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Journal articles on the topic 'Strong maximum principles'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Musina, Roberta, and Alexander I. Nazarov. "Strong maximum principles for fractional Laplacians." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 149, no. 5 (January 16, 2019): 1223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/prm.2018.81.

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AbstractWe give a unified approach to strong maximum principles for a large class of nonlocal operators of order s ∈ (0, 1) that includes the Dirichlet, the Neumann Restricted (or Regional) and the Neumann Semirestricted Laplacians.

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2

Stehlík, Petr, and Jonáš Volek. "Maximum Principles for Discrete and Semidiscrete Reaction-Diffusion Equation." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/791304.

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We study reaction-diffusion equations with a general reaction functionfon one-dimensional lattices with continuous or discrete timeux′ (or Δtux)=k(ux-1-2ux+ux+1)+f(ux),x∈Z. We prove weak and strong maximum and minimum principles for corresponding initial-boundary value problems. Whereas the maximum principles in the semidiscrete case (continuous time) exhibit similar features to those of fully continuous reaction-diffusion model, in the discrete case the weak maximum principle holds for a smaller class of functions and the strong maximum principle is valid in a weaker sense. We describe in detail how the validity of maximum principles depends on the nonlinearity and the time step. We illustrate our results on the Nagumo equation with the bistable nonlinearity.

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3

Montenegro, Marcelo. "Strong maximum principles for supersolutions of quasilinear elliptic equations." Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 37, no. 4 (August 1999): 431–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0362-546x(98)00057-1.

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4

CAMPOS, J., J. MAWHIN, and R. ORTEGA. "MAXIMUM PRINCIPLES AROUND AN EIGENVALUE WITH CONSTANT EIGENFUNCTIONS." Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 10, no. 06 (December 2008): 1243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021919970800323x.

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A class of linear operators L + λI between suitable function spaces is considered, when 0 is an eigenvalue of L with constant eigenfunctions. It is proved that L + λI satisfies a strong maximum principle when λ belongs to a suitable pointed left-neighborhood of 0, and satisfies a strong uniform anti-maximum principle when λ belongs to a suitable pointed right-neighborhood of 0. Applications are given to various types of ordinary or partial differential operators with periodic or Neumann boundary conditions.

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5

Huang, Qiao, Jinqiao Duan, and Jiang-Lun Wu. "Maximum principles for nonlocal parabolic Waldenfels operators." Bulletin of Mathematical Sciences 09, no. 03 (December 2019): 1950015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1664360719500152.

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As a class of Lévy type Markov generators, nonlocal Waldenfels operators appear naturally in the context of investigating stochastic dynamics under Lévy fluctuations and constructing Markov processes with boundary conditions (in particular the construction with jumps). This work is devoted to prove the weak and strong maximum principles for ‘parabolic’ equations with nonlocal Waldenfels operators. Applications in stochastic differential equations with [Formula: see text]-stable Lévy processes are presented to illustrate the maximum principles.

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6

Amendola, M. E., L. Rossi, and A. Vitolo. "Harnack Inequalities and ABP Estimates for Nonlinear Second-Order Elliptic Equations in Unbounded Domains." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2008 (2008): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/178534.

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We are concerned with fully nonlinear uniformly elliptic operators with a superlinear gradient term. We look for local estimates, such as weak Harnack inequality and local maximum principle, and their extension up to the boundary. As applications, we deduce ABP-type estimates and weak maximum principles in general unbounded domains, a strong maximum principle, and a Liouville-type theorem.

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7

Byszewski, L. "Strong Maximum and Minimum Principles for Parabolic Problems with Non-local Inequalities." ZAMM - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics / Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 70, no. 3 (1990): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zamm.19900700312.

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8

Sirakov, Boyan. "Boundary Harnack Estimates and Quantitative Strong Maximum Principles for Uniformly Elliptic PDE." International Mathematics Research Notices 2018, no. 24 (May 30, 2017): 7457–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imrn/rnx107.

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9

Ishihara, Kazuo. "Strong and weak discrete maximum principles for matrices associated with elliptic problems." Linear Algebra and its Applications 88-89 (April 1987): 431–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3795(87)90119-4.

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10

Slavík, Antonín, Petr Stehlík, and Jonáš Volek. "Well-posedness and maximum principles for lattice reaction-diffusion equations." Advances in Nonlinear Analysis 8, no. 1 (March 17, 2017): 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anona-2016-0116.

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Abstract Existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence results together with maximum principles represent key tools in the analysis of lattice reaction-diffusion equations. In this paper, we study these questions in full generality by considering nonautonomous reaction functions, possibly nonsymmetric diffusion and continuous, discrete or mixed time. First, we prove the local existence and global uniqueness of bounded solutions, as well as the continuous dependence of solutions on the underlying time structure and on initial conditions. Next, we obtain the weak maximum principle which enables us to get the global existence of solutions. Finally, we provide the strong maximum principle which exhibits an interesting dependence on the time structure. Our results are illustrated by the autonomous Fisher and Nagumo lattice equations and a nonautonomous logistic population model with a variable carrying capacity.

