Journal articles: 'String ribbon'

1

Wallace, R. L., J. I. Hanoka, A. Rohatgi, and G. Crotty. "Thin silicon string ribbon." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 48, no. 1-4 (November 1997): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-0248(97)00101-3.

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Oh, WonJe, JiSu Park, Minsoo Kwon, Jaehyeong Lee, EungKwon Kim, Yongseob Park, and Chaehwan Jeong. "Analysis of Resistance According to Metal Ribbon Connection for Application to Interconnection of Shingled Photovoltaic Strings." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 6992–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18836.

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The Shingle Photovoltaic (PV) module is a new high power PV module technology manufactured by ’Dividing and ECA (Electrical Conductivity Adhesive) bonding’ method for solar cell. In the case of a general PV module, a metal ribbon is soldered on the bus bar of the solar cell and connected to others. The dividing/ECA bonding technology connects the divided cells through bonding to manufacture a string. In order to make a module, the fabricated strings must be connected with Bus ribbon. The Shingled strings produced by the dividing and bonding method are not limited to the interconnection method by the metal ribbon. Also, it is not standardized for interconnections between strings. Therefore, we analyzed the characteristics of the shingled strings according to the soldering method. The characteristics of the string vary depending on the number of metal ribbons that contact the solar cell electrodes. Experimental results show that the series resistance increases significantly with fewer contacts. As a result, the efficiency of two-point contact decreased by 0.458%, four-point contact decreased by 0.048%, and eight-point contact decreased by 0.034%. This is because as the number of contacts increases, the resistance of the busbars becomes smaller and the contact resistance becomes smaller.

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SILVER, DANIEL S., and SUSAN G. WILLIAMS. "AN INVARIANT FOR OPEN VIRTUAL STRINGS." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 15, no. 02 (February 2006): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216506004397.

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Extended Alexander groups are used to define an invariant for open virtual strings. Examples of non-commuting open strings and a ribbon-concordance obstruction are given. An example is given of a slice open virtual string that is not ribbon. Definitions are extended to open n-strings.

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Colombari, Boris. "Welded extensions and ribbon restrictions of diagrammatical moves." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 30, no. 02 (February 2021): 2150008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216521500085.

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In this paper, we consider local moves on classical and welded diagrams of string links, and the notion of welded extension of a classical move. Such extensions being non-unique in general, the idea is to find a topological criterion which could isolate one extension from the others. To that end, we turn to the relation between welded string links and knotted surfaces in [Formula: see text], and the ribbon subclass of these surfaces. This provides a topological interpretation of classical local moves as surgeries on surfaces, and of virtual local moves as surgeries on ribbon surfaces. Comparing these surgeries leads to the notion of ribbon residue of a classical local move, and we show that up to some broad conditions there can be at most one welded extension which is a ribbon residue. We provide three examples of ribbon residues, for the self-crossing change, the Delta and the band-pass moves. However, for the latter, we note that the given residue is actually not an extension of the band-pass move, showing that a classical move may have a ribbon residue and a welded extension, but no ribbon residue which is an extension.

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Hahn, G., and P. Geiger. "Record efficiencies for EFG and string ribbon solar cells." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 11, no. 5 (2003): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.498.

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Reimann, C., G. Müller, J. Friedrich, K. Lauer, A. Simonis, H. Wätzig, S. Krehan, R. Hartmann, and A. Kruse. "Systematic characterization of multi-crystalline silicon String Ribbon wafer." Journal of Crystal Growth 361 (December 2012): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2012.08.022.

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Li, Jian Gong, Peng Wu, Peng Yu, and Shu Ai Li. "Ribbon Silicon Material for Solar Cells." Advanced Materials Research 531 (June 2012): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.531.67.

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Solar cell is one of most important renewable energy. But now it is not be widely used because of its high cost compared with traditional resource. Ribbon silicon is one new low cost solar cell material avoiding ingot casting and slicing. It is a promising silicon wafer fabrication technology alternative to traditional ingot casting and slicing. Using ribbon silicon can make solar cell production cost greatly reduced. In this paper EFG, String Ribbon and a novel silicon wafer are discussed.

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M. Salyani, R. D. Sweeb, and M. Farooq. "Comparison of String and Ribbon Samplers in Orchard Spray Applications." Transactions of the ASABE 49, no. 6 (2006): 1705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.22287.

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Cichoszewski, J., M. Reuter, and J. H. Werner. "+0.4% Efficiency gain by novel texture for String Ribbon solar cells." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 101 (June 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2012.01.031.

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Nakayashiki, Kenta, Brian Rousaville, Vijay Yelundur, Dong Seop Kim, Ajeet Rohatgi, Robert Clark-Phelps, and Jack I. Hanoka. "Fabrication and analysis of high-efficiency String Ribbon Si solar cells." Solid-State Electronics 50, no. 7-8 (July 2006): 1406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sse.2006.06.011.

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Cichoszewski, J., and M. Reuter. "Metal Assisted Surface Texture for String Ribbon Solar Cells and Modules." Energy Procedia 8 (2011): 635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.06.194.

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Yelundur, V., A. Rohatgi, A. Ebong, A. M. Gabor, J. Hanoka, and R. L. Wallace. "Al-enhanced PECVD SiNx induced hydrogen passivation in string ribbon silicon." Journal of Electronic Materials 30, no. 5 (May 2001): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-001-0093-0.

