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1
Aðalsteinsson, Gylfi Dalmann. "Verkföll opinberra starfsmanna á Íslandi." Veftímaritið Stjórnmál og stjórnsýsla 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): 247–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2015.11.2.7.
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Strikes are a key tool for workers to achieve their demands against their counterparties. The right to strike for workers in the private sector was incorporated in law in 1938. The situation was different for public sector employees in the 20th century regarding the right to strike, salaries were decided by law. According to law from 1915 public sector employees were not allowed to go on strike. In 1976 civil servants were granted the right to strike regarding the main collective agreement and majority of public sector employees were authorized by law the right to strikes in 1986. This study presents strikes of the public sector employees i.e. employees of the state and local government from the year 1977 and shed light on the main reasons for the strike activities in the public sector. Since 1977 there have been 1.974.699 days lost due to industrial conflict in Iceland, whereof 932.102 or 47,7% are because of public sector strikes. Therefore public sector employees in Iceland, who are only 20% of the active labour market constitutes for almost half of all days lost due to strikes in Iceland. To get a comparison between strike frequency between the public and private sector strike volume was calculated. The strike volume shows the number of lost working days per 1,000 employees. The paper brings into light the main explanatory factors of the high strike frequency among public sector employees and discusses ways that can reduce the industrial conflict in the public sector. Some relate to the laws and regulations, other concern the industrial relations between the parties as well as collective bargaining arrangements.
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Silva Gatta, Iván. "“El Golpe y la Dictadura Militar en las caracterizaciones tempranas de la Izquierda Chilena (1973 – 1977)”." Revista Grafía- Cuaderno de trabajo de los profesores de la Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Universidad Autónoma de Colombia 10, no. 2 (July 14, 2013): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26564/16926250.495.
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Resumen:Este artículo es una aproximación a la temática del golpe militar de 1973 y la experiencia de la izquierda chilena (la Unidad Popular y el MIR) en los primeros años de dictadura (1973 -1977). Específicamente daremos cuenta de cuáles fueron las caracterizaciones, interpretaciones y/o lecturas tempranas desplegadas por dicho sector político, en torno al golpe y la dictadura. Daremos a conocer el proceso de evolución de dichas caracterizaciones a través del tiempo, la forma en la que éstas se mantienen, van cambiando o sistematizándose, a la luz de la información manejada por la izquierda chilena en los primeros años de la dictadura militar.Palabras Clave: Golpe militar, dictadura, izquierda chilena, caracterizaciones tempranas.*************************************************************** The coup d’état and the military dictatorship on the early characterization of Chilean left (1973-1977)AbstractThis article is an approximation to the subject about the military strike in 1973 and the experience of the left wing in Chile (Unidad Popular and MIR), in the early years of the dictatorship (1973 -1977). Specifically, we will show, which were the characterizations, interpretations and the premature readings that were deployed by the left wing, around the strike and the dictatorship. We will expose the evolution process of these characterizations trough the time, and the way that this kept, change or begin to take “shape”, depending on the information managed for the Chilean left in the early years of the dictatorship.Key Words: Military strike, dictatorship, Chilean left wing, early Characterizations.******************************************************O golpe e a ditadura militar nas caracterizações iniciais da esquerda chilena (1973 – 1977)ResumoEste artigo é uma aproximação à temática do golpe militar de 1973 e à experiência da esquerda chilena (a Unidade Popular e o MIR) nos primeiros anos de ditadura (1973 -1977). Especificamente vamos dar conta de quais foram as caracterizações, interpretações e/ou leituras iniciais despregadas pelo referido setor político, em torno do golpe e da ditadura. Vamos dar a conhecer o processo da evolução das mencionadas caracterizações através do tempo, a forma na qual estas se mantêm vão mudando ou sendo sistematizadas à luz da informação manejada pela esquerda chilena nos primeiros anos da ditadura militar.Palavras- chave: Golpe militar, ditadura, esquerda chilena, caracterizações iniciais
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Kim, Hyun Woo. "Work environments and workers’ grievances: Accounting for variation in wildcat strikes in the US coal mining industry, 1970–1977." Economic and Industrial Democracy 40, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 1039–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x16681484.
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This article examines the role of work environments and workers’ grievances as factors generating wildcat strikes in the US coal mining industry from 1970 to 1977, a period of intense worker–management conflict. Drawing on historical and empirical evidence, it argues that the classical wage-bargaining model of authorized strike activity fails to account for variation in the incidence of wildcat strikes in general, and those in the coal mines in particular. The analysis employs a unique data set on wildcat strikes in the coal industry during the period. This article brings the analysis of the causes of wildcat strikes into closer dialogue with social and labor movement theory.
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Lee, K. H., and H. F. Morrison. "A solution for TM‐mode plane waves incident on a two‐dimensional inhomogeneity." GEOPHYSICS 50, no. 7 (July 1985): 1163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1441989.
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Quantitative interpretation of magnetotelluric (MT) surveys depends at present on the availability of an efficient forward modeling algorithm. To date, two major numerical techniques have been used to obtain the scattered fields from buried inhomogeneities in plane‐wave fields: methods solving the governing differential equation which generally uses a finite‐element or finite‐difference approach, and methods which solve an integral‐equation formulation of the problem. For two‐dimensional (2-D) inhomogeneities a solution for incident fields with the electric field parallel to the strike of the inhomogeneity (TE mode solution) was developed by Hohmann (1971) using the integral‐equation approach. For a perfect conductor an integral formulation, for surface scattering currents, for the TM mode (magnetic field parallel to the strike of the inhomogeneity) was developed by Parry (1969). General 2-D solutions in the presence of an arbitrary mode plane wave (mixed TE-TM) were obtained by Ryu (1970), Swift (1971), and Rijo (1977) using either a finite‐element or finite‐difference technique.
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Segars, Terry. "The Labour Government and the First National Fire Service Strike, 1977-1978." Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, no. 29-30 (April 2010): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/hsir.2010.29-30.4.
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Rawsthorne, Phil. "Implementing the Ridley Report: The Role of Thatcher's Policy Unit during the Miners’ Strike of 1984–1985." International Labor and Working-Class History 94 (2018): 156–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547918000108.
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AbstractThe Conservative Party has long faced concerns that in regard to the great British miners’ strike of 1984–1985, senior Tories had, in fact, planned the confrontation as early as 1977, when still on the opposition benches. Historian John Savile pointed to the existence of the Ridley Report—a Conservative think-tank paper produced in 1977, which appeared to include a detailed blueprint on how to provoke, and secondly win, a battle against Britain's powerful miners’ union. After Margaret Thatcher's second election victory, and her first landslide, in 1983, the Prime Minister populated the Downing Street Policy Unit with private-sector allies who looked to implement aspects of the report. Some of these allies had clear economic incentives in running down British coal. Nevertheless, the Policy Unit members were instrumental in determining government policy concerning all aspects of the strike, including preparation, policing, the law courts, financial concerns and the portrayal of the strike in the media. The campaign by Thatcher's Policy Unit resulted in a shattering blow for Britain's trade union movement from which it has yet to recover—just as the Ridley Report had predicted.
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Salgado, Alfonso. "Communism and human rights in Pinochet’s Chile: the 1977 hunger strike against forced disappearance." Cold War History 18, no. 2 (December 13, 2017): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2017.1404988.
