomial failure criterion for anisotropic materials." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 23, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v234179.

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A strain-based tensor polynomial failure criterion for anisotropic materials is proposed with explicit derivations given in both strain and stress space. The physical distinction between this strain-based criterion and the current stress-based tensorial criterion of Tsai and Wu, is clarified. The viability of the proposed criterion is shown by its application to a graphite—epoxy resin lamina under plane stress. The allowed loadings and failure envelope of this lamina are predicted. Comparison is made with existing failure criteria (both stress-based and strain-based), in particular the maximum stress, maximum strain, and Tsai-Wu criteria.

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31

Holste, C., W. Kleinert, R. Gürth, and K. Mecke. "Cyclic stress-strain response and strain localization effects under stress-control conditions." Materials Science and Engineering: A 187, no. 2 (November 1994): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(94)90338-7.

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32

Rebelo-Kornmeier, Joana, Michael Hofmann, Wei Min Gan, Christian Randau, Karl Braun, Karl Zeitelhack, Ilario Defendi, Jens Krueger, Enrico Faulhaber, and H. G. Brokmeier. "New Developments of the Materials Science Diffractometer STRESS-SPEC." Materials Science Forum 905 (August 2017): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.905.151.

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The high flux neutron diffractometer STRESSSPEC at FRM II, Garching Germany, offers a flexible instrument setup suitable for fast and surface residual strain measurements. Likewise bulk, local or gradient texture analyses are feasible. Here improvements of the hardware (detector, slits) of the instrument as well as developments on methods for residual stress analysis are presented. A new detector system developed inhouse was recently installed and successfully commissioned. Compared to the original delay line detector the new detector provides much higher resolution and allows event mode type measurements. Results of the commissioning measurements show a performance increase of nearly a factor of 2 compared to the former detector. Moreover the new analytical model, recently developed for surface spurious strain corrections, was successfully applied at a welded austenitic steel sample. Thus nondestructive measurements from the surface (200 μm) into the bulk (several millimeters) are possible without any extra time consuming experiments for spurious strains corrections.

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33

Minaev, Andrey, and Jury Korovkin. "Stress-strain magnetoactive propulsion system." E3S Web of Conferences 383 (2023): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338301030.

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It is possible to create deformations in magnetically active polymeric materials by applying magnetic fields to them. This work develops a symmetrical design scheme of the device, in which the drive and control are carried out by two actuators located on opposite sides. The symmetric scheme with control from two sides allows transporting objects (cargo) in mutually opposite directions (forward and backward). It is proposed to use a magnetically active gel together with a magnetically active elastomer as magnetically active materials. The resulting force effect in the device actuator is produced by interaction of magnetic fields of electromagnets with magnetic fields of permanent magnets. Expressions for obtaining alternating magnetic fields which create conditions for generating alternating magnetic forces in the actuator of the device are given. A prototype design with a controller control device in which signals are generated for an optimum current pulse generator with adjustable duty cycle and duration is presented.

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34

Shi, Kun, Yuan Yuan, and Feng Tao Wei. "Analysis of the Residual Stress in Multi-Layer Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 160 (March 2012): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.160.377.

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The residual stresses due to the mismatch between metallic bond coat and ceramic top coat lead to a collapse of all thermal barrier system. For measuring residual strain in elastic multilayer materials, the incremental hole-drilling strain-gauge method was studied. The main stresses, which is interrelated with the residual strain, is resolved on planes that are normal to a deep hole. In order to link the surface strain to the residual stress, calibration coefficients were obtained by the finite element method. The result shows that the coefficients depend on the substrate and the type of coating, the strain gauge used and the size of the step drilled.

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35

Jen, K. P., and J. N. Majerus. "Stress-Strain Equations for Some Near-Eutectic Tin-Lead Solders." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 113, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904128.

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This paper presents the evaluation of the stress-strain behavior, as a function of strain-rate, for three tin-lead solders at room temperature. This behavior is critically needed for reliability analysis of printed circuit boards (PCB) since handbooks list minimal mechanical properties for the eutectic solder used in PCBs. Furthermore, most handbook data are for stable eutectic microstructure whereas PCB solder has a metastable microstructure. All three materials were purchased as “eutectics.” However, chemical analysis, volume fraction determination, and microhardness tests show some major variations between the three materials. Two of the materials have a eutectic composition, and one does not. The true stress-strain equations of one eutectic and the one noneutectic material are determined from compressive tests at engineering strain-rates between 0.0002/s and 0.2/s. The second eutectic material is evaluated using tensile tests with strain-rates between 0.00017/s and 0.042/s. The materials appear to exhibit linear elastic behavior only at extremely small strains, i.e., less than 0.0005. However, this “elastic” behavior showed considerable variation, and depended upon the strain rate. In both tension and compression the eutectic alloy exhibits nonlinear plastic behavior, i.e., strain-softening followed by strain-hardening, which depends upon the strain rate. A quadratic equation σy = σy(ε˚/ε˚0) + A(ε˚/ε˚0)ε + B(ε˚/ε˚0)ε2 fit to the data gives correlation coefficients R2 > 0.91. The coefficients σy(ε˚/ε˚0), A(ε˚/ε˚0), B(ε˚/ε˚0) are fitted functions of the normalized engineering strain rate ε˚/ε˚0. Replicated experiments are used at each strain-rate so that a measure of the statistical variation could be estimated. Measures of error associated with the regression analysis are also obtained so that an estimate of the total error in the stress-strain relations can be made.