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Bell, R. O., and J. P. Kalejs. "Growth of silicon sheets for photovoltaic applications." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 10 (October 1998): 2732–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0375.

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Several techniques for the sheet growth of silicon for solar cell substrates are reviewed here. These techniques usually offer an economic advantage over growth in the form of bulk crystals. At least 16 different sheet growth systems have been proposed but only five, that are actively being pursued for commercialization, are discussed here. These include dendritic web, string ribbon, edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG), ribbon growth on a substrate (RGS), and Silicon-Film. The growth systems and the characteristics of the resulting solar cells are briefly described. A discussion of their current status concludes the review.

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Stockmeier, Ludwig, Georg Müller, Albrecht Seidl, Toni Lehmann, Christian Reimann, and Jochen Friedrich. "Preferred grain orientations in silicon ribbons grown by the string ribbon and the edge-defined film-fed growth methods." Journal of Crystal Growth 395 (June 2014): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2014.03.005.

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Elgamel, H. E. A., and J. Gobrecht. "Improving the Quality of Polycrystalline Silicon String Ribbon for Fabricating High Efficiency Solar Cells." Solid State Phenomena 67-68 (April 1999): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.67-68.521.

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Carfora, Mauro, Claudio Dappiaggi, and Valeria L. Gili. "Boundary Conformal Field Theory and ribbon graphs: a tool for open/closed string dualities." Journal of High Energy Physics 2007, no. 07 (July 10, 2007): 021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2007/07/021.

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Yelundur, V., A. Rohatgi, Ji-Weon Jeong, and J. I. Hanoka. "Improved string ribbon silicon solar cell performance by rapid thermal firing of screen-printed contacts." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 49, no. 8 (August 2002): 1405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2002.801248.

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Nakayashiki, K., V. Meemongkolkiat, and A. Rohatgi. "Effect of Material Inhomogeneity on the Open-Circuit Voltage of String Ribbon Si Solar Cells." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 52, no. 10 (October 2005): 2243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2005.856789.

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Wang, Dong, and Chen Guang Wei. "An Introduction to Dynamic Load Test on Photovoltaic Modules." Key Engineering Materials 726 (January 2017): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.726.13.

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The front cover of solar photovoltaic modules is mostly made of 3.2mm, 2mm or thinner glass. When under wind or other dynamic loading stress, the performance of the PV modules might be affected. This article analyzed data of dynamic load test on several different types of PV modules, and got the conclusion that the dynamic load stress could harm the string ribbon or interior circuits of the PV modules, and would therefore lead to capacity reduction and less insulation.

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20

NILL, FLORIAN. "A CONSTRUCTIVE QUANTUM FIELD THEORETIC APPROACH TO CHERN-SIMONS THEORY." International Journal of Modern Physics B 06, no. 11n12 (June 1992): 2159–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979292001080.

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Chern-Simons theory is formulated quantum field theoretically in terms of string operators, which are localized on finite non-selfintersecting paths in the zero-time plane R2. It is shown how the Weyl algebra approach to the abelian Chern-Simons theory leads to a bundle theoretic construction of these ‘Chern-Simons string operators’. To proceed to the non-abelian case topological Chern-Simons theory is considered as a specific model of a more general theory describing the quantum kinematics of coloured framed Plek ton s inR2. This theory allows the construction of string operators as pair-creation operators, mapping n-Plekton states into (n+2)-Plekton states. Link invariants are obtained as vacuum correlation functions of string operators and obey a natural version of reflection positivity. The vacuum sector of such a purely kinematical Plekton theory may be recovered from the link invariants by Osterwalder-Schrader reconstruction. To make the theory work one needs the structures of a ribbon graph category, for which the representations of a quasi-triangular quasi-Hopf algebra may serve as a specific realization.

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Sayanagi, Kunio M., Raúl Morales-Juberías, and Andrew P. Ingersoll. "Saturn’s Northern Hemisphere Ribbon: Simulations and Comparison with the Meandering Gulf Stream." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 2658–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3315.1.

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Abstract Voyager observations of Saturn in 1980–81 discovered a wavy feature engirdling the planet at 47°N planetographic latitude. Its latitude coincides with that of an eastward jet stream, which is the second fastest on Saturn after the equatorial jet. The 47°N jet’s wavy morphology is unique among the known atmospheric jets on the gas giant planets. Since the Voyagers, it has been seen in every high-resolution image of this latitude for over 25 years and has been termed the Ribbon. The Ribbon has been interpreted as a dynamic instability in the jet stream. This study tests this interpretation and uses forward modeling to explore the observed zonal wind profile’s stability properties. Unforced, initial-value numerical experiments are performed to examine the nonlinear evolution of the jet stream. Parameter variations show that an instability occurs when the 47°N jet causes reversals in the potential vorticity (PV) gradient, which constitutes a violation of the Charney–Stern stability criterion. After the initial instability development, the simulations demonstrate that the instability’s amplitude nonlinearly saturates to a constant when the eddy generation by the instability is balanced by the destruction of the eddies. When the instability saturates, the zonal wind profile approaches neutral stability according to Arnol’d’s second criterion, and the jet’s path meanders in a Ribbon-like manner. It is demonstrated that the meandering of the 47°N jet occurs over a range of tropospheric static stability and background wind speed. The results here show that a nonlinearly saturated shear instability in the 47°N jet is a viable mechanism to produce the Ribbon morphology. Observations do not yet have the temporal coverage to confirm the creation and destruction of eddies, but these simulations predict that this is actively occurring in the Ribbon region. Similarities exist between the behaviors found in this model and the dynamics of PV fronts studied in the context of meandering western boundary currents in Earth’s oceans. In addition, the simulations capture the nonlinear aspects of a new feature discovered by the Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS), the String of Pearls, which resides in the equatorward tip of the 47°N jet. The Explicit Planetary Isentropic Coordinate (EPIC) model is used herein.