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Millikan, Clark H. "Stroke : 1970-1977." Stroke 32, no. 1 (January 2001): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.str.32.1.3.
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Dragert, H. "The fall (and rise) of central Vancouver Island: 1930–1985." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-067.
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Levelled height differences obtained from first-order vertical control surveys between 1930 and 1984 indicate large apparent elevation changes along the east coast of central Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The levelling survey following the 1946 earthquake (M = 7.3) indicated relative subsidence, likely coseismic, of up to 80 mm for the northern third of the 130 km traverse between Comox and Campbell River. Subsequent surveys indicated relative uplifts within this region at rates averaging 1 mm/year (1946–1977) and 5 mm/year (1977–1984). Tilting along a 90 km traverse across central Vancouver Island between Gold River and Campbell River is not well defined because of uncalibrated magnetic errors present in the 1976–1978 baseline data. Minimal estimates indicate a possible average uplift rate of 1–2 mm/year for the east coast region with respect to the outer coast between 1976 and 1985.Taken at face value, these data are consistent with the crustal deformation sequence expected for an earthquake cycle. The coseismic subsidence has been followed by gradual postseismic recovery totalling 30 mm over 30 years. The apparent recent acceleration of this uplift rate to 5 mm/year could mark a stage of more rapid strain accumulation prior to a seismic event. The sense of tilting, principally upwards to the northwest, is difficult to reconcile with two-dimensional, northeast subduction. If this tilting is being generated at depths directly by the subduction process, it implies that the northern part of the survey area overlies a locked or currently more resistive subduction zone. Alternatively, elastic strain accumulation within the crust across the Beaufort Range (or a subparallel) fault preceding right-lateral strike-slip rupture could also lead to the observed tilt pattern.
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Delius, Anna. "Writing (for) Workers: Alternative Workers’ Magazines in Francoist Spain and in State Socialist Poland in the 1960s and 1970s." Labor 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-8349356.
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This article explores how repression and everyday conflicts at the workplace were connected with labor rights and trade unionism in two authoritarian regimes. It focuses on worker and labor activists’ media in Francoist Spain and in state socialist Poland during the years 1965–68 and 1977–79, respectively. Spanish and Polish workers both lacked the right to join and form independent trade unions, the right to free assembly and association, and the right to strike. At the same time, they faced comparable problems in their everyday working lives, including low salaries, excessive overtime, incompetent management, and deficits in safety and hygiene standards. In this context, (illegal) magazines for workers emerged. They provided new arenas for exchanging experiences, advertised strike actions all across the country, called for united action, and explained national legislation and global labor norms. Based on an analysis of Spanish and Polish workers’ publications, this contribution investigates how labor activists in these states addressed day-to-day problems and the constant violations of internationally binding labor norms.
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Tonge, Simon. "Collecting the Mallorcan midwife toad." Oryx 20, no. 2 (April 1986): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300026284.
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The Mallorcan midwife toad was described, from subfossil remains, as recently as 1977, and it was not until 1980 that some living tadpoles were recognized as belonging to this new species. Once widespread in Mallorca, now perhaps only 1000–1500 adult toads remain, in secret and remote gorges in the mountains. In order to provide a safety net, should catastrophe strike at the fragile wild populations, the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust offered to set up a captive-breeding programme for the toad. In 1985 the author set out to collect eight toads, to be the founders of the captive colony. The FFPS contributed £85 from its Oryx 100% Fund towards the expedition.
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Woodbury, Stephen A. "The Scope of Bargaining and Bargaining Outcomes in the Public Schools." ILR Review 38, no. 2 (January 1985): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398503800203.
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This study examines state-to-state variations in the legality of bargaining over class size in public schools, to determine, first, whether these variations in the legal scope of bargaining bear any relationship to actual class sizes and, second, whether these variations are indirectly associated with teachers' salaries. Using a model of the quality of education to analyze data from the 1977 Census of Governments on 4,851 independent school districts, the author concludes that restrictions on class-size bargaining are associated with both larger student-teacher ratios and higher teachers' salaries. He also finds that the availability of voluntary arbitration and the limited right to strike are related to lower student-teacher ratios.
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Perico, Edimar, Carlos Eduardo de Mesquita Barros, Fernando Mancini, and Sidnei Pires Rostirolla. "Protracted deformation during cooling of the Paleoproterozoic arc system as constrained by 40Ar/39Ar ages of muscovite from brittle faults: the Transamazonan Bacajá Terrane, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Geology 47, no. 3 (September 2017): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889201720170033.
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ABSTRACT: In the Paleoproterozoic Transamazonas Province, synkinematic granitogenesis has taken place synchronously with compressive tectonic stress. The synkinematic character of the granites is marked by their WNW elongate shape, and by the presence of pervasive and concordant synmagmatic foliation. Ductile shear zones are concordant to the previous regional WNW structures, and tend to be accommodated along contacts between Rhyacian synkinematic granitoids and both Archean orthogneisses and Siderian metabasites. Locally phyllonitic shear zones and brittle-ductile shear zones with cataclasites are oriented subparallel to the preexisting ductile foliation. Late orogenic brittle faults N30E-trending strike-slip faults are either sinistral or destral. 40Ar/39Ar dating of muscovite developed on fault planes gave ages of 1977 ± 8 Ma and 1968 ± 11 Ma. Structural and geochronological data from rocks of the Transamazonas Province permit to conclude that most mylonites and brittle structures were controlled by preexisting structures such as geological contacts and petrographic facies boundaries. Compressive tectonic stress would have initiated at ca. 2100 Ma, since the former magmatic arc (Bacajaí complex), still present at 2070 Ma when syntectonic granites were emplaced and remained until 1975 Ma after granite plutonism and regional cooling.
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Eales, H. V., B. Teigler, and W. D. Maier. "Cryptic variations of minor elements Al, Cr, Ti and Mn in Lower and Critical Zone orthopyroxenes of the Western Bushveld Complex." Mineralogical Magazine 57, no. 387 (June 1993): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1993.057.387.08.
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AbstractCompositional variations with respect to minor elements A1, Cr, Ti and Mn, and major elements Fe and Mg, in orthopyroxenes along ca. 160 km of strike of the Lower (LZ), Lower Critical (LCZ) and Upper Critical (UCZ) Zones are reviewed on the basis of 1900 analyses by electron microprobe. AI increases with stratigraphic height and declining Mg/(Mg + Fe2) ratios (hereafter MMF ratios) through the LZ and LCZ, reaching peak values close to the base of the UCZ, where the first cumulus plagioclase appears in the succession. Above this, Al contents decline as MMF ratios decline. Through the same interval, subdued increase in Ti occurs through >1000 m of ultramafic cumulates, but this increase accelerates within the ca. 450 m UCZ sequence. Mn increases linearly with declining MMF ratios through the entire succession, Cr levels are highest in orthopyroxenes of the ultramafic LZ and LCZ, and olivine norites of the UCZ, but decline in more evolved norites and associated anorthosites of the UCZ.This pattern of cryptic variations, displayed by a thick succession of cumulates, is consistent with the model of Bence and Papike (1972) and Grove and Bence (1977) for basaltic rocks, which links the levels of minor elements in pyroxenes with entry of plagioclase into the paragenesis.
