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Journal articles on the topic 'Stripping packed column for SO2'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Wang, Wei Zhi, Chun Guang Yang, and Jin Rui Zhang. "Absorption of Sulphur Dioxide from Flue Gas with Sodium Alkali Solution in Packed Columns." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 6409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.6409.

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The objective of this work was to study the sodium alkali(Na2S03) FGD process in a pilot-scale column packed column of diameter 0.4m. Main operating conditions affecting SO2 removal efficiency were investigated experimentally. These conditions include pH value of the absorption solution, liquid-gas ratio, superficial gas velocity, inlet SO2 concentration, temperature of absorption solution and initial Na2SO3 molar concentration. The relation between the ratio of desulfurization and every parameter was investigated. And the suitable operational conditions of SO2 absorption in lab are recommended. The experimental results show that SO2 removal efficiency may be over 80% under the following conditions: pH=6-7,L/G=1-2L/m3, gas superficial velocity is 1-1.5m/s, absorption solution temperature is under 50°C,initial [Na2SO3]≈0.3-0.5mol/L,and SO2 initial concentration is 4300 mg/m3. The experimental data can provide the necessary basic data for the design and operation of the practical desulfurization equipments.

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2

Nisa, Nur Ihda Farikhatin, Ali Altway, and Susianto S. "Simulasi Unit Stripping CO2 Dalam Packed Column Skala Industri Dengan Kondisi Non-Isothermal." Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan 14, no. 1 (June 21, 2019): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23955/rkl.v14i1.13547.

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Emisi karbondioksida ke atmosfer dianggap sebagai penyebab utama perubahan iklim, termasuk pemanasan global dan permasalahan pertanian. Berbagai teknologi pemisahan CO2 banyak dikembangkan. Absorpsi kimia adalah teknologi pemisahan yang paling efektif dan banyak digunakan dalam industri kimia maupun petrokimia. Dimana pelarut yang telah digunakan dapat di regenerasi kembali di kolom stripper. Stripping adalah proses regenerasi termal pelarut dimana larutan tersebut dikontakkan dengan pelarut gas yang tidak larut terhadap cairan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan simulasi unit stripping CO2 dalam packed column skala industri dengan mengestimasi kinerja unit stripping CO2 yang dinyatakan dengan % efisiensi kolom stripping dan komposisi gas yang keluar dari stripper. Simulasi dilakukan secara teoritis dengan mengembangkan model matematis untuk proses stripping CO2 dalam packed column skala industri. Selanjutnya hasil simulasi divalidasi dengan data riil pada salah satu industri pupuk di Indonesia. Variabel-variabel yang digunakan adalah tekanan operasi kolom, temperatur rich solution dan laju steam. Hasil simulasi untuk tekanan stripper 2,56 atm dengan laju rich solution 2943316 kg/jam dan temperatur rich solution 390 K menunjukkan CO2 (% mol) 99,038%, sedangkan data pabrik menunjukkan 97,5862%.

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3

Maheswari, Chenniappan, Kasilingam Krishnamurthy, and Rathinasamy Parameshwaran. "Modeling and experimental analysis of packed column for SO2 emission control process." Atmospheric Pollution Research 5, no. 3 (July 2014): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5094/apr.2014.054.

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4

Harry-Ngei, N., A. A. Ujile, and P. N. Ede. "Absorber Sizing and Costing Required to Control SO2 Emission from A Combustion System." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.12.1572.

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This work was predicated on the design and costing of a packed column absorber required to remove SO2 from an air/SO2 mixture. The absorber is intended to be developed into an already existing combustion system as a retrofit. The gas flow rate basis of the computation was 40,000Kg/h. The Onda Method was used to estimate the column height as 9m and the column diameter as 2.5m while the column wall thickness as well as the domed head thickness was found to be 9mm using the BS 5500 Standard Method. In order to limit expenses, H2O was utilized as the absorber solvent and a flow rate of 29.5Kg/s to limit solvent usage. A pressure drop of 20mmH2O/m was assumed in the design with metal pall rings of diameter 51mm and surface area of 102m2/m3 chosen as the packing material. The study estimated a profound $306,559.87 as the cost of the absorber required to remove 95% SO2 content from the combustion waste stream.

