Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Stress hydrique'
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Moustafa, Khaled. "Analyse des familles de gènes MAP-kinase d'Arabidopsis thaliana au cours de contraintes hydriques." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112165.
Full textMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signal transduction modules play crucial roles in plant growth and development as well as in biotic and abiotic stress responses. In the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, 20 MAPK (MPK) genes, 10 MAP2K (MKK) genes and a great number of MAP3K differing in primary structures and domain compositions are now classified. However, only limited information is available regarding the biological roles of the different members of these gene families. Here, the expression of the whole gene families of MPK and MKK, as well as selected key members of the MAP3K family was studied by macroarrays, in relation to organ specificity and to various water stresses. For MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6, the most studied MAPK so far, transcriptome responses were compared to protein and activity levels based on the use of specific antibodies for each kinase. Several genes of the MAP kinase families are induced at the transcript level by one or several abiotic stresses, including the highly expressed MPK3, MKK9 and MAP3K3. Inside the very scarcely studied MAPK group containing a TDY activation motif, several kinases were induced by osmotic or water stresses. For example MPK20 displays a clear increase of its transcript level in response to hypoosmolarity and to recovery conditions after hyperosmotic stress, whereas MPK17 and MPK18 are mostly induced by dehydration, hyperosmolarity and salinity. Finally, new components of the MAP kinase modules involved in water stress signalling are proposed by the present study
Despinasse, Yolande. "Diversité chimique et caractérisation de l'impact du stress hydrique chez les lavandes." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STET4012/document.
Full textThe PhD was focused on lavenders and precisely on lavenders present in France: the fine lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller), the spike lavender (Lavandula latifolia Medik) and their hybrid the lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia). Skilled to synthetize huge organic volatils coumpounds (COV) amount and in particular volatils terpene such mono- and sesquiterpenes, lavenders are used by human from antiquity for medicinal and aromatic properties of these volatils terpenes, lavender essential oil is composed of. Due to economical and ecological volatils terpenes importance, several study aspects is considered in the PhD. In a first hand, on all the fine lavender’s repartition area, relationship between chemical, geographical and genetical diversities was assessed. Results showed chemical and genetical significant different populations, at the border of fine lavender repartition area. In a second hand, hydric stress impact over time on volatiles terpenes content was assessed on the spike lavender, lavandin and six fine lavender populations. Results put in evidence differential tolerances by species and populations; thus lavandin is more quickly affected by hydric stress than the fine lavender. Terpenes contents were slightly impacted by hydric stress and with different states amoung species and populations. Despite huge answer diversities amoung compounds, hydric stress intensity and plants; camphre pathway terpenes (borneol, comphene and camphre) are those which have the more important variations among stressed and controlled plants. Therefore study camphre biosynthesis pathway emerged. In this context, we have identified and characterized the bornyl diphosphate synthase able to produce the borneol from the bornyl diphosphate. These works allow a better understanding of relationships between volatils terpenes production and environment as well as give genetical tools to proceed to further investigations
Genard-Zielinski, Anne-Cyrielle. "Impact du stress hydrique sur les émissions d'isoprène de Quercus pubescens Willd." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4721.
Full textBiogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) are plants secondary-metabolism-molecules. Their emissions are modulated by environmental conditions. Among these compounds, isoprene has been particularly studied due to its intense emission fluxes as well as its major contribution to tropospheric photochemistry. However, the impacts of environmental constraints on isoprene emission are still not yet well known. In particular, water stress impact is still a contradictory issue. In a world facing multiple climatic changes, models expect this kind of stress to hit Mediterranean area.This work focused on the impact of water stress on Quercus pubescens Willd. isoprene emissions. This species, widely spread in this area, is the second isoprene emitter in Europe.Two types of study were used.First, during an experimental carried out in a nursery, Q. pubescens saplings were grown under a moderate and severe water stress from April to October. This experimentation highlighted an increase of isoprene emissions for mid-stressed trees, while no emission changes were observed for the highly stressed trees.Secondly, an experimentation was conducted on a pubescent oak forest with trees acclimated to long lasting stress periods. We followed, during a whole season, the impact, on isoprene emissions, of a water stress created by artificially reducing 30% of the rains by means of a specific deploying roof. Isoprene emission factors were observed to increase under water stress.The database thus obtained was used in an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to develop an appropriate isoprene emission algorithm. We underlined the predominant impact of soil water content on isoprene emissions
Al, Gehani Idress. "Effet des stades d'application et de l'intensité de stress hydriques répétés sur l'état hydrique et la croissance des plantes et des fruits de tomate." Avignon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AVIG0315.
Full textRepeated water stress treatments of moderate intensity (pre-dawn leaf water potential from –0. 6 to –1. 3 MPa) and high intensity (pre-dawn leaf water potential from –1. 4 to –2. 0 MPa) were applied on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Cv Raïssa) plants growing in a greenhouse during the flowering and fruit growth stages for three successive years. The growth of shoots and fruits reduced with only one cycle of water stress treatment applied. When water stress treatment to be repeated, the water supply of the plants is strongly improved as well as the water supply and the dry matter accumulation of the fruits about +100% compared to the fruits developed by plants with only one cycle of water stress treatment, which results in a doubling of the water use efficiency. The stressed plants are able to develop an osmotic adjustment strategy whenever the stress intensity is high. Fruit osmotic potential decreased and accompanied by higher contents of soluble sugars (glucose and fructose) and of some organic acids (malic and citric acid). Water stress also reduces the loss of firmness of small size fruits. The firmness correlated strongly with fruit water potential but poorly with osmotic and turgor potential
Broin, Mélanie. "Implication de CDSP32, une thiorédoxine chloroplastique, dans la réponse au stress oxydant." Montpellier, ENSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENSA0022.
Full textRadimy, Raymond Tojo. "Cinétique d'évolution structurale des sols argileux : relation stress hydrique-stress salin ; Application à la biodiversité et rendement de culture." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2310/document.