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11

Byszewski, Ludwik. "Strong maximum principles for parabolic nonlinear problems with nonlocal inequalities together with integrals." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Stochastic Analysis 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1048953390000065.

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In [4] and [5], the author studied strong maximum principles for nonlinear parabolic problems with initial and nonlocal inequalities, respectively. Our purpose here is to extend results in [4] and [5] to strong maximum principles for nonlinear parabolic problems with nonlocal inequalities together with integrals. The results obtained in this paper can be applied in the theories of diffusion and heat conduction, since considered here integrals in nonlocal inequalities can be interpreted as mean amounts of the diffused substance or mean temperatures of the investigated medium.

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12

Barrios, Begoña, and Maria Medina. "Strong maximum principles for fractional elliptic and parabolic problems with mixed boundary conditions." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 150, no. 1 (January 26, 2019): 475–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/prm.2018.77.

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AbstractWe present some comparison results for solutions to certain non-local elliptic and parabolic problems that involve the fractional Laplacian operator and mixed boundary conditions, given by a zero Dirichlet datum on part of the complementary of the domain and zero Neumann data on the rest. These results represent a non-local generalization of a Hopf's lemma for elliptic and parabolic problems with mixed conditions. In particular we prove the non-local version of the results obtained by Dávila and Dávila and Dupaigne for the classical cases= 1 in [23, 24] respectively.

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13

Kuwae, Kazuhiro. "Maximum Principles for Subharmonic Functions Via Local Semi-Dirichlet Forms." Canadian Journal of Mathematics 60, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 822–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-2008-036-8.

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AbstractMaximum principles for subharmonic functions in the framework of quasi-regular local semi-Dirichlet forms admitting lower bounds are presented. As applications, we give weak and strong maximum principles for (local) subsolutions of a second order elliptic differential operator on the domain of Euclidean space under conditions on coefficients, which partially generalize the results by Stampacchia.

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14

Goffi, Alessandro, and Francesco Pediconi. "A Note on the Strong Maximum Principle for Fully Nonlinear Equations on Riemannian Manifolds." Journal of Geometric Analysis 31, no. 8 (February 16, 2021): 8641–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12220-021-00607-2.

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AbstractWe investigate strong maximum (and minimum) principles for fully nonlinear second-order equations on Riemannian manifolds that are non-totally degenerate and satisfy appropriate scaling conditions. Our results apply to a large class of nonlinear operators, among which Pucci’s extremal operators, some singular operators such as those modeled on the p- and $$\infty $$ ∞ -Laplacian, and mean curvature-type problems. As a byproduct, we establish new strong comparison principles for some second-order uniformly elliptic problems when the manifold has nonnegative sectional curvature.

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15

Byszewski, Ludwik. "Strong maximum principles for parabolic nonlinear problems with nonlocal inequalities together with arbitrary functionals." Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 156, no. 2 (April 1991): 457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-247x(91)90409-s.

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16

Byszewski, Ludwik. "Strong maximum principles for implicit parabolic functional-differential problems together with nonlocal inequalities with functionals." Opuscula Mathematica 29, no. 1 (2009): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/opmath.2009.29.1.15.

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17

Byszewski, Ludwik. "STRONG MAXIMUM PRINCIPLES FOR IMPLICIT PARABOLIC FUNCTIONAL-DIFFERENTIAL PROBLEMS TOGETHER WITH NONSTANDARD INEQUALITIES WITH SUMS." Demonstratio Mathematica 38, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dema-2005-0409.

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18

Biswas, Anup, and József Lőrinczi. "Maximum principles for time-fractional Cauchy problems with spatially non-local components." Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis 21, no. 5 (October 25, 2018): 1335–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fca-2018-0070.

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Abstract We show a strong maximum principle and an Alexandrov-Bakelman-Pucci estimate for the weak solutions of a Cauchy problem featuring Caputo time-derivatives and non-local operators in space variables given in terms of Bernstein functions of the Laplacian. To achieve this, first we propose a suitable meaning of a weak solution, show their existence and uniqueness, and establish a probabilistic representation in terms of time-changed Brownian motion. As an application, we also discuss an inverse source problem.

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19

Needham, David John, and John Christopher Meyer. "A note on the classical weak and strong maximum principles for linear parabolic partial differential inequalities." Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 66, no. 4 (January 21, 2015): 2081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00033-014-0492-8.

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20

Droniou, Jerome. "Finite volume schemes for diffusion equations: Introduction to and review of modern methods." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 24, no. 08 (May 4, 2014): 1575–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202514400041.

