Relevant bibliographies by topics / Stretch tolerance

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Stretch tolerance'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Stretch tolerance"

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Law, Roberta Y. W., Lisa A. Harvey, Michael K. Nicholas, Lois Tonkin, Maria De Sousa, and Damien G. Finniss. "Stretch Exercises Increase Tolerance to Stretch in Patients With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Physical Therapy 89, no. 10 (October 1, 2009): 1016–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090056.

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Background: Stretch is commonly prescribed as part of physical rehabilitation in pain management programs, yet little is known about its effectiveness.Objective: A randomized controlled trial was conducted to investigate the effects of a 3-week stretch program on muscle extensibility and stretch tolerance in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.Design: A within-subject design was used, with one leg of each participant randomly allocated to an experimental (stretch) condition and the other leg randomly allocated to a control (no-stretch) condition.Patients and Setting: Thirty adults with pain of musculoskeletal origin persisting for at least 3 months were recruited from patients enrolled in a multidisciplinary pain management program at a hospital in Sydney, Australia.Intervention: The hamstring muscles of the experimental leg were stretched daily for 1 minute over 3 weeks; the control leg was not stretched. This intervention was embedded within a pain management program and supervised by physical therapists.Measurements: Primary outcomes were muscle extensibility and stretch tolerance, which were reflected by passive hip flexion angles measured with standardized and nonstandardized torques, respectively. Initial measurements were taken before the first stretch on day 1, and final measurements were taken 1 to 2 days after the last stretch. A blinded assessor was used for testing.Results: Stretch did not increase muscle extensibility (mean between-group difference in hip flexion was 1°, 95% confidence interval=−2° to 4°), but it did improve stretch tolerance (mean between-group difference in hip flexion was 8°, 95% confidence interval=5° to 10°).Conclusion: Three weeks of stretch increases tolerance to the discomfort associated with stretch but does not change muscle extensibility in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.
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Mitchell, Ulrike H., J. William Myrer, J. Ty Hopkins, Iain Hunter, J. Brent Feland, and Sterling C. Hilton. "Acute Stretch Perception Alteration Contributes to the Success of the PNF “Contract-Relax” Stretch." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 16, no. 2 (May 2007): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.16.2.85.

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Context:Some researchers have suggested that an alteration of stretch perception could be responsible for the success of the contract-relax (CR) stretch, a stretch technique derived from proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF).Objective:This study was conducted to determine if the alteration of the stretch perception is a possible explanation for the range of motion (ROM) gains of the CR stretch.Participants:Eighteen subjects performed two stretches in randomized order: the slow stretch and the CR stretch.Main Outcome Measure:The stretch intensity was controlled. The stretch force was measured and compared between the slow stretch and CR stretch.Results:There was a significant difference between the stretch force that could be applied in the PNF stretch (126.0 N) and the slow stretch (108.4 N); P = 0.00086. The average stretch tolerance progressively increased with successive trials from 120.6 N in the first trial to 132.4 N in the fourth trial.Conclusion:The alteration of stretch perception plays a role in the success of the CR form of PNF stretching. At least four repetitions of the CR stretch are recommended to get the greatest ROM gain.
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Laessoe, U., and M. Voigt. "Modification of stretch tolerance in a stooping position." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 14, no. 4 (August 2004): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2003.00332.x.

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Blazevich, A. J., D. Cannavan, C. M. Waugh, S. C. Miller, J. B. Thorlund, P. Aagaard, and A. D. Kay. "Range of motion, neuromechanical, and architectural adaptations to plantar flexor stretch training in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 117, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 452–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00204.2014.

