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Journal articles on the topic 'Strong nuclear force'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Pandit, Vidyasagar, and Dixit Jyotsana. "HOW GRAVITY CAN BE ALTERED." ENTECH 1, no. 2 (2023): 10–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14633691.

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The four basic fundamental physical forces that exist in nature are: weak nuclear force, strong nuclear  force,  <strong>electromagnetic</strong>  <strong>force</strong>,  and gravity. Out of all these forces, gravity is the weakest. It is a force that is always present. It pulls objects toward each other. It helped shape the universe. It also affects life on Earth. Newton’s law of gravitation is about how objects pull on each other. Every object in the universe <strong>attracts</strong> every other object. The force of this <strong>attraction

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2

Hughes, Stephen, and Peter Schouten. "The force is strong." Physics Education 59, no. 1 (2023): 015026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/ad0bb1.

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Abstract Introductory physics courses cover the gravitational and electromagnetic force in some detail, but the strong and weak nuclear forces are often given only a cursory treatment. This paper presents some ideas for teaching students about the strong force using practical hands-on demonstrations and using the strong force potential in teaching certain aspects of calculus. A good analogy to the strong force is to place a strong magnet on a metal whiteboard. The magnet must be very close to the board for the magnet to stick to the metal exemplifying the short range of the strong force. Anoth

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3

Jonsell, S., A. Saenz, P. Froelich, B. Zygelman, and A. Dalgarno. "Including the strong nuclear force in antihydrogen-scattering calculations." Canadian Journal of Physics 83, no. 4 (2005): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p05-017.

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We investigate two methods to include the strong nuclear force in hydrogenantihydrogen scattering calculations. First, we construct a model optical potential with parameters determined by the measured shift and width of the protonium ground state. Although this potential is a very crude model for the strong nuclear force, its parameters may be adjusted to reproduce both bound states and low-energy annihilation cross sections to within the experimental accuracy. It is then shown that this potential may be reduced to a short-distance boundary condition in terms of the protonantiproton strong-i

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4

Debjyoti, Deoghuria. "The Existence of Time, Energy, 4 Forces, and Physical Laws Depends on Motion." Indian Journal of Advanced Physics (IJAP) 5, no. 1 (2025): 8–10. https://doi.org/10.54105/ijap.A1058.05010425.

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<strong>Abstract: </strong>This paper explores the relationship between motion, time, energy, and forces. It proposes a new framework based on the idea that motion drives time, energy, and forces. Without motion, it is impossible to perceive time, energy, or forces. Motion precedes time because time is created through motion. The concept of time without motion is meaningless. Furthermore, not only time but also all forms of energy and forces depend on motion. Energy is generated, changed, or transformed due to motion. The four fundamental forces-gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear fo

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5

Sergio, Pérez Felipe. "Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything)." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 21 (2023) (July 26, 2023): 63–74. https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9464.

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Unification theory with no extra dimensions. The first part unifies the strong nuclear force with the gravitational force in a mathematical way, the second part unifies the nuclear force with the quantum vacuum in a hypothetical structure.

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6

Hoh, F. C. "On u-d Quark Coulomb Origin of Nuclear Force." Physical Science International Journal 28, no. 1 (2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i1816.

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The origin of nuclear force is assigned to Coulomb interactions between quarks, u and d, in neighboring nucleons, replacing the current unspecified “residual” strong interaction assignment. The deuteron binding energy is correctly estimated using quasi-classical models for nucleons based upon SSI, the scalar strong interaction hadron theory. The next lightest nuclei are analogously treated. The Coulomb binding energies depend upon the small, in principle observable, internucleon distances between such u and d quarks whose positions in their respective host nucleons however depend upon intranuc

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7

Pignard, Olivier. "Strong/nuclear force in the dynamic medium of reference (DMR) theory. Nuclear deflection of light, nuclear time delay of light, and proposed experiment." Physics Essays 34, no. 4 (2021): 517–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-34.4.517.