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5

O’Haver, John H., Robert Walk, Boonyarach Kitiyanan, Jeffrey H. Harwell, and David A. Sabatini. "Packed Column and Hollow Fiber Air Stripping of a Contaminant-Surfactant Stream." Journal of Environmental Engineering 130, no. 1 (January 2004): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2004)130:1(4).

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6

Sekararum, Andina Indah, Andhika Sulistyani Putri, and Margono Margono. "Stripping Bioethanol from Fermented Molasses in A Packed Tower." Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering 2, no. 1 (January 10, 2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v2i1.40431.

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<p>The high price of bioethanol is the barrier of its implementation as renewable energy sources. Therefore, efforts to reduce its price is an important factor to drive the implementation. Stripping is a way to separate bioethanol from the broth which will be cheaper than distillation process. This research was aimed to separate bioethanol from its fermented molasses. The effect of feed flow rate, air flow rate and feed temperature were investigated. A column with inside diameter of 0.1 m was used and packed with 0.02 x 0.016 m PVC rashig ring at 1 m of bed. The broth was fed from the top side and the air stripper was flown down from the bottom side. Six millimeters of the top product was collected at steady state condition for analysis of bioethanol concentration. The best experiment was the one which had feed flow rate 1,5 L/min and stripping air flow rate of 5,85 L/min. It resulted bioethanol content of 19.39% or equivalent to 38.5% stripped out of the broth.</p>

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7

Kim, Eun Ju, Ho Kim, and Eunsil Lee. "Influence of Ammonia Stripping Parameters on the Efficiency and Mass Transfer Rate of Ammonia Removal." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010441.

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This study analyzed the influence of different ammonia stripping parameters on ammonia removal efficiency and mass transfer rate. Ammonia stripping was performed on two devices, a column and a packed tower, with artificial ammonium hydroxide wastewater. First, ammonia concentration and pH were varied in a column without liquid circulation. At the same pH, the removal efficiency and mass transfer rate were constant, irrespective of initial ammonia concentration. When pH was increased, the ammonia fraction also increased, resulting in higher removal efficiency and mass transfer rate. Second, the effects of stripping were assessed using a packed tower with fluid circulation. The ammonium hydroxide concentration did not affect the removal efficiency or mass transfer rate. Furthermore, at apparatus liquid-gas ratios of 26.8–107.2 L/m3, a lower liquid-gas ratio led to increased ammonia removal efficiency and mass transfer rate. Conversely, the lower the liquid-gas ratio, the greater the air consumption. In conclusion, considering the removal rate and volume of air supply, the range of optimal liquid-gas ratio was determined as 26.8–53.6 L/m3. In particular, the 26.8 L/m3 condition achieved the best ammonia removal rate of 63.0% through only 6 h of stripping at 70 °C and pH 8.5.

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8

Taylor, Frank, Michael J. Kurantz, Neil Goldberg, and James C. Craig. "Control of packed column fouling in the continuous fermentation and stripping of ethanol." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 51, no. 1 (March 26, 2000): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19960705)51:1<33::aid-bit4>3.0.co;2-1.

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9

Cypes, Stephen H., and J. R. Engstrom. "Analysis of a toluene stripping process: a comparison between a microfabricated stripping column and a conventional packed tower." Chemical Engineering Journal 101, no. 1-3 (August 2004): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2003.10.014.

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10

Marcu, Cristina, Damian Axente, and Codruta Varodi. "Determination of Nitrogen Losses in the Sulfuric Acid Solution, Waste of the 15N Separation Plant." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 8 (September 15, 2019): 2883–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.8.7449.