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Pegler, G., and S. Das. "Analysis of the relationship between seismic moment and fault length for large crustal strike-slip earthquakes between 1977-92." Geophysical Research Letters 23, no. 9 (May 1, 1996): 905–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96gl00963.
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Dube, R. K. "Relocation of the Koyna earthquakes with a new velocity model." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 76, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0760020395.
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abstract Hypocenter locations of 380 earthquakes of magnitude ≧ 3 in the Koyna region, recorded by the Central Water and Power Research Station Network of Seismological Observatories and the India Meteorological Department stations during the period December 1967 to December 1973, are determined after selection of an appropriate crustal model. The model is chosen from among the few available for the region on the basis of comparatively better hypocenter locations in terms of error parameters in the location of 32 events of magnitude ≧ 4 (master events). An epicenter map and hypocentral depth cross-section of the earthquakes in the region are presented. Least-squares fit through the best hypocentral locations along the line perpendicular to the strike of fault plane inferred by Tandon and Chaudhury (1968) gives a dip of 27° in the east-southeast direction and the surface manifestation of the fault 25 km to the west of the Koyna Dam. While the chosen strike direction of the fault is also in agreement with those obtained in a number of fault plane solutions and LANDSAT imagery (Lee and Rayleigh, 1969; Sykes, 1970; Banghar, 1972; Chandra, 1976; Rastogi and Talwani, 1980; Langston, 1981), the observed dip direction of the fault agrees only with the results of deep seismic sounding (Kaila et al., 1979) and the fault plane solution of Rastogi and Talwani (1980). The amount of dip is, however, much less than any of the values reported so far.
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Mbali, Mandisa. "‘A Matter of Conscience’: The Moral Authority of the World Medical Association and the Readmission of the South Africans, 1976–1994." Medical History 58, no. 2 (April 2014): 257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2014.8.
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AbstractThis article describes the role of transnational anti-apartheid activism in South Africa, Britain and the United States in generating international moral outrage over the readmission of the Medical Association of South Africa (MASA) to the World Medical Association (WMA), which had taken place in 1981 after it had withdrawn from that body in 1976. It discusses an example of a controversy where an international health organisation (IHO) lost moral authority as a result of being accused of white supremacy and a pro-American engagement in Cold War politics. At the time of its readmission to the WMA, the MASA was controversial because of its failure to strike off its membership roll one of the doctors implicated the death in detention of Black Consciousness leader Steve Biko in 1977. It details how these activists viewed the American Medical Association as having campaigned for the MASA’s readmission. The WMA’s readmission of the MASA cost the former its relationships with the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the British Medical Association – a dispute which continued until South Africa’s democratic transition of 1994. With its focus on transnational activism in relation to the WMA and the effects of activists’ allegations of racism on its internal politics, this article contributes to the literature on the history of IHOs. Ultimately, this controversy shows the deficiency of international medical professional associations as ethical arbitrators of last resort.
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Chukwuemeka, Emma E. O., Joy Ugwu, Titus Okey Enugu, and Dan Igwegbe. "An Empirical Study of Industrial Conflict and Management in Nigeria Local Government System: A study of Enugu State." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 2, no. 3 (July 4, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v2i3.2048.
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The study was carried out to assess labout conflict and management in the local Government system in Nigeria with particular reference to Enugu State. Descriptive Research method was adopted, data were collected and analysed. Essentially, the findings revealed that the organizational framework for management of conflict and grievances is poor. The problem is as a result of leadership ineffectiveness which according to the study had resulted to disputes and consequently to strike actions. Management scarcely bargains with staff in resolving conflict situations. Management does not always explain its reasons for taking a particular position in resolving conflicts.The study further revealed that other factors that heightened labour conflict include low participation of employees in taking key decisions, especially matters affecting them. The Local overnment of Enugu State of Nigeria is believed to be poorly funded, This information was furnished by a key respondent, the poor funding is peculiar to the following local governments: Enugu North, Igbo-Eze North, and Nsukka Local Government Areas.. The aforementioned local government areas were consistently on ‘zero allocation’, which the resultant effect was epileptic payment of salaries and allowances of workers. Flowing from the findings, the following recommendations among others were proffered A democratic leadership style should be imbibed in Enugu State Local Government Councils to ensure congenial work relationship, the reign of democracy, as a style would ensure reduction of labour conflict. In spite of the fact that funding was not identified as a major problem that led to labour conflict, funding of the Local government in Nigeria should be strengthened. Management and staff of the local government should strive to see labour conflict as a process to change and thus try to resolve it in such a way that both parties are winners. Labour conflict should be resolved through the instrumentality of collective bargaining, which involves negotiation, dialogue, or mediation by a third party or through statutory framework which involves Trade Dispute ACT No.7 of 1976 as amended in 1977. Keywords: Labour Conflict, Leadership, Funding of Local Government, Collective Bargaining
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Gold, Michael. "‘The Bullock Report and European Experience’: What We Can Still Learn about Worker Directors from Hugh Clegg." Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 41, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/hsir.2020.41.9.
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Hugh Clegg’s paper, ‘The Bullock Report and European Experience’, written in 1977, analyses the role of worker directors appointed to the boards of UK companies, a move which formed part of the then Labour government’s Social Contract with the trade unions designed to stem the country’s long-term industrial decline. My commentary argues that three aspects of the paper are likely to strike the contemporary reader most forcibly. Initially it seems alien as it describes a world of collectivist industrial relations that was erased by the Conservative government elected in 1979. Yet on closer reading its main theme - reforming corporate accountability - emerges as all too familiar, as worker exploitation and other corporate scandals have continued largely unchecked to the present. And we may reflect that more recent research into policy transfer has improved our contemporary understanding of the barriers to corporate governance reform since the 1970s. Clegg correctly cautioned against attempting to import institutions from countries such as Germany into the UK, a view that has since been refined by analysis of the contrasts between co-ordinated and liberal market economies. Reforming corporate governance requires tailor-made policies, not those transferred merely on grounds of success in their original host countries.
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Weiss, Shennan A., Thomas Preuss, and Donald S. Faber. "A role of electrical inhibition in sensorimotor integration." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 46 (November 12, 2008): 18047–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806145105.
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Although it is accepted that extracellular fields generated by neuronal activity can influence the excitability of neighboring cells, whether this form of neurotransmission has a functional role remains open. In vivo field effects occur in the teleost Mauthner (M)-cell system, where a combination of structural features support the concept of inhibitory electrical synapses. A single spike in one M-cell evoked within as little as 2.2 ms of the onset of an abrupt sound, simulating a predatory strike, initiates a startle-escape behavior [Zottoli SJ (1977) J Exp Biol 66:243–254]. We show that such sounds produce synchronized action potentials in as many as 20 or more interneurons that mediate feed-forward electrical inhibition of the M-cell. The resulting action currents produce an electrical inhibition that coincides with the electrotonic excitatory drive to the M-cell; the amplitude of the peak of the inhibition is ≈40% of that of the excitation. When electrical inhibition is neutralized with an extracellular cathodal current pulse, subthreshold auditory stimuli are converted into ones that produce an M-spike. Because the timing of electrical inhibition is often the same as the latency of M-cell firing in freely swimming fish, we conclude that electrical inhibition participates in regulating the threshold of the acoustic startle-escape behavior. Therefore, a field effect is likely to be essential to the normal functioning of the neural network.