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The theory of the dynamic medium of reference has already been presented in several articles [Pignard, Phys. Essays 32, 422 (2019); 33, 395 (2020); 34, 61 (2021); 34, 279 (2021)], and in particular in Pignard, Phys. Essays 32, 422 (2019). The article [Pignard, Phys. Essays 34, 279 (2021)] gives an explanation and mathematical developments of the gravitational acceleration from atomic nuclei of a massive body. General relativity considers a massive body, like the Earth or the Sun, globally, macroscopically, simply as an object of mass M (which curves space‐time). However, when one goes into det

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8

Liu, Yun, Zhe Liu, and Ziyi Liu. "New Progress in the Study of Quark Mass Unlock the Secrets of Strong Force." Advances in Engineering Technology Research 4, no. 1 (2023): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.4.1.132.2023.

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The unification of the four forces is the ultimate goal of physics. At present, humans have not really unified the power and the strong force, and the source of the strong force remains a mystery. In 2018, Liu Yun proposed a new formula to accurately calculate the static mass of particles. Later, Liu Ziyi assumed that the particle was composed of three charges with integer 1, and believed that the particle's high rate spin produced the strong force. According to Coulomb's law and relativity, he deduced the formula for the strong force coefficient between particles and Λc(2287), and found that

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9

Jehonathan, Bentovish. "Empirical Validation of the "G-d's Physics' Critical Prediction Resolves the "Gravitational Enigma"!" Research & Reviews Journal of Modern Physics 01, Special Issue (2023): 05. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8266781.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> The “Gravitational Enigma” (GE) relates to four different “facets” representing “unexplained” elements within the Old “Material-Causal” Paradigm of General Relativity Theory (GRT) and Quantum Mechanics (QM) that are somehow associated with the phenomenon of the “Gravitational Force”, including: a) unification of GRT & QM. b) a satisfactory explanation for the universe’s accelerated rate of expansion. c) unification of the Gravitational Force and the other Three Forces (e.g., Strong- & Weak- Nucl

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10

SAWADA, T. "POSSIBLE LONG RANGE COMPONENT IN THE NUCLEAR FORCE." International Journal of Modern Physics A 11, no. 30 (1996): 5365–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x96002455.

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In search of the possible long range force between hadrons, S wave phase shift data of the proton-proton scattering are analyzed. In the analysis, the once subtracted Kantor amplitude is calculated, and the one-pion exchange contribution is separated. The remainder of the Kantor amplitude has a huge cusp at the threshold with the attractive sign. It is shown that such a cusp cannot be fitted by the spectral function of the twopion exchange, since it starts at [Formula: see text]. The cusp is fitted by a potential of the long range type with the asymptotic form of V(r) ~ −C/rα. After the chi sq

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11

Deoghuria, Debjyoti. "The Existence of Time, Energy, 4 Forces, and Physical Laws Depends on Motion." Indian Journal of Advanced Physics 5, no. 1 (2025): 8–10. https://doi.org/10.54105/ijap.a1058.05010425.

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Abstract:

This paper explores the relationship between motion, time, energy, and forces. It proposes a new framework based on the idea that motion drives time, energy, and forces. Without motion, it is impossible to perceive time, energy, or forces. Motion precedes time because time is created through motion. The concept of time without motion is meaningless. Furthermore, not only time but also all forms of energy and forces depend on motion. Energy is generated, changed, or transformed due to motion. The four fundamental forces-gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear f

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12

Perez Felipe, Sergio. "Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything)." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 21 (June 26, 2023): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9464.

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Unification theory with no extra dimensions, using a vacuum structure and opposite from fields based. The first part deals with the unification of the strong nuclear force and the gravitational force. Strong nuclear force, with an attraction of 10.000 Newtons is which makes space to curve generating acceleration, more matter, more acceleration. Gravitational force is moved to work with more than 30 decimals. The second part describes the hypothetical structure for the quantum vacuum to be able to work as a superconductor of matter as well as of smaller subatomic particles (like photons or neut

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13

Walsh, Ray. "Regularly alternating fractional up/down quark charges model the nuclear fusion potential and Coulomb barrier." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3027, no. 1 (2025): 012007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3027/1/012007.