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The neuromuscular adaptations in response to muscle stretch training have not been clearly described. In the present study, changes in muscle (at fascicular and whole muscle levels) and tendon mechanics, muscle activity, and spinal motoneuron excitability were examined during standardized plantar flexor stretches after 3 wk of twice daily stretch training (4 × 30 s). No changes were observed in a nonexercising control group ( n = 9), however stretch training elicited a 19.9% increase in dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) and a 28% increase in passive joint moment at end ROM ( n = 12). Only a trend toward a decrease in passive plantar flexor moment during stretch (−9.9%; P = 0.15) was observed, and no changes in electromyographic amplitudes during ROM or at end ROM were detected. Decreases in Hmax:Mmax(tibial nerve stimulation) were observed at plantar flexed (gastrocnemius medialis and soleus) and neutral (soleus only) joint angles, but not with the ankle dorsiflexed. Muscle and fascicle strain increased (12 vs. 23%) along with a decrease in muscle stiffness (−18%) during stretch to a constant target joint angle. Muscle length at end ROM increased (13%) without a change in fascicle length, fascicle rotation, tendon elongation, or tendon stiffness following training. A lack of change in maximum voluntary contraction moment and rate of force development at any joint angle was taken to indicate a lack of change in series compliance of the muscle-tendon unit. Thus, increases in end ROM were underpinned by increases in maximum tolerable passive joint moment (stretch tolerance) and both muscle and fascicle elongation rather than changes in volitional muscle activation or motoneuron pool excitability.
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Støve, Morten Pallisgaard, Rogerio Pessoto Hirata, and Thorvaldur Skuli Palsson. "The tolerance to stretch is linked with endogenous modulation of pain." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 21, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2020-0010.

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Abstract Objectives The effect of stretching on joint range of motion is well documented, and although sensory perception has significance for changes in the tolerance to stretch following stretching the underlining mechanisms responsible for these changes is insufficiently understood. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of endogenous pain inhibitory mechanisms on stretch tolerance and to investigate the relationship between range of motion and changes in pain sensitivity. Methods Nineteen healthy males participated in this randomized, repeated-measures crossover study, conducted on 2 separate days. Knee extension range of motion, passive resistive torque, and pressure pain thresholds were recorded before, after, and 10 min after each of four experimental conditions; (i) Exercise-induced hypoalgesia, (ii) two bouts of static stretching, (iii) resting, and (iv) a remote, painful stimulus induced by the cold pressor test. Results Exercise-induced hypoalgesia and cold pressor test caused an increase in range of motion (p<0.034) and pressure pain thresholds (p<0.027). Moderate correlations in pressure pain thresholds were found between exercise-induced hypoalgesia and static stretch (Rho>0.507, p=0.01) and exercise-induced hypoalgesia and the cold pressor test (Rho=0.562, p=0.01). A weak correlation in pressure pain thresholds and changes in range of motion were found following the cold pressor test (Rho=0.460, p=0.047). However, a potential carryover hypoalgesic effect may have affected the results of the static stretch. Conclusions These results suggest that stretch tolerance may be linked with endogenous modulation of pain. Present results suggest, that stretch tolerance may merely be a marker for pain sensitivity which may have clinical significance given that stretching is often prescribed in the rehabilitation of different musculoskeletal pain conditions where reduced endogenous pain inhibition is frequently seen.
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Magnusson, S. P., and B. Larsson. "ALTERED HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY, STIFFNESS AND STRETCH TOLERANCE IN RUNNERS391." Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 29, Supplement (May 1997): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199705001-00390.

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Billi, Daniela, Deborah J. Wright, Richard F. Helm, Todd Prickett, Malcolm Potts, and John H. Crowe. "Engineering Desiccation Tolerance inEscherichia coli." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 1680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.4.1680-1684.2000.

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ABSTRACT Recombinant sucrose-6-phosphate synthase (SpsA) was synthesized inEscherichia coli BL21DE3 by using the spsA gene of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Transformants exhibited a 10,000-fold increase in survival compared to wild-type cells following either freeze-drying, air drying, or desiccation over phosphorus pentoxide. The phase transition temperatures and vibration frequencies (PO stretch) in phospholipids suggested that sucrose maintained membrane fluidity during cell dehydration.
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Støve, Morten Pallisgaard, Rogerio Pessoto Hirata, and Thorvaldur Skuli Palsson. "Muscle stretching – the potential role of endogenous pain inhibitory modulation on stretch tolerance." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 19, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2018-0334.