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Mohamad, Abdul Adheem, and Tsukasa Yashiro. "A rewinding model for replicons with DNA-links." BIOMATH 9, no. 1 (February 23, 2020): 2001047. http://dx.doi.org/10.11145/j.biomath.2020.01.047.

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A double strand DNA has a double helical structure and it is modeled by a thin long twisted ribbon fixed at the both ends. A DNA-link is a topological model of such a DNA segment in the nuclear of a eukaryotic cell. In the cell cycle, the DNA is replicated and distributed into new cells. The complicated replication process follows the semi-conservative scheme in which each backbone string is preserved in the replicated DNA. This is interpreted in terms of splitting process of the DNA-link. In order to split the DNA-link, unknotting operations are required. This paper presents a recursive unknotting operations, which efficiently reduce the number of twistings.

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23

Rohatgi, A., D. S. Kim, K. Nakayashiki, V. Yelundur, and B. Rounsaville. "High-efficiency solar cells on edge-defined film-fed grown (18.2%) and string ribbon (17.8%) silicon by rapid thermal processing." Applied Physics Letters 84, no. 1 (January 5, 2004): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1638636.

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24

Xing, Hongyang, Anak Khantachawana, Hee Young Kim, and Shuichi Miyazaki. "Effect of Ni-Content on Shape Memory Behavior of Ti-Rich Ti-Ni Melt-Spun Ribbons." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 1925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1925.

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The microstructure and shape memory behavior of Ti-rich Ti-Ni melt-spun ribbons with various Ni-contents were investigated. Ti-xNi(x=40~48at%) ribbons were fabricated by the melt-spinning method at the rotation speed of 5000rpm. They were heat-treated at 1073K for 3.6ks. It was found that the Ti-40at%Ni as-spun ribbon exhibited almost complete amorphous structure, while the specimen with more Ni-content, such as 48at%Ni ribbon exhibited the coexistence of amorphous and crystalline structures. It was also found that the maximum shape recovery strain increased with increasing Ni-content. The Ti-40at%Ni ribbon was very brittle because of many Ti2Ni precipitates formed.

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Sprincenatu, Roxana, Madalin Condel, Sergiu Barbos, Andrei Novac, Ion Mitelea, and Corneliu Craciunescu. "Superelastic Behavior in NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Wires and Ribbons." Solid State Phenomena 254 (August 2016): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.254.278.

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Shape memory alloy ribbons in austenitic state were studied in a tensile testing machine in order to assess their superelastic behavior. They were compared with conventional materials and hair wire. The shape memoy alloy ribbon shows a particular behavior, with an ultimate tensile stress of about 1450 MPa reached at 9.5 % strain. The superelastic plateau was recorded around 590 MPa on loading and around 350 MPa on the unloading branch. Following multiple loading and unloading cycles, the superelastic behavior was not affected, nor was affected the ultimate tensile strength, that remained in the same range as for the one tested before cycling. The advantages of the superelastic ribbon compared to the ones of conventional materials are discussed. The superelastic properties of the ribbon are in the range of single crystals on what concerns the recoverable strains. This is attributed to the particular fine microstructure of the NiTi ribbon.

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Zaluska, A., Yan Xu, Z. Altounian, J. O. Ström-Olsen, R. Allem, and G. L'Espérance. "Effects of quench rate on the microstructure in melt-spun Nd–Fe–B alloys." Journal of Materials Research 6, no. 4 (April 1991): 724–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1991.0724.

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Electron microscope studies have shown significant changes in the microstructure of the Nd14Fe80B6 melt-spun ribbons, depending on the quenching conditions. The average grain size of about 20 nm near the wheel side, increasing to 500–700 nm near the free side, can be observed for ribbons of the thickness of about 25–30 μm, indicating strong internal variations in quench rate across the ribbon thickness. For low quenching rates different morphologies of the crystalline phase Nd2Fe14B are observed. Equiaxed grains near the wheel side of the ribbon become columnar grains or even dendritic grains near the free side. Texturing effects in the equiaxed grains are observed only for grains larger than 30 nm and disappear for very large equiaxed grains (about 500 nm), as well as for dendritic structures. Most evident texture is observed in columnar grains, which crystallized with the c-axis perpendicular to the ribbon plane.

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Samsonov, Timofey, and Platon Yasev. "Cargo flow maps: design principles and automated generation." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-318-2019.