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Abstract The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, each combining three fractionally-charged +2/3e up and −1/3e down quarks. Fusion occurs when small nuclei collide with sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the repulsive Coulomb barrier, at which point the strong nuclear force binds the nuclei together. Fusion is thus understood as an interplay between two fundamental forces, the electrostatic at far range and the strong nuclear force at close range. Here, we mathematically model the entire fusion potential curve based solely on the geometry of electrostatic interactions and without recruiti

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14

Kukulin, V. I., and V. N. Pomerantsev. "Dibaryons as Carriers of Strong Internucleon Interactions and a Basis for Nuclear Physics Based on QCD." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 04 (2006): 817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06032083.

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New concept of intermediate- and short-range nuclear force proposed by the authors a few years ago is discussed briefly. The general concept is based on an assumption on generation of the dressed dibaryon in intermediate state in NN interaction. This new mechanism has been shown to lead not only to numerous new predictions in hadronic physics but also should be responsible for a large portion of nuclear binding energy and properties of nuclear wavefunctions at high momenta.

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15

Donnaloja, Francesca, Federica Carnevali, Emanuela Jacchetti, and Manuela Teresa Raimondi. "Lamin A/C Mechanotransduction in Laminopathies." Cells 9, no. 5 (2020): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9051306.

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Mechanotransduction translates forces into biological responses and regulates cell functionalities. It is implicated in several diseases, including laminopathies which are pathologies associated with mutations in lamins and lamin-associated proteins. These pathologies affect muscle, adipose, bone, nerve, and skin cells and range from muscular dystrophies to accelerated aging. Although the exact mechanisms governing laminopathies and gene expression are still not clear, a strong correlation has been found between cell functionality and nuclear behavior. New theories base on the direct effect of

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16

Vayenas, Constantinos G., Dimitrios Grigoriou, Dionysios Tsousis, Konstantinos Parisis, and Elias C. Aifantis. "Computation of the Deuteron Mass and Force Unification via the Rotating Lepton Model." Axioms 11, no. 11 (2022): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms11110657.

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The rotating lepton model (RLM), which is a 2D Bohr-type model of three gravitating rotating neutrinos, combining Newton’s gravitational law, special relativity, and the de Broglie equation of quantum mechanics, and which has already been used to model successfully quarks and the strong force in several hadrons, has been extended to 3D and to six rotating neutrinos located at the vertices of a normal triangular octahedron in order to compute the Lorentz factors, gamma, of the six neutrinos and, thus, to compute the total energy and mass of the deuteron, which is the lightest nucleus. The compu

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17

AKAISHI, YOSHINORI, and TOSHIMITSU YAMAZAKI. "STRUCTURE OF K-pp SYSTEM AND SUPER-STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE BY MIGRATING K- MESON: ITS THEORETICAL BACKGROUND." International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 11 (2009): 2118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x09045698.

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We have studied the structure of K-pp by solving this system in a variational method, starting from the ansatz that Λ* = Λ(1405) is a K-p quasi-bound state. The structure of K-pp reveals a molecular feature, namely, the K- in Λ* as an "atomic center" plays a key role in producing strong covalent bonding with the other proton. Deeply bound [Formula: see text] nuclear systems are formed by this "super-strong" nuclear force due to migrating real bosons [Formula: see text]a la Heitler-London-Heisenberg, which overcompensates the stiff nuclear incompressibility. Theoretical background of our phenom

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18

Ghahramany, N., G. r. Boroun, and M. Hashemi. "Charge Dependency of Strong Nuclear Force via Phase Shift Analysis of Nucleon-Nucleon Potential." Communications in Theoretical Physics 41, no. 2 (2004): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/41/2/279.

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19

MYO, TAKAYUKI, HIROSHI TOKI, SATORU SUGIMOTO, KIYOSHI KATŌ, YUMA KIKUCHI, and KIYOMI IKEDA. "A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE TENSOR CORRELATION IN He AND Li ISOTOPES." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 27n30 (2008): 2577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732308029836.