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We present Finite Volume methods for diffusion equations on generic meshes, that received important coverage in the last decade or so. After introducing the main ideas and construction principles of the methods, we review some literature results, focusing on two important properties of schemes (discrete versions of well-known properties of the continuous equation): coercivity and minimum–maximum principles. Coercivity ensures the stability of the method as well as its convergence under assumptions compatible with real-world applications, whereas minimum–maximum principles are crucial in case of strong anisotropy to obtain physically meaningful approximate solutions.

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21

Brandys, Jolanta. "STRONG MAXIMUM PRINCIPLES FOR INFINITE SYSTEMS OF PARABOLIC DIFFERENTIAL-FUNCTIONAL INEQUALITIES WITH NONSTANDARD INITIAL INEQUALITIES WITH INTEGRALS." Demonstratio Mathematica 41, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dema-2008-0311.

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22

Byszewski, Ludwik. "Strong maximum and minimum principles for parabolic functional-differential problems with initial inequalities $u(t_0, x) \stack {≤} {(≥)}K$." Annales Polonici Mathematici 52, no. 2 (1990): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/ap-52-2-187-194.

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23

Zhang, Yuan. "Research on China’s Regional Carbon Emission Quota Allocation in 2030 under the Constraint of Carbon Intensity." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (November 26, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8851062.

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To achieve the goal of carbon dioxide emission reduction in 2030 promised to the United Nations, China unified the Carbon Trading System (CTS) in 2017 since carbon dioxide quota allocation is one of the core issues of carbon trading. It is imperative to establish a flexible carbon quota allocation system based on the unbalanced characteristics of resource endowment and economic development in different regions. Unlike previous distribution research, this paper considers five principles, which are fairness principle, efficiency principle, feasibility principle, development principle, and innovation principle. The maximum deviation method is used to research the carbon emission quota allocation in 30 provinces of China, and the results are compared with those under the single principle and the information entropy method. The results reveal that the distribution under the single principle is severely unbalanced, making the region have a strong sense of relative deprivation. The maximum deviation method is better than the information entropy method to achieve carbon intensity by 2030. It is also conducive to promote the coordinated development of the regional economy, narrow the poverty gap, and achieve sustainable development.

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24

Mytiai, Ivan S., Alex V. Matsyura, Kazimierz Jankowski, and Zoya Mytiai. "Mathematical interpretation of avian egg shapes." Ecologica Montenegrina 38 (December 2, 2020): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2020.38.9.

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The general principles of ovoid shapes and their mathematical interpretation were considered concerning previous data and experience. Previously, bird egg description was carried out using the composite ovoid model. According to this model, an ovoid is considered as a set of arcs with a smooth transition between them. The studied group of eggs was named true ovoid. They differ from other forms in size of their infundibular zone radius (thick end) that is almost equal to half of the diameter (0.5D ± 0.01 ˂ ri = 0.5D).We suggested that this commonality, a priori, implies the presence of an abstract geometric model, which is a satisfactory solution and logical approach for analyzing the diversity of natural ovoids. Such a model is a system of circles passing into each other. This allows, within a single system, to assign a vendor code to each form, which involves the name, geometric shape, and quantitative parameters that can be implemented in bird taxonomy.Early, 0.01 D was chosen as the model difference value and the ratio of symmetrical eggs in the analyzed database was 1.1%. In this research, we extended the difference value to 0.05 D and this covered 6.0% of the egg shapes. This is the maximum interval at which the curvature of the polar zones does not visually differ. We revealed that the variability in the egg shapes depends on the radii of curvature of the lateral and polar arcs. The larger the radius of the lateral arches, the greater the degree of freedom for variation of the lateral arches. We supposed that our data could associate any form of bird egg with its biological content. In turn, many ovoid features relevant to other natural objects can be used in bird taxonomical study.

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25

Gong, Yan, Hongtao Yu, and Xie Quan. "Origin of Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity of Ag3AsO4from First-Principles Calculation." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/639509.

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Recently a novel sliver oxide Ag3AsO4has been found to be an excellent photocatalyst with strong oxidation capability for pollutant degradation under visible light. But the origin of its high visible light photocatalytic activity was unclear which hindered further research of Ag3AsO4. For clarifying that, the electronic structure and optical properties of Ag3AsO4have been analyzed by the hybrid density functional method. The results reveal that the Ag3AsO4presents a narrow band gap with strong oxidation ability of the valence bands maximum edge and the highly delocalized charge distribution of the conduction bands minimum is beneficial for the carriers transfer to surface to participate in the photocatalytic reaction. These results provide clear explanations of the excellent visible light photocatalytic performance of the Ag3AsO4from microscopic aspect. And it is significant to design novel materials with high photocatalytic performance.

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26

Li, Zhenhua, Qiuhui Li, Li Qiu, Qi Xiong, and Changzheng Deng. "Study of Measurement Techniques for Strong Pulsed Magnetic Field." Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 12, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352096511666180605094350.