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Abstract. Cargo flow maps are used to represent the freight traffic on a transportation network. Usually the flows are represented as multicolor ribbons along railroads or highways. Each ribbon is a series of parallel lines. The width of a ribbon corresponds to the total freight traffic on a road segment between each crossroads, while the width of every line inside the ribbon reflects the volume of cargo transportation of a certain type. Ribbons can be placed on the both sides of the line and thus show cargo flows in both directions separately.Cargo flow maps are different from the general flow maps and public transit maps. First, the shape of ribbons is restricted by geometry of transportation network, while the flow maps are generated freely between points. Second, the width of every line inside a ribbon (and the total width of each ribbon) depends on the volume of cargo flow, while in public transit maps the width of every line is fixed. These peculiar properties of cargo flow maps impose significant restrictions on the possible layout of resulting lines and ribbons.To date, no automated approach for generation of such maps has been presented. In current study we have developed a fully automated workflow for generation of such maps. First, we documented the design principles of cargo flow maps based on the analysis of traditional thematic atlases and related modern cartographic visualizations. Next, we proposed an algorithm for automatic generation of cargo flow maps.We start just from a long table with four variables: source, destination, cargo type and cargo volume. Each row therefore corresponds to existing cargo connection. These data are then spread over the transportation network under the assumption that goods between two locations are transported using the shortest route strategy. For each connection the shortest route is calculated using Dijkstra’s algorithm, and all network edges that participate in calculated route accumulate the volume of each cargo type being transported in a specified direction. After the data is spread over the network, we construct its ribbon representation as a series of stacked parallel lines on both sides of each network segment. To resolve graphical conflicts between ribbons at each junction, we solve a minimum covering circle problem for a set of points including the junction point itself and line endpoints of each ribbon adjacent to the junction. The problem is solved for each cargo type separately and the derived circles are then drawn to eliminate overlaps and voids between ribbon edges.The described approach was implemented in a prototype web application that utilizes the transportation network taken from Natural Earth dataset (Figure 1). We offer numerous options that can be used to control the visual appearance of ribbons, as well as the query interface that extracts cargo flow data for selected network segment (the yellow stroke near the center of the map in Figure 1) and represents it in a tabular form (the widget at the bottom right in Figure 1). A case study covering the part of central Russia is presented, which demonstrates the potential of cargo flow map as a tool for visual exploration of freight traffic data.

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Bartoletti, Theodore M., Norbert Babai, and Wallace B. Thoreson. "Vesicle Pool Size at the Salamander Cone Ribbon Synapse." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 1 (January 2010): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00718.2009.

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Cone light responses are transmitted to postsynaptic neurons by changes in the rate of synaptic vesicle release. Vesicle pool size at the cone synapse constrains the amount of release and can thus shape contrast detection. We measured the number of vesicles in the rapidly releasable and reserve pools at cone ribbon synapses by performing simultaneous whole cell recording from cones and horizontal or off bipolar cells in the salamander retinal slice preparation. We found that properties of spontaneously occurring miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) are representative of mEPSCs evoked by depolarizing presynaptic stimulation. Strong, brief depolarization of the cone stimulated release of the entire rapidly releasable pool (RRP) of vesicles. Comparing charge transfer of the EPSC with mEPSC charge transfer, we determined that the fast component of the EPSC reflects release of ∼40 vesicles. Comparing EPSCs with simultaneous presynaptic capacitance measurements, we found that horizontal cell EPSCs constitute 14% of the total number of vesicles released from a cone terminal. Using a fluorescent ribeye-binding peptide, we counted ∼13 ribbons per cone. Together, these results suggest each cone contacts a single horizontal cell at ∼2 ribbons. The size of discrete components in the EPSC amplitude histogram also suggested ∼2 ribbon contacts per cell pair. We therefore conclude there are ∼20 vesicles per ribbon in the RRP, similar to the number of vesicles contacting the plasma membrane at the ribbon base. EPSCs evoked by lengthy depolarization suggest a reserve pool of ∼90 vesicles per ribbon, similar to the number of additional docking sites further up the ribbon.

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Xu, Xiang Jun, Jun Pin Lin, and Yan Li Wang. "Titanium Boride in High Nb Containing TiAl Alloy: Morphology and Effect on Mechanical Properties." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 1121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.1121.

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The morphology of titanium boride in as-cast and as-forged Ti-45Al-8.5Nb-(W, B, Y) alloy containing 0.2at. % boron and the effect of borides on tensile and creep properties of the alloy are investigated. The results show that in as-cast alloy the morphology of boride appears mainly convoluted ribbons with some flakes and particles. With the extent of forging increases, the length of the ribbons decreases and their distribution is more uniform. The long ribbon in as-cast alloy is detrimental to tensile properties at both room temperature (RT) and high temperatures. The short ribbon in as-forged alloy is not harmful to RT tensile properties, but is harmful to tensile and creep properties at high temperatures. The harmful effect of the boride is due to the strain incompatibility of boride and matrix, which causes many cavities at boride/matrix boundaries and results in ultimate fracture.

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Carullo, Alessio, Antonella Castellana, Alberto Vallan, Alessandro Ciocia, and Filippo Spertino. "In-field monitoring of eight photovoltaic plants: degradation rate along seven years of continuous operation." ACTA IMEKO 7, no. 4 (January 9, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v7i4.599.

