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Schwartzman, Jessica M., Antonio Y. Hardan, and Grace W. Gengoux. "Parenting stress in autism spectrum disorder may account for discrepancies in parent and clinician ratings of child functioning." Autism 25, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 1601–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361321998560.
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Elevated parenting stress among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder is well-documented; however, there is limited information about variability in parenting stress and relationships with parent ratings of child functioning. The aim of this study was to explore profiles of parenting stress among 100 parents of young children with autism spectrum disorder enrolled in two clinical trials and potential relationships between parenting stress and parent ratings of child functioning at the baseline timepoint. Secondary aims examined differential patterns of association between parenting stress profiles and parent versus clinician ratings of child functioning. A k-means cluster analysis yielded three different profiles of parenting stress (normal, elevated, and clinically significant) using scores on the Parenting Stress Index–Short Form. One-way analyses of variance revealed differential patterns of parent ratings across the three parenting stress profiles on certain domains of child functioning (e.g. problem behaviors and social impairment) and family empowerment, but similar ratings of child receptive and expressive language abilities. Clinicians blinded to study conditions also rated child functioning, but clinician ratings did not differ by parenting stress profile. Findings emphasize the importance of identifying parenting stress profiles and understanding their relationship with parent ratings, with implications for interpreting parent-report measures and measuring child response in treatment trials. Lay abstract Elevated parenting stress among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder is well-documented; however, there is limited information about differences in parenting stress and potential relationships with parent ratings of child functioning. The aim of this study was to explore profiles of parenting stress among 100 parents of young children with autism spectrum disorder enrolled in two clinical trials and to explore relationships between parenting stress level and parent ratings of child functioning before treatment. Secondary aims examined differential patterns of association between parenting stress profiles and parent versus clinician ratings of child functioning. We show that stress may influence parent ratings of certain child behaviors (e.g. problem behaviors) and not others (e.g. language), yet clinician ratings of these same children do not differ. This new understanding of parenting stress has implications for parent-rated measures, tracking treatment outcome, and the design of clinical trials.
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Fitriasari, Andikawati, Ah Yusuf, and Nurilla Kholidah. "PENGARUH PROGRAM PARENTING DALAM MENGURANGI STRES ORANG TUA DENGAN ANAK AUTIS." Psychiatry Nursing Journal (Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa) 1, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/pnj.v1i2.16419.
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Pendahuluan: Pola asuh orang tua sangat berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak, apalagi jika pada anak mengalami autis. Umumnya orang tua yang memiliki anak autis mengalami stres, oleh karena itu bagaimana program pemberian parenting sangat penting dikaji agar orang tua dapat memperlakukan anak autis dalam mencapai perkembangan optimalnya. Systematic review ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pengaruh program parenting dalam mengurangi stres orang tua dengan anak autis.Metode: Pencarian jurnal dilakukan pada database Scopus dan Sience Direct, pembatasan jurnal pada 10 tahun terakhir mulai 2008-2017, area jurnal Nursing, Psychologi, Disabilitas, Child, dan Psychiatri dengan kata kunci Parenting, Parent Stress and Autism. Prosedur seleksi dan ekstraksi data menggunakan pendekatan PICOT.Hasil: Total keseluruhan partisipan dari seluruh penelitian yang diriview adalah 2107 dengan orangtua yang mengalami kecemasan atau stress akibat memiliki anak autis. Intervensi yang digunakan dalam semua penelitian adalah intervensi program parenting dan support parenting. Rerata durasi interfensi selama 3 minggu dengan rerata follow up 12 bulan. Efek signifikan ditemukan secara statistik dari program parenting atau support parenting untuk hasil pasca pemberian intervensi hingga follow up. Hasil yang signifikan ditemukan pada pemberian program parenting melalui media konseling peneliti di dampingi oleh terapis yang bersertifikat.Kesimpulan: Parenting memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan dalam menurunkan stres pada orang tua yang memiliki anak autis. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Parenting is very influential in the growth and development of children, especially if the child has autism. Generally, parents who have autistic children experience stress, therefore how the parenting program is very important to be studied so that parents can treat autistic children in achieving optimal development. This Systematic review aims to explain the effect of parenting programs in reducing the stress of parents with autistic children.Method: The journal search was conducted on the Scopus and Science Direct databases, journal restrictions in the last ten years starting 2008-2017, the journal areas of Nursing, Psychology, Disability, Child, and Psychiatry with the keywords Parenting, Parent Stress and Autism. Data selection and extraction procedures use the PICOT approach.Results: The total number of participants from all studies reviewed was 2107, with parents experiencing anxiety or stress due to having an autistic child. The interventions used in all research were parenting program interventions and parenting support. The average duration of intervention was three weeks with a mean follow-up of 12 months. Significant effects were found statistically from parenting programs or parenting support for outcomes post-intervention until follow-up. Significant results were found in parenting programs through researchers' counseling media accompanied by certified therapists.Conclusion: Parenting has a significant effect on reducing stress in parents who have autistic children.
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Yamane, Takahiro. "Longitudinal psychometric evaluation of the developmental disorder parenting stressor index with Japanese parents of children with autism." Autism 25, no. 7 (August 11, 2021): 2034–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211009349.
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Assessing parenting stress in parents of children with autism has crucial clinical implications because increased parental stress is associated with psychological disorders and personal distress, which can result in worse child–parent relationships. We examined the psychometric properties of a new index for assessing parenting stressors—the Developmental Disorder Parenting Stressor Index and the temporal variability of parenting stressors using longitudinal data of 212 Japanese parents of children with autism aged 2–18 years. The findings indicated that the Developmental Disorder Parenting Stressor Index has appropriate cross-validity, structural validity, construct validity, and reliability. Moreover, the psychometric properties and the brevity of the Developmental Disorder Parenting Stressor Index increase the clinical utility of the scale. The implications of the findings of this study are discussed. Lay abstract Parents of children with autism experience high rates of parenting stress. Assessing parenting stress in them has crucial clinical implications because increased parental stress is associated with psychological disorders and personal distress, which can result in worse child–parent relationships. Theorists have proposed that a person’s cognitive appraisal determines whether or not a situation or an encounter is personally stressful. However, prior scales merely measure the outcomes of parental stress as a stress response: little the scales were designed to assess events and cognitive appraisal-related parenting stressors of parents of children with autism. We investigated whether a new index for assessing parenting stressors—the Developmental Disorder Parenting Stressor Index is a valid measure to assess parenting stressors of parents of children with autism using longitudinal online surveys at three times. Participants were 212 Japanese parents of children with autism aged 2–18 years who completed the Developmental Disorder Parenting Stressor Index and measures of autism symptoms and stress response . Overall, the findings indicated that the Developmental Disorder Parenting Stressor Index can be reliably used to measure both experiences and cognitive appraisal of parenting stressors among parents of children with autism. Moreover, the Developmental Disorder Parenting Stressor Index has several advantages and is a valuable measurement tool to be able to evaluate parenting stressors in clinical settings; Developmental Disorder Parenting Stressor Index is shorter, easier to complete, and can evaluate both viewpoints of parenting stressors.
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Nur Sabilla, Syafira. "Mindful Parenting pada Orangtua dengan Anak Gangguan Pemusatan Perhatian dan Hiperaktivitas (GPPH): Tinjauan Sistematis." Psikologika: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Psikologi 26, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/psikologika.vol26.iss1.art10.
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High parenting stress often occurs in parents of children with special needs such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Whereas the involvement of parents in the life of children with ADHD is much more important. Thus the stress should rightly be prevented, by applying mindful parenting. The aim of this research is to give a clear explanation in the form of systematic review about mindful parenting as a protective factor in handling parenting stress on parents of children with ADHD. It aims eventually to optimize the role of parents and family support for children’s education. It surveys six studies in English and Indonesian published in the last 10 years, peer reviewed under the same theme. The databases used are from ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Frontier Psychology, ProQuest, PsycARTICLES, and Google Scholar. The research concludes that mindful parenting is effective at reducing parenting stress and improving the quality of parent-child relationships in the case of ADHD children. It also emphasizes that it is important for parents to maintain relationships with children and optimize their role in educating or fulfilling children’s needs for proper education.