Full textThe coastal marshlands are territories generally reclaimed on primary fluvio-marine sediments. They result from hydraulic managements and/or polderization which may date from the Middle Ages. Historically these hydraulic managements were built for goals of wholesomeness, breeding and farming. They isolate two territories: the dried marshes and the wet marshes. For the intensive cereal crops the slow drying caused by land reclamation was recently improved by the drainage, in part for increase the depth of desalinization and decrease waterlogging. Nevertheless, these territories remain characterized by shallow ground water of initial salt water. Consequently, the hydric profiles are governed by the meteoric conditions including the Evapotranspiration, the rainfall, but also the capillarity rises from the salt groundwater. Moreover, the clay dominated nature of the soils and their drastic shrinkage properties govern the hydrodynamic functioning and the soil structure behavior.The first part of the work was the monitoring of the water content and salinity profiles in drained cereal crops and in undrained grasslands. These measurements have been completed by the ground water level and tensiometric monitoring. The final goal was the calculation and modeling of the available water capacity (AWC) and plant available water (PAW) profiles. In these systems mainly supplied by the capillarity rises, the root network gets water in the subsurface vadose zone and then in the deeper saturated groundwater zone. The water content characteristic of the interface between the vadose and saturated zone was determined by comparison between the clay material state paths along its shrinkage curve and along its compaction curve. The PAW profiles were calculated from the water content profiles and then compared to the AWC profiles. The PAW profiles have been equated as polynomial second degree equations. In these shallow groundwater environments the PAW profiles have been modeled taking into account an easy measurable surface parameter which includes the soil structure behavior and the meteoric conditions: i.e. the water content measured at 10 cm depth. The PAW modelling remains sufficiently realistic to be used as a tool for farming management. Two preliminary studies were added to this work: - the measurement of effective thermal conductivity of the clayey soils by the transient hot wire method, and the modeling of the effective thermal conductivity of biphasic air-clay and water-clay media, but also triphasic unsaturated air-water-clay media. The prospect is the modeling of thermal and hydric transfer from the surface to the depth. - and the elaboration of a protocol of impregnation - hardening for wet clay dominated soils by HEMA resins. This impregnation allows the making of thin sections in these clay materials with conservation of their initial wet structures. The prospective is the quantitative petrography at the root - clay matrix interface along vertical profiles in clayey soils at different degrees of saturation and different structures
Effa, Effa Branly Wilfried. "Effets de la symbiose endomycorhizienne sur la tolérance au stress hydrique chez le riz." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG035.
Full textEstablishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in rice can promote its growth and tolerance to abiotic stress such as drought by improving its access to nutrient and water. The use of AM fungi (AMF) as bio-fertilizer therefore represent an interesting avenue for improving sustainability and resilience of rice cultivation in a context of land degradation and climate change. However, AM-symbiosis can in some context lead to detrimental effect on rice growth. Recent studies suggest that rice response to inoculation can, in addition to fungi and to environmental characteristics, be influenced by specific genetic determinants in rice. In this work, our objectives were to identify QTLs associated with plant response to AM-symbiosis when grown under irrigated and water deficit conditions. For this, plant growth conditions allowing root infection by the AM fungi Rhizophagus irregularis and compatible with high-throughput phenotyping were first determined. Secondly, a fully sequenced panel of 150 African rice (O. glaberrima) was phenotyped for shoot biomass across growth in inoculated and non-inoculated conditions using an imaged-based high-throughput phenotyping platform. Plants were grown in inoculated or non-inoculated conditions for four weeks under irrigation followed by a water deficit for three weeks. In our conditions, a negative effect of inoculation on shoot growth was observed at early vegetative growth under irrigated conditions (at 28 days after sowing; DAS) and after drought stress (at 46 DAS). Expression analyses of rice marker genes involved in different steps of rice/RI interaction, combined with visual observations of fungi structures in the root revealed that the plant established a pre-symbiotic dialogue with the fungi without establishing functional symbiosis. Association analyses between genotype and phenotype for shoot biomass under the inoculated treatment at 28 DAS identified a QTL containing a gene involved in nitrate transport. Our results open interesting ways regarding the role of nitrogen nutrition on AM-symbiosis establishment
Yani, Abdelhamid. "Les terpènes du cyprès : étude physiologique lors d'un stress hydrique et utilisation en chimiotaxinomie." Bordeaux 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR10523.
Full textSirichandra, Caroline. "Mécanismes de régulation des réponses au stress hydrique par la protéine kinase OPEN STOMATA1." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112160.
Full textIn response to drought, the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) promotes stomatal closure to prevent water loss by transpiration, and regulates the expression of many genes that participate to the dehydration tolerance. ABA-activated SnRK2 kinases are regulators of this signaling pathway. We defined the substrate preferences of the SnRK2 kinase OST1, a key component of ABA signaling in guard cells, and used these data to predict putative substrates in silico. Our results designate the transcription factor ABF3 as genuine OST1 substrate in guard cells. In vitro, OST1 phosphorylates ABF3 on multiple sites including the one corresponding to T451, which once phosphorylated, creates a binding site for 14-3-3 proteins. Furthermore, T451 is important for both ABF3 phosphorylation and stabilization in response to ABA in vivo. These findings suggest that the phosphorylation of ABF transcription factors by ABA-activated SnRK2 kinases and the subsequent binding of 14-3-3 protect these factors from degradation, leading to ABA-responsive genes expression. In a targeted approach, we identified putative OST1 phosphorylation sites in the NADPH oxidase AtrbohF which plays a role in stomatal closure. OST1 interacts with and phosphorylates AtrbohF, suggesting a regulation of NADPH oxidase activity by OST1 in guard cell. Together, our results imply that OST1 regulates ABA signaling in guard cell through the phosphorylation and the regulation of several proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression and in stomatal closure. Furthermore, the predictive strategy could help the identification of new SnRK2 substrates and therefore contribute to a better understanding of ABA signaling
Nguyen, Le Thu Ha. "Effet bottom-up du stress hydrique sur la gamme d’hôtes des parasitoïdes de pucerons." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4132.
Full textBiological control (BC - the use of natural enemies to control pests) are sustainable, environmentally friendly and cost-effective methods to counteract pest resistance by increasing pesticide use. Aphid parasitoids are common natural enemies of aphids, the major worldwide pests in agriculture. The study of parasitoid host specificity contributes to (1) understanding ecological and evolutionary mechanisms driving the ecosystem and (2) evaluating the efficiency of biocontrol agents and the ecological risks for non-target species. This study focuses on the parasitoids fundamental host specificity on individual levels, in terms of resource requirements and in the context of multi-trophic interactions under environmental abiotic stress, i.e.water limitation. Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) was chosen; this aphid parasitoid is used widely as an ecological model and commercial biological control agent (BCA). On the one hand, A. ervi host specificity index was measured on a broad range of aphid species. On the other hand, the indirect impacts of water limitation were investigated on the host specificity of the parasitoid. Furthermore, water stress-induced modifications in the plant and the aphid life-history traits were measured. A. ervi was shown to be an intermediate specialist species who attacked all aphid species at high rates but was unable to develop well on all of them. The few that developed well were phylogenetically close and belong to the Macrosiphini tribe. Interestingly, a positive correlation preference – performance was found. Under water stress, both preference and performance of parasitoids were affected causing loss of the correlation. Water limitation negatively altered the plant nutritional quality resulting in low aphid performance on host plants. This in turn decreased the suitability of aphid hosts for the parasitoid. The impacts of water limitation were not similar across all plant-aphid combinations and depended on several factors, namely stress-adapted plant mechanisms and the host specialization of both aphids and parasitoids
Nguyen, Le Thu Ha. "Effet bottom-up du stress hydrique sur la gamme d’hôtes des parasitoïdes de pucerons." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4132/document.