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The most used method for production of stable isotope 15N is based on the isotopic exchange 15N/14N in the nitrogen oxides-nitric acid solution system, known as Nitrox system. At the bottom of the packed separation column, the reflux is provided by total conversion of nitric acid into nitrogen oxides by reaction with sulfur dioxide, in a packed column type refluxer. The waste of HNO3-SO2 reaction is sulfuric acid, solution of 65-70%, which is evacuated at the bottom of the nitrogen oxides refluxer. The magnitude of the nitrogen losses, as NOx and/or HNO3 in the waste sulfuric acid, were determined by analysing the effluent sulfuric acid by spectrofotometric method with Nessler reagent.

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11

Chiang, Pen-C., Chung-H. Hung, J. C. Mar, and E. E. Chang. "Henry's constants and mass transfer coefficients of halogenated organic pollutants in an air stripping packed column." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 6 (September 1, 1998): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0263.

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Both Henry's constants and volumetric mass transfer coefficients (KLa) of eight priority chlorinated organic compounds including 1,1-dichloroethene, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene in an air stripping packed column were investigated in this study. The liquid and gas phase EPICS (Equilibrium Partition in Closed System) and direct calculating methods were applied to determine the Henry's constants of VOCs. The interference of co-solute on Henry's constants was also investigated. Experimental results indicated that decrease in Henry's constants of VOCs was observed in the presence of humic acid but no apparent effect on Henry's constants was detected when there was NaCl and surfactant in solution. Four different configurations of packing media including Intalox Saddle, Super Intalox Saddle, Telleret, and Hedgehog made of polypropylene were respectively packed in the air stripping tower and investigated in the study. The dependence of hydraulic loading, air-water ratio, and configurations of packing media on mass transfer coefficients of VOCs was discussed.

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12

YIH, SIU-MING, and CHYI-WOEI LII. "ABSORPTION OF NO AND SO2 IN FE(II)-EDTA SOLUTIONS II. PACKED COLUMN SIMULATION." Chemical Engineering Communications 73, no. 1 (November 1988): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986448808940433.

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13

Jia, Yong, Daqian Du, Xinxi Zhang, Xilou Ding, and Oin Zhong. "Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NO X with ammonia absorbent in a packed column." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 30, no. 9 (August 14, 2013): 1735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-013-0091-y.

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14

Jie, He, Man-Ling Jia, Chang-Bin Tan, and Jin-Sheng Sun. "Hydrodynamic characters of co-current operation for SO2 absorption in a laboratory packed column." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 28, no. 11 (September 19, 2011): 2190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-011-0100-y.

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15

Staudinger, Jeffery, William R. Knocke, and Clifford W. Randall. "Evaluating the Onda Mass Transfer Correlation for the Design of Packed-Column Air Stripping." Journal - American Water Works Association 82, no. 1 (January 1990): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1990.tb06908.x.

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16

Deng, Qiaosi, Elsayed Elbeshbishy, and Hyung-Sool Lee. "Simultaneous regeneration of exhausted zeolite and nitrogen recovery using an air stripping method at alkaline pH." Water Quality Research Journal 51, no. 4 (July 20, 2016): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2016.007.

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Ammonium nitrogen recovery using natural zeolite from the permeates of anaerobic membrane bioreactors was investigated with batch and continuous experiments. Regeneration of exhausted zeolite was compared between mechanical shaking and air stripping, and experimental results showed the superiority of air stripping over the shaking. Liquid circulation and air flow rates were optimized in a continuous zeolite-packed column with a separate recovery system consisting of a regeneration chamber and a stripping column. The liquid circulation rate had significant effect neither on the regeneration efficiency (RE) nor the ammonia transfer efficiency (ATE), while the ATE significantly increased with increasing air flow rate. The effect of pH on ammonia recovery was also tested and the results showed that both RE and ATE significantly improved at alkaline pH. When pH increased from 9.5 to 12, the RE increased from 9.2% to 84% and the ATE increased from 54% to 92%. The results emphasized that the pH should be higher than 11 for efficient regeneration and recovery of ammonia. The preliminary economic analysis showed the superiority of the alkaline regeneration–air stripping process over the high pH regeneration and the conventional regeneration.