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Background: Currently, how to measure the magnetic field accurately is a difficulty in the study of strong magnetic field. Methods: This paper summarizes several methods of measurement techniques for strong pulsed magnetic field presently, the principles and characteristics of various measurement methods are compared and analyzed. The maximum measurement intensity of electromagnetic induction method can reach 103T. The magneto-optical effect method of Faraday can measure the magnetic field intensity of 0.1~10T, and the measurement error is within 10-2T. Results: The MOKE effect can measure a magnetic field intensity up to 100T, with an error 3×10-2T. The Zeeman effect can be measured in a magnetic field intensity of 1~20T. Conclusion: The existential problems of various methods are described. Lastly, some solutions are proposed according to the existential problems, and the development of measurement techniques for strong pulsed magnetic field in the future is prospected.

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27

WANG, YI JIAO, QING YI FENG, and LI HE CHAI. "STRUCTURAL EVOLUTIONS OF STOCK MARKETS CONTROLLED BY GENERALIZED ENTROPY PRINCIPLES OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 30 (December 10, 2010): 5949–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210055457.

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As one of the most important financial markets and one of the main parts of economic system, the stock market has become the research focus in economics. The stock market is a typical complex open system far from equilibrium. Many available models that make huge contribution to researches on market are strong in describing the market however, ignoring strong nonlinear interactions among active agents and weak in reveal underlying dynamic mechanisms of structural evolutions of market. From econophysical perspectives, this paper analyzes the complex interactions among agents and defines the generalized entropy in stock markets. Nonlinear evolutionary dynamic equation for the stock markets is then derived from Maximum Generalized Entropy Principle. Simulations are accordingly conducted for a typical case with the given data, by which the structural evolution of the stock market system is demonstrated. Some discussions and implications are finally provided.

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28

Mujiono, Agus. "Penerapan Prinsip Kehati-hatian dalam Pembiayaan dan Kredit di BRI Unit Mlarak dan BMT Hasanah Ponorogo." Muslim Heritage 1, no. 1 (May 15, 2016): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/muslimheritage.v1i1.386.

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<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Bank Indonesia, through the Bank Indonesia Regulation (PBI) No. 6/10 / PBI / 2004 dated 12 April 2004 on the System of Assessment of the Soundness of Financial Institutions, determined that the maximum tolerated NPL (non-performing loans) and NPF (non performing finance) is 5%. It was found that the average NPL at BRI Mlarak Ponorogo is only 1%, while NPF at BMT Hasanah Mlarak reached an average of 15%. The discrepancy in numbers is due to the inequality in the application of the precautionary principle, especially in the provision of financing. This study compares the application of the principles of prudence in the process of financings and loans in both institutions. It was found that: First, prudential standards in BRI Unit Mlarak are based on the guidelines for the implementation of micro business loans (PPKBM), while BMT Hasanah has not yet implemented the principles of prudence properly, because it has no strict standard operating procedures (SOP) of financing. Secondly, the principles of prudence have enhanced the reputation of BRI Mlarak and, conversely, the weakness of the application of these principles has negative impact on the BMT Hasanah.</p><strong>Abstrak: </strong>Bank Indonesia melalui PBI Nomor 6/10/PBI/2004 tanggal 12 April 2004 tentang sistem penilaian tingkat kesehatan lembaga keuangan, menetapkan bahwa rasio kredit bermasalah (<em>Non Performing Loan, NPL</em> maupun <em>Non Performing Finance, NPF</em>) adalah 5%. Dalam praktik pada BRI Unit Mlarak Kabupaten Ponorogo dengan rata-rata NPL hanya 1% sedangkan BMT Hasanah Kecamatan Mlarak rata-rata NPF 15%. Perbedaan angka NPL dan NPF diantarnya disebabkan oleh perbedaan penerapan prinsip kehati-hatian khususnya dalam pemberian pembiayaan/kredit. Penelitian ini mengkaji seputar penerapan prinsip kehati-hatian dalam proses pembiayaan dan kredit di kedua lembaga tersebut. Berdasarkan penelitian, temuan peneliti, <em>Pertama</em>, implementasi prinsip kehati-hatian di BRI Unit Mlarak melalui mekanisme PPKBM atau Pedoman Pelaksanaan Kredit Bisnis Mikro. Sementara pada BMT Hasanah belum melaksanakan prinsip kehati-hatian dengan benar karena belum adanya SOP pembiayaan. <em>Kedua,</em> Implikasi prinsip kehati-hatian di BRI Mlarak memberikan dampak positif secara bisnis dan reputasi. Sedangkan di BMT Hasanah berdampak negatif dengan NPF tinggi, karena kualitas SDM dan dukungan IT yang belum memadai sehingga perlu penerapan <em>good corporate governance</em>.

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29

Kollet, S. J. "Optimality and inference in hydrology from entropy production considerations: synthetic hillslope numerical experiments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 5 (May 29, 2015): 5123–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-5123-2015.