Full textBiological control (BC - the use of natural enemies to control pests) are sustainable, environmentally friendly and cost-effective methods to counteract pest resistance by increasing pesticide use. Aphid parasitoids are common natural enemies of aphids, the major worldwide pests in agriculture. The study of parasitoid host specificity contributes to (1) understanding ecological and evolutionary mechanisms driving the ecosystem and (2) evaluating the efficiency of biocontrol agents and the ecological risks for non-target species. This study focuses on the parasitoids fundamental host specificity on individual levels, in terms of resource requirements and in the context of multi-trophic interactions under environmental abiotic stress, i.e.water limitation. Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) was chosen; this aphid parasitoid is used widely as an ecological model and commercial biological control agent (BCA). On the one hand, A. ervi host specificity index was measured on a broad range of aphid species. On the other hand, the indirect impacts of water limitation were investigated on the host specificity of the parasitoid. Furthermore, water stress-induced modifications in the plant and the aphid life-history traits were measured. A. ervi was shown to be an intermediate specialist species who attacked all aphid species at high rates but was unable to develop well on all of them. The few that developed well were phylogenetically close and belong to the Macrosiphini tribe. Interestingly, a positive correlation preference – performance was found. Under water stress, both preference and performance of parasitoids were affected causing loss of the correlation. Water limitation negatively altered the plant nutritional quality resulting in low aphid performance on host plants. This in turn decreased the suitability of aphid hosts for the parasitoid. The impacts of water limitation were not similar across all plant-aphid combinations and depended on several factors, namely stress-adapted plant mechanisms and the host specialization of both aphids and parasitoids
Lochin, Pierre. "Contrôle climatique de la disponibilité en eau et du stress hydrique des arbres ripicoles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ENSL0015.
Full textRising global temperatures and their impact on water availability are increasing the vulnerability of riparian forests, which play an essential role in the resilience of fluvial hydrosystems in the face of climate change. By analyzing variations in plant communities, whether in terms of their distribution, health, or phenology, while examining the potential factors controlling them, it is possible to derive crucial information on their likely trajectories in a non-stationary climate context. Thus, it becomes imperative to deepen our understanding of the links between the factors governing water availability and riparian vegetation responses to improve our management and restoration practices for these environments and foster their resilience over the long term. This thesis provides answers to these challenges through two main scales of geographical analysis and the use of remote sensing tools.In this thesis, we explored the role of hydroclimatic controls on water availability in riparian forests along the Rhône River corridor, which is an ideal study area because of its north-south orientation. This orientation provides the opportunity to study a gradient of situations due to induced climatic and hydrological variability. This variability in hydroclimatic conditions enabled us to assess the impact of the hydroclimatic context on the chlorophyll activity of riparian stands. This first global approach, on the scale of the Rhône River corridor, revealed a high degree of variability in the hydroclimatic controls influencing riparian stands, with an increased dependence on water availability observed in southern regions. This scale of analysis also highlighted the potential role of local conditions as factors modulating riparian stand resilience. Thus, our second spatial analysis scale, the riparian stand scale, highlighted the importance of local hydrogeomorphological conditions in the resilience of riparian trees to water stress. However, we also showed that individual responses can be species-specific, as two co-occurring species typical of riparian ecosystems have contrasting responses to hydroclimatic controls and local conditions. This characterization of responses to water availability enabled us to create a remote sensing-based indicator to detect stands affected by water deficits. Finally, we linked these two spatial scales to characterize the behavior of a riparian woody species in the face of drought using a combination of tools and measurement scales linking satellite observations, airborne infrared thermal imaging, and in situ ecophysiological measurements.This thesis provides a better understanding of the links between hydroclimatic controls on water availability and the ecophysiological and morphological responses of riparian trees. It has also led to a better understanding of the role of local conditions in mitigating the effects of changing climatic conditions. These results will help managers of these areas to implement policies to preserve and restore riparian stands
Béthencourt, Linda. "Le stress hydrique chez le lin et la betterave : cas particuliers du tréhalose et du gène SWEETIE." Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIE0117.
Full textGrowing in their natural environment, plants often encounter unfavourable environmental conditions that interrupt normal plant growth and productivity. A common response to neutralize the negative effects of climate stresses is accumulation of molecules, like trehalose, involved in osmoregulation or stabilization of protein complexes and membranes. Engineering trehalose accumulation into crop plant could improve stress tolerance. The Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, sweetie, shows strongly elevated levels of trehalose and over-expression of genes implicated in sugar metabolism and abiotic stress. It is suggested that SWEETIE plays an important metabolic function and maybe in stress-related pathways. In this study, we show in Arabidopsis the important function of SWEETIE in development because of its expression in meristematic tissues. We also worked on linseed and sugar beet, two important species for Picardy’s region. We show that trehalose accumulates in leaves of these two species in drastic drought stress condition, confirming a role of this sugar in stress response. We also show a strong presence of trehalose in floral buds of linseed suggests a role in reproductive development. Moreover, we found the presence of the SWEETIE gene in linseed. Its expression is more important in floral buds compared to leaves. We show that a drought stress seems to induce a decreased of SWEETIE expression but an increase in leaves in drastic drought stress condition. The findings presented show that the SWEETIE gene, trehalose and drought stress are linked and should help our understanding of plant resistance to abiotic stresses
Pellegrino, Anne. "Elaboration d'un outil de diagnostic du stress hydrique utilisable sur la vigne en parcelle agricole par couplage d'un modèle de bilan hydrique et d'indicateurs de fonctionnement de la plante." Montpellier, ENSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSA0004.
Full textThis study was aimed to elaborate a tool to diagnose a posteriori the water stress experienced by vine, witch could be used in a network of farmer's fields. The tool was based on the coupling of a water balance model with a model of classification of assimilates sources and vegetative sinks activities under water stress to characterise, at a daily time step, the influence of water supply on plant status (sources-sinks relationships). The classification model was established from relationships between the fraction of vine's transpirable soil water (FTSW) and maximal net assimilation or parameters and composite indicators of vegetative growth on lateral branches. The water balance model simulating FTSW was parametrized for each farmer's field from predawn leaf water potential measurements (Yb) by the optimisation of a parameter (the total vine's transpirable soil water) on an empirical relationship between Yb and FTSW
Cyr, Guillaume. "Impact écophysiologique du stress hydrique sur des épinettes noires d'une pessière à lichens en dépérissement." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ33607.pdf.
Full textMorillon, Raphaël. "Modifications de perméabilité cellulaire à l'eau liées au développement, au stress hydrique, et aux mutations." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES032.
Full textBelin, Christophe. "Structure et fonctions de la protéine kinase OST1 dans la cellule de garde d'Arabidopsis thaliana." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00167031.
Full textKotchi, Serge Olivier. "Détection du stress hydrique par thermographie infrarouge : application à la culture de la pomme de terre." Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/22198/22198.pdf.