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Bishop, Meredith N., Jensi E. Gise, Matthew R. Donati, Caitlin E. Shneider, Brandon S. Aylward, and Lindsey L. Cohen. "Parenting Stress, Sleep, and Psychological Adjustment in Parents of Infants and Toddlers With Congenital Heart Disease." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 44, no. 8 (April 26, 2019): 980–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsz026.
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Abstract Objective Parents of children with chronic medical needs report increased parenting challenges, poor sleep, and maladjustment. The impact of parenting stress on both sleep and adjustment has yet to be evaluated for parents of infants and young children with congenital heart disease (CHD). We studied the relations among parenting stress, sleep, and adjustment in parents of infants and toddlers with CHD. We expected that sleep quality would mediate the relationship between parenting stress and adjustment. Methods Sixty-nine parents of infants and toddlers with CHD were evaluated on self-report measures of illness-related parenting stress (Pediatric Inventory for Parents), sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), and psychological adjustment (Brief Symptom Index-18). Results The parents of infants and toddlers with CHD reported elevated levels of parenting stress, sleep problems, and maladjustment. The positive relationship between parenting stress and parent maladjustment was mediated by sleep quality. Conclusions Findings suggest that parents of infants and toddlers with CHD report high parenting stress, poor sleep, and maladjustment. Analyses indicate the stress-adjustment relationship is mediated by quality of sleep. Given the multiple demands on parents of infants and children with CHD, it is important to attend to parents’ overall functioning and mental health. Our findings highlight targets for intervention to improve the well-being of parents of young children with CHD.
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Athanasiou, Michelle Schicke, and Michael P. Gunning. "Filial Therapy: Effects on Two Children's Behavior and Mothers' Stress." Psychological Reports 84, no. 2 (April 1999): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.2.587.
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Due to parents' continual and natural contact with their children, as well as shortages of professionals, parents are increasingly being asked to play a significant role in treatment for the children's emotional and behavior problems. Filial therapy is a treatment that involves parents by teaching parents to conduct child-centered play therapy sessions with their children. The current study sought to examine filial therapy effectiveness by measuring changes in children's behavior and parental stress in parenting. Mothers of two preschool children were administered the Behavior Assessment for Children and the Parenting Stress Index prior to, following completion of, and 2 mo. after participating in a 10-wk. filial therapy training program. Results suggest significant decreases in externalizing behaviors and decreased parenting stress for one parent of the two children. Informal parental reports of changes suggest that parents saw improved relationships with their children, their own confidence increased, generalization of skills, and improvements with regard to behavior problems.
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Goldberg, Alon, and Miri Scharf. "How do highly sensitive persons parent their adolescent children? The role of sensory processing sensitivity in parenting practices." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 37, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 1825–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407520911101.
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This research examines whether sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) in parents is associated with their parenting practices toward their adolescent children and whether attachment insecurity mediates the associations between SPS and parenting practices. One hundred twenty-one parent–adolescent dyads completed self-report questionnaires assessing parents’ SPS, parents’ adult attachment, and parenting practices. Results showed that SPS was positively associated with inconsistency, psychological intrusiveness, and attachment anxiety. Further, attachment anxiety mediated the association between parents’ SPS and harsh parenting and partially mediated the association between parents’ SPS and parental psychological intrusiveness. There is very little research on how highly sensitive individuals parent their children in general and none regarding the parenting of high-SPS individuals during challenging developmental periods such as their children’s adolescence. Findings suggest that parents high in SPS may experience this period as especially stressful and high SPS might contribute to the use of negative parenting. Interventions focused on regulating high-SPS parents’ stress and on facilitating parents in practicing separating their own and their children’s emotions could promote their use of more positive parenting practices.
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de Maat, Donna A., Pauline W. Jansen, Peter Prinzie, Renske Keizer, Ingmar H. A. Franken, and Nicole Lucassen. "Examining Longitudinal Relations Between Mothers’ and Fathers’ Parenting Stress, Parenting Behaviors, and Adolescents’ Behavior Problems." Journal of Child and Family Studies 30, no. 3 (January 23, 2021): 771–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01885-0.
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AbstractParenting stress of mothers has frequently been linked to negative child outcomes. According to Abidin’s stress model, this relationship may be explained by dysfunctional parenting behaviors. In this study, we scrutinized the effects of both mothers and fathers in the pathway from parenting stress through parenting behaviors to subsequent adolescent behavior problems. We expected the association between parenting stress and adolescent behavior problems to be partially mediated by maternal and paternal parenting behaviors. Further, we expected crossover effects, i.e., that parenting stress of one parent was related to the parenting behavior of the other parent. We applied a 3-wave longitudinal design using data from 441 adolescents (52% girls) and their parents (419 fathers; 436 mothers). Parents reported on parenting stress (adolescent age range = 10.9–16.3 years). Adolescents reported on perceived parental overreactivity and warmth (age range = 12.9–18.3) and their own internalizing and externalizing problems (age range = 15.9–21.3). Despite cross-sectional significant associations between parenting stress, parenting behavior, and adolescent behavior problems, we found no evidence of longitudinal linkages. One exception was maternal parenting stress, which positively predicted later adolescent externalizing problems. Consequently, the mediating role of parenting behaviors was not supported. We found no crossover effects in the pathway from parenting stress to parenting behaviors. The discrepancies between our longitudinal and cross-sectional findings raise questions about the actual impact that parents have on their children’s outcome. Though, targeting mothers’ parenting stress may help to reduce adolescent externalizing problems and its ramifications at least to some extent.
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Macias, Michelle M., Conway F. Saylor, Brandy P. Rowe, and Nancy L. Bell. "Age-Related Parenting Stress Differences in Mothers of Children with Spina Bifida." Psychological Reports 93, no. 3_suppl (December 2003): 1223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.3f.1223.
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This study examined whether ages of child and parent were risk factors for general parenting stress and disability-specific stress in families of children with spina bifida. Parents of 64 children with spina bifida completed the Parenting Stress Index–Short Form, Parents of Children with Disabilities Inventory, and measures of family support and resources. Scores of families with children under 6 years (preschool) versus 6- to 12-yr.-old children (school age) were compared, as were scores of mothers above or below Age 35. Parents of school-aged children reported significantly higher stress on the Concerns for the Child domain of the Parents of Children with Disabilities Inventory. Mothers over 35 tended to report higher stress in the Concerns for the Child and Medical/Legal Concerns domains of the Parents of Children with Disabilities Inventory. No associations with medical severity, socioeconomic status, family resources, or family support were detected. As the children age and disability-related differences become more apparent, the same level of functioning and severity of disability may be associated with additional parenting stress. Older mothers and those with school-age children may need more resources than current social support systems typically provide.
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Hintermair, Manfred. "Children Who are Hearing Impaired with Additional Disabilities and Related Aspects of Parental Stress." Exceptional Children 66, no. 3 (April 2000): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001440290006600304.
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In a large-scale study performed in Germany, 317 parents were asked to complete both the Parenting Stress Index and an additional questionnaire on demographics and related information. This article explores the question of parenting stress for parents of children who are hearing impaired with additional disabilities. Results showed consistently high stress scores in the Child Domain, whereas the Parent Domain showed (apart from one score) only a slight tendency toward greater stress. These results realistically portray the situation of parents of children who are multiply disabled and hearing impaired The results suggest that these parents should be provided with extended psychosocial intervention.
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Reed, Phil, Jessie Howse, Ben Ho, and Lisa A. Osborne. "Relationship between perceived limit-setting abilities, autism spectrum disorder severity, behaviour problems and parenting stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder." Autism 21, no. 8 (July 28, 2016): 952–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361316658775.
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Parenting stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is high and impacts perceptions about parenting. This study examined the relationship between parenting stress and observer-perceived limit-setting ability. Participants’ perceptions of other parents’ limit-setting ability were assessed by showing participants video clips of parenting behaviours. Mothers of 93 children with autism spectrum disorder completed an online survey regarding the severity of their own child’s autism spectrum disorder (Social Communication Questionnaire), their child’s behaviour problems (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) and their own levels of parenting stress (Questionnaire on Resources and Stress). They were shown five videos of other parents interacting with children with autism spectrum disorder and were asked to rate the limit-setting abilities observed in each video using the Parent–Child Relationship Inventory. Higher parenting stress negatively related to judgements about others’ limit-setting skills. This mirrors the literature regarding the relationship between self-reported parenting stress and rating child behaviour more negatively. It suggests that stress negatively impacts a wide range of judgements and implies that caution may be required when interpreting the results of studies in which parenting skills are assessed by self-report.