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Abstract Background and aims The effect of stretching on joint range of motion is well documented and is primarily related to changes in the tolerance to stretch, but the mechanisms underlying this change are still largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a remote, painful stimulus on stretch tolerance. Methods Thirty-four healthy male subjects were recruited and randomly assigned to an experimental pain group (n=17) or a control group (n=17). Passive knee extension range of motion, the activity of hamstring muscles and passive resistive torque were measured with subjects in a seated position. Three consecutive measures were performed with a 5-min interval between. A static stretch protocol was utilized in both groups to examine the effect of stretching and differences in stretch tolerance between groups. Following this, the pain-group performed a cold pressor test which is known to engage the endogenous pain inhibitory system after which measurements were repeated. Results A significant increase in knee extension range of motion was found in the pain group compared with controls (ANCOVA: p<0.05). No difference was found in muscle activity or passive resistive torque between groups (ANCOVA p>0.091). Conclusions Passive knee extension range of motion following stretching increased when following a distant, painful stimulus, potentially engaging the endogenous pain inhibitory systems. Current findings indicate a link between increased tolerance to stretch and endogenous pain inhibition. Implications The current findings may have implications for clinical practice as they indicate that a distant painful stimulus can influence range of motion in healthy individuals. This implies that the modulation of pain has significance for the efficacy of stretching which is important knowledge when prescribing stretching as part of rehabilitation.
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Li, Jun Hong, and Hui Yu. "Numerical Simulation of Seamless Tube’s Stretch Reducing Process." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.155.

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The stretch reducing process is the last hot deformation process of the hot-rolled seamless steel tube’s production. Its role is to decrease the tube’s diameter under the large tension and expand the range of product specifications. But the stretch reducing process often results in wall thickness tolerance at the head and end of the tube. In order to solve the problem, a 3D elastic-plastic finite element analysis model was established to simulate the stretch reducing process of φ159 unit. Based on this, the tube’s wall thickness distribution was studied and the parameters of sharpen rolling process was put forward. Numerical simulation results indicate that with the parameters of sharpen rolling process, the length of wall thickness tolerance was shorten and the rate of finished products was proved.
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De Jaeger, Dominique, Venus Joumaa, and Walter Herzog. "Intermittent stretch training of rabbit plantarflexor muscles increases soleus mass and serial sarcomere number." Journal of Applied Physiology 118, no. 12 (June 15, 2015): 1467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00515.2014.

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In humans, enhanced joint range of motion is observed after static stretch training and results either from an increased stretch tolerance or from a change in the biomechanical properties of the muscle-tendon unit. We investigated the effects of an intermittent stretch training on muscle biomechanical and structural variables. The left plantarflexors muscles of seven anesthetized New Zealand (NZ) White rabbits were passively and statically stretched three times a week for 4 wk, while the corresponding right muscles were used as nonstretched contralateral controls. Before and after the stretching protocol, passive torque produced by the left plantarflexor muscles as a function of the ankle angle was measured. The left and right plantarflexor muscles were harvested from dead rabbits and used to quantify possible changes in muscle structure. Significant mass and serial sarcomere number increases were observed in the stretched soleus but not in the plantaris or medial gastrocnemius. This difference in adaptation between the plantarflexors is thought to be the result of their different fiber type composition and pennation angles. Neither titin isoform nor collagen amount was modified in the stretched compared with the control soleus muscle. Passive torque developed during ankle dorsiflexion was not modified after the stretch training on average, but was decreased in five of the seven experimental rabbits. Thus, an intermittent stretching program similar to those used in humans can produce a change in the muscle structure of NZ White rabbits, which was associated in some rabbits with a change in the biomechanical properties of the muscle-tendon unit.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stretch tolerance"

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Law, Roberta Yu Wai. "Effects of a three-week hamstrings stretch program on muscle extensibility and stretch tolerance in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain." University of Sydney, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5420.