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We investigate the tensor correlations in He and Li isotopes systematically. We propose the tensor-optimized shell model (TOSM) to describe the strong tensor correlation arising from the bare nuclear force in nuclei. Using TOSM for Li isotopes, we investigate the anomalous structures of 9,10,11 Li based on the 9 Li +n+n model where the 9 Li cluster is described by TOSM. As a result, the couplings between the tensor correlation in 9 Li and the extra two neutrons emerge Pauli-blocking, which naturally increases the s2 component to develop the halo structure in 11 Li . We further describe the sho

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20

MYO, TAKAYUKI, KIYOSHI KATŌ, YUMA KIKUCHI, HIROSHI TOKI, and KIYOMI IKEDA. "TENSOR CORRELATION IN He AND Li ISOTOPES BASED ON TENSOR OPTIMIZED SHELL MODEL WITH UNITARY CORRELATION OPERATOR." International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 11 (2009): 2150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0904573x.

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We show the importance of the tensor correlation on the structures of He and Li isotopes. We develop the tensor optimized shell model (TOSM) to describe the strong tensor correlation of the nuclear force in nuclei. We investigate the exotic structures of 9,10,11 Li based on the 9 Li +n+n model where TOSM is used for 9 Li . The coupling between the tensor correlation in 9 Li and the extra two neutrons emerges Pauli-blocking, which increases the s2 component and develops the halo structure in 11 Li . We further treat the short range repulsion of the nuclear force by the unitary correlation opera

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21

Stanley, George J., Ariberto Fassati, and Bart W. Hoogenboom. "Atomic force microscopy reveals structural variability amongst nuclear pore complexes." Life Science Alliance 1, no. 4 (2018): e201800142. http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.201800142.

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The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a proteinaceous assembly that regulates macromolecular transport into and out of the nucleus. Although the structure of its scaffold is being revealed in increasing detail, its transport functionality depends upon an assembly of intrinsically disordered proteins (called FG-Nups) anchored inside the pore's central channel, which have hitherto eluded structural characterization. Here, using high-resolution atomic force microscopy, we provide a structural and nanomechanical analysis of individual NPCs. Our data highlight the structural diversity and complexity at

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22

DUFOUR, J. J., X. J. C. DUFOUR, and J. D. VINKO. "PICO-CHEMISTRY: THE POSSIBILITY OF NEW PHASES IN SOME HYDROGEN/METAL SYSTEMS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 27, no. 15 (2013): 1362038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979213620385.

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In the standard model, matter is an assembly of quarks that combine under the action of the strong nuclear force to give nucleons (protons and neutrons), further giving atom nuclei that under the action of the electromagnetic force combine with electrons to render atoms and molecules. Each of these interactions has a well defined range of binding energies. A novel type of purely electromagnetic interaction is proposed, with binding energies and dimensions between chemistry and nuclear. This type of binding could result in completely novel materials (super-conductivity) and potential energy pro

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23

Pons, Dirk J., Arion D. Pons, and Aiden J. Pons. "Nuclear Polymer Explains the Stability, Instability, and Nonexistence of Nuclides." Physics Research International 2015 (July 8, 2015): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/651361.

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Problem. The explanation of nuclear properties from the strong force upwards has been elusive. Approach. Design methods were used to develop conceptual mechanics for the bonding arrangements between nucleons, based on the covert structures for the proton and neutron as defined by the Cordus theory, a type of nonlocal hidden-variable design with discrete fields. Findings. Nuclear bonding arises from the synchronous interaction between the discrete fields of the proton and neutron. This results in not one but multiple types of bond, cis- and transphasic, and assembly of chains and bridges of nuc

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24

ZHOU, X. R., and H. J. SCHULZE. "KAONIC NUCLEI IN THE SKYRME–HARTREE–FOCK APPROACH." International Journal of Modern Physics E 22, no. 06 (2013): 1350038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301313500389.

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We determine the properties of kaonic (K-) nuclei in the Skyrme–Hartree–Fock nuclear structure approach. We use a standard chiral model with adjustable interaction strength for the kaon–nucleon interaction. The sensitivity to details of the nuclear Skyrme force, in particular, the nuclear compressibility, is studied. We find instabilities for a too strong kaon–nucleon interaction, which effectively limits the maximum binding of the kaon in this approach.

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25

YAMAZAKI, Toshimitsu, and Yoshinori AKAISHI. "Super strong nuclear force caused by migrating Kbar mesons - Revival of the Heitler-London-Heisenberg scheme in kaonic nuclear clusters." Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 83, no. 5 (2007): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2183/pjab.83.144.