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Putri, Asri Mutiara, and Dewi Lutfianawati. "Parenting Stress, Social Support and Parental Characteristic in Parents of ASD Children." International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education 13, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/int-jecse/v13i1.211017.
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Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have developmental problems that can be a source of stress for parents. This study aimed to measures the parenting stress experienced by parents of ASD children in relation to social support and parental characteristics, namely education level and income. This study involved 50 parents of ASD children who send their children to several special schools in Lampung, Indonesia. Research data were obtained using the parenting stress index, social support scale, and parental characteristics data. The collected data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The results of the study found that parents of ASD children experienced moderate parenting stress. Social support and a high level of education were found to have a significant effect on parenting stress, while income did not. Social support was found to be the strongest predictor of parenting stress. The results of the study illustrate that the parenting stress experienced by parents of ASD children in Indonesia is not as high as found in other countries. This study has implications on the emphasis of social support as an interventions to deal with parenting stress in parents of ASD children in Indonesia.
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Delvecchio, Elisa, Alessandro Germani, Veronica Raspa, Adriana Lis, and Claudia Mazzeschi. "Parenting styles and child’s well-being: The mediating role of the perceived parental stress." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 16, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 514–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v16i3.2013.
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In the last decades, consensus from laymen, scholars, and policy-makers has emphasized the role of child-parent relationships to promote child’s development and positive well-being. Parenting style was claimed as one of the crucial factors for the child’s positive adjustment. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles and child’s difficulties. The mediational role of parent’s perception of a difficult child on the above mentioned relation was taken into account. The study was carried out on a sample of 459 couples including mothers (n = 459) and fathers (n = 459) of children aged 2 to 10 years old who filled in the Parenting Styles & Dimensions Questionnaire short version, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Parenting Stress Index-short form. Main findings indicated that authoritative style was associated with less child’s maladjustment, while the authoritarian one showed the opposite association. These relationships were partially mediated by the perception of a difficult child, which partially explained the link between parenting style and child’s problems. Above and beyond the role of parent’s perception as a difficult child, parenting styles had an important effect on child’s difficulties. Future studies should replicate these results with other samples, use the spouse version of the parenting styles, control the effect of socio-economic status and other variables related to family functioning, as well as to consider the child’s perception regarding parents’ parenting style.
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Ciesielski, Heather A., Richard E. A. Loren, and Leanne Tamm. "Behavioral Parent Training for ADHD Reduces Situational Severity of Child Noncompliance and Related Parental Stress." Journal of Attention Disorders 24, no. 5 (May 3, 2019): 758–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054719843181.
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Objective: Parents are more likely to seek treatment when a child’s behaviors cause impairment and increase parental burden. Thus, it is important to document the effectiveness of behavioral parent training (BPT) on the pervasiveness and severity of children’s behavior and related parental distress. Method: Data were obtained from 304 parents of school-aged children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) attending BPT groups in an outpatient setting. Results: After BPT, parents reported fewer and less severe problematic situations related to child noncompliance, particularly for chores, homework, mealtimes, and peer interactions. Parents also reported significantly reduced stress related to parenting a child with ADHD. Improvements in Nonfamilial Transactions and Task Performance were associated with reductions in degree of parental stress. Conclusion: BPT offered in a real-world clinical setting has meaningful impacts on the child behaviors that lead parents to seek treatment and reduces stress related to parenting a child with ADHD.
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Estes, Annette, Paul Yoder, John McEachin, Gerhard Hellemann, Jeffrey Munson, Jessica Greenson, Marie Rocha, Elizabeth Gardner, and Sally J. Rogers. "The effect of early autism intervention on parental sense of efficacy in a randomized trial depends on the initial level of parent stress." Autism 25, no. 7 (April 16, 2021): 1924–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211005613.
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This study examined whether style or intensity of child-focused intervention had a secondary effect on parental sense of efficacy and whether these effects varied by baseline level of parent stress. We randomized 87 children with autism, age 13–30 months, into one of four conditions: 15 versus 25 intervention hours crossed with 12 months of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention versus Early Start Denver Model. Baseline parent stress was the putative moderator. Parent sense of efficacy, collected at baseline and the end of treatment, was the dependent variable. Analyses used generalized linear mixed model with full information maximum likelihood estimation. We tested main effects and interactions involving time, treatment intensity and style, and baseline parent stress to test moderation effects. Changes in parent efficacy across 12 months were related to intervention intensity but not style; this effect was moderated by level of parent stress at baseline. Parents with higher stress at the beginning of a 1-year, home-based, comprehensive intervention program had a higher sense of parenting efficacy if their child received lower intensity intervention; parents with lower stress at baseline had a higher sense of efficacy if their child received higher intensity intervention. Lay abstract This is a study of the secondary effects of interventions for young children with autism on their parents. Specifically, we were interested in the impact on parent’s sense of efficacy, or how confident and competent a parent feels about themselves as a parent. We tested three ideas: (1) that the style of the intervention, whether it was more or less structured and whether the parent had a more or less formal role, would impact a parent’s sense of efficacy; (2) that the intensity of the intervention, how many hours per week the intervention was delivered, would impact parental efficacy; and (3) that the parent’s level of stress prior to intervention would impact how intensity and style effected efficacy. We randomly assigned 87 children with autism, age 13–30 months, into one of four conditions: 15 versus 25 intervention hours crossed with two different styles of intervention. We used statistical tests to examine these ideas. We found that parental efficacy was related to intervention intensity but not style. Parents with higher stress at the beginning of a 1-year, home-based, comprehensive intervention program had a higher sense of parenting efficacy if their child received lower intensity intervention; parents with lower stress at baseline had a higher sense of efficacy if their child received higher intensity intervention. If a parent can emerge from the process of diagnosis and early intervention with an increased sense that they can make a difference in their child’s life (i.e. increased sense of efficacy), it may set the stage for meeting the long-term demands of parenting a child with autism.
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Jandrić, Sanja, and Ana Kurtović. "Parenting Sense of Competence in Parents of Children with and without Intellectual Disability." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 17, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.3771.
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Our study aims to examine the relationship of child’s intellectual disability, parental education, employment and perceived stress with parenting sense of competence (satisfaction and self-efficacy). Three groups of parents (children without intellectual disability, children with mild intellectual disabilities, and children with moderate/severe intellectual disability) completed measures of perceived stress, parenting sense of competence and socio-demographic questions. Results show that child’s intellectual disability affects parenting satisfaction but not parenting self-efficacy. Parental employment predicted parenting satisfaction, but not parenting self-efficacy, while perceived stress predicted parenting satisfaction and self-efficacy. Results further suggest that parental employment moderates the relationship of child's disability with parenting satisfaction and perceived stress. Result suggest a need for interventions aimed at supporting parents in dealing with emotional consequences of their child’s disability.
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Gurtovenko, Kyrill, and Lynn Fainsilber Katz. "Post-Traumatic Stress, Mother’s Emotion Regulation, and Parenting in Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 3-4 (February 13, 2017): 876–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517690874.
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Post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are high among female survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV), and children of parents experiencing PTSS are at heightened risk for a wide range of emotional and behavioral problems. Parenting has significant influence on child adjustment, and although links have been found between parental psychopathology and maladaptive parenting, little is known about the factors that may explain this relation. The current study examines mother’s emotion regulation (ER) as a factor influencing the relation between mother PTSS and parenting around children’s emotions in a study sample of sixty-four female survivors of IPV and their 6- to 12-year-old children. Mothers reported on their own PTSS and their parenting. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was used as a psychophysiological index of mother’s ER. Experiential components of mother’s ER was also measured by observer coding of the Meta-Emotion Interview, a structured assessment that asks parents about their attitudes toward and experiences with emotions, including their regulation of emotions. Mother’s RSA reactivity moderated the relation between PTSS and negative parenting. There was also a significant indirect relation between mothers’ PTSS symptom severity and supportive parenting reactions through mothers’ self-report of ER. Results suggest that mother’s ER abilities represent factors that significantly affect associations between maternal PTSS and parent’s emotion socialization practices. Implications for assessment and intervention with families exposed to the stress of IPV are discussed.