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Cannavò, Flavio, Salvatore Gambino, Biagio Puglisi, and Rosanna Velardita. "Modeling ground deformation associated with the destructive earthquakes occurring on Mt. Etna's southeastern flank in 1984." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 11 (November 28, 2016): 2443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2443-2016.
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Abstract. The Timpe Fault System is the source of very shallow but destructive earthquakes that affect several towns and villages on the eastern flank of Mt. Etna (Italy). In 1984, several seismic events, and specifically on 19 and 25 October, caused one fatality, 12 injuries and produced serious damage in the Zafferana and Acireale territories. This seismicity was mainly related to the activity of the Fiandaca Fault, one of the structures belonging to the Timpe Fault System. We inverted ground deformation data collected by a geodimeter trilateration network set up in 1977 at a low altitude along the eastern side of the volcano in order to define the Timpe Fault System faulting mechanisms linked to the seismicity in 1984. We have found that in the period May 1980–October 1984, the Fiandaca Fault was affected by a strike-slip and normal dip-slip of about 20.4 and 12.7 cm respectively. This result is kinematically consistent with field observations of the coseismic ground ruptures along the fault but it is notably large compared to displacements estimated by seismicity, then suggesting that most of the slip over the fault plane was aseismic. The results once again confirm how seismicity and its relation with ground ruptures and creep displacement represent a very high hazard to the several towns and villages situated along the Timpe Fault System.
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Perry, Elizabeth J. "Shanghai's Strike Wave of 1957." China Quarterly 137 (March 1994): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000034020.
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In the spring of 1957, a strike wave of monumental proportions rolled across the city of Shanghai. The strikes in Shanghai represented the climax of a national outpouring of labour protest that had been gaining momentum for more than a year. The magnitude of the 1957 strike wave is especially impressive when placed in historical perspective. Major labour disturbances (naoshi) erupted at 587 Shanghai enterprises in the spring of 1957, involving nearly 30,000 workers. More than 200 of these incidents included factory walkouts, while another 100 or so involved organized slowdowns of production. Additionally, more than 700 enterprises experienced less serious forms of labour unrest (maoyari). These figures are extraordinary even by comparison with Republican-period Shanghai when the May Fourth Movement of 1919, the May Thirtieth Movement of 1925, the Shanghai Workers' Three Armed Uprisings of 1926–27 and the protests of the Civil War years gave rise to one of the most aggressive labour movements in world history. In 1919, Shanghai experienced only 56 strikes, 33 of which were connected with May Fourth. In 1925, it saw 175, of which 100 were in conjunction with May Thirtieth. The year of greatest strike activity in Republican-period Shanghai, 1946, saw a total of 280.
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FOUSKAS, VASSILIS K. "Uncomfortable Questions: Cyprus, October 1973–August 1974." Contemporary European History 14, no. 1 (February 2005): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777304002140.
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Scholarly research to date has analysed the Cyprus issue from the perspective of Greek–Turkish relations, suggesting that the United States was attempting to strike a balance between them in order to safeguard the cohesion of NATO's southern flank during the cold war. This article, without undermining the validity of previous historical findings on the issue, nevertheless constitutes an attempt to move towards a differing research agenda: it locates Cyprus in the Middle Eastern theatre and suggests that the Yom Kippur war of October 1973 may have more linkages to the Cyprus crisis of summer 1974 than one may at first sight discern.
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Hauksson, Egill. "Seismotectonics of the Newport-Inglewood fault zone in the Los Angeles basin, southern California." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 77, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 539–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0770020539.
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Abstract The Newport-Inglewood fault zone (NIF) strikes northwest along the western margin of the Los Angeles basin in southern California. The seismicity (1973 to 1985) of ML ≧ 2.5 that occurred within a 20-km-wide rectangle centered on the NIF extending from the Santa Monica fault in the north to Newport Beach in the south is analyzed. A simultaneous full inversion scheme (VELEST) is used to invert for hypocentral parameters, two velocity models, and a set of station delays. Arrival time data from three quarry blasts are included to stabilize the inversion. The first velocity model applies to stations located along the rim and outside the Los Angeles basin and is well resolved. It is almost identical to the starting model, which is the model routinely used by the CIT/USGS southern California seismic network for locating local earthquakes. The second velocity model applies to stations located within the Los Angeles basin. It shows significantly lower velocities down to depths of 12 to 16 km, which is consistent with basement of Catalina Schist below the sediments in the western Los Angeles basin. The distribution of relocated hypocenters shows an improved correspondence to mapped surface traces of late Quaternary fault segments of the NIF. A diffuse trend of seismicity is observed along the Inglewood fault from the Dominguez Hills, across the Baldwin Hills to the Santa Monica fault in the north. The seismicity adjacent to Long Beach, however, is offset 4 to 5 km to the east, near the trace of the subsurface Los Alamitos fault. The depth distribution of earthquakes along the NIF shows clustering from 6 to 11 km depth, which is similar to average seismogenic depths in southern California. Thirty-nine single-event focal mechanisms of small earthquakes (1977 to 1985) show mostly strike-slip faulting with some reverse faulting along the north segment (north of Dominguez Hills) and some normal faulting along the south segment (south of Dominguez Hills to Newport Beach). The results of an inversion of the focal mechanism data for orientations of the principal stress axes and their relative magnitudes indicate that the minimum principal stress is vertical along the north segment while the intermediate stress is vertical along the south segment. The maximum principal stress axis is oriented 10° to 25° east of north. Reverse faulting along the north segment indicates that a transition zone of mostly compressive deformation exists between the Los Angeles block and the Central Transverse Ranges.
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Fontes, Paulo, and Francisco Barbosa de Macedo. "Strikes and Pickets in Brazil: Working-Class Mobilization in the “Old” and “New” Unionism, the Strikes of 1957 and 1980." International Labor and Working-Class History 83 (2013): 86–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547913000161.
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AbstractThis article analyzes the role of pickets in two of the most emblematic strikes in Brazilian labor history during the twentieth century: the “strike of the 400,000,” which involved several industry categories in São Paulo and neighboring cities in 1957, and the “forty-one days strike” in 1980 involving the metalworkers of the industrial belt, known as ABC Paulista, in the metropolitan region of the city of São Paulo. Both strikes broke out at a time of profound reconfiguration of Brazilian society, marked by industrialization, migration, and urbanization processes. Although separated by a time gap of almost twenty-five years, both the “strike of the 400,000” and the “forty-one days strike” reveal important aspects of the performance of workers in that crucial period of Brazilian history.
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Krabbenhoeft, Anne, Roland von Huene, John J. Miller, and Dirk Klaeschen. "Subducting oceanic basement roughness impacts on upper-plate tectonic structure and a backstop splay fault zone activated in the southern Kodiak aftershock region of the Mw 9.2, 1964 megathrust rupture, Alaska." Geosphere 17, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): 409–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02275.1.