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Abstract. In this study, entropy production optimization and inference principles are applied to a synthetic semi-arid hillslope in high-resolution, physics-based simulations. The results suggest that entropy or power is indeed maximized, because of the strong nonlinearity of variably saturated flow and competing processes related to soil moisture fluxes, the depletion of gradients, and the movement of a free water table. Thus, it appears that the maximum entropy production (MEP) principle may indeed be applicable to hydrologic systems. In the application to hydrologic system, the free water table constitutes an important degree of freedom in the optimization of entropy production and may also relate the theory to actual observations. In an ensuing analysis, an attempt is made to transfer the complex, "microscopic" hillslope model into a macroscopic model of reduced complexity using the MEP principle as an interference tool to obtain effective conductance coefficients and forces/gradients. The results demonstrate a new approach for the application of MEP to hydrologic systems and may form the basis for fruitful discussions and research in future.

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30

Rodríguez-Bernal, Aníbal, and Silvia Sastre-Gómez. "Linear non-local diffusion problems in metric measure spaces." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 146, no. 4 (July 19, 2016): 833–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308210515000724.

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The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive study of some linear non-local diffusion problems in metric measure spaces. These include, for example, open subsets in ℝN, graphs, manifolds, multi-structures and some fractal sets. For this, we study regularity, compactness, positivity and the spectrum of the stationary non-local operator. We then study the solutions of linear evolution non-local diffusion problems, with emphasis on similarities and differences with the standard heat equation in smooth domains. In particular, we prove weak and strong maximum principles and describe the asymptotic behaviour using spectral methods.

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31

Mohammed, Ahmed, and Antonio Vitolo. "On the strong maximum principle." Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations 65, no. 8 (April 4, 2019): 1299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17476933.2019.1594207.

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32

Cellina, Arrigo. "On the strong maximum principle." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 130, no. 2 (May 23, 2001): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9939-01-06104-4.

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33

Pucci, Patrizia, and James Serrin. "The strong maximum principle revisited." Journal of Differential Equations 196, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2003.05.001.

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34

Kovacevic, Dusan, and Branka Lazic. "Modern trends in the development of agriculture and demands on plant breeding and soil management." Genetika 44, no. 1 (2012): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1201201k.

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Agriculture is usually developed as much and just society where there is a branch of the economy. Today, there are different directions from industry agriculture to many concepts based on ecological principles. Future of agriculture development in the XXI century will imply sustainable agriculture as the alternative to the industrial agriculture. Conventional agriculture as an intensive one has a duty to ensure maximum production in terms of quantity and quality with the low cost. For this purpose we have many cultural practices, sometimes in addition to the expected positive but sometimes with many unexpected long-term negative effects in agroecosystems. Organic agriculture is one of the most interesting current trends in agriculture completely based on strong ecological principles and the absence of application of agrochemicals (pesticides, fertilizers, hormones), GMO, etc. Organic agriculture is a holistic way of farming: besides production of goods of high quality (better flavor, high content dry matter, vitamins, antioxidants); conservation of the natural resources (soil, water) and richness of biodiversity.

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35

Tian, Kunpeng, Xianwang Li, Bin Zhang, Qiaomin Chen, Cheng Shen, and Jicheng Huang. "Design and Test Research on Cutting Blade of Corn Harvester Based on Bionic Principle." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6953786.

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Existing corn harvester cutting blades have problems associated with large cutting resistance, high energy consumption, and poor cut quality. Using bionics principles, a bionic blade was designed by extracting the cutting tooth profile curve of the B. horsfieldi palate. Using a double-blade cutting device testing system, a single stalk cutting performance contrast test for corn stalks obtained at harvest time was carried out. Results show that bionic blades have superior performance, demonstrated by strong cutting ability and good cut quality. Using statistical analysis of two groups of cutting test data, the average cutting force and cutting energy of bionic blades and ordinary blades were obtained as 480.24 N and 551.31 N and 3.91 J and 4.38 J, respectively. Average maximum cutting force and cutting energy consumption for the bionic blade were reduced by 12.89% and 10.73%, respectively. Variance analysis showed that both blade types had a significant effect on maximum cutting energy and cutting energy required to cut a corn stalk. This demonstrates that bionic blades have better cutting force and energy consumption reduction performance than ordinary blades.

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Udriste, Constantin, and Ionel Tevy. "Properties of Hamiltonian in free final multitime problems." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Matematica 66, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbmath.2021.1.18.

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"In single-time autonomous optimal control problems, the Hamiltonian is constant on optimal evolution. In addition, if the final time is free, the optimal Hamiltonian vanishes on the hole interval of evolution. The purpose of this paper is to extend some of these results to the case of multitime optimal control. The original results include: anti-trace problem, weak and strong multitime maximum principles, multitime-invariant systems and change rate of Hamiltonian, the variational derivative of volume integral, necessary conditions for a free final multitime expressed with the Hamiltonian tensor that replaces the energy-momentum tensor, change of variables in multitime optimal control, conversion of free final multitime problems to problems over fixed interval."