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The results of more than seven years (October 2010-December 2017) of continuous monitoring are presented in this paper. Eight outdoor photovoltaic (PV) plants were monitored. The monitored plants use different technologies: mono-crystalline silicon (m-Si), poli-crystalline silicon (p-Si), string ribbon silicon, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), thin film, and cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin film. The thin-film and m-Si modules are used both in fixed installations and on x-y tracking systems. The results are expressed in terms of the degradation rate of the efficiency of each PV plant, which is estimated using the measurements provided by a multi-channel data acquisition system that senses both electrical and environmental quantities. A comparison with the electrical characterization of each plant obtained by means of the transient charge of a capacitive load is also made. In addition, three of the monitored plants are characterized at module level, and the estimated degradation rates are compared to the values obtained with the monitoring system. The main outcome of this work can be summarized as the higher degradation rate of thin-film based PV modules with respect to silicon-based PV modules.

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Du, Zhi Wei, Z. M. Sun, B. L. Shao, and A. S. Liu. "Study on the Microstructure and Deformation Behavior of Ultrafine-Crystalline Cu-Y Ribbons." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.591.

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Cu99.8Y0.2, Cu99.2Y0.8 and Cu98Y2 alloy ribbons were prepared by single roller melt spinning. The microstructure was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high voltage electron microscope (HVEM) and high resolution electron microscopy (HREM). The results showed that α-Cu was the dominative phase in the rapid solidification ribbons of three alloys. A secondary phase Cu4Y was detected in the Cu98Y2 ribbon by XRD. The grain size was in a range of 50-200 nm in the Cu99.2Y0.8 and Cu98Y2 ribbons. Many nano-scale twins and some dislocations existed inside the larger grains. However, the grains in Cu99.8Y0.2 ribbon were in the size of microns and the sub-grains with small misorentations were in 100-200 nm. To understand the deformation mechanism, in situ tensile test were carried out at a High Voltage Electron Microscope (HVEM). The results showed that the deformation is predominated by the dislocation slip in larger grains. To accommodate the deformation, elastic deformation occured in the small grains in the initial stage of the deformation. Meanwhile, some small grains maybe deform by grain rotations. With strain increasing, some fractures generated and propagated along the grain boundaries or across the grains.

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Kim, Yeon Wook, and Tae Hyun Nam. "The Effect of Rapidly Solidified Microstructures on the Martensitic Transformation in Ti₅₀-Ni₄₅-Cu₅ Shape Memory Alloys." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 1965–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1965.

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Transformation behaviors and shape memory characteristics of Ti–Ni45-Cu5 alloy ribbons prepared by melt spinning were investigated by means of DSC, XRD and OM. In these experiments particular attention has been paid to change the ejection temperature of the melt from 1400°C to 1600 °C. As the results, the thickness of ribbons could be controlled. An increase of the superheat of the melt leads to a reduced ribbon thickness and a refinement of grains. The microstructural refinement and the increased internal strains achieved by controlling the melt-spinning temperature decreased Ms significantly. It was also found that two-step transformation (B2-B19-B19’) occurred in the ribbons fabricated at higher melt-spinning temperatures than 1450°C.

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Park, Sul-Ah, Young-Woo Son, and Kang-Hun Ahn. "Stripe states in photonic honeycomb ribbon." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 471, no. 2177 (May 2015): 20140765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0765.

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We reveal new stripe states in deformed hexagonal array of photonic wave guides when the array is terminated to have a ribbon-shaped geometry. Unlike the well-known zero energy edge modes of honeycomb ribbon, the new one-dimensional states are shown to originate from high-energy saddle-shaped photonic bands of the ribbon's two-dimensional counterpart. We find that the strain field deforming the ribbon generates pseudo-electric fields in contrast to pseudo-magnetic fields in other hexagonal crystals. Thus, the stripe states experience Bloch oscillation without any actual electric field so that the spatial distributions of stripes have a singular dependence on the strength of the field. The resulting stripe states are located inside the bulk and their positions depend on their energies.

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Hu, Jin Jiang, Chen Pu Li, and Chao Liu. "Prepared and Study of Low Cost and High Performance Nanocomposite (Nd,Dy,Pr)-(Fe,Nb,Zr)-B/α-Fe." Advanced Materials Research 647 (January 2013): 777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.647.777.

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The microstructure and magnetic properties of melt-spun nanocomposite (Nd, Dy, Pr)-(Fe,Nb,Zr)-B /α-Fe ribbons have been investigated by XRD, SPM and VSM. The ribbons were prepared at a wheel speed range of 10-30 m/s. The multigrain domain or interaction domain was observed in the samples prepared at 20 m/s wheel speed. The easy magnetized direction c-axis parallel to the ribbon plane for the sample prepared at the wheel speed of 20m/s. The average gain size in this sample is about 18nm and the sample consists of hard magnetic phase (Nd, Dy, Pr) 2(Fe,Nb,Zr)14B and sofe magnetic phase α-Fe, there is strong exchange-coupling interaction between them. The magnetic properties obtained are Br=1.28T，Hci= 504.2kA•m-1，(BH)max= 157.8 kJ•m-3，Mr/Ms =0.76.

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Krysiak, Magdalena, and Aldona Kluczek. "A Multifaceted Challenge to Enhance Multicriteria Decision Support for Energy Policy." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 4128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144128.