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17

Roberts, Paul V., Gary D. Hopkins, Christoph Munz, and Arturo H. Riojas. "Evaluating two-resistance models for air stripping of volatile organic contaminants in a countercurrent, packed column." Environmental Science & Technology 19, no. 2 (February 1985): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00132a010.

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18

Choori, Umesh N., John F. Scamehorn, John H. O'Haver, and Jeffrey H. Harwell. "Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from Surfactant Solutions by Flash Vacuum Stripping in a Packed Column." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 18, no. 4 (November 1998): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1998.tb00175.x.

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19

Qi, Guojie, and Shujuan Wang. "Experimental study and rate-based modeling on combined CO2 and SO2 absorption using aqueous NH3 in packed column." Applied Energy 206 (November 2017): 1532–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.09.110.

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20

Kungsanant, Suratsawadee, Sirinthip Kittisrisawai, Pornchai Suriya-Amrit, Boonyarach Kitiyanan, Sumaeth Chavadej, Somchai Osuwan, and John F. Scamehorn. "Study of nonionic surfactants on HVOCs removal from coacervate solutions using cocurrent vacuum stripping in a packed column." Separation Science and Technology 53, no. 16 (April 11, 2018): 2662–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2018.1458877.

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21

Chavez, Rosa-Hilda, Nicolas Flores-Alamo, and Javier de J. Guadarrama. "Experimental Evaluation of Sulfur Dioxide Absorption in Water Using Structured Packing." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/579381.

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An experimental study of hydrodynamic and mass transfer processes was carried out in an absorption column of 0.252 m diameter and 3.5 m of packed bed height developed by Mexican National Institute of Nuclear Research (ININby its acronym in Spanish) of stainless steel gauze corrugated sheet packing by means of SO2-air-water systems. The experiments results include pressure drop, flows capacity, liquid hold-up, SO2composition, and global mass transfer coefficient and mass transfer unit height by mass transfer generalized performance model in order to know the relationship between two-phase countercurrent flow and the geometry of packed bed. Experimental results at loading regimen are reported as well as model predictions. The average deviation between the measured values and the predicted values is±5% of 48-data-point absorption test. The development of structured packing has allowed greater efficiency of absorption and lower pressure drop to reduce energy consumption. In practice, the designs of equipment containing structured packings are based on approximations of manufacturer recommendations.

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22

Rahmani, Farhad, Dariush Mowla, Ghloamreza Karimi, Ali Golkhar, and Behnaz Rahmatmand. "SO2 removal from simulated flue gas using various aqueous solutions: Absorption equilibria and operational data in a packed column." Separation and Purification Technology 153 (October 2015): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.10.028.

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23

Kungsanant, Suratsawadee, Sirinthip Kittisrisawai, Boonyarach Kitiyanan, Thirasak Rirksomboon, Somchai Osuwan, and John F. Scamehorn. "Recovery of Alcohol Ethoxylates Nonionic Surfactant using Co-Current Vacuum Stripping." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 11, no. 1 (August 5, 2011): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.50040.

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Cloud point extraction (CPE) has shown to be an effective technique to remove organic compounds from contaminated water using nonionic surfactant as a separating agent. To make this process more economically attractive, the spent nonionic surfactants should be recycled and reused. This work utilized a packed column operated under vacuum in co-current mode to remove the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the secondary alcohol ethoxylates, AEs, coacervate solution. The co-current operation can effectively avoid plugging, excessive foaming, and flooding. The selected volatile organic contaminants are aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene. The hydrophobic properties of the VOCs are described by an octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow). The results show that as the Kow increases, the Ks substantially increases while the Happ of the VOCs significantly decreases. The reduction of VOCs volatilization is possibly due to greater partitioning of the VOCs into surfactant micelles. The similar trend is also observed in the continuous operation. The results show that as the Kow increases, the percentage of VOCs removal and the Kxa decrease due to the VOCs’ hydrophobic effect. The removal percentages of the VOCs vary from 60 to 90%. The R2 of the log-log and semi-log relationships between Kow and studied parameters are observed in the range of 0.96-0.99.