Full textWater stress affect the yield and the crop quality. For more than twenty years, remote sensing allowed several tools developments to assess water stress detection using sensors and model such as Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI). Sparse crop can generate error in the interpretation of this index. The use of an imaging-radiometer combined to a high spatial resolution visible image help to remove this weakness. This study present a new water stress index based in the use of infrared thermography. A first dataset was taken from greenhouse experimental set up on potatoes species (Highlite and Chieftain) using an hand-held imaging-radiometer (ThermaCAM SC 2000). Repeated measurements were made for water-stress induced plants and for well irrigated plants at different growing stages. The study showed that an early detection of water deficit by infrared thermography is possible as well as the detection of the significant response of plant to heat stress and leaf area change based on water stress intensity. Temperature differences between crop canopy and air (Tc - Ta) are strongly correlated with the water stress. The study has permitted the development of a new index named Area Water Stress Index (AWSI) and the results obtained with this index for water stress detection are very encouraging.
GUERIN, VINCENT. "Effets du stress hydrique sur les partenaires de la symbiose fixatrice d'azote vicia faba-rhizobium leguminosarum." Nice, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NICE4477.
Full textDubos, Christian. "Réponse moléculaire de jeunes plants de pin maritime soumis à un stress hydrique en milieu hydroponique." Nancy 1, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2001_0183_DUBOS.pdf.
Full textDrought greatly affects the growth and development of plants. For long lived woody species, water deprivation should be considered not only in the short-term, i. E. Summer drought, but also in the long-term because of the inflence of global warming. Such climatic modifications will coincide with the time lag required to achieve a breeding cycle. The maintenance of sufficient growth under stress conditions will therefore require the availability of varieties or natural resources that are adapted to present and future climatic conditions, if major losses are to be avoided. Our study is in keeping with an interdisciplinary program for the identification of phenotypic and molecular selection criteria. This thesis focuses on the molecular mechanisms involved in water-deficit response, of young seedlings growing in a hydropononic medium. An expression study carried out at the transcriptome level was developed using mRNA extracted from control and stress conditions for both the aerial part and the roots. This approach was completed by the analysis of protein accumulation
Tisné, Sébastien. "Bases écophysiologiques et génétiques de la plasticité de la croissance foliaire en réponse à une contrainte hydrique édaphique chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0033.
Full textMaslard, Corentin. "Ouvrir la boîte noire de l'interaction entre le soja et ses communautés microbiennes lors de stress thermique et hydrique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCK045.
Full textLegumes are grown for their protein-rich seeds, which are used for animal feed or human consumption. Seed legumes do not need nitrogen fertiliser, thanks to their ability to fix atmospheric N2 in symbiosis with soil bacteria (rhizobium) in newly formed root organs called nodules. Legumes therefore play an essential role in the development of more sustainable agriculture and can help mitigate future climate change. However, their sensitivity to environmental stresses, particularly water stress and high temperatures, means that their yields are unstable, which can hamper their development in cropping systems. In the context of climate change, where periods of water stress and high temperatures are more intense and longer, it is necessary to improve the ability of grain legumes to maintain their growth in order to guarantee high levels of productivity.After identifying two soybean genotypes with contrasting root architecture, the two genotypes were placed under control conditions in non-sterile soil and subjected to water deficit and/or heat wave conditions.This thesis highlighted the complex responses of soybean to environmental stresses and revealed several key insights. Water and heat stress significantly influenced the plant's nutritional balance, with a close correlation observed between water flux intensity and mineral uptake, highlighting the crucial role of water in nutrient transport. The multi-omics approach provided an in-depth understanding of plant metabolism under stress, showing that conditions of combined stress lead to an increase in the potential catabolism and remobilisation of certain nutrient, which is essential for maintaining osmolarity and supporting adaptation to stress. Finally, this research revealed that stress conditions distinctly modify the microbial communities associated with different plant compartments. In particular, root and leaf microbiota responded differently under different stress scenarios, reflecting the nuanced interactions between plants and their associated microbial communities in the face of environmental challenges
Rebolledo, Maria Camila. "Diversité génétique de la vigueur initiale et de la tolérance au stress hydrique chez le riz (Orysa Sativa.L) : identification de caractères morphogénétiques, métaboliques et hydrique pour les études génétiques." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSAM0003/document.
Full textEarly vigour (ie.shoot biomass accumulation) is essential for rapid crop establishment, resource acquisition and can thus contribute to drought avoidance. This work aims at characterizing the diversity of component traits constituting early vigor and its plasticity under drought for rice (Oriza Sativa L.). This study demonstrated that sink dynamics: Developmental Rate (DR, inverse of phyllochron, in °C.d-1); tillering capacity and potential leaf size which together constitute incremental demand for assimilates are mayor drivers of early vigor. A tradeoff between DR and leaf size was explained by differences in carbon concentrations in source and sink leaves, in particular high DR genotypes stored low starch in source leaves compared to large leaf genotypes under well watered conditions. Low drought tolerance was related to a reduction in sink activity under drought. This study demonstrates that rice has a great genetic diversity in terms of drought tolerance. Under drought both high DR and large leaves vigorous genotypes had the strongest growth reduction. Indeed, DR was associated to high stomatal sensibility to drought and low WUE, while large leaves genotypes showed high leaf senescence rates. Finally, the phenotypic diversity observed within the studied japonica panel is promising for genetic association studies in order to improve rice drought resistance. The genetic limitations of the negative, phenotypic linkages observed between early vigor and drought tolerance, and thus the easiness to co-select for both traits will have to be explored
Cadic, Eléna. "Recherches de facteurs génétiques impliqués dans l'élaboration du rendement sous contrainte hydrique chez le tournesol Helianthus annuus par génétique d'association et analyse de liaison dans une population recombinante." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3447/.
Full textFor most crops, water availability is a major component of yield. We must improve crop plants tolerance to water deficit in order to guarantee food security. Sunflower, a species of economic importance is also concerned by this challenge. The aim of this thesis is to identify genomic regions involved in the variability of yield and its components under drought. To this purpose, an association mapping approach has been led on a core collection of 384 cultivated and elite lines evaluated as hybrids combinations in a multi environment trial of 17 environments. In a first step, the separated analysis per environment led to the identification of 157 markers associated with at least one trait by apply a model taking into account the structuration in two groups: male restorer lines and female lines. Among these significant markers, 34 were associated with productivity but only on a specific environment, underlying the importance of genotype by environment interaction. In a second step, a crop model simulating sunflower genotypes yield depending on environmental conditions, led to the characterization of drought stress inside the multi environment trial. By using varieties defined before in the model, a drought index has been estimated for each environment. Thus, the panel response to this index has been tested in association mapping leading to the identification of several new loci involved in drought stress response and yield stability. QTL mapping in a bi parental population confirmed some regions and led to the detection of new ones
Bresson, Justine. "Interaction plante-microorganismes : Implication de la rhizobactérie Phyllobacterium brassicacearum dans les réponses d'Arabidopsis thaliana au stress hydrique." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01012108.