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Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
Background: Physical deconditioning is often associated with chronic pain and is believed to be a result of gradual movement inhibition and reduction of physical activities. It is common for chronic pain sufferers to present with limited muscle extensibility and poor tolerance to physical movement. Exercises are therefore prescribed to assist in regaining muscle extensibility, strength, fitness and endurance. Of particular interest is stretch, a type of exercise aimed at increasing muscle extensibility. Stretch is commonly prescribed as part of physical rehabilitation in pain management programs, yet little is known of its effectiveness in the chronic pain population. Aim: The aim of this randomised controlled trial was to investigate the effects of a three-week stretch program on muscle extensibility and stretch tolerance in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Methods: Thirty adults with pain persisting for at least three months and limited hamstring muscle extensibility were recruited from patients enrolled in a multidisciplinary pain management program at a Sydney Hospital. A within-subject design was used, with one leg of each participant randomly allocated to an experimental (stretch) condition and the other to a control (no stretch) condition. The hamstring muscles of the experimental leg were stretched for one minute a day over a three-week period, whilst the hamstring muscles of the control leg were not stretched during this time. This intervention was embedded within a pain management program and supervised by physiotherapists. Primary outcome measures were muscle extensibility and stretch tolerance, reflected by passive hip flexion angles produced with standardised and non-standardised torques, respectively. Initial measures were taken prior to the first stretch on day one and final measures were taken one to two days after the last stretch. A blinded assessor was used for all testing. Results: After three weeks of intervention, stretch did not increase muscle extensibility (mean between-group difference in hip flexion was 1 degree; 95% CI -2 to 4 degrees) but did improve stretch tolerance (mean between-group difference in hip flexion was 8 degrees; 95% CI 5 to 10 degrees). Conclusion: Three weeks of stretch increases tolerance to the discomfort associated with stretch but does not change muscle extensibility in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. This study provides support for the ongoing incorporation of stretch in pain management programs, where stretch may be conceptualised as a graded exposure to movement and assisting in the restoration of normal activity and function.
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Law, Roberta. "Effects of a three-week hamstrings stretch program on muscle extensibility and stretch tolerance in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain." Connect to full text, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5420.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Sydney, 2009.
Title from title screen (viewed September 25, 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy to the Faculty of Medicine. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
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Graham, Daniel Joseph. "The Long Term Effects of Short-Wave Diathermy and Long-Duration Static Stretch on Hamstring Flexibility." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd624.pdf.

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Sands, William A., Melonie B. Murray, Steven R. Murray, Jeni R. McNeal, Satoshi Mizuguchi, Kimitake Sato, and Michael H. Stone. "Peristaltic Pulse Dynamic Compression of the Lower Extremity Enhances Flexibility." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4621.

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This study investigated the effects of peristaltic pulse dynamic compression (PPDC) on range-of-motion (ROM) changes in forward splits. Serious stretching usually involves discomfort and large time investments. Tissue structural changes and stretch tolerance have heretofore been considered the primary mechanisms of enhanced ROM. The PPDC treatment was computer controlled. Circumferential and segmented inflation pressures were induced by feet to hip leggings. Nine subjects, experienced in stretching and a forward split position, volunteered. The subjects were familiarized with the protocol and randomly assigned to an initial condition: experimental (PPDC), or control (CONT). The study involved a crossover design. Second conditions were tested within 1–5 days. All tests were 2 trials of right and left forward splits. Split flexibility was assessed by measuring the height of the anterior superior iliac spine of the rear leg from the floor. Pelvic posture was controlled by rear leg position. The PPDC treatment was 15 minutes of seated PPDC. The control condition was the same except that leggings were not inflated. Pressures of 5 cells in the leggings were set at factory defaults, 70 mm Hg sequentially. Difference score results indicated statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences by condition and the condition by leg interaction. The rapid acute changes in ROM (PPDC: right 25.3%, left 33.3%; CONT: right 12.2%, left 1.0%) support the premise that changes in ROM were dependent on mechanisms other than tissue structural changes and/or stretch tolerance. PPDC provides a means of rapidly enhancing acute ROM requiring less discomfort and time.
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Streich, Katharina [Verfasser]. "Induktion von oraler Toleranz in den Mesenteriallymphknoten und die Lokalisation und Interaktion von Lipiden mit den vorhandenen Zellpopulationen im Modell der Diät-induzierten Adipositas / Katharina Streich." Hannover : Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1189654695/34.

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Book chapters on the topic "Stretch tolerance"

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Bodwin, Greg, Michael Dinitz, Merav Parter, and Virginia Vassilevska Williams. "Optimal Vertex Fault Tolerant Spanners (for fixed stretch)." In Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, 1884–900. Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611975031.123.

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Lederman, Eyal. "Stretch-tolerance Model." In Therapeutic Stretching, 153–61. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7020-4318-5.00010-0.

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Ali, Rashid. "Low Melting Mixture of L-(+)-Tartaric Acid and N,N′-Dimethyl Urea: A New Arrival in the Green Organic Synthesis." In Current Topics in Chirality - From Chemistry to Biology. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97392.