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36

Kishimoto, Satoshi, Yougming Xing, Yoshiyuki Tanaka, and Yutaka Kagawa. "OS1-2-5 Measurement of Strain and Stress Distribution in Structural Materials by Electron Moire Method." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2007.6 (2007): _OS1–2–5–1—_OS1–2–5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2007.6._os1-2-5-1.

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37

Kondo, Yoshiyuki, Tomoe Sudo, Daichi Kano, and Masanobu Kubota. "OS4-2-6 Effect of hydrogen on stress-strain behavior of materials used in hydrogen environment." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2007.6 (2007): _OS4–2–6–1—_OS4–2–6–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2007.6._os4-2-6-1.

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38

Dvorak, G. J. "Thermal Expansion of Elastic-Plastic Composite Materials." Journal of Applied Mechanics 53, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3171852.

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Exact relationships are derived between instantaneous overall thermal stress or strain vectors and instantaneous overall mechanical stiffness or compliance, for two binary composite systems in which one of the phases may deform plastically. Also, the local instantaneous thermal strain and stress concentration factors are related in an exact way to the corresponding mechanical concentration factors. The results depend on instantaneous thermoelastic constants and volume fractions of the phases. They are found for fibrous composites with two distinct elastically isotropic or transversely isotropic phases, and for any binary composite with elastically isotropic phases. The results indicate that in the plastic range the thermal and mechanical loading effects are coupled even if the phase properties do not depend on changes in temperature. The derivation is based on a novel decomposition procedure which shows that spatially uniform elastic strain fields can be created in certain heterogeneous media by superposition of uniform phase eigenstrains with local strains, caused by piecewise uniform stress fields which are in equilibrium with prescribed surface tractions. The method is extended to discretized microstructures, and also to the analysis of moisture absorption and phase transformation effects on overall response and on local fields in the two composite materials.

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39

Xiao, Heng, and Liang-Sen Chen. "Hencky’s logarithmic strain and dual stress–strain and strain–stress relations in isotropic finite hyperelasticity." International Journal of Solids and Structures 40, no. 6 (March 2003): 1455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7683(02)00653-4.

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40

YOSHIKAWA, Katsuyuki, Fei TENG, Jun-ichi HORINAKA, and Toshikazu TAKIGAWA. "Slipping in Stress Relaxation in Shear Estimated by Damping and Stress- Strain Behavior of Polyisobutylene." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 66, no. 1 (2017): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.66.13.

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41

Song, B., and W. Chen. "Dynamic Compressive Behavior of EPDM Rubber Under Nearly Uniaxial Strain Conditions." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 126, no. 2 (March 18, 2004): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1651097.

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Dynamic compressive stress-strain curves for ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber at various strain rates under nearly uniaxial strain conditions have been determined with a pulse-shaped split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The resultant stress-strain curves exhibited significantly nonlinear behavior, with strong sensitivities to strain rates. The dynamic stresses in the EPDM rubber at certain strains under uniaxial strain conditions increased significantly as compared to those under uniaxial stress conditions. A strain-rate-dependent material model, including a strain-rate-sensitive term, has been developed through a strain-energy function for compressible Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic solids. The model provided a good description of the compressive axial stress-strain response of the EPDM rubber at various strain rates under uniaxial strain conditions.

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42

Filanova, Yevgeniya, Johannes Hauptmann, Frank Längler, and Konstantin Naumenko. "Inelastic Behavior of Polyoxymethylene for Wide Strain Rate and Temperature Ranges: Constitutive Modeling and Identification." Materials 14, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 3667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133667.

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The aim of this paper is to present experimental data and the constitutive model for the inelastic behavior of polyoxymethylene in wide strain rate and temperature ranges. To capture the non-linearity of the stress responses for both loading and unloading regimes, the composite model of inelastic deformation is utilized and further developed. The equivalent inelastic strain rate is described by the Prandtl–Eyring law, while the temperature dependence is characterized by the modified Arrhenius-type law. Generalized equivalent stress and the flow rule are formulated to capture pressure sensitivity, transverse strain and volumetric strain responses. The results obtained by the constitutive law are compared with experimental data for stress vs. axial strain from standard tension tests as well as with axial and transverse strains measured by digital image correlation. The developed composite model is able to capture the non-linearity of stress–strain curves for complex loading paths within the small strain regime. For higher strains, apart from geometrically non-linear theory, evolution laws for the volume fraction of the constituents should be modified and calibrated. For the small strain regime, the inelastic dilatation is negligible. For higher axial strain values, a decrease in Poisson’s ratio under tension and increase in it under compression are observed. The Drucker–Prager-type equivalent stress and the developed flow rule provide a better description of both the transverse and volumetric strains than that of the classical von Mises–Odqvist flow rules.