Full textMoulineau, Claire. "Le stress hydrique chez le mil (Pennisetum glaucum (L. ) R. Br. ) : caractérisation et recherche de marqueur moléculaire." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20065.
Full textPerfus-Barbeoch, Laetitia. "Identification et régulation de transporteurs membranaires d'Arabidopsis thaliana impliqués dans la réponse aux stress métallique et hydrique." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX22057.
Full textBresson, Justine. "Interaction plante-microorganismes : Implication de la rhizobactérie Phyllobacterium brassicacearum dans les réponses d’Arabidopsis thaliana au stress hydrique." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20084/document.
Full textPlant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can enhance plant performance and plant tolerance to environmental stresses. Arabidopsis thaliana is a useful organism to study the mechanisms involved in plant-PGPR interactions. We analyzed multiple plant traits related to growth dynamics, development and physiology in order to assess the effects of Phyllobacterium brassicacearum STM196 strain, isolated from the rhizosphere of oilseed rape, on Arabidopsis responses to well-defined soil water availability. Using powerful tools for phenotyping, we developed a new high-throughput analysis to examine the implication of STM196 on plant strategies to cope with water stress. Our results show for the first time that PGPR can interfere in escape strategies of plants through modifications in plant growth and flowering time. Moreover, STM196 induced a better resistance to moderate water deficit and a better tolerance to dehydration under a severe stress. Inoculation by STM196 can represent an added value to plant resistance strategies, as illustrated by its remarkable ability to promote plant survival and biomass production under contrasted environments. Our results highlight the importance of plant-bacteria interactions in plant responses to drought and provide a new avenue of investigations to improve drought resistance in crops
Bortolami, Giovanni. "Impact des agents pathogènes sur le bilan hydrique et carboné de la vigne : conséquences pour le dépérissement de la vigne." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0114.
Full textPerennial plant dieback is an increasing and complex phenomenon. Perennial plants experience many interacting stressing events leading to final plant mortality. These interactions, and how they may change regarding climatic conditions and plant physiological status, are key in understanding the dieback process. Although dieback events are increasing worldwide, the knowledge on the dieback mechanisms are scarce, given the many technical challenges in studying complex interactions. In this thesis, we studied the interaction between two stresses frequently experienced by grapevines, one of the most important perennial crops: drought and esca (a vascular disease). Esca is a disease in which there are many competing hypotheses regarding its pathogenesis. One of the main hypothesis is that leaf symptoms and plant death are caused by hydraulic failure in xylem vessels. For this reason, drought is thought to contribute synergistically with esca to grapevine dieback. In this context, this thesis has primarily explored the hydraulic failure hypothesis during esca pathogenesis. We found that during leaf symptom expression both leaves and stems suffer from hydraulic failure causing (on average) 69% loss of hydraulic conductance in midribs, 55% in petioles, and 30% in stems. Differing from classical air embolism during drought, we observed that hydraulic failure during esca was caused by the presence of plant-derived vascular occlusions (i.e. tyloses and gels) produced at a distance from the pathogen niche in the trunk. After this discovering, we explored the interaction between esca and drought, subjecting naturally infected plants to drought. We found that drought totally inhibits esca leaf symptoms, as none of the plants under water deficit (at ΨPD ≈ -1MPa for three months) expressed leaf symptoms in two consecutive seasons. At the same time, in order to understand the interaction between esca and drought, we recorded the whole-plant water relations and carbon economy of grapevine under both stresses. We highlight the distinct physiology behind these two stresses, indicating that esca and drought present different underlying mechanisms, and induce different plant responses and physiological consequences. Esca (and subsequent stomatal conductance decline) does not result from decreases in water potential, and generates different gas exchange and non-structural carbohydrate seasonal dynamics compared to drought. Finally, we observed that esca affected the recorded plant physiology only seasonally, and not over the long-term. This thesis highlights the importance in finding the physiological thresholds triggering the different interactions during plant dieback. Together, the results open new scientific and agronomical perspectives on plant-pathogen-environment interactions and vineyard sustainability
Chabi, Malika. "Approches transcriptomique et protéomique pour étudier les rôles de l’environnement et du génotype sur le métabolisme pariétal chez le lin." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10206/document.
Full textFlax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is grown for its cellulose-rich bast fibers used in the textile industry and for reinforcing composite materials. Fiber “quality” depends partly on the structure of the cell wall and we have therefore tried to obtain a better understanding of the different factors that can influence the structure of flax cell walls. We firstly confirmed the use of a new Nimblegen microarray changing from a system based on short (25-mer) oligonucleotides to a system based on long oligonucleotides (60 mers). A proteomics approach was then used and allowed us to identify 1,242 non-redundant proteins of which 410 could be related to cell wall metabolism. In parallel we demonstrated the presence of xyloglucan hemicelluloses in flax fiber cell walls and identified an important paralogy in the IIIA XTH (xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase) family potentially implicated in the formation/structuration of the flax fiber cell wall. Then a transcriptomic and proteomic comparison between different field-grown flax varieties (spring fiber, winter fiber, winter oil) over 2 consecutive years allowed us to identify 659 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) at the variety level, and 1,571 genes at the environmental level. A non-negligible number of these genes is involved in cell wall metabolism thereby providing some initial clues allowing a link to be made between variety and quality. This study also underlined the potential importance of the XTH protein in flax cell wall metabolism. The role of the environment on cell wall metabolism was further explored in a study aiming to dissect the impact of drought stress on the transcriptomes of 3 vegetative organs (stem, leaf, root). Preliminary analyses identified an important number of DEGs involved in the biosynthesis and remodeling of several cell wall polymers
Etchebarne, Flor. "Influence du régime hydrique de la vigne et du rapport feuilles-fruits sur la composition minérale, et sur le bilan en sucres et en eau de la baie cv. Grenache Noir (Vitis vinifera L)." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0003.