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After the first report of deep eutectic mixtures by the team of Abbott in 2003, the advent of green synthesis has been progressively changing the way synthetic chemistry is thought and also taught. Since then, a plethora of efforts worldwide have been taken to stretch the ideas of sustainable as well as environmentally benign approaches to do the crucial synthetic organic transformations under operationally simple yet effective conditions. Although, till date, several green synthetic strategies for examples ultrasound, microwaves, flow as well as grindstone chemistry etc., and green reaction media (e.g. ionic liquid, water, scCO2, and so forth) have successfully been invented. But a low melting mixture of L-(+)-tartaric acid (TA) and N,N′-dimethylurea (DMU), usually plays a double and/or triple role (solvent, catalyst, and/or reagent), though still infancy but enjoys several eye-catching properties like biodegradability, recyclability, non-toxicity, good thermal stability, tunable physiochemical properties, low vapor pressure as well as reasonable prices in addition to the easy preparation with wide functional groups tolerance. To this context, keeping the importance of this novel low melting mixture in mind, we intended to reveal the advancements taken place in this wonderful area of research since its first report by the Köenig’s group in 2011 to till date. In this particular chapter, firstly we would disclose the importance of the green synthesis followed by a brief description of deep-eutectic solvents (DESs) particularly emphasizing on the role of L-(+)-TA and DMU from modern synthetic chemistry perspective.
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"balances) which should have been asked before the introduction of some new technology were not. Think of it in another way. Trying to frame up general questions to cover all eventualities will not work when there are so many conflicting interests at stake. Without a specific idea of the sorts of ethical questions we would like answered we are working in the dark. Unfortunately, philosophers and theoreticians, who study ethics tend not to deal in specifics, but try and formulate rules and frameworks of thought which can then be adapted to specific questions. This may seem a rather soft approach, but it does at least have the merit of being able to help in answering, if not actually answering, a question in the future which was not even dreamt of when the theoretical consideration of ethics started. Stevenson, in Ethics and Language (1944, New Haven: Yale UP), tried to demonstrate that ethics can be a rational discourse, by saying that if an individual says that tolerance is good the individual is approving of tolerance, but also more significantly, suggesting that you do as well. If you do not, then you have to be persuaded, but that implies a value judgment on the arguments which are to be put to persuade you that tolerance is good. The idea of persuasion is an interesting one, because the philosopher is always trying to produce an algebraic description of ethics and morals. The other end of the spectrum is the case where it could be stated that what is true in one case, or held to be true by an individual in a particular case, must be true in all other cases. One could logically see that this latter case would result in a pacifist point of view, that is, it is not right to kill so I will not kill, ie a general philosophical idea of ethics taken as a personal guide. Where this and every other argument falls down is in cases where a terrorist says it is correct for me to kill, but not for you. Such moral conundrums have stretched moral debate since the dawn of rational thought, with solutions being found in every moral and ethical document, whether religious or secular. But where does this lead us in terms of the legal aspects of the application of DNA technology? In a way into a more complicated world, but also one far more relevant to the individual than a theoretical argument. DNA profiling affects the individual far more than any aspect of the other sciences. Physics has never singled out an individual; like chemistry the moral repercussions these sciences have wrought have been on a grander scale. You may be a victim, but you are not alone. This will be small comfort to the victim, but there is solidarity in social cohesion. DNA is different. It can be used not only to single out the individual, but also to penalise and degrade that individual. The first thing to be said about ethical questions is a very practical one. It assumes a benign State, a regime which is trying to do the best for the population as a whole. A tyrannical regime of any sort can do what it likes and therefore does not have to be morally accountable for its actions. This point is important because in a benign State it is everyone’s right, if not duty, to challenge morally repugnant actions. In such a State it is legal action which is the immediate point of challenge to such behaviour, whether it is an individual committing a crime, which we have collectively decided is not acceptable, or a government behaving in a manner." In Genetics and DNA Technology: Legal Aspects, 108. Routledge-Cavendish, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843146995-16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Stretch tolerance"

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Sato, Takashi, Kento Yamagishi, Michinao Hashimoto, and Eiji Iwase. "Liquid Metal as Electrical Interface Material with Temporal Stability and Stretch Tolerance." In 2021 IEEE 34th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mems51782.2021.9375307.