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BAZABA KAYILOU, Jean Michel, AΪPE Judith AHOUNOU, and Ghislain Aymard MOUKOUMBI MABIKA. "Respiratory function test data and maximum oxygen consumption of children playing football in a hot and humid environment." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 1 (January 18, 2021): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i1.4505.

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Nowadays, the achievement of a good sporting performance depends on a good development of physical capacities from a young age while respecting the different stages of growth. In spite of this, some football coaches and trainers have no mastery of the principles of training. They subject children to physical effort that does not correspond to the child's developmental stages. In order to evaluate the respiratory function and maximum oxygen consumption of children trained in football, series of test matches were organised by age group under a temperature of 38°C and a humidity of 60%. The results of the study show an increase in maximum oxygen consumption according to age with extremes of 36, 54 ml/min/kg and 55, 99 ml/min/kg. The classification of the values of V ̇O2max according to the spirometry values shows a representativeness of 13-14 year old children in the class of low spirometry values (CV, FEV1 and DEP) and a strong representativeness of 16-17 year old children in the class of high spirometry values (CV, FEV1 and DEP). A correlation exists between maximum oxygen consumption, spirometry equations and anthropometric parameters during the growth of children playing football. Keywords: Training, children, football, spirometry, Congo (Brazzaville)

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McGhee, JR, J. Xu-Amano, CJ Miller, RJ Jackson, K. Fujihashi, HF Staats, and H. Kiyono. "The common mucosal immune system: from basic principles to enteric vaccines with relevance for the female reproductive tract." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 3 (1994): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940369.

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The realization that induction of immune responses at mucosal surfaces may prevent colonization, invasion or dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms has spurred intensive efforts to develop vaccines which elicit effective mucosal immunity. In this paper, recent results are discussed for mice given cholera toxin as both an immunogen and as an adjuvant for inducing both humoral and gastrointestinal mucosal immune responses. Oral administration of cholera toxin alone or with a co-administered protein vaccine tetanus toxoid induces a strong T helper type 2 (TH2) cell response in both Peyer's patches and spleen. Both serum IgG and secretory IgA antibodies specific for cholera toxin or for the co-administered protein tetanus toxoid were induced. When administered parentally, however, no mucosal antibody responses were evident and a mixed TH1- and TH2-type CD4+ T cell response was noted in the spleen. Various vectors are being employed in an effort not only to induce mucosal immune responses but also to direct the response to a TH1-type response, thought to promote strong cell-mediated immune responses, or to a TH2-type response for maximum B cell antibody responses. The ability to manipulate the TH cell responses may provide a more rational approach for the design of vaccines. Although lymphoid tissues of the female reproductive tract differ from that of the gut, many of the strategies and evolving principles may be directly applicable to the development of vaccines designed to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.

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Gebauer, Jochen, Ulrich Wollenteit, and Michéle John. "A Strong Case for Transparency: Public Interest in Disclosure of Risk Data P revails over Business Secrets." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 3, no. 1 (2006): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187601006x00038.

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AbstractIn a dispute between Greenpeace Germany and Monsanto Europe concerning the confidentiality of its controversial rat feeding study the Higher Administrative Court of the federal State North Rhine-Westphalia (OVG Münster) refused to grant Monsanto an injunction to stop the German authorities from releasing the requested data to Greenpeace.' The decision has acknowledged the public's right to know and strengthened the principles of transparency and participation. On the grounds of a modern approach to risk policy and to genetically modified organisms (GMO), which the Court held to be enshrined in Article 25(4) of Directive 2001/18/EC, the Court has attributed the right to information priority over conflicting commercial interests. As far as risk data is concerned the Court stressed that European Law requires a maximum degree of transparency as an indispensable condition for the introduction of GM plants within Community territory. Furthermore, the decision recognised that in the field of genetic engineering law the right of companies to invoke operating or business secrets to justify exceptions to the right of access is narrowly circumscribed. Risk data, in general, will only be protected as 'confidential' on an exceptional basis. The party submitting the risk data has to prove that there is an imminent risk of specific and relevant harm to its commercial interests.

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40

Arendt, Wolfgang, A. F. M. ter Elst, and Jochen Glück. "Strict Positivity for the Principal Eigenfunction of Elliptic Operators with Various Boundary Conditions." Advanced Nonlinear Studies 20, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 633–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ans-2020-2091.

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AbstractWe consider elliptic operators with measurable coefficients and Robin boundary conditions on a bounded domain {\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{d}} and show that the first eigenfunction v satisfies {v(x)\geq\delta>0} for all {x\in\overline{\Omega}}, even if the boundary {\partial\Omega} is only Lipschitz continuous. Under such weak regularity assumptions the Hopf–Oleĭnik boundary lemma is not available; instead we use a new approach based on an abstract positivity improving condition for semigroups that map {L_{p}(\Omega)} into {C(\overline{\Omega})}. The same tool also yields corresponding results for Dirichlet or mixed boundary conditions. Finally, we show that our results can be used to derive strong minimum and maximum principles for parabolic and elliptic equations.