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The necessity to enhance multicriteria decision in the industry is challenging to support the current energy policy. European Union regulations and guidelines provide the guideline for minimalizing environmental harms but are not enough in their actions for providing effective sustainability assessment. None of the available standalone assessment methods do capture the comprehensibility of multicriteria decision-making. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate a challenge to incorporate the multicriteria sustainability decision-making method to mainstream energy policy, which is lacking in European Union policies. The novelty of the research lies in constructing a multicriteria sustainability approach for assessing energy technologies performance for embodying into a mainstream energy policy. In this study, the multicriteria decision-making—an approach combining life cycle-based methods, analytical hierarchy process, as well as macroeconomic analysis, was used to demonstrate the applicability of the method based on three photovoltaic technologies. The results showed that sustainability assessment supported with multicriteria decision allows to better understand analyzed factors influencing the energy technology, contributing to selection of the best sustainability technology according to the realization of an energy policy. It was proved based on a real example of photovoltaics, where string ribbon technology represents the most sustainable along its life cycle, with a 0.503 sustainability score. The study highlighted the challenge to embody the integrated method assessing sustainability-oriented technologies into an energy policy. This challenge regarding example evidence places emphasis on the decision-making process to realize an energy policy and in consequence, to improve enterprise sustainability performance.

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Shelyakov, Alexander, Nikolay Sitnikov, Sergey Saakyan, Alexey Menushenkov, Razhudin Rizakhanov, and Alexander Korneev. "Study of Two-Way Shape Memory Behavior of Amorphous-Crystalline TiNiCu Melt-Spun Ribbons." Materials Science Forum 738-739 (January 2013): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.738-739.352.

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Recently we reported on the development of a composite material exhibiting reversible shape memory effect. A Ti–25Ni–25Cu (at.%) alloy was obtained by the melt spinning technique as amorphous–crystalline ribbons with a thickness of approximately 40 μm. The thickness of the amorphous and crystalline layers (dа and dc, respectively) was varied by electrochemical polishing. It has been ascertained that with varying the relationship dc/dа the martensite transformation and shape-recovery temperatures do not actually change, while the minimum radius of the ribbon bending decreases from 8.0 mm to 2.4 mm with increasing the relationship dc/dа from 0.33 to 1.40. The maximum reversible strain comprises 0.4% at dc/dа = 0.82. On the basis of experimental data obtained the phenomenological description, providing an explanation for nature of the phenomena taking place in the rapidly quenched amorphous-crystalline ribbon composite, has been proposed.

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Frey, Guido D., Wolfgang W. Schoeller, and Eberhardt Herdtweck. "Solid-state and Calculated Electronic Structure of 4-Acetylpyrazole." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 69, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): 839–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/znb.2014-4064.

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The crystal structure of 1-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)ethanone (commonly known as 4-acetylpyrazole; C5H6N2O) was determined from single-crystal X-ray data at 173 K: monoclinic, space group P21/n (no. 14), a = 3.865(1), b = 5.155(1), c = 26.105(8) Å, β = 91.13(1)°, V = 520.0(2) Å3 and Z = 4. The adjacent molecules assemble into a wave-like ribbon structure in the solid state, linked by strong intermolecular N-H...N hydrogen bonds between the pyrazole rings and a weak C-H...O=C hydrogen bond involving the carbonyl group. The ribbons are stacked in the solid state via weak π interactions between the pyrazole rings.

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Lugomer, Stjepan. "Laser generated Richtmyer–Meshkov and Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities and nonlinear wave-vortex paradigm in turbulent mixing. II. Near-central region of Gaussian spot." Laser and Particle Beams 35, no. 2 (February 23, 2017): 210–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303461700009x.

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AbstractLaser-induced three-dimensional (3D) Richtmyer–Meshkov and Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities (RMI and RTI) on metal target in the semi-confined configuration (SCC) show the new paradigm of wave-vortex mixing. The SCC enables extended lifetime of a hot vapor/plasma plume above the target surface and the formation of fast multiple reshocks. This causes – in the central region (CR) of Gaussian-like spot – the evolution of RMI with the spike breakup (Lugomer, 2016b), while in the near CR causes the RMI followed by the RTI. The density interface is transformed into the large-scale broken irregular, quasi-periodic web, which comprises the RTI mushroom-shape spikes and the coherent wave-vortex structures such as the line solitons and vortex filaments. The intensity and direction of reshocks change (due to irregularity of the interface) and cause the formation of domains with the weak and the strong reshocks effects. The weak reshocks affect mushroom-shape spikes only slightly, while the strong ones cause their deformation and symmetry break, bubble collapse, and separation of the horizontal flow into vortex ribbons. Interaction of ribbons with spikes and bubbles causes the ribbon pinning, looping, winding, and formation of knotted and tangled structures. The line solitons, vortex filaments, and ribbons tend to organize into complex large-scale structures with the low wave-vortex turbulent mixing. They represent the new paradigm of 3D RMI and RTI in which the transition to the small-scale turbulent mixing does not appear.

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He, Wen Jun, Guang Hui Min, and Oleg V. Tolochko. "Shape Memory Behavior of Ti-Rich Ti-Ni-Cu Melt-Spun Ribbons." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 2259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.2259.

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Crystal structures and shape memory properties of Ti-rich Ti52Ni23Cu25 (at.%) ribbon annealed at 450°C for 10 min and 1 h were investigated by X-ray diffraction and dynamic mechanical analyzer. As-spun ribbon was full amorphous and its crystalline peak temperature is 455.4°C. The annealed ribbon is crystallized with strong preferential (110)-B2 orientation. It shows a well-defined shape memory effect and the transformation hysteresis for the annealed ribbon under an external load in the range of 3-9 N is about 38.5°C. With annealing time increasing from 10 min to 1 h, the maximum of transformation strain under the external stress decreases from 1.93% to 1.7%. The temperature dependence of the external stress increases from 0.3 N/°C to 0.43 N/°C. The residual plastic strain is up to about 0.4% at a load of 9 N.