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Abstract In 1964, the Alaska margin ruptured in a giant Mw 9.2 megathrust earthquake, the second largest during worldwide instrumental recording. The coseismic slip and aftershock region offshore Kodiak Island was surveyed in 1977–1981 to understand the region’s tectonics. We re-processed multichannel seismic (MCS) field data using current standard Kirchhoff depth migration and/or MCS traveltime tomography. Additional surveys in 1994 added P-wave velocity structure from wide-angle seismic lines and multibeam bathymetry. Published regional gravity, backscatter, and earthquake compilations also became available at this time. Beneath the trench, rough oceanic crust is covered by ∼3–5-km-thick sediment. Sediment on the subducting plate modulates the plate interface relief. The imbricate thrust faults of the accreted prism have a complex P-wave velocity structure. Landward, an accelerated increase in P-wave velocities is marked by a backstop splay fault zone (BSFZ) that marks a transition from the prism to the higher rigidity rock beneath the middle and upper slope. Structures associated with this feature may indicate fluid flow. Farther upslope, another fault extends >100 km along strike across the middle slope. Erosion from subducting seamounts leaves embayments in the frontal prism. Plate interface roughness varies along the subduction zone. Beneath the lower and middle slope, 2.5D plate interface images show modest relief, whereas the oceanic basement image is rougher. The 1964 earthquake slip maximum coincides with the leading and/or landward flank of a subducting seamount and the BSFZ. The BSFZ is a potentially active structure and should be considered in tsunami hazard assessments.
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Gauchman, Mykhailo. "WORKERS OF DISTRICT TOWN: THE PLANT’S WORKERS OF LUHANS’K IN LABOR’S CONFLICTS AND REVOLUTIONARY WAVES DURING THE FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR." City History, Culture, Society, no. 3 (October 30, 2017): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2019.03.051.
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The article deals with the collective actions of plant workers in Luhans’k (inRussian pronunciation – Lugansk) in labor conflicts during the First Russianrevolution (1905–1907) and the First World War (1914–1918). This town wasone of the main towns of industrial Donbass and the center of Slovianoserbiandistrict of Ekaterinoslavian province.The relationships between administration and workers in Luhans’k areinvestigated on the materials of clerical work of Ekaterinoslavian provinceand memoirs of participators on events. These sources are especially aboutthe behavior of workers from two big industrial enterprises – the Gartmanplant and the Cartridges plant. In the crisis periods, such as revolutions andwars, the social-political relations are sharpened and changeable. And revolutionsand wars left behind enough historical sources for studying workers’history.In the Luhans’k’s enterprises, there were – during the First Russian Revolution– the general town’s strike in February 1905, the attempt of the strike tothe 1st of May 1905 in the Gartman plant, the strike in the Gartman plant inJuly 1905, the mass unrest in December 1905, the attempt of strike to the 1stof May 1906 in the Gartman plant, the lockout in the Gartman plant in March1907 and the general town’s strike in July 1916 in the time of social-economicscrisis during the First World War. The studying of strikes, attempts ofstrikes and mass unrests in 1905–1907 and 1916 allows defining some featuresof collective’s activity of plant’s workers:1) the inconsistent solidarity of workers in the times of strikes. The generalunderstanding of oppressed status and necessity of fighting for their rightsspread among the workers during the strike’s waves, but this solidarity ofworkers didn’t cause to cooperative planned activities;2) the crisis of vertical relationships between administrators and workersin the time of strikes of 1905 and 1916. In Patron plant subordination and paternalismwere saved during the strike in February 1905, unlike in Gartmanplant, but not in the strike in 1916;3) the influence on workers of the revolutionary movement. Revolution ideasand local activists of illegal political parties were impacted of workers’ moods in the crisis times. In 1905 increasing of social-democrats’ activity in Luhans’kwas the aftermath of town’s strikes. But in 1916 the spreading of revolutionideas preceded the emergence in workers’ dissatisfaction with their ownsituation during the social-economics crises, which was the cause of generaltown’s strike;4) the workers’ capacity to spontaneous self-organization during strikesand making the continuous organization forms in the Gartman plant. In thisenterprise in 1906 was formed two workers’ organizations: pawnshop andprofessional association. This association conflicted with plant’s administrationin 1907 and headed the strikes in 1906.
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Fisher, E. G. "Strike Activity and Wildcat Strikes in British Columbia : 1945-1975." Relations industrielles 37, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 284–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/029255ar.
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Gramm, Cynthia L. "New Measures of the Propensity to Strike during Contract Negotiations, 1971–1980." ILR Review 40, no. 3 (April 1987): 406–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398704000307.
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This paper presents new measures—by month, industry, and union—of the percentage of labor contract negotiations in the United States that result in a strike. The measures are derived from a single, comprehensive sample of 6,046 contract negotiations occurring in 1971–80 in bargaining units of 1,000 or more workers. These data are superior to those used in previous studies because they measure strike probabilities (or propensities) directly rather than by proxy. The data show that strikes occurred in 13.25 percent of all negotiations analyzed, but this strike rate varied substantially across years, industries, and unions.
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Suanet, Bianca, and Theo G. van Tilburg. "Balance in social support exchange and discontinuation of young-old’s personal relationships in three birth cohorts." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 36, no. 11-12 (January 9, 2019): 3371–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407518822779.
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Societal changes and an increase in personal resources are likely to have an impact on the personal relationships of cohorts coming of age. We expect that, in recent times, (1) relationships more often strike a balance in exchanged instrumental and emotional support and (2) relationships are discontinued more often when there is no balance in exchanged instrumental and emotional support, particularly among nonkin. We compare three birth cohorts from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, aged 55–64 years at baseline (early cohort: born in 1928–1937, interviewed in 1992; middle cohort: born in 1938–1947, interviewed in 2002; late cohort: born in 1948–1957, interviewed in 2012). The results indicate that, in the middle and late birth cohorts, personal relationships are more often characterized by a balance in social support exchanges compared to the early cohort. No cohort differences in the effect of balance on relationship discontinuation are observed. The results suggest increased opportunities and preferences of young-olds to maintain balance in their personal relationships.
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Raadsma, HW. "Fleece rot and body strike in Merino sheep. V. Heritability of liability to body strike in weaner sheep under flywave conditions." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 2 (1991): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9910279.
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The prevalence of body strike was monitored in 740 mixed sex weaner progeny from 43 sires, representing 15 different Merino genotypes. A flywave, characterized by a sudden onset in the prevalence of flystrike, occurred over a 2 month period which coincided with unseasonally high rainfall. A total of 190 strikes were treated in 176 sheep representing a strike rate of 25.7 strikes per 100 sheep and a prevalence of 23.8%. The majority of strikes (92.6%) were body strikes with 19.7% of all sheep affected. The heritability of susceptibility to body strike expressed as prevalence was 0.26�0.12 for both least squares (LS) and restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedures. The heritability of liability to body strike using quasi-maximum likelihood procedures and assuming a continuous underlying scale was 0.53 which agreed well with estimates from the LS and REML analysis after transformation (0.54�0. 25). Predicted genetic progress in the reduction of susceptibility to body strike was calculated for mass selection where the best 5% of rams and 60% of ewes were selected, with a starting prevalence of 20% body strike, assuming (a) an environment exposed to continuous flywaves, and (b) an environment with infrequent flywaves. After 20 years of direct selection the prevalence of body strike would be reduced to 7.2% and 16.1% for the two environments respectively. Indirect selection based on (c) a variable prevalence of fleece rot with a long term average of 30% and (d) fleece rot expressed at 80% would reduce the prevalence of body strike to 6% and less than 2% respectively. Indirect selection based on (e) a hypothetical indicator trait with a continous distribution, a high heritability (0.4) and a moderate genetic correlation with liability to body strike (0.4), would also reduce the prevalence of body strike to less than 2% after 20 years of selection.