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26

Perez Felipe, Sergio. "Superconducting String Theory." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 13, no. 4 (2017): 4962–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v13i6.6201.

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Gravity explained by a new theory, â€˜Superconducting String Theory (SST)â€™, inspired on initial string theories and completely opposite from actual fields based. Strengths are decomposed to make strings behave as one-dimensional with universe acting as a superconductor where resistance is near 0 and matter moves inside. Strong nuclear force, with an attraction of 10.000 Newtons is which makes space to curve, generating acceleration. More matter more acceleration. Electromagnetic moves in 8 decimals, gravity is moved to more than 30 decimals to work as a superconductor.

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27

P. F., Sergio. "Superconducting String Theory (Gravity Explanation)." Applied Physics Research 9, no. 1 (2017): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v9n1p99.

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Gravity explained by a new theory, ‘Superconducting String Theory (SST)’, completely opposite from current field emission based and inspired on originals string theories. Strengths are decomposed to make strings behave as one-dimensional structure with universe acting as a superconductor where resistance is near 0 and the matter moves inside. Strong nuclear force, with an attraction of 10.000 Newtons is which makes space to curve, generating acceleration, more matter more acceleration. Electromagnetic moves in 8 decimals, gravity is moved to more than 30 decimals to work as a superconductor.

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28

Light, Gregory L. "Gravity as the Sole Fundamental Force." Applied Physics Research 11, no. 3 (2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v11n3p23.

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We had explained electromagnetism by gravity before a recent publication in this Journal, in which we further incorporated the nuclear strong force in the framework of gravity. This paper, summarizing our cumulative results, continues to integrate the nuclear weak force with gravity, where we go by the following line of logic: Planck&rsquo;s formula shows energy E = frequency = probability = wave; hence quantum waves have energies and the Universe is a diagonal spacetime manifold containing {(particle pi, electromagnetic wave &lambda; (pi))}. By Feynman&rsquo;s analysis on electrom

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29

Kidd, R. Garth. "On the combustion heat originating in spin angular momentum that validates the chemical force theory of bonding." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 94, no. 8 (2016): 704–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2016-0102.

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Heat generated in combustion reactions, when converted into a vectored force, provides the dynamics for thermodynamics. By combining enthalpy data measured calorimetrically with atomization enthalpies coming out of molecular spectroscopy, it is shown here that the heat liberated during typical hydrocarbon combustion is but the last 25% of the bond-forming potential energy with which free atoms are endowed. In short-lived free atoms, this potential energy is manifest as spin angular momentum. This study introduces a new per-atom theory of chemical bonding based on the chemical force law. Codifi

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30

Samarawickrama, Mahendra. "Mathematical Modeling of Consciousness for Unifying Causation, Relativity and Quantum Mechanics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2701, no. 1 (2024): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2701/1/012051.

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Abstract Quantum physics and gravity are two different concepts which need to be unified in a widely acceptable way. While electromagnetism, weak nuclear force, and strong nuclear force were accurately unified under the framework of quantum field theory, gravity remains elusive and couldn’t be unified with quantum mechanics. However, gravity is accurately understood by the theory of relativity, which is not complementing quantum physics. This elusiveness is due to the missing consciousness dimension in the mathematical frameworks of fundamental physics, which can explain the causation of gravi

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31

El-Mongy, Sayed Ali. "Sayed`s Theory of Everything (S-TOE): The Acting Unified Forces in the Universe for Cosmological and Subatomic Scale." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 21 (September 12, 2023): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9518.

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Allah, the Creator, is the only Singular Super Force. A unified theory for the major forces gravity, weak, electromagnetic and strong nuclear forces is an intractable challenge to the scientists. This article is an innovative theory for unification of all forces in the universe; S-TOE. My published theory on quantum gravity was the first step. The main parameters and equations of the starting spherical singularity bubble of the early universe; acceleration, wavelength, radius, pressure and speed, were simply derived; named Sayed`s unified forces formula (SUFF). The violation of light speed at

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32

Souza, Cynelle Olívia de. "Complements to Gravity Theories." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 7 (2020): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul535.