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24

Baldi, Marco, Maria Collivignarelli, Alessandro Abbà, and Ilaria Benigna. "The Valorization of Ammonia in Manure Digestate by Means of Alternative Stripping Reactors." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 29, 2018): 3073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093073.

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The proper recovery of resources such as nitrogen and phosphorus present in the manure from intensive livestock farming is essential in order to allow environmental sustainable zootechny especially in densely populated areas where these activities are historically prevalent. The experiences at full-scale established that the ammonia stripping allows recovery from 35% to 50% of nitrogen depending on the type of substrate treated with anaerobic digestion and on the nitrogen content/form in the digestate. This study focuses on the ammonia stripping on digestate derived from anaerobic digestion of livestock manure and corn silage. Two different full-scale plants are studied including a packed column and an air bubble reactor without filling material with the aim to reduce fouling issues due to the content of suspended solids in digestate. The main results suggest that the use of an air bubble reactor could treat digestate with high concentration of suspended solids. A deeper study based on a two-level factorial experiment highlights that the temperature is an important parameter that influences the ammonia removal yields. Thus, a proper management of available thermal energy is very important.

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25

KIM, KWANG-WOOK, EIL-HEE LEE, and JAE-HYUNG YOO. "A Study on In-Situ Electrolytic Stripping of Uranyl Ion by Using a Closely Packed Glassy Carbon Fiber Column Electrode System." Separation Science and Technology 34, no. 13 (September 15, 1999): 2627–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ss-100100795.

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26

Flagiello, Domenico, Arianna Parisi, Amedeo Lancia, and Francesco Di Natale. "A Review on Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficients in Packed-Bed Columns." ChemEngineering 5, no. 3 (August 2, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering5030043.

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This review provides a thorough analysis of the most famous mass transfer models for random and structured packed-bed columns used in absorption/stripping and distillation processes, providing a detailed description of the equations to calculate the mass transfer parameters, i.e., gas-side coefficient per unit surface ky [kmol·m−2·s−1], liquid-side coefficient per unit surface kx [kmol·m−2·s−1], interfacial packing area ae [m2·m−3], which constitute the ingredients to assess the mass transfer rate of packed-bed columns. The models have been reported in the original form provided by the authors together with the geometric and model fitting parameters published in several papers to allow their adaptation to packings different from those covered in the original papers. Although the work is focused on a collection of carefully described and ready-to-use equations, we have tried to underline the criticalities behind these models, which mostly rely on the assessment of fluid-dynamics parameters such as liquid film thickness, liquid hold-up and interfacial area, or the real liquid paths or any mal-distributions flow. To this end, the paper reviewed novel experimental and simulation approaches aimed to better describe the gas-liquid multiphase flow dynamics in packed-bed column, e.g., by using optical technologies (tomography) or CFD simulations. While the results of these studies may not be easily extended to full-scale columns, the improved estimation of the main fluid-dynamic parameters will provide a more accurate modelling correlation of liquid-gas mass transfer phenomena in packed columns.

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27

Wei, Fengyu, Yuan He, Pan Xue, Yunjin Yao, Chengwu Shi, and Peng Cui. "Mass Transfer Performance for Low SO2 Absorption into Aqueous N,N′-Bis(2-hydroxypropyl)piperazine Solution in a θ-Ring Packed Column." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 53, no. 11 (March 6, 2014): 4462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie404000w.

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28

Ammari, Ali, and Karin Schroën. "Batch stripping of flavour active compounds from beer: Effect of dry matter and ethanol on equilibrium and mass transfer in a packed column." Food and Bioproducts Processing 118 (November 2019): 306–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2019.10.003.

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29

Makki, Mohammad S. Tawfiq, R. Mohammady Abdel-Rahman, K. Ommar Alfooty, and Mohammad S. El-Shahawi. "Thiazolidinone Steroids Impregnated Polyurethane Foams as a Solid Phase Extractant for the Extraction and Preconcentration of Cadmium(II) from Industrial Wastewater." E-Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 2 (2011): 887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/178968.