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41

Full, R., A. Yamauchi, and D. Jindrich. "Maximum single leg force production: cockroaches righting on photoelastic gelatin." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 2441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.12.2441.

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Integrating studies of mechanics, neural control and isolated muscle function are possible using arthropod legs. To evaluate leg performance, we measured the ground reaction forces generated by individual legs of the six-legged cockroach Blaberus discoidalis (3.1 g), during an emergency behavior, righting or over-turning. We used a photoelastic method to measure the forces generated by individual legs simultaneously. A gelatin track placed between crossed polarizing filters was illuminated from below, and a high-speed video camera recorded the stress-induced optical signals from above. The size and skew of the optical patterns were found to be related to the magnitude and direction of the force. We discovered that the ground reaction forces generated during the righting behavior of the death-head cockroach were eight times greater than those observed during high-speed running, supporting the possibility that relative leg forces (leg force per unit body weight) during running and maximal leg activity differ more in small arthropods than in larger vertebrates. Non-geometric scaling of relative leg force (i.e. scaling to less than body mass-0.33), along with the reduced force-generating ability of a single leg in animals with many legs, may help to explain why the maximum relative leg force production by six-legged cockroaches, as well as by some other small insects, can be similar to the relative single leg forces produced by two- and four-legged vertebrates that are almost 1000 times more massive. Leg number and body mass alone, however, appear to be insufficient to explain the variation observed in relative leg force production at a given body mass, because enormous diversity in musculo-skeletal parameters exists. The maximal relative leg force of the cockroach B. discoidalis during righting was at the low end of a 100-fold variation observed for smaller insects wedging (pushing through a small crevice) and pulling loads. Thus, this cockroach can be characterized as a moderately strong insect with the capacity for relatively high speed. Results from the present study question the predictive strength of the simple geometric scaling arguments involving a strength:weight ratio as they are applied to small arthropods and encourage further consideration of the importance of leg number, muscle force production and mechanical advantage in the derivation of general principles of leg performance.

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Raffay, Violetta, Aleksandra Lazić, and Zlatko Fišer. "Press release the fairness of ethical decisions related to the allocation of medical resources within the COVID-19 pandemic." Journal Resuscitatio Balcanica 6, no. 16 (2020): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jrb6-28318.

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The fairness of ethical decisions related to the allocation of medical resources within the COVID-19 pandemic The Serbian Resuscitation Council discussed, considered, and adopted based on the National Course Director leaders opinion consensus in the field of resuscitation medicine about the basic principles of resource allocations, related to the application of resuscitation procedures and care of patients during the pandemics. The COVID-19 pandemic around the world has brought a lot of changes within all segments of life, we all are faced to everyday challenges, including ethics in medicine, which is a very sensitive area due to specifics that are unique and different in each country individually, with strong cultural, economic, religious, medical, legal, and other diversities. The challenges are enormous, given by the current lack of a specific therapy, by the limited resources available for diagnosis, intervention, and preventive measures. The pandemic also brought the need to create conditions for the application of "unusual" requirements, measures, and procedures of the healthcare system and medical care, which entails a certain reorganization of medical interventions and care systems, including mandatory personal protection measures, adherence to adequate social distance, and all hygienic procedures. General ethical principles, such as maximum benefit and equality of treatment, while giving priority to those with the most severe conditions, have created the need to create ethical recommendations related to the allocation of medical resources in the COVID-19 pandemic and Eziekel et al. published six principles related to the above in terms of maximizing benefits, giving an advantage to healthcare professionals, triage outside the framework of the "first arrival" basis, responding to findings, recognizing participation in research, and applying the same principles to COVID-19 and in non-COVID-19 patients. A fair allocation of these ethical values and principles requires adaptable ethical frameworks depending on the resources available and the organizational structure of the healthcare system.

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Bertsch, Michiel, Flavia Smarrazzo, and Alberto Tesei. "A note on the strong maximum principle." Journal of Differential Equations 259, no. 8 (October 2015): 4356–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2015.05.022.

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Baskoro, Paulus Kunto. "Landasan Psikologis Pendidikan Kristen dan Relevansinya dalam Pendidikan Kristen Masa Kini." Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Kristen (JUPAK) 1, no. 1 (December 4, 2020): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52489/jupak.v1i1.6.