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Romagnano, Stephanie R., and Susana Gavidia-Payne. "Preliminary Findings of an Intervention Program for Parents of Young Children with a Developmental Delay: Investigation of Parental Stress and Sense of Competence." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/aedp.26.1.87.
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AbstractBehavioural problems in young children can be detrimental to the psychological well-being of their parents. The present study examined the effectiveness of a newly developed intervention in improving parental stress and parenting sense of competence for parents of young children with a developmental delay (DD), presenting with behavioural problems. The sample comprised 15 parents and 1 grandparent of children, aged between 2 and 5 years, with DD. Parents completed a questionnaire package at pre-intervention and post-intervention, including measures to assess parent stress and sense of competence. Paired sample t-tests revealed a significant decline at post-intervention in the total frequency of hassles associated with raising a child with DD, as well as reductions in stress associated with parents' needs. General stress and parenting sense of competence showed no significant post-intervention improvements. Correlation analyses revealed a negative relationship between parent stress and sense of competence, at pre-intervention and post-intervention. It was concluded that the intervention was useful for reducing the overall frequency of stress and the stress associated with the needs of parents raising a young child with DD. Findings have implications for the development of parental supports by early childhood intervention practitioners. Due to a number of methodological limitations, suggestions were made for future research.
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Bishop, Meredith, Lindsey L. Cohen, and Abigail S. Robbertz. "Illness-Related Parenting Stress and Maladjustment in Congenital Heart Disease: Mindfulness as a Moderator." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 45, no. 10 (October 18, 2020): 1208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa081.
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Abstract Objective Congenital heart disease (CHD) is characterized by structural defects to the heart or the coronary blood vessels and often requires surgical repair. Raising an infant or toddler with CHD can be challenging and lead to high parenting stress and maladjustment. The parenting literature suggests that mindfulness may buffer parenting stress. The purpose of this study was to examine whether mindfulness might moderate the relationship between illness-related parenting stress and maladjustment in parents of infants and toddlers with CHD. Methods Parents of infants and toddlers with CHD attending an outpatient clinic provided background information and completed measures of illness-related parenting stress, mindfulness, and maladjustment. Results Results indicated that illness-related parenting stress was associated with maladjustment, and mindfulness moderated this relationship. Specifically, illness-related parenting stress was related to maladjustment at low and average levels of mindfulness; at high mindfulness, there was no association between illness-related parenting stress and maladjustment. Conclusions Consistent with the broader literatures, our sample of parents of infants and toddlers with CHD reported high illness-related parenting stress and maladjustment. Building on other studies demonstrating the benefits of mindful parenting, our results suggest that engaging in mindfulness might thwart the association between illness-related parenting stress and maladjustment in parents of infants and toddlers with CHD.
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Weinberger, Kelsey A., Denise M. Gardner, and Alyson C. Gerdes. "Maternal Functioning Differences Based on ADHD Subtype." Journal of Attention Disorders 22, no. 13 (January 14, 2015): 1218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054714567132.
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Objective: Maternal functioning differences in parenting stress, parental efficacy, and parenting behaviors were examined for mothers of children with ADHD. Method: Participants included 29 mothers of children with ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type (ADHD-I) and 38 mothers of children with ADHD, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive or Combined Type (ADHD-HI/C). Results: Findings suggest that mothers of children with ADHD-HI/C reported significantly greater parenting stress and engaged in more negative parenting behaviors than mothers of children with ADHD-I. Conclusion: This study suggests that tailoring behavioral parent training based on ADHD subtype may be particularly helpful for parents of children with ADHD-HI/C.
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Rantanen, Johanna, Kati Tillemann, Riitta-Leena Metsäpelto, Katja Kokko, and Lea Pulkkinen. "Longitudinal study on reciprocity between personality traits and parenting stress." International Journal of Behavioral Development 39, no. 1 (September 1, 2014): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025414548776.
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Reciprocal associations between the Big Five personality traits and parenting stress—including both parents’ feelings of their distress and perception of their incompetence as parents—were studied with 248 participants (49% of which were males). Longitudinal data, collected at ages 33/36, 42 and 50 years, were used. Cross-lagged path analysis revealed that in case of both mothers and fathers, neuroticism at age 33 predicted high parenting stress, and extraversion at age 33 predicted low parenting stress at age 42. Also, parenting stress at age 36 predicted high neuroticism and low extraversion at age 42. From age 42 to 50, only high parenting stress contributed to low neuroticism. Thus, more significant cross-lagged associations of neuroticism and extraversion with parenting stress were detected in early middle age, i.e., from age 33/36 to 42, as compared to later midlife, i.e., from 42 to 50 years of age. The reciprocal associations between parenting stress and neuroticism and extraversion were similar for both mothers and fathers. High conscientiousness at age 42, however, predicted low parenting stress at age 50 only in fathers.
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Whittingham, Koa, Matthew Sanders, Lynne McKinlay, and Roslyn N. Boyd. "Stepping Stones Triple P and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Parents of Children with Cerebral Palsy: Trial Protocol." Brain Impairment 14, no. 2 (August 28, 2013): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/brimp.2013.19.
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This project aims to optimise outcomes for children with cerebral palsy (CP) and their families by testing the efficacy of two complementary interventions novel to the CP population: (1) parenting intervention (Stepping Stones Triple P, SSTP); and (2) parental stress management (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, ACT) tailored for parents of children with CP. The efficacy of SSTP and the additional effects of ACT will be tested in a wait-list randomised controlled trial, with parents of children with CP (N= 110) randomised into three groups; SSTP, SSTP + ACT and wait-list control. Intervention delivery will combine group sessions with phone consultations. Outcomes will be assessed post-intervention with retention of effect examined at 6-month follow-up. Child outcomes will include: externalising behaviour (primary child outcome), functional performance, parent-reported child quality of life; and parent outcomes will include: dysfunctional parenting (primary parent outcome), parental confidence in performing disability-related parenting practices, degree of problems in performing disability-related parenting practices, parental adjustment, psychological flexibility and parental attitude to child emotions. The theoretical background, study design and study procedures are discussed. The validation of a parenting intervention and a parenting stress intervention for parents of children with CP is crucial to better support parents of children with CP in their parenting role and in providing evidence-based intervention for behavioural and emotional problems in children with CP.
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Van Leeuwen, Karla G., and Ad A. Vermulst. "Some Psychometric Properties of the Ghent Parental Behavior Scale1." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 20, no. 4 (January 2004): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.20.4.283.
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Summary: The theoretical basis of the Ghent Parental Behavior Questionnaire (GPBS) originates from social-learning theories. Parents rate the frequency of their behavior toward a target child between 8 and 14 years old, and children rate the behavior of their parents. Confirmatory factor analyses provide evidence for a solid factor structure in different samples. Nine scales are distinguished: Positive parenting, Monitoring, Rules, Discipline, Inconsistent discipline, Harsh punishment, Ignoring, Material rewarding, and Autonomy. It is also feasible to distinguish two second-order factors: Support and Negative control. The internal consistency is acceptable to good. Correlations between ratings of parents and children are positive and significant. We also find evidence for the assumption that positive parenting is negatively associated with problem behavior and stress in parenting, and, in addition, that inadequate parenting is positively related to problem behavior and stress in parenting.
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Mihic-Lisul, Ivana, and Petronila Kapor-Stanulovic. "Cultural influence on aims of inclusion of mothers in pre-school children's play." Psihologija 35, no. 1-2 (2002): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0201049l.
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Child is introduced with the contents of culture at first through numerous influences culture has on family life, especially on defining parenting roles. Patriarchal culture, still strong in Yugoslavia, is full of norms that clearly define roles of elders and men, and excellently demarcates differences between father's and mother's role in bringing up their children, defined by the level of responsibility attached to parents in upbringing and educating a child. Research conducted in Novi Sad, Yugoslavia in January 2002, with the primary aim of diagnosing differences in frequency and quality of parent-pre-school children play concerning many relevant correlates, most important of which is the sex of the parent. Data show high distinctive quality difference in types and approaches to play in regard of the parent in question. Differences show that patriarchal culture's influence is still very strong. The results show that mothers are burdened with the higher level of responsibility, inevitably leading to higher parenting stress. The level of parenting stress can then influence the quality of meeting the requests put to parents, as well as raising level of general anxiety in all the activities concerning the child, therefore the play itself as well.