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Riis, Julie, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Gorm B. Jensen, and Shoaib Afzal. "Secular trends in risk of stroke according to body mass index and blood pressure, 1976–2017." Neurology 93, no. 14 (August 30, 2019): e1397-e1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000008193.
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ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that the associations of body mass index (BMI) and BMI-related risk factors with risk of stroke have attenuated over time using cohorts recruited from the general population over 4 decades.MethodsWe undertook prospective studies of 2 cohorts enrolled in 1976 to 1978 (13,567 participants from the Copenhagen City Heart Study) and 2003 to 2015 (107,040 participants from the Copenhagen General Population Study). Each cohort was recruited randomly from the Danish general population 20 to 100 years of age. Participants were followed up from the date of examination to date of emigration, death, or stroke event, whichever occurred first. Follow-up ended in March 2017. We did not lose track of any individual. BMI and blood pressure were modeled with splines and in categories. Main outcome was incident stroke, including ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.ResultsThe crude incidence of stroke declined in extreme categories of BMI and blood pressure from 1977 to 2017. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for stroke in participants with BMI ≥30 vs 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 were 1.4 (95% confidence interval 1.2–1.6) in the 1976–1978 cohort and 1.1 (1.0–1.2) in the 2003–2015 cohort (p = 0.008 for 1976–1978 vs 2003–2015). The corresponding hazard ratios (confidence intervals) in participants with blood pressure ≥160/100 vs <140/90 mm Hg were 2.1 (1.9–2.3) and 1.5 (1.4–1.7), respectively (p < 0.001). Similar secular trends were observed for diabetes mellitus but were not obvious for other risk factors.ConclusionThe associations of high BMI and high blood pressure with higher risk of stroke were attenuated across 2 Danish cohorts enrolled from 1976 through 2015.
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Campaign For Social Democracy. "Sri Lanka: the choice of two terrors." Race & Class 30, no. 3 (January 1989): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030639688903000306.
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While a stalemate in the predominantly Tamil North and East of Sri Lanka continues despite Indian intervention on the government's behalf, in the Sinhala South death squads associated with the pseudo People's Liberation Front, the JVP, have been ruthlessly eliminating its opponents. The United National Party (UNP) and the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), having created and nurtured popular racism for over thirty years in order to get into power (through a ready-made Sinhalese majority of 70 per cent of the population), * would now like to draw back from the brink of another crippling civil war, this time in the South. But they are unable to do so because the JVP has taken up the Sinhala cause and pushed it to the point of social fascism through assassination and murder. Popular racism based on Sinhala-Buddhist nationalism promoted in the schools and expressed in song, textbook and media served to fuel the anti-Tamil pogroms of 1958, 1977, 1981 and 1983, in which thousands were killed at the hands of street mobs. Some of the most violently anti- Tamil propaganda (deriving inspiration from mythical Sinhalese history) has emanated from the present government. Colonisation of Tamil areas by Sinhalese was justified on the pretext of protecting ancient Buddhist shrines. And it is an open secret that ministers hired their own hit squads in the 1983 pogrom. When, in a bid to end the unwinnable war with the Tamils, the UNP signed the Indo-Lanka Accord in 1987, allowing Indian troops to operate on Sri Lankan soil, it alienated the very Sinhala nationalists it had itself fostered. And it was the JVP which capitalised on the resentment over India's interference in Sri Lanka's internal affairs. Accusing the UNP government (and other supporters of the Accord) of treachery, it enlarged and deepened popular racism into fanatical patriotism. But what has given the JVP terror tactics a hold over the population has been the steady erosion of democratic freedoms, on the one hand, and the self-abasement of the Left, on the other. Both the SLFP and UNP governments have postponed elections to stay in power, but the UNP went further and got itself re-elected en bloc on a phoney referendum to postpone elections. Local elections were never held under the SLFP and whatever elections took place under the UNP have either been rigged and/or carried out under conditions of massive intimidation. In the process, the political literacy that the country once boasted has been lost to the people and, with it, their will to resist. At the same time the collaborationist politics of the Left in the SLFP government of 1970-77 have not only served to decimate its own chances at the polls (it obtained not a single seat in the election of 1977) but also to leave the working-class movement defenceless. So that it was a simple matter for the UNP government to crush the general strike of 1980, imprison its leaders and throw 80, 000 workers permanently out of work. And it has been left to the JVP to pretend to take up the socialist mantle of the Left even as it devotes itself to the racist cause of the Right, and so win the support of the Sinhala-Buddhist people. In the final analysis the choice before the country is that of two terrors: that of the state or that of the JVP. Below we publish an analysis of the situation as at October 1988, put out by the underground Campaign for Social Democracy in the run up to the presidential elections.
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Winterton, Jonathan. "The 1984–85 miners' strike and technological change." British Journal for the History of Science 26, no. 1 (March 1993): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400030107.
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The proximate cause of the 1984–85 miners' strike, the longest mass strike in British history, was a round of colliery closures announced by the National Coal Board (NCB, now British Coal) in March 1984 as part of the restructuring of the British coal mining industry. The impact of pit closures upon communities is so immediate and devastating that the effect obscured the fundamental causes. The restructuring process had accelerated since 1979 because of the economic and energy policies adopted by Conservative governments, but had its origins in the Labour government's response to the 1973 oil shock and the tripartite settlement of the 1974 strike by the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM). The 1974 Plan for Coal established an investment programme to expand coal production by three means: developing new mines; extending the life of existing collieries; and implementing new technologies. These supply-side measures were already underway when the first Thatcher government, elected in 1979, established new limits on publicsector spending and sought to liberalize markets.
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Aðalsteinsson, Gylfi Dalmann. "Strikes and strike activity on the Icelandic labour market, 1976-2004." Icelandic Review of Politics & Administration 2, no. 2 (December 15, 2006): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2006.2.2.3.
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Campolieti, Michele. "Power Law Distributions and the Size Distribution of Strikes." Sociological Methods & Research 48, no. 3 (October 10, 2017): 561–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124117729709.
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Using Canadian data from 1976 to 2014, I study the size distribution of strikes with three alternative measures of strike size: the number of workers on strike, strike duration in calendar days, and the number of person calendar days lost to a strike. I use a maximum likelihood framework that provides a way to estimate distributions, evaluate model fit, and also test against alternative distributions. I consider a few theories that can create power law distributions in strike size, such as the joint costs model that posits strike size is inversely proportional to dispute costs. I find that the power law distribution fits the data for the number of lost person calendar days relatively well and is also more appropriate than the lognormal distribution. I also discuss the implications of my findings from a methodological, research, and policy perspective.
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Kristanova, Evelina. "„Po grudniu ubiegłego roku”. Problematyka polityczna w szczecińskim miesięczniku społeczno-kulturalnym Spojrzenia (1971–1974)." Zeszyty Prasoznawcze 63, no. 4 (244) (2020): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/22996362pz.20.031.12697.