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Two new thiazolidinone steroids namely sulfadiazino-imino- steroid (I) and 3-sulfonamoyl-phenyl-spiro[4-oxo-thiazolidin-2, 2`steroid](II)were prepared and characterized from their molecular weight determination and spectroscopic measurements. CompoundIIwere physically immobilized onto polyurethane foams (PUFs) for the preconcentration of cadmium(II) from acidic aqueous media containing iodide ions. The kinetics of the retention step of cadmium(II) from aqueous solutions by compoundIItreated PUFs was studied. Particle diffusion was the most probable operating mechanism and did not control the kinetics of cadmium(II) retention by compoundIIimmobilized PUFs. A preconcentration / separation procedure is presented for the solid phase extraction of trace cadmium(II) from aqueous media as its ternary complex ion associate with compoundIIin industrial wastewater samples onto compoundIItreated PUFs prior to determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Compound II treated PUFs sorbent was successfully packed in glass column for complete extraction and / or determination of trace concentrations of cadmium(II) in wastewater samples with satisfactory recovery (95±2.6). The cyclic voltammetry of compoundIIshowed two well defined irreversible redox couples and suggested its possible use as complexing agent in stripping voltammetric determination of trace concentrations of toxic metal ions in wastewater.

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30

Patil, Prashant, Sachin Pathak, M. Sharathbabu, Arijit Sengupta, and R. M. Kadam. "Understanding the sorption behaviour of Pu/U on zirconium phosphosilicate prepared by gelation route." Radiochimica Acta 108, no. 6 (June 25, 2020): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2019-3210.

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AbstractZirconium phosphosilicate (ZPS) has been prepared by gelation route for its ion exchange applications. ZPS was characterised by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformed Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and surface area analysis. K+ ion exchange behaviour was studied by pH titration. The material was found to extract Pu selectively over U from different mineral acids. Pu sorption behaviour on ZPS packed column was also been carried out. The pore volume was evaluated as 0.1336 mL g−1. The FTIR revealed the presence of –OH and PO43− groups on the surface of the material, while the SEM image indicates the irregular morphology and size of the sorbent. Different isotherm model: Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Rodushkevich and Temkin were used to understand the nature of sorption, while Lagergren 1st order, Intraparticle diffusion and pseudo 2nd order kinetics were used for modelling sorption kinetics. Suitable elution method was used for quantitative stripping of plutonium from sorbent. The radiolytic stability of the sorbent was evaluated upto 1500 kGy. A comparative evaluation of the sorption process has also been carried out with that reported in literature.

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31

Kamathi Mwangi, Charles, Isaac W. Mwangi, Ruth N. Wanjau, Sauda Swaleh, Manohar Ram, and J. C. Ngila. "Remediation of Fluoride Laden Water by Complexation with Triethylamine Modified Maize Tassels." Environment and Natural Resources Research 6, no. 1 (January 7, 2016): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v6n1p44.

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<p class="1Body">Several methods for the removal of fluorides in water have been proposed, most of which rely on the use of biomaterials and bone char. In such processes, the adsorbent become loaded with the pre-concentrated pollutant leading to a disposal problem. This study reports on the modification of the maize tassels with triethylamine followed by its subsequent application on the removal of fluoride ions from water. The theory underlying the removal method is based on the interaction of the permanently charged quaternized material with the highly electronegative fluoride ion. This is a regeneratable, affordable, eco-friendly, solution to the problem of secondary pollution and sustainable water remediation method of this toxic water pollutant. The resulting biomaterial derived from agricultural waste was used in the removal experiments on both model solutions and real water samples. The effect of pH, contact time, initial fluoride concentration and biomaterial resin dosage were investigated. It was observed that the amount complexed fluoride ions per unit mass of biomaterial increased with increase in concentration up to a point of saturation. The optimum removal pH was found to be 4.0. The biomaterial was very effective in fluoride removal as 86% of the fluoride was removed within the first 20 min. However, the uptake of fluoride ions in real water samples was found to be slightly lower compared to the model solutions. The experimental data was analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It fitted best in the Langmuir isotherm implying a chemisorption process. The adsorption capacity was found to be 0.19 mg/g and it was also observed that the sorbent when packed in a SPE column could be regenerated by stripping the attached fluoride ions with a dilute hydrochloric acid solution. These findings show that the modified material is suitable for application in the removal of fluorides in water at a point of use. This is intended to offer a solution to the drinking water for the children born by the population living in areas that are naturally fluoridated. Such parents are mean with their smile due to the problem of their permanently brown stained teeth.</p>

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32

"Henry's constants and mass transfer coefficients of halogenated organic pollutants in an air stripping packed column." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 6 (1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1223(98)00599-x.