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43

Kishimoto, Satoshi, Yoshihisa Tanaka, Yong Ming Xing, and Gyu Chang Lee. "Measurement of Strain and Stress Distribution of Composite Materials by Electron Moiré Method." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.717.

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A method for measuring the stress and strain distribution in the composite materials and residual stress at the interface in the fiber reinforced composite has been developed. The strains are measured using an electron Moiré method and then the stresses are calculated from these strains. A very fine model grid with frequencies up to 10,000lines/mm can be fabricated using the optical and electron lithography techniques on the surface of the specimen and an electron beam scan which spaces are almost same as that of model grid the can be used for master-grid. The difference of the amount of secondary electrons per a primary electron makes Moiré fringes that consists bright and dark parts. Micro-creep deformation and residual strain and stress near the fibers of composite materials were measured by this method.

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Neimitz, Andrzej, Jaroslaw Galkiewicz, Sebastian Lipiec, and Ihor Dzioba. "Estimation of the Onset of Crack Growth in Ductile Materials." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 2026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11102026.

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In this paper, the ductile fracture mechanism is discussed. The results of numerical and experimental analyses were used to estimate the onset of crack front growth. It was assumed that the ductile fracture in front of the crack starts at the location along the crack front where the accumulated effective plastic strain reaches a critical value. According to numerous research articles, the critical effective plastic strain depends on the stress triaxiality and the Lode angle. The experimental program was performed using five different specimen geometries, three different materials, and three different temperatures of +20 °C, −20 °C, and −50 °C. Using the experimental data and results of the finite element computations, the critical effective plastic strains were determined for each material and temperature. However, before the critical effective plastic strain was determined, a careful calibration of the stress–strain curves was performed after modification of the Bai–Wierzbicki procedure. It was found that critical effective plastic strain was a function of triaxiality factor and Lode parameter, as expected, and that the fracture locus was useful to estimate the onset of ductile crack growth.

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45

Fletcher, Lloyd, and Fabrice Pierron. "An Image-Based Impact Test for the High Strain Rate Tensile Properties of Brittle Materials." EPJ Web of Conferences 183 (2018): 02042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818302042.

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Testing ceramics at high strain rates presents many experimental diffsiculties due to the brittle nature of the material being tested. When using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) for high strain rate testing, adequate time is required for stress wave effects to dampen out. For brittle materials, with small strains to failure, it is difficult to satisfy this constraint. Because of this limitation, there are minimal data (if any) available on the stiffness and tensile strength of ceramics at high strain rates. Recently, a new image-based inertial impact (IBII) test method has shown promise for analysing the high strain rate behaviour of brittle materials. This test method uses a reflected compressive stress wave to generate tensile stress and failure in an impacted specimen. Throughout the propagation of the stress wave, full-field displacement measurements are taken, from which strain and acceleration fields are derived. The acceleration fields are then used to reconstruct stress information and identify the material properties. The aim of this study is to apply the IBII test methodology to analyse the stiffness and strength of ceramics at high strain rates. The results show that it is possible to identify the elastic modulus and tensile strength of tungsten carbide at strain rates on the order of 1000 s-1. For a tungsten carbide with 13% cobalt binder the elastic modulus was identified as 516 GPa and the strength was 1400 MPa. Future applications concern boron carbide and sapphire, for which limited data exist in high rate tension.

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Coulais, Corentin. "Periodic cellular materials with nonlinear elastic homogenized stress-strain response at small strains." International Journal of Solids and Structures 97-98 (October 2016): 226–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2016.07.025.

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47

Levitas, V. I., I. E. Stashkevich, and A. B. Nemirovskii. "Stress-strain diagrams of metals under large uniform compressive strains." Strength of Materials 26, no. 9 (September 1994): 676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02208521.

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48

Bacha, A., M. Feuerstein, C. Desrayaud, and H. Klöcker. "Measuring Stress Strain Curves to Large Strains on Sheet Metal." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 35, no. 2 (2007): 100082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte100082.

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KITAGAWA, Masayoshi, Tatsuya MORI, and Tomohiko MATSUTANI. "Stress-strain curve of polypropylene." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 55, no. 512 (1989): 923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.55.923.

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50

Szanto, M., and D. T. Read. "applied to stress-strain concentrations." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 43, no. 3 (October 1992): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(92)90109-r.

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