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“Following last December…”: Political Topics in the Local Socio-Cultural Monthly Spojrzenia (1971–1974) The paper presents Spojrzenia, a Szczecin-based socio-cultural monthly magazine, never analyzed in the literature before. The short-lived, local magazine was founded and published in the early years of Edward Gierek’s rule. The author attempts to scrutinize issues discussed in the monthly, with particular focus on political topics that reflected a new propagandist trend in the Polish People’s Republic. The research material consists of press sources reprinted in Spojrzenia and archival materials stored in the Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw and the Archives of the Institute of National Remembrance in Szczecin. The wide-ranging scope of subjects discussed in Spojrzenia was dominated by regional topics and texts promoting local writers and culture. An interesting initiative taken by the monthly’s editorial board was a series of articles entitled Literature versus Politics. Alas, the majority of journalists lost interest in writing developing that series after the Polish 1970 Strikes.
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Lipold, Paul F., and Larry W. Isaac. "Striking Deaths: Lethal Contestation and the “Exceptional” Character of the American Labor Movement, 1870–1970." International Review of Social History 54, no. 2 (August 2009): 167–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859009000674.
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SummaryThe decades between the Great Railway Strike of 1877 and the post-World- War-II institutionalization of organized labor in the US have been impressionistically characterized by labor scholars as the most violent and bloody to be found in any Western, democratic nation. A variety of different forms of labor repression have been identified and studied. Yet because of a lack of systematic data, none have been able to examine directly the incidence and contours of the ultimate form of violent repression in collective contention. We create the conceptual space for pursuing bloodshed and a new data set featuring deaths resulting from labor strikes as a new and promising direction in the American exceptionalism debate and in studies of comparative strikes. Through a painstaking search of the historical record, we produce the first systematic quantitative gauge of striking deaths between 1870 and 1970. These data permit a mapping of fatalities resulting from labor strikes across time, geographical region, and industry. After describing configurations of strike-based mortality, we suggest what these patterned variations may mean and identify additional questions that these data may help resolve in subsequent studies. We urge comparable data collections in other countries that would permit direct comparative-historical assessments of the magnitude and role of bloodshed in different labor movements.
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Ochoa Chavez, Juan A., and Diane I. Doser. "Geophysical analysis of the 30 July 1972 Sitka, Alaska, earthquake sequence." Geosphere 16, no. 3 (April 2, 2020): 712–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02144.1.
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Abstract The 1972 Mw 7.6 Sitka earthquake is the largest historical event along the southeastern Alaska portion of the strike-slip Queen Charlotte fault, the transform boundary between the Pacific and North American plates. The fault is one of the fastest moving transform boundaries in the world, having accumulated enough slip since 1972 to produce an event of comparable size in the near future. Thus, understanding the controls on the rupture process of the 1972 mainshock is important for seismic hazard assessment in Alaska. Following the mainshock, the U.S. Geological Survey installed a network of portable seismographs that recorded over 200 aftershocks. These locations were never published, and the original seismograms and digital phase data were misplaced. However, we were able to scan paper copies of the phase data, convert the data to digital form, and successfully relocate 87 aftershocks. The relocations show two clusters of aftershocks along the Queen Charlotte fault, one ∼40 km north of the mainshock epicenter and the other just south of the mainshock, both regions adjacent to portions of the fault that experienced maximum moment release in 1972. Many of the northern aftershocks locate east of the Queen Charlotte fault. This pattern is similar to aftershocks observed in the 2013 Mw = 7.5 Craig, Alaska earthquake. Recent and pre-1971 (1925–1970) seismicity indicates that the regions where aftershocks clustered remained active through time. Gravity, magnetic, and bathymetric anomalies suggest that the structural variations in both the Pacific and North American plates (e.g., age, density, rock type, and thickness) play roles in rupture nucleation and termination along the northern Queen Charlotte fault.
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Applin, Jo. "Hard Work: Lee Lozano's Dropouts." October 156 (May 2016): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00252.
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With her 1970 Dropout Piece, Lee Lozano marked the end of a ten-year career in New York as a painter and conceptual artist. Lozano's “dropout” had its roots in 1969's General Strike Piece, which recorded her withdrawal from the New York art world over the course of that summer. In August 1971, Lozano embarked on a further strike action to supplement Dropout Piece, a “boycott of women.” This article argues that, from the outset, Lozano was committed to an ongoing formal, psychological, and perversely political investigation into the changing conditions of work as a material and intellectual practice to be engaged, figured, and refused.
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Shilnikova, Irina V. "Labour conflicts at Russian industrial enterprises in 1914-1917 (based on materials from the provinces of the Central Industrial Region)." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 27, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2021-27-1-45-51.
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Labour conflicts at Russian industrial enterprises during World War I were traditionally considered in historiography to be the part of the protest movement of workers with a predominance of a political component, in an inextricable connection with the revolutionary events of 1917. The expansion of the information potential of the source base allows rising new questions and checking the theses on based not on aggregated data and not on the example of individual conflicts, but on the basis of a wide range of data presented in the “strike by strike” format. The article examines the dynamics of the strike movement of workers during World War I (from July 1914 to February 1917), as well as the nature of the demands put forward and the results of these conflicts, based on materials from the provinces of the Central Industrial Region of Russia. In addition, the issue of the degree of importance of the political component in the strike movement of workers in the period under review is considered. The study made it possible to conclude that the strikes of workers at the enterprises of the Central Industrial Region during the war years included mainly labour conflicts, in the course of which the economic demands put forward by the workers became priority. An increase in the number of political uprisings occurred in late 1916 – early 1917, when, against the background of growing food shortages and deteriorating inflation, economic demands began to be addressed to local and central authorities.
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Smith, Julia. "Steelworkers in Struggle." Monthly Review 68, no. 10 (March 7, 2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-068-10-2017-03_7.
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Ahmed White's vivid and deeply researched account of the Little Steel strike of 1937 makes an important contribution to our understanding of U.S. labor history, union organizing, and class conflict. It illustrates the tactical complexity of strikes, reveals the power and ruthlessness of employers, and demonstrates the risks of relying on the state to secure justice for working people.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
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CUNHA, MARINA R., and GEORGE D. F. WILSON. "Haplomunnidae (Crustacea: Isopoda) reviewed, with a description of an intact specimen of Thylakogaster Wilson & Hessler, 1974." Zootaxa 326, no. 1 (October 10, 2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.326.1.1.
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The distribution and ecology of the isopod family Haplomunnidae Wilson, 1976 are reviewed with new records given for Thylakogaster Wilson & Hessler, 1974, Mid-Atlantic Ridge and east Pacific Ocean, and for Munella Bonnier, 1896, Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the eastern Atlantic near the African coast. The specimens of these two genera, collected from Lucky Strike (Mid-Atlantic Ridge), are the first record of the family from hydrothermal vent habitats. The systematics of the Haplomunnidae is updated and the synonymy of Aryballurops Gamô, 1983 with Haplomunna Richardson, 1908 is proposed. Thylakogaster lobotourus Wilson & Hessler, 1974 is redrawn from the first known intact specimen and additional description of the appendages is provided.
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Muntner, Paul, Michael J. Klag, and Josef Coresh. "Trends in Stroke Prevalence in the United States Population Age 25-74, 1971-1994." Circulation 103, suppl_1 (March 2001): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.103.suppl_1.9998-58.