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Tykarska, Ewa, and Maria Gdaniec. "Solid-state supramolecular architecture of carbenoxolone – comparative studies with glycyrrhetinic and glycyrrhizic acids." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 71, no. 1 (January 20, 2015): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520614026419.

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Carbenoxolone (CBXH2), a pharmaceutically relevant derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid, was studied by X-ray crystallography. The crystal structures of its unsolvated form, propionic acid and dimethoxyethane solvates and a solvated cocrystal of the free acid with its monobasic sodium salt CBXH2·CBXHNa·(butan-2-one)2·2H2O reveal that the recurring motif of supramolecular architecture in all crystal forms is a one-dimensional ribbon with closely packed triterpene fragments. It does not result from strong specific interactions but solely from van der Waals interactions. The ribbons are further arranged into diverse layer-type aggregates with a hydrophobic interior (triterpene skeletons) and hydrophilic surfaces covered with carboxylic/carboxylate groups. Solvent molecules included at the interface between the layers influence hydrogen-bonding interactions between the carbenoxolone molecules and organization of the ribbons within the layer. Comparison of crystal structures of carbenoxolone, glycyrrhizic acid and its aglycone–glycyrrhetinic acid have shown the impact of the size and hydrophilic character of the substituent at the triterpene C3 atom on the supramolecular architecture of these three closely related molecules.

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41

Dennison, Jean. "Stitching Osage Governance into the Future." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 37, no. 2 (January 1, 2013): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.37.2.fu6088207224ur47.

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The writers of the 2006 Osage Constitution had to work against processes of settler colonialism which attempt to deny Indigenous peoples a political future. The Constitution provides a foundation, but much work still remains in order to build a strong Osage Nation that can truly serve its people. This paper uses the metaphor of Osage ribbon work to envision such a future for Osage governance, moving away from the binaries that underwrite colonialism. Ribbon work reminds us that it is possible to create new and powerful forms out of an ongoing colonial process. In picking up the fabric both torn apart and created through the colonial process and stitching it into new patterns, Osage people must form the tangled ribbons of colonialism into unique structures that can serve Osage needs, artfully weaving the 2006 Constitution into something that can act, not as a pure alternative to modernity, but as something truly possible in this moment of colonial entanglement. In viewing the future potential of Osage governance as a purposeful process of cutting, folding, and stitching together, it is possible to speak to the challenges of this colonial moment without again denying the agency of Indigenous political formations.

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Bendersky, L. A., and W. J. Boettinger. "Microstructural Variations in Melt-Spun Rapidly Solidified Ribbons." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100117340.

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Rapid solidification produces a wide variety of sub-micron scale microstructure. Generally, the microstructure depends on the imposed melt undercooling and heat extraction rate. The microstructure can vary strongly not only due to processing parameters changes but also during the process itself, as a result of recalescence. Hence, careful examination of different locations in rapidly solidified products should be performed. Additionally, post-solidification solid-state reactions can alter the microstructure.The objective of the present work is to demonstrate the strong microstructural changes in different regions of melt-spun ribbon for three different alloys. The locations of the analyzed structures were near the wheel side (W) and near the center (C) of the ribbons. The TEM specimens were prepared by selective electropolishing or ion milling.

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Ahmed, E., E. A. El-Rifai, and R. A. Abdellatif. "Relation between strings and ribbon knots." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 30, no. 2 (February 1991): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00670713.

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Liu, Yuan, Zheng Xu, Keh-Chi Hwang, Yonggang Huang, and Yihui Zhang. "Postbuckling analyses of frame mesostructures consisting of straight ribbons for mechanically guided three-dimensional assembly." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2225 (May 2019): 20190012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2019.0012.

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Mechanically guided assembly through buckling-induced two-dimensional (2D)-to- three-dimensional (3D) transformation represents a versatile approach to the formation of 3D mesostructures, thanks to the demonstrated applicability to a wide range of length scales (from tens of nanometres to centimetres) and material types (from semiconductors, metals to polymers and ceramics). In many demonstrated examples of device applications, the 2D precursor structures are composed of ribbon-type components, and some of them exhibit frame geometries consisting of multiple straight ribbons. The coupling of bending/twisting deformations among various ribbon components of the frame mesostructures makes the analyses more complicated than the case with a single component, which requires the development of a relevant theory to serve as the basis of design optimization in practical applications. Here, an analytic model of compressive buckling in such frame mesostructures is presented in the framework of energetic approach, taking into account the contributions of spatial bending deformations and twisting deformations. Three different frame geometries are studied, including ‘+’, ‘T' and ‘H' shaped designs. As validated by the experiments and finite-element analyses (FEA), the developed model can predict accurately the assembled 3D configurations during the postbuckling of different precursor shapes. Furthermore, the theoretical analyses provide approximate analytic solutions to some key physical quantities (e.g. the maximum out-of-plane displacements and maximum strains), which can be used as design references in practical applications.