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Nardiello, J. A., E. L. Anagnostou, R. Christ, D. Hoitsma, P. Ogilvie, and J. M. Papazian. "Reconfigurable Tooling for Overhaul and Repair." In ASME 2006 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2006-21017.

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This paper will describe our initial operational experience using a reconfigurable-tooling-based stretch-forming work cell for production of sheet metal parts. This facility was created in response to the need to rapidly reverse engineer and manufacture sheet metal components in an overhaul and repair environment. The system is expected to dramatically reduce part lead time and cost, and reduce the need for fixed dies. This is an integrated hardware/software system comprised of a reconfigurable computer-controlled die with 1120 discrete elements, a laser moire´ interferometry shape measurement system, an automated finite element forming process simulation system, and an overall Manufacturing Design Software System/Shape Control Loop. These capabilities are integrated with a modern stretch-forming press. This system is particularly useful where part data may not exist other than the physical part to be duplicated, and where short lead times and low production quantities are prevalent. The typically iterative tasks of designing and methodizing the manufacturing process are significantly reduced by the software system which allows for rapid capture of part geometric data, its subsequent use in simulating the forming process, and for setting the surface shape on the reconfigurable tool. Results will be shown indicating that part shape fidelity can be maintained within required tolerance, and often improved upon, while providing reduced lead time and cost.
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Welo, Torgeir. "Design for Dimensional Accuracy in Bending Operations: Introducing the Concept of Flatness Limit Curves." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34740.

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Eliciting knowledge about dimensional variability and influential parameters is crucial in competitive manufacturing. Moreover, this knowledge needs to be generalized and transferred into a practical tool box that design engineers can use as a decision basis in the early phases of product development processes when design flexibility is high and the ‘cost of learning’ is low. This paper introduces Flatness Limit Curves, a new Design For Manufacturing (DFM) tool, which is aimed at assessing cross-sectional distortions relative to dimensional tolerance requirements in bending operation. Analytical relationships are derived from the theoretical basis of continuum mechanics, applying the deformation theory of plasticity to plane stress sheet metal problems. The theoretical results are compared with experimental results obtained for hollow AA7xxx extrusions, which were formed in an industry-like rotary stretch bender in a controlled laboratory environment. The solutions are then structured and organized into a set of limit curves for assessing nominal flatness of the exterior of the cross section after bending. The associated variability may also be estimated by varying key input parameters to the tool (dimensional accuracy and material quality) within the capability ranges of the upstream process.
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Uemoto, Yoshio, Akihiko Hirano, and Daisuke Hirasawa. "Fracture Toughness Evaluation of Carbon Steels in Piping and Valve for Reactor Primary System." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65579.

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UK very high integrity (VHI) component classification includes design, manufacturing, and inspection requirements that go beyond those established in ASME BPVC Sec. III Subsection NB [1]. One of these requirements is to ensure the component is tolerant of manufacturing defects. This can be demonstrated using a Defect Tolerance Assessment (DTA) based on two parameters fracture mechanics method. The brittle fracture parameter of this assessment requires the analysis of stress occurring in the component against the plane strain fracture toughness, KIC of the material. This work focuses on the practical determination of KIC for materials chosen for a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Main Steam Piping (MSP) and Main Steam Isolation Valve (MSIV), which carbon steel seamless pipe SA-106 Grade C and carbon steel casting SA-216 Grade WCB, are respectively. These materials are usually tested by Charpy impact testing specified in [1], but there are not many studies reporting their KIC, and there is not enough information concerning actual piping and valve materials. Thus the authors implemented fracture toughness testing using J-resistance curve according to ASTM E 1820 [2] for test pipe and test casting block simulating actual MS Piping and MSIV, and evaluated KIC(J) to be used in DTA. KIC(J) is evaluated from elastic-plastic fracture toughness, JIC, gained from the J-resistance curve, and equivalent to KIC [3]. KIC(J) corresponds to KJIc in ASTM E 1820. There were some cases, however, in which valid JIC values could not obtained, because of the materials high toughness, test specimen size limitations, and uneven final crack sizes. When valid JIC can’t be obtained, retesting or remanufacturing would significantly affect plant construction schedule. Hence, alternative evaluation methods by which JIC can certainly be obtained are desired. In this study, the authors focused on two types of alternative JIC evaluation methods. The first one is the Stretch Zone Width (SZW) method, in which JIC is calculated from SZW measurements of crack tip plastic blunting on fracture toughness test specimens. The SZW method was well studied in the 1970s, and experimental data showed a clear correlation between JIC values obtained from J-resistance curves and JIC values obtained from SZW measurements [4]. The second method is by correlation of JIC with the energy absorbed during Charpy testing. As represented by Rolf’s study [5], it has been reported that there are correlations between Charpy absorbed energy and KIC for high tensile strength steels. In this study, the validity of the SZW method was first evaluated by comparing its results with JIC obtained from J-resistance curves. Then, the applicability of the JIC values to DTA of actual products was discussed. Finally, by comparing Charpy absorbed energy and KIC(J), the validity and applicability of KIC determination method with Charpy absorbed energy was discussed.
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Gurjar, Aishwarya, Sathya Peri, and Sinchan Sengupta. "Distributed and Fault-Tolerant Construction of Low Stretch Spanning Tree." In 2020 19th International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Computing (ISPDC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ispdc51135.2020.00028.