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P58 Mortality from stroke in the United States (US) has declined since 1900. Primary prevention was credited for much of this decline through the 1970s; however, observational studies have indicated that stroke incidence did not decline during the 1980s. In contrast, improvement in stroke survival has been noted in the 1970s and 1980s. The effect of these secular trends on the prevalence and number of stroke survivors in the US has not been determined. The prevalence and number of non-institutionalized stroke survivors in the US was estimated through self-report for three time periods, 1971-1975, 1976-1980, and 1988-1994, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I, II, and III, respectively. Prevalence and number of stroke survivors were analyzed for the overall US population and by age (25-59, 60-74), race (White and African-American), and sex. Estimates were limited to the US population age 25-74 years old because NHANES I and II did not interview persons 75 years of age and older. The age, race, and sex adjusted prevalence of stroke increased from 1.41 to1.69 to 1.87; an average increase of 7.5% (95% confidence interval, CI: -2%, 18%) for each 5-year period between NHANES I, II, and III. Additionally, the number of stroke survivors increased from 1.5 to 2.4 million across this same time period. The prevalence of stroke among the US population age 60-74 years of age increased from 4.2% to 5.0% to 5.2% from NHANES I to III; an average increase of 6.4% for each 5 years (95% CI: -3%, +17%) during the period analyzed. In contrast, among persons age 25-59 the prevalence of stroke was less than 1% in all three-time periods and a secular trend was not present. Although stroke prevalence increased 28% for each 5-year period among African-American females (95% CI: +3%, +56%) and +12% among White males (95% CI: -2%, +29%) it did not change among African-American males or White females. In contrast, the number of stroke survivors increased among all age, race and sex sub-groups. Despite the absence of strong trends in stroke prevalence, the number of non-institutionalized stroke survivors under age 75 years of age increased substantially.
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Cohee, Brian P., and Thorne Lay. "Modeling teleseismic SV waves from underground explosions with tectonic release: Results for Southern Novaya Zemlya." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 78, no. 3 (June 1, 1988): 1158–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0780031158.
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Abstract Detailed forward modeling of long-period shear waves for two large underground explosions at the Southern Novaya Zemlya test site indicates that the appropriate equivalent double-couple orientation for the tectonic release radiation is vertical strike-slip. Previous studies of observed teleseismic SH waveforms and SV amplitudes for the 27 October 1973 and 2 November 1974 events using geometric ray theory could not distinguish between vertical strike-slip and 45°-dipping thrust geometries. Either mechanism can match the observed four-lobed SH radiation pattern, and the two-lobed SV amplitude pattern can be produced by interference with an appropriate size explosion pS signal. However, the complexity of the observed SV waveforms arising from Sp conversions near the receiver, diffracted Sp, and shear-coupled PL phases is not accounted for in the ray theory synthetics. Incorporating more realistic Green's functions using Baag and Langston's (1985b) WKBJ spectral method allows more complete modeling of the SV signals. Due to differences in frequency content between the explosion and double-couple SV waveforms, constructive interference occurs more efficiently than destructive interference when the two signals are linearly superimposed. As a result, using tectonic release moments determined from the SH waves and the optimum F factors required to match the SV amplitude patterns, the waveforms produced by the strike-slip and thrust orientations differ substantially at some azimuths. The strike-slip solution yields a consistently superior match to the data. Using the EU2 model of Lerner-Lam and Jordan (1987) for the source region and either EU2 or TNA (Grand and Helmberger, 1984) for the receiver structure, together with an attenuation model similar to SL8, we obtain a double-couple moment, M0 = 3.2 × 1024 dyne-cm and explosion source strength, ψ∞ = 3.8 ± 0.5 × 1011 cm3 for the 27 October 1973 event, and M0 = 1.7 × 1024 dyne-cm and ψ∞ = 2.0 ± 0.3 × 1011 cm3 for the 2 November 1974 event. Complete waveform modeling of SV signals can thus provide improved constraints on tectonic release radiation and explosion source strength.
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van Lente, Dick. "Machines and the Order of the Harbour: The Debate About the Introduction of Grain Unloaders in Rotterdam, 1905–1907." International Review of Social History 43, no. 1 (April 1998): 79–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859098000030.
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In 1905, dockworkers in Rotterdam harbour organized a great strike against the introduction of machines for the transhipment of grain. The initial success of this strike was a profound shock to the leaders of political parties and national labour organizations, who, in spite of many differences of opinion, shared a positive attitude towards mechanization and regarded strikes against machinery as reactionary. The conflict in Rotterdam provoked a national debate about the implications of mechanization, which clearly exposed the strains and contradictions in this “dominant ideology of technology”. The article shows how several local labour leaders questioned the legitimacy of this ideology and why they failed in the end to persuade their superiors.
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Plys, Kristin. "Violence as a Tactic of Social Protest in Postcolonial India." European Journal of Sociology 60, no. 2 (August 2019): 171–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975619000080.
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AbstractIn March 1974, trade union leader and Chairman of the Socialist Party of India, George Fernandes, formed a new independent trade union of railway workers and then led a massive nation-wide strike lasting about a month. Two years later—March 1976—Fernandes was arrested as the principal accused in the Baroda Dynamite Conspiracy Case, a plot to bomb strategic targets in New Delhi in resistance to Indira Gandhi’s authoritarian rule. How did George Fernandes’ political work change over these two years—from engaging in traditional trade union movement tactics during the Railway Workers’ Strike in 1974 to being the ringleader of a plan to bomb strategic targets in resistance to the postcolonial state? Why would an activist who advocated non-violent social movement tactics change strategies and end up leading a movement that primarily uses violent tactics? I argue that in its violent repression of the Railway Workers’ Strike and its illegal imprisonment of the strike’s leaders, Indira Gandhi’s administration demonstrated to Fernandes and other opposition party leaders that there was no room for a peaceful solution to the ever increasing social conflict of early 1970s India. Therefore, when Gandhi instated herself as dictator, longstanding advocates of satyagraha believed that symbolic violence against the state was the tactic most likely to lead to the restoration of democracy in India.
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Dombovy, M. L., J. R. Basford, J. P. Whisnant, and E. J. Bergstralh. "Disability and use of rehabilitation services following stroke in Rochester, Minnesota, 1975-1979." Stroke 18, no. 5 (September 1987): 830–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.str.18.5.830.
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Horn, Gerd-Rainer. "Robert Mencherini, Guerre Froide, Grèves Rouges: Parti Communiste, Stalinisme et Luttes Sociales en France. Les Grèves ‘Insurrectionnelles' de 1947–1948. Preface by Maurice Agulhon. Paris: Editions Syllepses, 1998. 307 pp. 140 FF." International Labor and Working-Class History 57 (April 2000): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900252800.
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The industrial unrest of November–December 1947 constitutes a major signpost in post-World War Two French society and politics, and, indeed, it has served to indicate the hardening of the then-emerging Cold War divide in and beyond France. Strongest in centers of Parti Communiste Français (PCF) and Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) power, this strike wave symbolized the definitive end of the postliberation tripartite governmental alliance among centrist Catholics, social democrats, and communists. The strikers' oftentimes militant activism led hostile observers to detect insurrectionary aims on the part of blue-collar workers, the CGT, the PCF, and the Kremlin. Because of the obvious centrality of the “red strikes” in late 1947, the paucity of serious analyses is all the more remarkable.
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McDowell, Linda, Sundari Anitha, and Ruth Pearson. "Striking Narratives: class, gender and ethnicity in the ‘Great Grunwick Strike’, London, UK, 1976–1978." Women's History Review 23, no. 4 (April 23, 2014): 595–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2014.906117.
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