Full textThe objective of this work was to study source-sink relationships. Two factors were considered, leaf:fruit ratio and the effect of vine water status on the accumulation cations, sugar and water in the berry during the growth and ripening periods. The variety used wasGrenache Noir (Vitis vinifera L). During the 2006 and 2007 experimental growing seasons, two water status modalities were applied (irrigated and non irrigated) and three leaf:fruit ratio treatments were studied: 5, 10 and 18 leaves per primary shoot, with one bunch per shoot. The treatment of 10 leaves per shoot was the common treatment between the two years. In all the cases, 14 shoots per plant were left and each vine was considered as the sum of homogeneous primary shoots. The mineral element contents were determined separately in different fruit compartments, i. E. The skin, flesh and seeds. Results showed that dry matter only begins to diminish a few days after the onset of water deficit. Thus there is a latent period between the reduction in photosynthesis following water stress and the subsequent effects on fruit dry matter and water content. Mineral elements accumulate independently of one another, but their evolution in the fruit and their final quantity in the berry depend principally on plant water status. The accumulation of the mineral elements studied takes place during herbaceous growth period of the fruit from berry-set (the start of fruit development following anthesis) to veraison and continues during ripening for potassium, magnesium and sodium, − cations transported by the phloem. The accumulation of potassium parallels the evolution of fruit fresh weight and their final quantities in the berry depend principally on plant water status. Calcium is considered to be phloem-immobile in the vine and its accumulation takes place principally during herbaceous fruit growth period (pre-véraison). Berry composition is less dependent on leaf:fruit ratio than to grapevine water status, mainly for cations, sugar and water content. This work provides evidence of the importance of plant water status, irrespective of the leaf:fruit ratio, on berry compound accumulation. Vine waterstatus is a major regulating factor for source-sink regulationships. This study supports the hyphotesis of a partial functioning of berry xylem conduction post-véraison, in regards to Ca++ accumulation for vines under favourable hydric conditions. The use of a model to estimate the plant biomass production, has allowed to show that the carbohydrate reserves, apart from photosynthesis, could contribute to supply the berry sugar content from véraison to ripeness. That has been shown in plant water deficit situations and with unbalanced leaf to fruit ratio vines
Chefdor, Françoise. "Recherche d’un phosphorelais multiple impliqué dans la perception et la transduction du signal stress hydrique chez le peuplier." Orléans, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ORLE2054.
Full textBENSARI, MOURAD. "Photosynthese et repartition du carbone assimile entre le saccharose et l'amidon chez le soja : influence du stress hydrique." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30063.
Full textMilano, Marianne. "Changements globaux en Méditerranée : impacts sur le stress hydrique et la capacité à satisfaire les demandes en eau." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20080.
Full textThe Mediterranean basin has been identified as one of the world's most vulnerable regions to climatic and anthropogenic changes and constitutes a water crisis' hot spot. Under such context, questions on water resources management arise. Integrated methodologies taking into account evolution in water resources availability and water demands are thus generated. A first methodology accounting for the Mediterranean basin specific conditions is developed to assess the current and future water stress state of this region. The medium-term evolution of water stress is investigated using climatic scenarios and a water-use scenario based on efficiency improvements following the recommendations of the Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Development. Currently, the southern and eastern rims are experiencing high to severe water stress. By the 2050 horizon, a 30–50% decline in freshwater resources is simulated over most of the Mediterranean basin and total water withdrawals are projected to double. Water stress could hence increase over the whole Mediterranean basin. If progresses in efficiency are reached, total water withdrawals would stabilize over the Mediterranean basin and even make them decrease (10–40%) in many northern catchments. Water stress could thus be tempered in some eastern catchments and kept to low on the northern rim. A second integrated water resources modelling framework was developed over the Ebro catchment (Spain) in order to evaluate water allocation for the domestic and agricultural sector as well as for environmental purposes. The catchment was divided into 9 sub-catchments to which 11 demand sites were attributed, in order to take into account the different hydro-climatic regimes and the influence of dams on hydrological regimes. This method defines current pressures applied to water resources and evaluates the evolution of water allocation by the medium term under climatic and water-use scenarios considering population growth and irrigated areas expansion. Currently, water demands are satisfied over the Ebro catchment. In 2050, water resources are projected to decline by 30-35% during the spring and summer seasons. Environmental and domestic water demands should still be satisfied but agricultural water demands could have to face severe water shortages during the summer season. These two modeling frameworks establish a dialogue between water resources and water demands at different space scales and give indexes on the capacity to satisfy water demands under climatic and anthropogenic scenarios. These studies provide original approaches to evaluate water resources current and future availability, to identify the most vulnerable regions to water use conflicts and to better orientate adaptation strategies. In a context of climatic and anthropogenic changes, such frameworks are a first step to better sustain water management policies and to support the co-construction of scenarios between users, policy-makers and scientists
Faes, Pascal. "Catabolisme de la proline et du GABA chez le colza : incidence de carences azotée et hydrique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S173.
Full textIn the context of climate change and recent regulation concerning nitrogen inputs, the oilseed rape yields may be severely decreased because its crop requires significant nitrogen supply to reach high yield performance. Moreover, as water deficit induces the accumulation of some nitrogen compounds in oilseed rape, it is likely that this could lead to diversion of significant amounts of nitrogen to the vegetative organs at the expense of the reproductive ones and therefore of the yield. In oilseed rape, the metabolic response to water deficit results in a very high proline accumulation and, to a lesser extent, an increased content of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), both these amino acids known for their response to many environmental stresses in most species. The objective of the work presented here was to determine how the metabolism of proline and GABA contributes to the nitrogen allocation during plant development under optimal conditions and under water stress and/or nitrogen depletion. To answer this question, we have chosen to characterize two major enzymatic pathways involved in the catabolism of proline and GABA, proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) and GABA transaminase (GABA-T), and assess the impact of water and/or nitrogen deficiency on these pathways. This study has required to preliminary identify the genes encoding these enzymes in order to initiate a functional approach. The results show the presence of multiple copies of ProDH and GABA-T genes in the oilseed rape genome. Analysis of their expression profiles suggests that sub-functionalization processes are occurring, leading to the specific expression of some copies in response to stress, and some in developmental processes. Comparison of metabolic profiles with specific profiles of transcripts allows us to hypothesize about the role of these pathways in management of nitrogen. The combined study of proline and GABA metabolisms suggests the existence of relationships between them. Finally, the use of seedlings allows - further studying the regulation of genes in the early stages of development - and highlighting the deleterious effects of the inhibition of GABA-T by a pharmacological approach. In conclusion these results supply information on the regulation of these two enzymes and provide answers about the functional roles of proline and GABA catabolisms in the management processes of water and nitrogen in oilseed rape. These works constitute a first step in validation process of these genes as putative candidates for oilseed rape breeding programs to select genotypes better adapted to future environmental conditions
Couchoud, Mégane. "Compréhension de la capacité d’une plante de Pois à récupérer entermes de croissance et d’acquisition d’azote après un stress hydrique : étudesécophysiologique et moléculaire." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCK007.