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Connell, Christian M., and Michael J. Strambler. "Experiences With COVID-19 Stressors and Parents’ Use of Neglectful, Harsh, and Positive Parenting Practices in the Northeastern United States." Child Maltreatment 26, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10775595211006465.
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Objectives: To estimate household exposure to COVID-19 related stress and the association with parent report of neglectful, harsh, and positive discipline practices. Methods: Cross sectional survey data was collected from 2,068 parents in the Northeastern US. Parents reported personal and household experiences of COVID-19 stressors, their level of distress, and use of neglectful parenting and discipline practices for a randomly selected child in their home. Analyses estimated rates of COVID-19 related stress and parenting practices. Logistic regression was used to assess the relation of COVID-19 stress to parenting behaviors. Results: Individual and household stressor level, as well as distress were each positively associated with likelihood of neglect. Personal exposure to stressors was minimally related to discipline, but household stressor level and parents’ distress were positively associated with harsh and positive discipline. Discussion: Indicators of COVID-19 stress (e.g., exposure to stressors and distress) each uniquely predicted parents’ use of neglect, particularly physical and family-based sub-types, and use of harsh and positive discipline practices. Results suggest that parents may require additional support to provide appropriate care for their children while coping with the increased rates of stress associated with the pandemic and the resulting public health response.
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Hutteman, Roos, Wiebke Bleidorn, Gordana Keresteš, Irma Brković, Ana Butković, and Jaap J. A. Denissen. "Reciprocal Associations between Parenting Challenges and Parents’ Personality Development in Young and Middle Adulthood." European Journal of Personality 28, no. 2 (March 2014): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1932.
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Having children affects many aspects of people's lives. However, it remains unclear to what degree the challenges that come along with having children are associated with parents’ personality development. We addressed this question in two studies by investigating the relationship between parenting challenges and personality development in mothers of newborns (Study 1, N = 556) and the reciprocal associations between (mastering) parenting challenges and personality development in parents of adolescents (Study 2, N = 548 mothers and 460 fathers). In Study 1, we found the stress of having a newborn baby to be associated with declines in maternal Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Emotional Stability. Parenting challenges were also related to personality development in parents of adolescent children in Study 2, with parent–child conflict being reciprocally associated with decreases in Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability. Mastering parenting challenges in the form of high parenting self–efficacy, on the other hand, was found to be associated with increases in Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Emotional Stability, and vice versa. In sum, our results suggest that mastering the challenges associated with the social role of parenthood is one of the mechanisms underlying personality development in young and middle adulthood. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Kipp, Colby, Dawn K. Wilson, Allison M. Sweeney, Nicole Zarrett, and M. Lee Van Horn. "Effects of Parenting and Perceived Stress on BMI in African American Adolescents." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 46, no. 8 (March 19, 2021): 980–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsab025.
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Abstract Objective This study set out to examine the role of parenting practices in protecting or exacerbating the negative effects of parent and adolescent stress on adolescent body mass index (BMI) over time. Separate longitudinal models were conducted to evaluate how parenting practices interacted with parental perceived stress and adolescent perceived stress in predicting adolescent BMI. Methods Baseline data were collected from 148 African American adolescents (Mage = 12.93, SD = 1.75; Mz-BMI = 0.78, SD = 0.50; MBMI%-ile = 96.7, SD = 3.90) and their caregivers (Mage = 44.45, SD = 8.65; MBMI = 37.63, SD = 8.21) enrolled in the Families Improving Together for Weight Loss trial. Adolescents self-reported their perceptions of caregiver parenting style and feeding practices. Both caregivers and adolescents self-reported their perceptions of chronic stress. BMI for parents and adolescents was assessed objectively at baseline and 16 weeks post-intervention. Results Hierarchical regression models predicting adolescent BMI z-score (z-BMI) indicated a significant interaction between parental perceived stress and parental pressure to eat. Simple slopes analyses demonstrated that for those parents that exhibit higher pressure to eat, parent stress was positively associated with adolescent z-BMI. Conclusions These findings provide preliminary support suggesting that certain parenting practices interact with chronic stress on adolescent weight-related outcomes and that future interventions may consider integrating these factors.
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Ralph, Alan, Anne Haines, Jennifer Harvey, Cara McCormack, and Dione Sherman. "Parenting Issues and Behaviour Problems of Young Children in a Community Sample." Behaviour Change 16, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.16.3.143.
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AbstractForty parents of children aged between 1 and 8 years were recruited by means of an exhaustive telephone survey of a defined suburban area in regional Queensland. Following recruitment, parents were mailed a family survey comprising measures of parenting and child behaviour problems. The sample represents almost 50% of parents of young children in the defined area. Forty-four per cent of parents in the sample reported numbers of child behaviours as problems that exceeded recommended clinical cut-off scores based on data reported in other studies. Thirty per cent of parents reported problems occurring at an intensity that exceeded clinical cut-off scores. Fathers who completed the questionnaires reported significantly more problems than mothers, although the ratio of mothers to fathers in the sample was 3:1. However, there was no difference between the reported behaviours of boys or girls. Parent characteristics that were highly correlated with reported child behaviour problems were overreactivity; stress, anxiety, and depression; and parental satisfaction with their parenting style. Family and other demographic variables appeared to play less significant roles. The results are discussed in the context of the challenge of delivering effective early-intervention parenting programs to large numbers of parents.
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Piskernik, Bernhard, Barbara Supper, and Lieselotte Ahnert. "Measurement Invariance Analysis of the Parental Stress Index." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 35, no. 6 (November 2019): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000463.
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Abstract. While parenting research continues to compare similarities and differences in mothers’ and fathers’ behaviors based on mean values on the respective dimensions, measurement invariance as a prerequisite for these comparisons has seldom been assured. The present study thus subjected the well-known Parenting Stress Index (PSI), widely used in models of family functioning, to a rigorous measurement invariance analysis based on ( N = 214) Austrian couples with children younger than 3 years of age. We evaluated configural, metric, scalar, and uniqueness invariance on item and subscale levels, and tested for structural invariance of means and variances of the PSI parent and child domain by second-order confirmatory factor analyses. As a result, only measurement differences on the scalar levels affected the factor scores, though negligibly. On the structural levels, no differences were found on the PSI child domain across parents, but on the PSI parent domain, mothers reported more stress.
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Farel, Anita M., and Stephen R. Hooper. "Relationship between the Maternal Social Support Index and the Parenting Stress Index in Mothers of Very-Low-Birthweight Children Now Age 7." Psychological Reports 83, no. 1 (August 1998): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.1.173.
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Two measures, the Maternal Social Support Index and the Parenting Stress Index were used to assess parents' stress and social support among mothers of 7-yr.-old children born at very low birthweight. The MSSI Total scores did not significantly correlate with the PSI Total Child, Total Parent, or Total Stress Indices, although they were significant, but modestly correlated with scores on the Parent subscale of Social Isolation. The relationship between parental stress and maternal social support requires continued investigation.
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Brisini, Kellie St Cyr, and Denise Haunani Solomon. "Distinguishing relational turbulence, marital satisfaction, and parenting stress as predictors of ineffective Arguing among parents of children with autism." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 38, no. 1 (September 14, 2020): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407520958197.
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Relational turbulence theory suggests that relational turbulence causes pervasive patterns of dysfunctional communication in romantic relationships, such as an inability to resolve conflicts. Other research traditions link marital conflict to marital satisfaction and also exposure to stress. This study assesses the discriminant validity of relational turbulence by examining its association with reports of ineffective arguing, above and beyond the associations with marital satisfaction and parenting stress. The study tests the theoretical claims within the high stress context of parents raising children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Married, parents of children with ASD ( N = 298) completed measures of parenting stress specific to raising a child with ASD, marital satisfaction, relational turbulence, and ineffective arguing. Results provide evidence that relational turbulence is associated with perceptions of less effective arguing among these parents above and beyond the influence of parenting stress and marital satisfaction. Finally, implications for marriages, for parents of children with ASD, and for relational turbulence theory are discussed.