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Gravity, electricity, magnetism and strong and weak nuclear forces form the fundamental energies and force fields for the organization of matter in the universe. All visible matter emits electromagnetic waves at specific frequencies; dark matter does not emit them. It is assumed, or else, that it can be formed by particles like the neutrino, which subtly interact with electromagnetic waves and with matter. Under the action of strong energy, the neutrino can theoretically reach speeds greater than that of light. Such an effect can occur when this particle becomes detached from electromagnetic i

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33

Guo, Xingyu, Jinfeng Liao, and Hongxi Xing. "Studying exotic hadrons in high energy nuclear collisions." EPJ Web of Conferences 296 (2024): 13014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202429613014.

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Studies of exotic hadrons such as the χc1 (3872) state provide crucial insights into the fundamental force governing the strong interaction dynamics, with an emerging new frontier to investigate their production in high energy nuclear collisions where a partonic medium is present. This contribution discusses the production mechanisms of exotic hadrons in such collisions and analyzes novel e_ects from the partonic medium, demonstrating the potential to use heavy ion measurements for deciphering their internal structure and understanding their in-medium evolutions.

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34

Sluyser, Mels. "Speculation on the Number 137 in the Fine-Structure Constant." Applied Physics Research 8, no. 3 (2016): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v8n3p58.

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<p class="1Body">The fine-structure constant (α) is a fundamental physical constant, <em>i.e</em>. the coupling constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction. It is important to know why 1/α is approximately equal to the number 137, because this mysterious number very likely forms the link between three very important domains of physics: quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, and relativity. Since the Pythagorean prime number137 equals 4 squared plus 11 squared, it is here speculated that 1/α = 137 perhaps in some mysterious way reflects fundamental pr

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35

Winterberg, Friedwardt. "The Gravitational Origin of the Higgs Boson Mass." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 69, no. 5-6 (2014): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/zna.2014-0017.

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The Lorentzian interpretation of the special theory of relativity explains all the relativistic effects by true deformations of rods and clocks in absolute motion against a preferred reference system, and where Lorentz invariance is a dynamic symmetry with the Galilei group the more fundamental kinematic symmetry of nature. In an exactly nonrelativistic quantum field theory the particle number operator commutes with the Hamilton operator which permits to introduce negative besides positive masses as the fundamental constituents of matter. Assuming that space is densely filled with an equal num

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36

ROBSON, B. A. "A GENERATION MODEL OF COMPOSITE LEPTONS AND QUARKS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 14, no. 08 (2005): 1151–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301305003776.

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A new composite model for leptons and quarks is presented. The model treats leptons and quarks as composites of three kinds of spin-½ particles (rishons), which belong to a fundamental triplet representation of a flavor SU (3) symmetry. A super-strong color-type force binds rishons together to form colorless leptons or quarks. Quarks display a valence property, which corresponds to the quark color of the Standard Model. Leptons have no valence property and are inert with respect to the super-strong color interaction. Both the strong color force and the weak interaction of the Standard Model ar

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37

Creutz, Michael. "The lattice and quantized Yang–Mills theory." Modern Physics Letters A 30, no. 36 (2015): 1530027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773231530027x.

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Quantized Yang–Mills fields lie at the heart of our understanding of the strong nuclear force. To understand the theory at low energies, we must work in the strong coupling regime. The primary technique for this is the lattice. While basically an ultraviolet regulator, the lattice avoids the use of a perturbative expansion. I discuss the historical circumstances that drove us to this approach, which has had immense success, convincingly demonstrating quark confinement and obtaining crucial properties of the strong interactions from first principles.

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38

Hatcher, William S. "A Scientific Proof of the Existence of God." Journal of Baha’i Studies 5, no. 4 (1993): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31581/jbs-5.4.1(1993).