Full textPea (Pisum sativum L.) has the unique ability to fix atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) via a symbiosis with soil bacteria in root nodules. Although this specificity makes this crop particularly interesting in the context of agroecological transition, symbiotic nitrogen fixation is particularly sensitive to abiotic stresses such as water deficit, which contributes to the yield instability of this protein crop and reduces its interest for farmers. Yield stability depends both on plant's ability to tolerate stress and on its ability to recover after stress. However, the mechanisms involved during the recovery period have been for now poorly explored. It is, therefore, essential to identify traits of plants maximizing pea resilience to water deficit, in order to propose new ideotypes that are better adapted to environmental conditions of fluctuating water or nutrient availabilities.The main objectives of this study were: i) to identify the ecophysiological processes involved during the recovery period following a water deficit, considering in particular plant growth and plant nitrogen acquisition, and ii) to determine the underlying molecular processes within roots and nodules.During a first experiment in controlled conditions (4PMI Platform, Dijon, France), the dynamics of recovery of two pea genotypes were analyzed in detail after imposing plants before their flowering to a water deficit of two weeks. While one of the genotypes, (Kayanne), was able to maintain its yield under these conditions, yield of the other one (Puget) was decreased by water deficit. We have used both a) a whole-plant approach (using an ecophysiological framework focused on carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes in the plant) and b) so-called "omics" approaches (metabolomics, transcriptomics, and phytohormone assays) concerning root and nodule compartments. This analysis was completed by a second one where 13C and 15N2 isotopic labeling experiment allowed us to precisely measure carbon and nitrogen fluxes in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum.Our analyses revealed that the two genotypes studied had contrasting resilience abilities, partly explained by different recovery strategies during the re-watering period, and particularly implying processes which were related to nitrogen nutrition. We have demonstrated that during the recovery period Kayanne was able to quickly and strictly re-adjust the formation of nodules to its growth needs, allowing this genotype to fully recover from the 2-week water deficit period. On the other hand, in Puget, the initiation of new nodules after water deficit was delayed compared to control plants, but numerous additional nodules developed. We hypothesized that the associated larger energy cost, which occurred to the detriment of growth, would finally negatively impact Puget’s yield.This difference in the dynamics of the root system response to re-watering was comforted by the molecular analysis performed in root and nodule compartments. The "omics" analysis also highlighted differences in antioxidant and osmoprotective responses between the two genotypes that could help to explain the delay observed for the recovery of the two genotypes.Altogether these results give new insights for the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the recovery of pea plant after a water deficit. Next step will consist in a statistical integration of the multi-scaled data (ecophysiological, hormonal, metabolomic and transcriptomic data), which should make it possible to identify the main regulators involved in recovery, for breeding strategies leading to the selection of pea ideotypes better suited to fluctuating water conditions
Mahieu, Stéphanie. "Quantification de la contribution des cultures de pois (Pisum sativum L.) au pool azoté du sol." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00433507.
Full textJeanneau, Matthieu. "Surexpression de la phosphoénolpyruvate carboxylase chez le mai͏̈s : impacts sur le fonctionnement photosynthétique et la qualité du grain." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112293.
Full textThe aim of this work was the production of transformed plants to evaluate the physiological consequences of a PEPC overexpression targeted to the whole plant, seeds or leaves. In seeds, the PEPC activity increased up to 10 times and the foreign C4 isoform has been biochemically and immunologically identified. Lipid and protein contents were slightly modified. We suggest that the physiological impact of an overexpression of a C4 PEPC gene under the control of the HMWG promoter is weak. By using immunodetection, and immunolocalization experiments we showed that the sorghum enzyme is present in the leaf mesophyll of transformed maize. We measured a doubling of the PEPC specific activity well correlated with the accumulation of mRNAm and proteins. It is shown that under moderate light, a compensation mechanism lowers phosphorylation of the PEPC pool. Under non limiting conditions, transgenic plants showed an increase in net photosynthesis (+7%). .
Parre, Elodie. "La signalisation lipidique et le métabolisme de la proline en réponse à des contraintes hydriques : rôles des phospholipases C et D chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066213.
Full textRivalland, Vincent. "Amelioration et validation du modele de fonctionnement de la végétation ISBA-A-gs: stress hydrique et flux de CO2." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009717.
Full textNi, Zhuoya. "Méthode pour l'estimation de la fluorescence de la chlorophylle et son application pour la détection précoce du stress hydrique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAD022/document.
Full textSun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence is a new way to monitor the vegetation change and global carbon cycle. Through the model simulated analysis, the pot experiment and the airborne flying experiment, the research on detecting the multi-scale sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence is developed in this dissertation. The main conclusions and innovations are as follows: 1. The maize water control experiments demonstrate that the passive fluorescence can be used to detect the crop water stress, and the analysis of the different responses of the fluorescence and temperature illustrates that the fluorescence is much sensitive to the early water stress. 2. Analyze the effects of temperature, sun zenith angle and fluorescence quantum efficiency on the qualitative fluorescence retrieval, and propose a qualitative fluorescence retrieval method based on the reflectance index. 3. Analyze the effects of airborne fluorescence retrieval, and obtain that sun zenith angle and airborne sensor height are the important factors to affect the sun-induced fluorescence retrieval from the simulated analysis and airborne flying experiment
Mentewab, Ayalew. "Androgénèse in vitro chez le blé : utilisation pour la transformation génétique et l'amélioration de la résistance au stress hydrique." Toulouse, INPT, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPT001A.
Full textRivalland, Vincent. "Amélioration et validation du modèle de fonctionnement de la végétation ISBA-A-gs : stress hydrique et flux de CO2." Toulouse 3, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009717.
Full textIlami, Golnar. "Purification, caractérisation structurale et fonctionnelle d'une protéine, BnD22, induite par la contrainte hydrique progressive chez le colza." Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120028.
Full textRahima, Sidi-Boulenouar. "Dynamic monitoring of water status of plants in the fields under environmental stress : Design of a portable NMR and applied to sorghum." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS081/document.
Full textToday, understanding how plants respond to water stress is essential to meet the challenge of developing new cultivars and new irrigation strategies, consistent with the maintenance of crop productivity with the evidence of global warming. In this context, the study of plant /water relations is of central interest for modeling plant and organ responses to biotic and abiotic constraints. Paradoxically, there are very few direct and non-invasive methods to quantify and measure the level and the flow of water in plants.For this purpose, we report on the development of an innovative methodology based on low-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry (NMR). A dedicated NMR device to perform NMR measurements on living plants has been built in a climatic chamber that allows a control and careful modification of environmental parameters during experimentation over reliable periods of time at the laboratory. In parallel, complementary NMR imaging at high magnetic field to study, the anatomy, water content, phloem and xylem transport in sorghum plants were performed. The combination of these approaches allows us to determine innovant eco-physiological biomarkers and to design new experiments in the laboratory and even in the fields.One particular interesting result concertns the investigation of the spatial distribution of water stems (node and inter node) from low field NMR Relaxometry and 3D high resolution MRI images. The modification of the NMR relaxation parameters during dynamic diurnal cycle will be presented in normal and abiotic stress conditions. A direct application permits to extract eco-physiological biomarkers which allows to explore and model water fluxes during water stress and to analyze their impact on the development of sorghum plant. Our ultimate goal is to perform these NMR studies directly in the fields. Thus, a home made portable NMR device, working at 336kHz(8mT) is presented. The development and optimization of the homogeneity of a resistive magnet and Radio Frequency coils, NMR pulse sequences in order to respect the versatility and thermal conditions to maintain the plant intact are described in details. Finally we will present our investigations conducted with this device in the laboratory, in the greenhouses and in sorghum fields
Bobille, Hélène. "Modulation de l’exsudation racinaire de composés azotés chez les Fabacées et réponse aux stress hydriques." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0067.