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Franke, Nike, Louise J. Keown, and Matthew R. Sanders. "An RCT of an Online Parenting Program for Parents of Preschool-Aged Children With ADHD Symptoms." Journal of Attention Disorders 24, no. 12 (September 8, 2016): 1716–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054716667598.
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Objective: This randomized control trial evaluated the efficacy of an online self-help program in a sample of parents of preschoolers with ADHD symptoms. Method: Parents were randomly assigned to the intervention group ( n = 27) or the delayed intervention group ( n = 26). Child behavior measures were completed by mothers, fathers, and teachers, and parenting measures were completed by mothers. Results: Intent-to-treat analyses indicated significant post-intervention improvements in mother-rated child hyperactivity/inattention, restlessness/impulsivity, defiance/aggression, social functioning, and teacher-rated prosocial behavior, as well as significant improvements in maternal over-reactivity, verbosity, laxness, positive parenting, parenting satisfaction, self-efficacy, stress, and depression. At 6-month follow-up, effects were maintained for maternal over-reactivity and verbosity, parenting satisfaction and self-efficacy, and parental stress and depression. Conclusion: This study provides evidence for the effectiveness of an online self-help parenting program in reducing preschool inattentive behavior difficulties, and in increasing parenting competence, satisfaction in the parenting role, and maternal well-being.
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Solem, May-Britt, Knut-Andreas Christophersen, and Monica Martinussen. "Predicting parenting stress: children's behavioural problems and parents' coping." Infant and Child Development 20, no. 2 (March 2011): 162–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/icd.681.
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Leung, Cynthia, Stanley Chan, H. L. Ip, Heidi Szeto, Miki Lee, Kama Chan, and Marco Chan. "Effectiveness of Parenting Program for Macau Shift Work Parents: Randomized Controlled Trial." Research on Social Work Practice 30, no. 6 (February 13, 2020): 612–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731520903429.
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Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Happy Parenting: Round-the-Clock Parenting (HPRCP) program for Macau parents on shift work, using randomized controlled trial design. Methods: The participants included 154 parents on shift work who were randomized into the intervention ( n = 78) and waitlist control ( n = 76) groups. Participants were requested to complete a set of questionnaires on their children’s behavior, their own parenting stress, parenting practices, and emotion-focused parenting style both before and after the completion of the program by the intervention group. Results: Analysis was by intention-to-treat. The results indicated significant reduction in child behavior problems, parenting stress, and dysfunctional parenting practices in the intervention group after intervention. Conclusions: The results provided promising evidence on the effectiveness of the HPRCP program for parents on shift work.
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Steketee, Majone, Harrie Jonkman, Pauline Naber, and Marjolijn Distelbrink. "Does Teen Triple P Affect Parenting and the Social and Emotional Behaviours of Teenagers? A Study of the Positive Parenting Programme in the Netherlands." Behaviour Change 38, no. 2 (March 8, 2021): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2021.2.
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AbstractTriple P is a parenting programme used in the youth healthcare practice of many Dutch municipalities to support parents in raising their children. According to international research, this Australian intervention is effective for parents with children up to the age of 12. It shows positive effects on parenting skills and on the reduction of both parents' child-rearing stress and their children's behavioural and emotional problems. Our study examined the effectiveness of Teen Triple P level 4: a training programme for parents of teenagers aged 10–16. The programme included five group sessions of 1.5–2 h each, as well as three individual (phone) consultations. Through a matching procedure, 103 parents who participated in Teen Triple P were compared in a quasi-experimental study with 397 parents in a control group. Compared with the control group, parents who received the Teen Triple P training reported a significant improvement in their parental practice. Now, they are more involved with their child, more responsive to the needs of the children, and they report fewer parent–child conflicts. Some positive differences in behavioural problems among adolescents, as reported by their parents, could be found among the experimental group. These findings remained the same at the follow-up.
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Schoemaker, Nikita K., Wilma G. M. Wentholt, Anouk Goemans, Harriet J. Vermeer, Femmie Juffer, and Lenneke R. A. Alink. "A meta-analytic review of parenting interventions in foster care and adoption." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 1149–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419000798.
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AbstractFoster and adoptive parents often face challenges while taking care of children who, due to their adverse early life experiences, are at risk of developing insecure attachment relationships, behavior problems, and stress dysregulation. Several intervention programs have been developed to help foster and adoptive parents to overcome these challenges. In the current study, a series of eight meta-analyses were performed to examine the effectiveness of these intervention programs on four parent outcomes (sensitive parenting, k = 11, N = 684; dysfunctional discipline, k = 4, N = 239; parenting knowledge and attitudes, k = 7, N = 535; parenting stress, k = 18, N = 1,306), three child outcomes (attachment security, k = 6, N = 395; behavior problems, k = 33, N = 2,661; diurnal cortisol levels, k = 3, N = 261), and placement disruption (k = 7, N = 1,100). Results show positive effects for the four parent outcomes and child behavior problems, but not for attachment security, child diurnal cortisol levels, or placement disruption. Indirect effects on child outcomes may be delayed, and therefore long-term follow-up studies are needed to examine the effects of parenting interventions on children.
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Chavez-Arana, Clara, Cathy Catroppa, Guillermina Yáñez-Téllez, Belén Prieto-Corona, Adriana Amaya-Hernández, Miguel A. de León, Antonio García, Roberto Gómez-Raygoza, Stephen J. C. Hearps, and Vicki Anderson. "How Do Parents Influence Child Disruptive Behavior After Acquired Brain Injury? Evidence From a Mediation Model and Path Analysis." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 25, no. 3 (March 2019): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617718001236.
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Objectives:Children with acquired brain injury (ABI) can present with disruptive behavior, which is often a consequence of injury and parent factors. Parent factors are associated with child disruptive behavior. Furthermore, disinhibition in the child also leads to disruptive behavior. However, it is unclear how these factors interact. We investigated whether parental factors influence child disruptive behavior following ABI and how these factors interact.Methods:Parents of 77 children with ABI participated in the study. Parent factors (executive dysfunction, trait-anxiety), potential intervention targets (dysfunctional parenting practices, parental stress, child disinhibition), and child disruptive behavior were assessed. A hypothetical model based on the literature was tested using mediation and path analysis.Results:Mediation analysis revealed that child disinhibition and dysfunctional parenting practices mediated the association of parent factors and child disruptive behavior. Parents’ executive dysfunction mediated the association of dysfunctional parenting practices, parental stress and parent trait-anxiety. Parenting practices mediated the association of executive dysfunction and child disruptive behavior. Path analysis indices indicated good model adjustment. Comparative and Tucker-Lewis Index were >0.95, and the root mean square error of approximation was 0.059, with a chi-square of 0.25.Conclusions:A low level of parental trait-anxiety may be required to reduce dysfunctional parenting practices and child disinhibition. Impairments in child disinhibition can be exacerbated when parents present with high trait-anxiety. Child disinhibition is the major contributor of disruptive behavior reported by parents and teachers. The current study provides evidence of parent anxiety and child disinhibition as possible modifiable intervention targets for reducing child disruptive behavior. (JINS, 2019,25, 237–248)
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Jijon, Ana M., and Hayley C. Leonard. "Parenting stress in parents of children with developmental coordination disorder." Research in Developmental Disabilities 104 (September 2020): 103695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103695.
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Van Holen, Frank, Johan Vanderfaeillie, Haim Omer, and Femke Vanschoonlandt. "Training in Nonviolent Resistance for Foster Parents." Research on Social Work Practice 28, no. 8 (August 12, 2016): 931–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731516662915.
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Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate a training in non-violent resistance (NVR) for foster parents who take care of a foster child (ages 6-18) with externalizing problem behavior. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was used to compare an intervention group (NVR, n = 31) with a treatment as usual control group (TAU, n = 31). The NVR-intervention consists of ten weekly home sessions. Measures regarding behavioral problems in foster children, parenting stress and parenting practices in foster mothers, and the size of the supportive network were assessed before, after treatment, and at three months follow-up. Results: NVR showed to be an acceptable approach that lead to an increase in experienced support and some promising changes in parenting stress and parenting practices. Conclusion: Implementation of this intervention might increase the effectiveness of foster care. More longitudinal research using a Multitrait-multimethod-approach is however needed.