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Guo, Shi Hai, Yang Huan Zhang, Bai Yun Quan, Jian Liang Li, and Xin Lin Wang. "Martensitic Transformation and Magnetic-Field-Induced Strain in Magnetic Shape Memory Alloy NiMnGa Melt-Spun Ribbon." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 2009–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.2009.

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A non-stoichiometric polycrystalline Ni50Mn27Ga23 magnetic shape memory alloy was prepared by melt-spinning technology. The effects of melt-spinning on the martensitic transformation and magnetic-field-induced strain (MFIS) of the melt-spun ribbon were investigated. The experimental results show that the melt-spun ribbon undergoes the thermal-elastic martensitic transformation and exhibits the thermo-elastic shape memory effect. But the martensitic transformation temperature decreases and Curie temperature remains unchanged. A particular internal stress induced by melt-spinning made a texture structure in the melt-spun ribbon, which made the melt-spun ribbon obtain larger transition-induced strain and MFIS. The internal stress was released under cycling of magnetic field. This resulted in a decrease of MFIS of the melt-spun ribbon.

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He, Wen Jun, Guang Hui Min, and Oleg Tolochko. "Microstructure and Tensile Behavior of Ti-Rich Ti-Ni-Cu Melt-Spun Ribbon." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1163.

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Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti51.5Ni25Cu23.5 ribbon fabricated by melt spinning were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and tensile tests. Some B19 martensite crystalline with (011) compound twin was embedded in the mainly amorphous ribbon, while the ribbon annealed at 450°C for 1 h is at fully martensitic state. Annealing process alter the preferential orientation from (022)-B19 to (111)-B19. Tensile fracture stresses of as-spun ribbon and the annealed ribbon are 1257 MPa and 250 MPa, respectively. The tensile fracture morphology of as-spun ribbon shows typical vein fringe while that of the annealed ribbon reveals fine but depth-inhomogeneous dimples. After tensile deformation, the annealed ribbon exhibits typical martensitic detwinning behavior accompanying with the strain contrast.

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CLAISSE, PENELOPE, PATRICK BRISAC, and ANDRÉ NEL. "The first fossil Nemopteridae from the Oligocene of Céreste (France) (Insecta: Neuroptera)." Palaeoentomology 2, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.2.3.

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Nemopteridae are a small family of myrmeleontoid lacewings characterized by elongated ribbon- or thread-like hindwings. Extant Nemopteridae comprise two subfamilies, viz. Crocinae (thread-wings) and Nemopterinae (spoon- and ribbon-wings). They are distributed in all zoogeographical regions except the Nearctic region in the extant fauna. However, the major species diversity of Nemopteridae is confined to the southern part of Africa. The fossil record of the family is scarce, with five Lower Cretaceous fossils, one from the lowermost Cenomanian, two fossils from the Upper Eocene, and two from the Oligocene (Lu et al., 2019; Nel & Jarzembowski, 2019). Here we describe a new, nearly complete fossil from the Oligocene of Lubéron in France. It was found in the Konservat Lagerstätte of Céreste, in finely laminated lacustrine limestones. It is the only specimen of this family found in this outcrop, among more than 30000 fossil insects. Neuroptera are extremely rare in this outcrop; only one adult Ascalaphidae (Ascaloptynx oligocenicus Nel, 1991) and two Mantispidae (Prosagittalata oligocenica Nel, 1988 and an undescribed specimen) have been discovered there (Nel, 1988, 1991).

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Sanger, Margaret, Ulla E. Järlfors, and Said A. Ghabrial. "Unusual Cytoplasmic Inclusions Induced in Tobacco by Peanut Stunt Virus Subgroup II Strains Map to RNA3." Phytopathology® 88, no. 11 (November 1998): 1192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.11.1192.

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Infection of tobacco protoplasts or leaf tissues with peanut stunt virus (PSV) subgroup II strains induced the production of unusual cytoplasmic ribbon-like inclusions. The inclusion structures appeared as long, thin, densely staining sheets that were prevalent within the cytoplasm, accumulating most commonly near vacuoles. Numerous virions and ribosomes could be seen adjacent to the inclusion surfaces. The formation of these novel inclusions appeared to be subgroup specific, since infection of tobacco with PSV strains W and B (subgroup II), but not strains ER, V, and J (subgroup I), induced the inclusions. Furthermore, inclusion formation was shown to be host specific, because the inclusions were not detected in either of two leguminous host species infected with PSV subgroup II strains. Using tobacco protoplasts electroporated with various assortments of infectious RNA transcripts derived from cDNA clones of genomic RNAs of PSV-ER and PSV-W, we demonstrated that induction of the unusual ribbon-like inclusions maps to PSV-W (subgroup II) RNA3. This conclusion is consistent with the finding that PSV strain BV-15, a natural intraspecific reassortant that derives its RNA2 and RNA3 from a subgroup I strain, did not induce inclusion formation.

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MENDES, CECILI B., HELENA MATTHEWS-CASCON, and JON L. NORENBURG. "New records of ribbon worms (Nemertea) from Ceará, Northeast Brazil." Zootaxa 4061, no. 2 (January 5, 2016): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4061.2.4.

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SASAKI, Shinichirou, Ken SUZUKI, Hideo MIURA, and Meng YANG. "Development of strain sensor using graphene nano-ribbon." Proceedings of Conference of Tohoku Branch 2017.52 (2017): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeth.2017.52.192.

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Journal articles on the topic 'String ribbon'

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