Full textLegume roots release substantial amounts of nitrogen (N) into the soil. They can help to reduce the use of synthetic N fertilisers in cropping systems. A part of this N derives from root exudates, mainly in amino acids (AAs) forms, that are highly suspected to regulate the abundance of microbial community in the rhizosphere. This may impact plant nutrition and resistance to abiotic stress. However, exudated AAs have not been unequivocally quantified, due to interaction with rhizosphere microorganisms and mineral particles. We hypothesized that root AA exudation could change significantly according to the substrate type, the plant growth and water availability. In the present work, we have developed a methodology using unsterilized soil in order to measure the rhizosphere AA fingerprint (RAAF), as the net result of interactions between AA exudation and rhizospheric environment. The RAAF was measured in Medicago truncatula grown in either sterilized sand or unsterilized soil, at three vegetative plant stages; and in Pisum sativum grown in unsterilized soil, under either a water deficit or a water excess. P. sativum plants were stem-labeled with 15N, in order to assess root 15N-AA released in the rhizosphere. The RAAF increased substantially during plant growth, showing a significant quantitative and qualitative plant growth dependent effect. Water deficit significantly modified RAAF with more recently assimilated N, proline, alanine and valine released in the rhizosphere under water deficit. This work contributed to highlight factors affecting RAAF and to better understand ecophysiological aspects of N rhizodeposition of legumes
Hatmi, Saloua. "Impact du déficit hydrique sur les réponses de défense et la sensibilité de la vigne à Botrytis cinerea : rôle de la dégradation des polyamines." Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIMS035.
Full textGrapevine is often exposed to both biotic and abiotic stresses, and it will optimize defense strategies by favoing sometimes the cross-talk between adaptive responses to abiotic stress and immune response against pathogen challenge. In this study we evaluated the effect of water stress (by withholding water) on different adaptive responses, and also on defense responses and sensitivity of grapevine leaves or berries to Botrytis cinerea. These reactions were monitored using vegetative cuttings of two varieties: Meski (MSK) a drought tolerant cultivar and Chardonnay (CHR) as a sensitive one. The relationship between the responses to water stress and the immune response was also assessed using detached leaves from vitroplantlets and detached ripe berries from Chardonnay exposed to osmotic agents: polyethlene glycole (PEG) and a high concentration of sucrose (SUC). The results show that water/osmotic stress leads to significant physiological and biochemical changes in grapevine leaves and ripe berries. The improved tolerance of MSK to drought is associated with a weak inhibition of photosynthetic activity, altered amino acid profile and an activation of polyamine (PA) catabolism, compared to the sensitive plant CHR. These results suggest a potential role of metabolic deviations observed in the process of osmotic stress olerance. MSK tolerance to water deficit is also correlated with a strong induction of defense responses, such as accumulation of resveratrol and e-viniferin, enhanced expression of defense-related genes, including STS , Gluc (PR-2), Chit-4c (PR-3) and PR-5, and a low susceptibility of leaves to B. cinerea. These results suggest a close connection between water stress tolerance and the ability of grapevine to express more their defense mechanisms and then to resist better to the pathogen B. cinerea. Pharmacological experiments showed that experiencing water/osmotic stress, PA oxidation through diamine- and PA-oxidases is involved in the regulation of PA homeostasis and the expression of defense reactions in both leaves and berries. The application of osmotic stress before leaf infection by B. cinerea potentiates PA accumulation probably by reducing PA degradation. These effects are correlated with a reduction of defense responses after B. cinerea infection, as well as to an increased susceptibility to B. cinerea.These results highlight (1) the importance of abiotic stress in regulating the immune response in grapevine plants and resistance to B. cinerea and (2) that the level of defense responses induced by osmotic and the resistance of grapevine to the pathogen are dependent, at least in part, on some adaptive mechanisms to stress, as it is the case here for polyamine degradation pathways
Bizet, François. "Division et élongation cellulaire dans l'apex de la racine : diversité de réponses au déficit hydrique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0258/document.
Full textRegulation of root growth is a crucial capacity of plants for acclimatization to environmental stresses. At cell scale, this regulation is controlled through cell division and cell elongation but respective importance of these processes and interactions between them are still poorly known. Notably, the cell production activity of the root apical meristem (RAM) is often excluded. During this thesis, spatial analyses of growth along the root apex were coupled with temporal analyses of cell trajectories in order to decipher the links between cell division and cell elongation. This required the setup of a system for phenotyping root growth at a high spatiotemporal resolution which was applied to study the growth of roots from an euramerican poplar (Populus deltoides × Populus nigra) in response to different environmental stresses (osmotic stress or mechanical impedance). An important variability of root growth rate between individuals as well as individual cyclic variations of growth along time were observed despite tightly controlled environmental conditions. Use of this variability coupled with quantification of the RAM activity led us to a better understanding of the importance of the cell production rate for sustaining root growth. This work analyses a new spatiotemporal scale of growth variability poorly considered. Widely applicable to others scientific questioning, temporal analyses of cell fate once produced in the RAM is also discussed for non-steady growth conditions
Feki, Mohamed. "La sécheresse bioclimatique estivale en Kroumirie et dans les Mogods (Tunisie) : estimation à partir du stress hydrique de la végétation." Aix-Marseille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX10100.
Full textMontan, Torres Gisèle Abigail. "Recherche et caractérisation chez le haricot commun de gènes dont l'expression est modulée dans les racines lors d'un stress hydrique." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112129.
Full textWater deficit is one of the major constraints to the productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ). To overcome this limitation and improve production efficiency, more drought-tolerant plants must be developed. Plants respond to drought through transcriptional modulations of a certain number of genes. Few of them have been described for bean. The aim of this work was to characterize genes differentially expressed in response to water stress in P. Vulgaris roots. Plants growing in an aeroponic system were submitted to dehydration by the arrest of spraying. Among 1200 cDNAs observed in DDRT-PCR experiments, 8,7% showed specific dehydration-responsive patterns in roots. Forty-seven partial cDNAs were further analyzed. All except one correspond to new genes in bean. Twenty cDNAs, named PvDR for Phaseolus vulgaris Dehydration Responsive, are regulated by dehydration before the significant change of root water status and the ABA synthesis. Based on sequence homologies, the corresponding genes were classified as involved in cellular division, control of gene expression as well as turn-over of lipids or proteins. Two multigenic families corresponding to a translation initiation factor EIF4A and a heat shock protein HSP70 have been analyzed in detail. Expression analyses of the two PveIF4A and three genes coding for HSP/HSC70 cytosolic isoforms showed variable responses to dehydration, heat shock and ABA. A new type of plant transporter was isolated corresponding to organic cation transporters in animals. Specific transcripts were detected in phloem cells of roots and stems. Its expression profile during a dehydration / rehydration cycle, strongly suggests an implication of this transporter in the response to water stress