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Of the various systems that we can actually observe in the physical world, some (e.g., the movement of small dust particles suspended in the air) appear to be perfectly random (or chaotic); whereas, others (e.g., the growth of leaved plants) exhibit a high degree of order and structure. Whenever scientists encounter a phenomenon or system that exhibits a significant evolution towards order, but without any observable reason for such movement, they suspect the cause to be the objective action of some unseen force (e.g., the unseen force of gravity that, in the presence of a large mass like the

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Link, Bennett, and Yuri Levin. "Vortex Pinning in Neutron Stars, Slipstick Dynamics, and the Origin of Spin Glitches." Astrophysical Journal 941, no. 2 (2022): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9b29.

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Abstract We study pinning and unpinning of superfluid vortices in the inner crust of a neutron star using three-dimensional dynamical simulations. Strong pinning occurs for certain lattice orientations of an idealized, body-centered-cubic lattice and occurs generally in an amorphous or impure nuclear lattice. The pinning force per unit length is ∼1016 dyn cm−1 for a vortex–nucleus interaction that is repulsive and ∼1017 dyn cm−1 for an attractive interaction. The pinning force is strong enough to account for observed spin jumps (glitches). Vortices forced through the lattice move with a slipst

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Yoshimura, Toshihiko, Masataka Ijiri, and Kazunori Sato. "ESTIMATION OF NUCLEAR FUSION REQUIREMENTS IN BUBBLES DURING ULTRA-HIGH-PRESSURE, ULTRA-HIGH-TEMPERATURE CAVITATION PROMOTED BY MAGNETIC FIELD." International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies 5, no. 6 (2022): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijoest.v5.i6.2021.257.

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In the present work, a strong magnetic field was applied near the outlet of the water jet nozzle to promote the generation of multifunction cavitation bubbles. Because these bubbles contained charged species, the bubbles experienced a Lorentz force due to the magnetic field and collided with greater force. As such, the internal bubble pressure exceeded the threshold value required for fusion to occur. The expansion of these charged bubbles in response to ultrasonic irradiation affected adjacent charged bubbles so that the energy density of the atoms in the bubbles was greater than the fusion t

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Nagao, Shigeto. "Structures and Interactions of Quantum Particles Based on the Energy Circulation Theory." Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences 03, no. 01 (2019): 1950001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424942419500014.

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Although the quark model is widely accepted, it is unknown what the origin of the electric charge of a quark is and why the charge magnitudes are fractional and different among the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] quarks. Here we propose a novel scheme for quantum particles independent of quantum chromodynamics and quarks. We previously reported the energy circulation theory, in which the fundamental force works between antiparallel energy movements based on momentums, and forms an energy circulation. The electric charge is the momentum in the hidden dimension of an energy circulati

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Lattimer, James M. "Structure of Strange Quark Matter and Neutron Stars." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 218 (2004): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900181197.

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The properties of neutron and strange matter stars are discussed from global and observational perspectives. The global features, i.e., the mass-radius relation, the moment of inertia, and the binding energy, of these objects can be understood by examination of the few known relevant analytic solutions to Einstein's equations. A close connection exists between neutron star radii and the density dependence of the isospin dependence of strong interactions, i.e., the nuclear symmetry energy. Interestingly, a similar relation has been found to exist between the symmetry energy and the neutron skin

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CHAN, H. B., Y. BAO, J. ZOU, et al. "DEMONSTRATING THE STRONG GEOMETRY DEPENDENCE OF THE CASIMIR FORCE ON A SURFACE WITH DEEP, NANOSCALE CORRUGATIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 25, no. 11 (2010): 2212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x10049487.

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We measure the Casimir force gradient between silicon surfaces with nanoscale, rectangular corrugations and a gold sphere attached to a micromechanical torsional oscillator. By comparing the force gradients on the corrugated surfaces to that on a smooth, flat surface of the same material, we demonstrate that the Casimir force deviates from the value expected from the pairwise additive approximation and the proximity force approximation. The observed deviation qualitatively agrees with calculations that take into account the interplay between finite conductivity and geometry effects. However, t

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Hao, T., M. Ono, S. Okayasu, et al. "RBS study of diffusion under strong centrifugal force in bimetallic Au/Cu thin films." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 268, no. 11-12 (2010): 1867–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2010.02.030.

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Hussain, Nabeel, and Salma Malik. "Prospects of Integrated Deterrence for Pakistan Amid Conventional Asymmetry in South Asia." Journal of Security & Strategic Analyses 9, no. 1 (2023): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.57169/jssa.009.01.0241.