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Parenteau, Anna M., Nicholas V. Alen, LillyBelle K. Deer, Adam T. Nissen, Alison T. Luck, and Camelia E. Hostinar. "Parenting matters: Parents can reduce or amplify children's anxiety and cortisol responses to acute stress." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 5 (December 2020): 1799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579420001285.
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AbstractParents serve important functions in regulating children's responses to stress and challenge. However, the parental characteristics that modulate the effectiveness of parents as stress buffers remain to be fully characterized. To address this gap, this study examined parental characteristics and behaviors that may explain variation in parents’ ability to buffer cortisol responses to acute stress of 180 children (ages 9–11 years old, M = 9.9 years, SD = .58). Children were randomly assigned to either participate in a public speaking task, the Trier Social Stress Test – modified for children (TSST-M) or a control condition. Children in the TSST-M condition were randomly assigned to prepare for the public speaking task either with their parent (N = 59) or alone (N = 60), whereas 61 children were assigned to the control condition (no TSST-M). We found that parental education moderated the effect of condition on children's responses to acute stress. Children whose parents had lower levels of education exhibited reduced cortisol responses in the parent condition compared to the alone condition, showing a buffered pattern of reactivity. In contrast, children of parents with high levels of education displayed higher cortisol reactivity in the parent condition compared to the alone and control conditions. Parental education was also positively associated with higher levels of state anxiety within the parent condition. These results suggest that highly educated parents may emphasize performance over comfort, amplifying their children's state anxiety and cortisol responses to a public performance.
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Prinzie, Peter, Patrick Onghena, and Walter Hellinckx. "Reexamining the Parenting Scale." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 23, no. 1 (January 2007): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.1.24.
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The reliability, factor structure, and concurrent validity of the Parenting Scale ( Arnold, O'Leary, Wolff, & Acker, 1993 ), a 30-item instrument originally developed to assess the discipline practices of parents of preschool children, was examined for parents of elementary school-aged children. Participants were 596 mothers and 559 fathers of a proportionally stratified sample of nonclinical elementary school-aged children. A confirmatory factor analysis could not replicate the three factors found by Arnold et al. (1993) . An exploratory factor analysis, using data of the mother sample, revealed two interpretable factors corresponding with the overreactivity and laxness factors identified in previous studies of the parenting scale. The first factor contains 11 and the second factor 9 items. Confirmatory factor analyses, using 3-year follow-up data from the mother and the father sample separately, replicated this factor structure. The internal consistency and test-retest stability were acceptable to good. Evidence was found for the assumption that inadequate parenting is positively related to problem behavior measured by the Child Behavior Checklist ( Achenbach, 1991 ) and stress in parenting measured by the NOSI, a Dutch revision of the Parenting Stress Index ( Abidin, 1983 ).
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Guite, Jessica, Beth Russell, Kendra Homan, Rebecca Tepe, and Sara Williams. "Parenting in the Context of Children’s Chronic Pain: Balancing Care and Burden." Children 5, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children5120161.
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Parents of youth with chronic health conditions encounter numerous challenges in supporting their children across pediatric treatment contexts. Structural barriers to care, such as access issues and coordinating care across school, health, and family settings, can exacerbate challenges to daily functioning. Parents are often concomitantly managing their child’s chronic condition, their own health care needs, work and family demands. For these parents, accomplishing a manageable “work-life balance” feels elusive, if not impossible, when a chronic health condition is part of family life. Based on a recent symposium presentation, combined perspectives from the disciplines of pediatric psychology, parenting, and human development and family studies consider key challenges and opportunities to assist parent coping with stress associated with caregiving amidst pervasive changes in healthcare service delivery. Two innovative interventions to support parents in both an outpatient (“Parents as Coping Coaches”) and an inpatient (“Putting Parents FIRST”) context are described, with commonalities and unique aspects highlighted for each. These programs are considered in reference to a rapidly changing healthcare landscape, growing focus on the family as a core context for care, and importance of parent/caregiver self-care and crucial role in supporting children’s long-term health and resiliency.
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DeCaro, Jason A., and Carol M. Worthman. "Changing family routines at kindergarten entry predict biomarkers of parental stress." International Journal of Behavioral Development 35, no. 5 (August 1, 2011): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025411406853.
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This study tested associations among parenting stress prior to a child’s kindergarten entry, the sustainability of family routines, and biomarkers of stress among parents following the kindergarten transition. Parents (N = 51) with higher prekindergarten scores on the Parenting Stress Index Short Form reported lower Family Routines Inventory scores following school entry relative to their baseline. Declining family routines, in turn, were associated following kindergarten entry with greater 5-day mean and variance in evening cortisol, and higher C-reactive protein, an inflammatory mediator. However, only the cortisol findings remained significant controlling for baseline physiology. These findings support a family systems, social-ecological approach to life course development, wherein even mild challenges posed by children’s normative transitions may reveal differences in parents’ biobehavioral functioning.
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Hsiao, Yun-Ju. "Parental Stress in Families of Children With Disabilities." Intervention in School and Clinic 53, no. 4 (June 14, 2017): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1053451217712956.
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Parents of children with disabilities often experience a higher level of stress than parents of children without disabilities, regardless of categories of disabilities. Understanding parental stressors can lead to appropriate interventions and supports for these parents and their children with disabilities. This article discusses issues of parental stress by exploring what is known about parental stress in raising children with disabilities and examining factors that may result in parental stress for practitioners to work on so as to help parents reduce their stress. This article focuses on three strong predictors of parental stress in families of children with disabilities: (a) problem behaviors of the child, (b) coping strategies of parents, and (c) parenting support for families. Implications for practitioners to help parents reduce their stress are discussed.
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Psihogios, Alexandra M., Lauren C. Daniel, Reem Tarazi, Kim Smith-Whitley, Chavis A. Patterson, and Lamia P. Barakat. "Family Functioning, Medical Self-Management, and Health Outcomes Among School-Aged Children With Sickle Cell Disease: A Mediation Model." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 43, no. 4 (September 26, 2017): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsx120.
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AbstractBackgroundInformed by the Pediatric Self-Management Model, the present study tested relationships between parent and family functioning, sickle cell disease (SCD) self-management, and health outcomes for children with SCD.Method83 children with SCD and a parent completed baseline data as part of a larger investigation of a family-based, problem-solving intervention for children with SCD (M age = 8.47). Youth and parents completed a measure of child health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and parents completed measures of family efficacy, parenting stress, and SCD self-management. SCD pain episodes and urgent health utilization information over the past year were obtained via medical chart review.ResultsSCD self-management mediated the relationship between parent-reported family efficacy and parent proxy HRQOL, as well as the relationship between parenting stress and child and parent proxy HRQOL. Mediation models were nonsignificant for outcomes beyond HRQOL, including SCD pain episodes and urgent health utilization.ConclusionFostering family efficacy and reducing parenting stress may be meaningful intervention targets for improving SCD self-management and child HRQOL among school-aged children. Although findings were consistent with the Pediatric Self-Management Model in terms of HRQOL, the model was not supported for pain episodes or urgent health utilization, highlighting the need for multi-method, longitudinal research on the SCD self-management behaviors that are linked to preventable health outcomes.
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Viana, Andres G., and Janet A. Welsh. "Correlates and predictors of parenting stress among internationally adopting mothers: A longitudinal investigation." International Journal of Behavioral Development 34, no. 4 (April 15, 2010): 363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025409339403.
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This study examined correlates and predictors of parenting stress among internationally adopting (IA) mothers with the goal of expanding the knowledge base on the experiences of adoptive parents. One hundred and forty-three IA mothers completed pre-adoption (Time 0) and six months post-adoption (Time 1) surveys with questions regarding child-, parent-, and family-related characteristics. Mother reports of higher depression symptoms, higher expectations of child developmental and behavioral/emotional problems, and a greater number of children in the family at pre-adoption were significantly related to higher parenting stress six months post-adoption. In contrast, mother reports of higher expectations for child acceptance and higher perceived social support at pre-adoption were significantly related to lower parenting stress six months post-adoption. Higher maternal depression symptoms, higher expectations of child behavior/emotional problems, and a greater number of children in the family at pre-adoption together accounted for 22% of the variance in parenting stress six months post-adoption. Concurrent higher maternal depression symptoms and higher reports of child behavioral/emotional problems predicted higher parenting stress six months post-adoption over and above pre-adoption predictors, and accounted for an additional 33% of the variance. Results and directions for future research are discussed from a transactional perspective, with particular emphasis on the importance of pre-adoptive information for adoption research and practice.