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Sweitzer, Justin C., Nicholas Peterson, and Scott Hill. "Calculation of jet characteristics from hydrocode analysis." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-004.

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Abstract The penetration performance of a shaped charge jet is affected strongly by factors such as straightness, stretch rate, and breakup time. Straightness is related to manufacturing tolerances, assembly techniques, and system integration features. Stretch rate and breakup time are controllable features of charge design. A higher stretch rate is desirable for short standoff performance. The stretch rate is easily altered by a change of explosive or modification of the angle with which the detonation wave sweeps the liner surface, however, an increased stretch rate generally results in a decreased breakup time. Many of the recent gains in shaped charge performance have been made possible by increasing the effective breakup time of the jet. Several models exist for calculating breakup time. They include analytic models, such as Chou & Carleone’s dimensionless strain rate model, and empirical or semi-empirical models such as Walsh’s theory and those proposed by Pearson, et al. These models can be applied to raw hydrocode calculation data and used to determine a Jet Characterization (JC) file. The JC file can then be used to perform further calculations, such as Penetration Versus Stand Off (PVSO) curves. This paper details adaptation of the Chou & Carleone model for predicting breakup time using hydrocode data. The hydrocode is used to determine the physical parameters of the jet which are then extrapolated back to a virtual origin for breakup time calculation. This results in a model that is design independent, relying on hydrocode determination of jet variables. The model implementation will be discussed, and comparisons of predicted jet characteristics will be made to test data for several charge geometries.
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Murray, Jake. "Transitioning a Relative Risk Model to Absolute." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64700.

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In order to increase the effectiveness of risk-based asset management, pipeline companies require a solution for modeling integrity threats with potential safety and environmental consequences in measureable units. A quantitative model offers the ability to not only prioritize assets for spending on mitigation, but also to identify which are in need of mitigation. When a company is able to estimate its exposure to risk using real units of measure, such as incidents per year and dollars per incident, it is then possible to identify which assets are above the company’s tolerance for risk and make better decisions about spending than the competitors can. It is recognized that purely quantitative models have a number of advantages over indexed, or relative, models. Managing a risk model becomes easier, as the model is easier to calibrate and discuss when the results are in real, tangible units. It is also easier to disseminate the risk data to business users across the enterprise. With a quantitative model, discussions can occur around actual failure rates and actual costs, as opposed to how severe things are on an abstract, relative scale. Quantitative models lend themselves to greater consistency of results across different field offices and types of assets. Most importantly, as mentioned above, it makes it possible to not only decide which assets are more important to mitigate than others, but also how many require mitigation at all. Quantitative models can present challenges in development. Numeric equations for calculating rates of failure often rely on inputs which may not be available. Subject matter expert can cloud the transition and make the process overly complicated. Although it is possible to create empirical equations independent of established industry models for threat behavior, in many cases, there is not enough data available to infer relationships between available inputs and failure rates. As the risk model changes from reporting to scores to reporting in units (e.g. number of fatalities), this may cause some apprehension for legal and management; some education may be necessary to overcome this. It is also important to note that the added complexity and uniqueness of the model may stretch the capabilities of the current IT and software infrastructure supporting the legacy risk model. The focus of this paper is to outline an approach to making the transition from an indexed or relative risk assessment method to an absolute, quantitative method. This includes strategies identified while attempting to convert various threat calculations, using inputs already being gathered for the existing model. The paper will conclude with some challenges, lessons learned, and ways to identify future recommended improvements.
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Rajagopalan, Sanjay, and Mark R. Cutkosky. "Optimal Pose Selection for In-Situ Fabrication of Planar Mechanisms." In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/dfm-8958.