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This paper attempts to illustrate the relevance and importance of integrated deterrence in one of the most unpredictable regions of the world where India and Pakistan, have inched closer to crossing the nuclear threshold amid crises. Conventional asymmetry, offensive doctrines and the changing character of war impact South Asia's strategic stability. India’s existing doctrinal thinking, technological developments in the military domain and its temptation for a pre-emptive military strike demands a corresponding review of Pakistan’s doctrinal thinking. In this regard, Pakistan's shift towards i

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Haider, Q., and Lon-Chang Liu. "Eta-mesic nuclei: Past, present, future." International Journal of Modern Physics E 24, no. 10 (2015): 1530009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021830131530009x.

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Eta-mesic nucleus or the quasibound nuclear state of an eta (η) meson in a nucleus is caused by strong interaction force alone. This new type of nuclear species, which extends the landscape of nuclear physics, has been extensively studied since its prediction in 1986. In this paper, we review and analyze in great detail the models of the fundamental η–nucleon interaction leading to the formation of an η–mesic nucleus, the methods used in calculating the properties of a bound η, and the approaches employed in the interpretation of the pertinent experimental data. In view of the successful obser

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Cao, Tian Yu. "Key steps toward the creation of QCD — Notes on the logic and history of the genesis of QCD." Modern Physics Letters A 29, no. 25 (2014): 1430024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732314300249.

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The creation of QCD is one of greatest achievements in the history of science. It has radically changed our conception of the fundamental ontology of the physical world and its underlying dynamics. What it has discovered are more than new particles and a new force, but rather a deeper level of physical reality, a new kind of entities. Dynamically, the strong nuclear forces are no longer taken to be fundamental, but are relegated to the status of the un-cancelled residue of far stronger long range force mediated by gluon. From a long term perspective, perhaps more important than these discoveri

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Шевченко, Валентина Владимировна, та Игорь Ярославович Лизан. "Концепция выбора двигателей технологических процессов блока АЭС для обеспечения их надежности". Сборник научных трудов Харьковского университета воздушных сил (ISSN 2073-7378) 2, № 35 (2013): 161–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2544522.

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<strong>На русском:</strong> [Шевченко В.В., Лизан И.Я. Концепция выбора двигателей технологических процессов блока АЭС для обеспечения их надежности // Сборник научных трудов Харьковского университета воздушных сил (ISSN 2073-7378), № 2(35). - Украина, Харьков: ХУВС им. И. Кожедуба, 2013. - С. 161-165. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2544496] Основными энергогенерирующими предприятиями в Украине являются АЭС. Поэтому их надежная работа, работа установленного на станции электрооборудования – важная техническая, экономическая и экологическая задача. Надежность при этом должна сочетать

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Hagihara, Kenta, Takashi Nakatsukasa, and Nobuo Hinohara. "Effect of the Coulomb Interaction on Nuclear Deformation and Drip Lines." Particles 8, no. 3 (2025): 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8030072.

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Nuclei are self-bound systems in which the strong interaction (nuclear force) plays a dominant role, and the isospin is approximately a good quantum number. The isospin symmetry is primarily violated by electromagnetic interactions, namely Coulomb interactions among protons, the effects of which need be studied to understand the importance of the isospin symmetry. We investigate the effect of the Coulomb interaction on nuclear properties, especially quadrupole deformation and neutron drip line, utilizing the density functional method, which provides a universal description of nuclear systems i

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CHU, SHU-YUAN, and BENJAMIN C. SHEN. "CAN THE COLOR FORCE BE USED TO ACHIEVE FUSION?" Modern Physics Letters A 06, no. 03 (1991): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732391000208.

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We explore the possibility that the color force can be used to overcome the Coulomb barrier in fusion, If there are small deviations from exact color neutrality, large separations of color may occur when two elements of opposite color defects are mixed non-uniformly. In order to restore color neutrality locally, the strong color force polarizes the nuclei and brings them close enough to fuse. If palladium and deuterium are such elements, it is possible that all the recent cold fusion results are but different manifestations of the above process.

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