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Holden, E. Wayne, Diane J. Willis, and Linda Foltz. "Child abuse potential and parenting stress: Relationships in maltreating parents." Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1, no. 1 (1989): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.1.1.64.
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Mulligan, K., S. Hirani, S. Clarke, N. Evans, C. Flood, J. Taylor, L. Wedderburn, and S. Newman. "PARE0018 WEBSITE FOR PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS REDUCES PARENTING STRESS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1295.2–1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.3510.
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Background:Having a child with JIA presents many challenges. Many parents experience considerable stress. Parental distress and functioning have been found to be related to child outcomes (Cousino, 2013), therefore interventions that help parents to manage their child’s illness are important for both parents and child. We developed a website for parents of children with newly diagnosed JIA to help increase parental confidence in managing their child’s arthritis and reduce parenting stress.Objectives:To evaluate the efficacy of a web-based tool ‘WebParC’ for parents of children with JIA.Methods:Design:Multi-centre randomised controlled trial conducted in 16 tertiary paediatric rheumatology centres in England.Participants:Parent(s) of children aged ≤12 years, diagnosed with JIA within the previous six months.Procedures:Parents were enrolled when they attended the rheumatology service and were randomised by household to either the intervention arm (I) who were given access to the website in addition to their child’s standard care or the control arm (C) who received standard care alone.The primary outcome was parenting stress, measured with the Pediatric Inventory for Parents (PIP) (Streisand, 2001), which parents completed prior to randomisation and at 4-months and 12-months post randomisation.Website content was developed by a multidisciplinary team including rheumatology, physiotherapy, ophthalmology, social work, podiatry, occupational therapy, clinical and health psychology along with parents of children with JIA. It includes information about JIA and its treatment plus a ‘toolkit’ for parents. The toolkit is based on cognitive-behavioural principles to develop skills for managing JIA-related issues.Analysis:We conducted linear mixed models to examine the main effect of trial arm (I vs C), main effect of time (between 4M and 12M scores), and interaction between trial arm and time on PIP scores, after controlling for baseline scores.Results:A total of 220 parents (183 mothers, 37 fathers) of 203 children were randomised, 106 intervention and 114 controls. Parents mean (SD) age was 36.5 (6.5). Their children with JIA were mostly female (137/203, 67.5%), mean (SD) age of 6.1 (3.4) years. There were 107 (52.7%) with oligoarthritis, 65 (32%) polyarthritis, 8 (3.9%) systemic and 23 (11.3%) other JIA subtypes. Seventy (34.5%) were prescribed methotrexate.Trial arms did not differ significantly at baseline except for parent education, which was higher in the intervention group and was controlled for in the analysis.Follow-up assessments were completed by 133 (I60, C73) at 4M and 124 (I58, C66) at 12M.We found significant main effects of trial arm on PIP Difficulty (p=0.022, Control (Mean=93.62, SE=2.717) > Intervention (Mean=84.23, SE=3.025)) and PIP Frequency (p= 0.008, Control (Mean=95.78, SE=2.400) > Intervention (Mean=86.23, SE=2.622), with Controls reporting significantly greater frequency and difficulty of stressful events than the Intervention group (Fig 1).Conclusion:This trial found that a website for parents of children with JIA can help to reduce parenting stress.References:[1]Cousino MK, Hazen RA. J Pediatr Psychol 2013; 38(8):809-28[2]Streisand R, Braniecki S, Tercyak KP, Kazak AE. J Pediatr Psychol 2001; 26(3):155-62.Acknowledgments:We thank all parent participants, the health professionals and parents who developed website content and the clinical teams who supported recruitment.Funded by NIHR RfPB.Disclosure of Interests:Kathleen Mulligan: None declared, Shashivadan Hirani: None declared, Sally Clarke: None declared, Neil Evans: None declared, Chris Flood: None declared, Jo Taylor: None declared, Lucy Wedderburn Speakers bureau: Pfizer, Stanton Newman Grant/research support from: Yes Baxter Healthcare Educational Grants not in relation to rheumatology, Speakers bureau: Yes Baxter Healthcare and Merke Sharp and Dome
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Hickey, Emily J., Michelle Stransky, Jocelyn Kuhn, Jessica E. Rosenberg, Howard J. Cabral, Carol Weitzman, Sarabeth Broder-Fingert, and Emily Feinberg. "Parent stress and coping trajectories in Hispanic and non-Hispanic families of children at risk of autism spectrum disorder." Autism 25, no. 6 (April 28, 2021): 1694–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211001611.
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Significant disparities exist between Hispanic and non-Hispanic families in time-to-diagnosis among children identified as at risk of autism spectrum disorder; yet, little is known about parent experiences throughout the diagnostic process that may contribute to or help explain these disparities. The current study examined longitudinal trajectories of parenting stress, coping, and perceived family impact during the autism spectrum disorder diagnostic process among an ethnically and racially diverse low-income, urban sample, allowing for comparisons between Hispanic and non-Hispanic families. Hispanic families reported lower levels of parenting stress (χ2 = 5.35(1), p = 0.021), avoidant (χ2 = 9.66(1), p = 0.002) and approach (χ2 = 8.61(1), p = 0.003) coping, and negative family impact (χ2 = 5.39(1), p = 0.020) across time (main effects) compared with non-Hispanic families. Furthermore, there were differences in the change in use (Time Period × Ethnicity interaction effects) of both avoidant (χ2 = 10.80(3), p = 0.013) and approach (χ2 = 11.57(3), p = 0.009) coping, as well as negative family impact (χ2 = 9.81(3), p = 0.020), between Hispanic and non-Hispanic parents over time. These differences begin to shed light on the unique experiences of Hispanic parents. Because of the strengths that Hispanic families demonstrate, interventions that leverage those strengths and focus on education, empowerment, and resilience might be particularly beneficial for Hispanic families and may also better inform work to increase resilience in non-Hispanic families. Lay abstract Little is known about parent experiences throughout the diagnostic process for autism or how these parent experiences may help explain the disparities that exist between Hispanic and non-Hispanic families in time-to-diagnosis among children identified as at risk for autism. The current study examined trajectories of parenting stress, coping, and perceived family impact over time, throughout the autism diagnostic process among Hispanic and non-Hispanic families. Hispanic families reported lower levels of parenting stress, coping, and negative family impact across time. Further, there were differences in the change in use of coping and the amount of negative family impact reported between Hispanic and non-Hispanic parents over time. These differences shed light on the unique experiences and strengths of Hispanic families demonstrate. Interventions that leverage those strengths and focus on education, empowerment, and resilience might be particularly beneficial for Hispanic families and may also better inform work to increase resilience.
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Shorey, Shefaly, Esperanza D. Ng, Gørill Haugan, and Evelyn Law. "The parenting experiences and needs of Asian primary caregivers of children with autism: A meta-synthesis." Autism 24, no. 3 (November 13, 2019): 591–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319886513.
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Parents of children with autism are faced with higher risks of unemployment, divorce, and poorer mental health than parents of children with other disorders. Such parenting stress can be further exacerbated by cultural and environmental factors such as the more conservative and collectivistic Asian values. Therefore, this review identifies and synthesizes literature on the parenting experiences and needs of Asian primary caregivers of children with autism using a critical interpretive method. A qualitative meta-summary was conducted. Seven electronic databases (CINAHL, Embase, ProQuest, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched from each database’s date of inception to November 2018. In total, 44 studies were included in this review. Thirteen studies examined Asian immigrant parents’ experiences, and 31 studies were done among Asia-based parents. Six domains were identified: “personal parenting journey”; “adaptation and coping strategies”; “family, community, and social support”; “experiences with healthcare, education, and social services”; “future hopes and recommendations”; and “unique experiences of immigrants.” The distinctive influence of religious beliefs, cultural values, and environmental factors on Asian parenting experiences were discussed, and recommendations were proposed to better meet the needs of parents with autistic children.