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Abstract Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) techniques allow the in-situ fabrication of fully-assembled devices with mating/fitting parts. Recently, this technique of fabrication has been found to be useful for building integrated mechanisms in robotics, and a wide array of other similar applications are anticipated. An interesting issue that arises during the fabrication of such mechanisms is the determination of an optimal pose in which the mechanism should be built. For example, should the mechanism be built in a folded or stretched-out position? In conventional manufacturing these issues do not arise, as each individual link is typically manufactured separately and then the pieces are brought together during assembly. In this paper, we address the issue of finding a preferred (or optimal) pose for in-situ fabrication of planar mechanisms. There are many factors (e.g. achievable tolerances, non-interference, workspace size limitations, thermal considerations etc.) which can determine the suitability of a candidate build pose so that pre-specified task requirements are met. We limit our analysis to finding the optimal build configuration given achievable (in general, non-homogeneous, anisotropic) accuracy on joint position. For this treatment, we also make the simplifying assumption that the task requirements can be best satisfied by minimizing variability of link-lengths. Alternate task requirements, for example, maintaining end-point accuracy within a tolerance region, are being considered as part of ongoing work. We cast the problem of minimizing variability in link length as that of determining the relative position of two location tolerance regions for which the difference between their extremal distances is at a minimum (i.e., as they undergo constrained relative motion in the Euclidean plane). The method is similar to computational geometry techniques that have been developed in pattern matching and robot motion planning, with some important differences. We present some example mechanisms and their optimal pose under given workspace configurations.
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Golovashchenko, Sergey F., and Andrey M. Ilinich. "Trimming of Advanced High Strength Steels." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79983.

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Modern product design and manufacturing often utilizes a wide variety of materials. Where once low carbon steel predominated, a variety of different materials such as aluminum alloys and advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) are now being utilized. Although such alternative materials may provide a variety of benefits in manufacturing and design, these same materials may present difficulties when subjected to manufacturing processes originally designed for low carbon steel. One such manufacturing area where difficulties may arise is in trimming operations. A defect that may arise directly in the trimming operation are burrs. Burrs decrease the quality and accuracy of stamped parts and cause splits in stretch flanging and hemming. Current standards limit the production of burrs through accurate alignment of the upper and lower edges of the trim knives. The clearance between the shearing edges should be less than 10% of the material thickness. For automotive exterior sheet, this requires a gap less than 0.06mm. Unfortunately, tolerances often exceed the capabilities of many trim dies resulting in the production of burrs. To satisfy the current standards of quality and to meet customer satisfaction, stamped parts frequently need an additional deburring operation, which is often accomplished as a metal-finish operation and conducted manually. The objective of the research described in this paper was to study the mechanisms of burr generation and the impact on AHSS formability in stretch flanging. Results on both the conventional trimming process and a recently developed robust trimming process, which has the potential to expand tolerances of trim die alignment, will be discussed.
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Michalek, Jeremy J., and Panos Y. Papalambros. "An Efficient Weighting Update Method to Achieve Acceptable Consistency Deviation in Analytical Target Cascading." In ASME 2004 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2004-57134.

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Weighting coefficients are used in Analytical Target Cascading (ATC) at each element of the hierarchy to express the relative importance of matching targets passed from the parent element and maintaining consistency of linking variables and consistency with designs achieved by subsystem child elements. Proper selection of weight values is crucial when the top level targets are unattainable, for example when “stretch” targets are used. In this case, strict design consistency cannot be achieved with finite weights; however, it is possible to achieve arbitrarily small inconsistencies. This article presents an iterative method for finding weighting coefficients that achieve solutions within user-specified inconsistency tolerances and demonstrates its effectiveness with several examples. The method also led to reduced computational time in the demonstration examples.
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