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Building a family, church, educational institution or business world cannot be separated from the concept of an education. Education is an important reference in seeing, directing and bringing about a very significant and maximum change. By using descriptive descriptive method, through the literature study approach, research can describe the journey of education in a person, family, educational institution, church or business world, which cannot be separated from the psychological element which is the basis for further understanding. This is because there are many people who have not taken Christian education seriously in the family, work environment, even in churches with a clear curriculum. In the context of this discussion, education is focused on Christian education. It is very necessary to build a strong psychological foundation in Christian education, so that it can be used as a reference in building an ideal and maximum Christian education. The principles in this presentation will formulate some of the psychological foundations which are the foundation of Christian education. Because Christian education is very important in building a wholeness of view that is in accordance with the truth of God's Word and the character of Christ.

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45

Wittich, Klaus-Peter. "Apple Sunburn Risk Detection—A Simple Model for Agricultural Decision Making and Some Fruit Temperature Measurements." Erwerbs-Obstbau 63, no. 1 (February 4, 2021): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10341-021-00544-y.

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AbstractAs a response to strong radiative heating, the fruit temperature of apples may rise significantly above the air temperature. This may result in damage to the skin tissue and the epidermal and hypodermal cell layers. To avoid economic losses induced by sunburn symptoms on the skin, apple growers need forecasts of the fruit temperature, which will allow them to organize sun-protection measures in time.The temperatures of detached apples, which had been exposed to incident radiation and wind, were measured in order to quantify the extent of fruit heating under the climate conditions of northern Germany. On average, the daily maximum skin temperatures measured on the sunlit south side of the fruit during selected sunny and warm days were about 7 °C above the daily maximum air temperature. However, skin temperatures of more than 40 °C (the predefined warning threshold) were rarely detected, indicating that sunburn is still an uncommon phenomenon in northern Germany. Maximum apple-core temperatures were on average 4 °C higher than the maximum temperatures of ambient air.Based on energy balance principles, a simple model has been developed to predict the diurnal cycle of the sky- and ground-facing hemispherical apple temperatures. Focusing on fruit growers’ needs, daily temperature maxima of the modeled sky-facing hemisphere were compared with skin temperatures measured on the sunlit south side, resulting in a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.7 °C. Comparison between daily maxima of total sphere temperatures and apple core temperatures provided better correlations (MAE = 0.8 °C).

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46

Dr. Muhammad Sabboor Hussain, Faryal Gill, and Madiha Afzal. "An Overview of the Process in Conducting Research in Social Sciences Using Discourse Studies Perspective." sjesr 3, no. 3 (September 29, 2020): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss3-2020(162-168).

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This theoretical paper aims to give an overview of the research process involved in researching Social Sciences using the Discourse Studies perspective. Discourse Studies (DS), Discourse Analysis (DA), and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) have been emerging disciplines in recent times which tend to be interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, transdisciplinary, and cross-disciplinary and almost all the disciplines in social sciences and some under natural sciences can benefit from them immensely. The paper attempts to build a robust theoretical framework and give future researchers useful guidelines who may want to utilize the principles and practices under DS, DA, and CDA to reach valid findings and give strong recommendations while researching in their disciplines. It will help the researchers contribute to the existing body of knowledge under the umbrella of the fast-emerging disciplines of DS, DA, and CDA by analyzing data to reach striking findings for the maximum benefit of their studies' stakeholders.

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Schubert, Bryan, Jongho Lee, Carmel Majidi, and Ronald S. Fearing. "Sliding-induced adhesion of stiff polymer microfibre arrays. II. Microscale behaviour." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 5, no. 25 (January 22, 2008): 845–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2007.1309.

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The adhesive pads of geckos provide control of normal adhesive force by controlling the applied shear force. This frictional adhesion effect is one of the key principles used for rapid detachment in animals running up vertical surfaces. We developed polypropylene microfibre arrays composed of vertical, 0.3 μm radius fibres with elastic modulus of 1 GPa which show this effect for the first time using a stiff polymer. In the absence of shear forces, these fibres show minimal normal adhesion. However, sliding parallel to the substrate with a spherical probe produces a frictional adhesion effect which is not seen in the flat control. A cantilever model for the fibres and the spherical probe indicates a strong dependence on the initial fibre angle. A novel feature of the microfibre arrays is that adhesion improves with use. Repeated shearing of fibres temporarily increases maximum shear and pull-off forces.

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48

Byszewski, Ludwik. "Strong maximum and minimum principles for parabolic functional-differential problems with nonlocal inequalities $[u^j(t_0, x) - K^ j] + Σ_i h_ i(x)[u^j(T_i, x)-K^j] \stack{≤} {(≥)} 0$." Annales Polonici Mathematici 52, no. 2 (1990): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/ap-52-2-195-204.

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49

Bertone, S., A. Cellina, and E. M. Marchini. "On Hopf's Lemma and the Strong Maximum Principle." Communications in Partial Differential Equations 31, no. 5 (June 2006): 701–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03605300500394454.

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Jarohs, Sven, and Tobias Weth. "On the strong maximum principle for nonlocal operators." Mathematische Zeitschrift 293, no. 1-2 (December 6, 2018): 81–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00209-018-2193-z.

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