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33

Kumar, Lokesh, and Susanta Kumar Jana. "Advances in absorbents and techniques used in wet and dry FGD: a critical review." Reviews in Chemical Engineering, March 1, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revce-2020-0029.

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Abstract Sulfur dioxide is considered as an extremely harmful and toxic substance among the air pollutants emitted from the lignite- and other high-sulfur-coal based power plants, old tires processing units, smelters, and many other process industries. Various types of absorbents and desulfurization technologies have been developed and adopted by the industries to reduce the emission rate of SO2 gas. The present paper focuses on the ongoing advances in the development of varieties of regenerative and non-regenerative absorbents viz., Ca-based, Mg-based, Fe-based, Na-based, N2-based, and others along with various FGD technology, viz., wet, dry or semi-dry processes. Additionally, different types of contactors viz., packed column, jet column, spray tower, and slurry bubble columns along with their significant operational and design features have also been discussed. In the existing or newly installed limestone-based FGD plants, an increasing trend of the utilization of newly developed technologies such as limestone forced oxidation (LSFO) and magnesium-enhanced lime (MEL) are being used at an increasing rate. However, the development of low-cost sorbents, particularly suitable solid wastes, for the abatement of SO2 emission needs to be explored sincerely. Many such wastes cause air pollution by way of entrainment of fine particulate matter (PM), groundwater contamination by its leaching, or brings damage to crops due to its spreading onto the cultivation land. One such pollutant is marble waste and in this work, this has been suggested as a suitable substitute to limestone and cost-effective sorbent for the desulfurization of flue gases. The product of this process being sellable in the market or may be used as a raw material in several industries, it can also prove to be an important route of recycling and reuse of one of the air and water-polluting solid wastes.

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Saha, B., H. T. R. Teo, and A. Alqahtani. "iso-Amyl Acetate Synthesis by Catalytic Distillation." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 3, no. 1 (July 27, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1542-6580.1250.

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With ever-growing environmental concerns, petrochemical and fine chemical industries face an omnipresent issue in recovering dilute acetic acid from its aqueous solutions. Catalytic distillation holds an ascendancy over conventional physical separation methods such as distillation and extraction. Distillation is associated with the high costs involved in vaporising the more volatile water that exists in high proportions and possesses a high latent heat of vaporisation. Extraction is limited in view of the distribution of the components in the reacting system. The implementation of catalytic distillation reduces capital and operating costs, and allows for a wider range of operating conditions. Catalytic distillation is receiving increasing attention and holds a huge potential for the recovery of acetic acid. Through the application of catalytic distillation via the reaction of acetic acid with iso-amyl alcohol, a useful ester in the form of iso-amyl acetate could be produced.In the present work towards further process development, the synthesis of iso-amyl acetate via reactive distillation is studied using Katamax® catalyst packing in the catalytic reactive section. The reactive distillation experiments were carried out at laboratory scale in a 50 mm diameter column with a catalytic packing section of 1 m and non-reactive packed enriching and stripping sections of about 1 m each. A cation exchange resin catalyst, Purolite® CT-175, was used. The experiments were conducted with the aim of achieving an optimum column configuration as well as process conditions for the synthesis of iso-amyl acetate in a reactive distillation column (RDC). Several variants of the RDC set-up e.g. total feed mole ratio, reflux ratio, location of feed points, reflux configuration and acid concentrations were explored for the recovery of dilute acetic acid and to achieve a high purity value added product, iso-amyl acetate.

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