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2
Montrucchio, Luigi. Lipschitz continuous policy functions for strongly concave optimization problems. Stanford, Calif: Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences, Stanford University, 1987.
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3
Assing, Sigurd, and Wolfgang M. Schmidt. Continuous Strong Markov Processes in Dimension One. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0096151.
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Assing, Sigurd. Continuous strong Markov processes in dimension one: A stochastic calculus approach. Berlin: Springer, 1998.
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5
Reed, G. Edward. The pension plan crisis continues-- and its grip is stronger. Ottawa: Conference Board of Canada, 2005.
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6
McCormack, Gavan. The State of the Japanese State. GB Folkestone: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9781898823711.
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In this his latest work, Gavan McCormack argues that Abe Shinzo’s efforts to re-engineer the Japanese state may fail, but his radicalism continues to shake the country and will have consequences not easy now to predict. The significance of this book will be widely recognized, particularly by those researching contemporary world politics, international relations and the history of modern Japan. McCormack here revisits and reassesses his previous formulations of Japan as construction state (doken kokka), client state (zokkoku), constitutional pacifist state, and colonial state (especially in its relationship to Okinawa). He adds a further chapter on what he calls the ‘rampant state’, that outlines the increasingly authoritarian or ikkyo (one strong) turn of the Abe government in the fifth year of its second term. And he critically addresses the Abe agenda for constitutional revision.
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Godøy, Rolf Inge. Key-postures, trajectories and sonic shapes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199351411.003.0002.
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The focus of this chapter is on how our notions of shape in music emerge from experiences of sound-producing body motion such as hitting, stroking, bowing, shaking or blowing. Sound-producing body motion is seen as organized around postures at salient moments in the music, around so-called key-postures, and as making continuous trajectories between these key-postures. It is suggested that our experiences of both making and seeing such key-postures and continuous trajectories in sound-producing body motion link the sonic and visual elements in music, meaning that body motion strongly contributes to our notions of shape in music.
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McAdams, Stephen, and Bruno L. Giordano. The perception of musical timbre. Edited by Susan Hallam, Ian Cross, and Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0007.
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This article discusses musical-timbre perception. Musical timbre is a combination of continuous perceptual dimensions and discrete features to which listeners are differentially sensitive. The continuous dimensions often have quantifiable acoustic correlates. The timbre-space representation is a powerful psychological model that allows predictions to be made about timbre perception in situations beyond those used to derive the model in the first place. Timbre can play a role in larger-scale movements of tension and relaxation and thus contribute to the expression inherent in musical form. Under conditions of high blend among instruments composing a vertical sonority, timbral roughness is a major component of musical tension. However, it strongly depends on the way auditory grouping processes have parsed the incoming acoustic information into events and streams.
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Board, Canada Treasury, and Canadian Centre for Management Development., eds. Building on a strong foundation, the dialogue continues. [Ottawa]: Canadian Centre for Management Development, 2001.
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10
Matthews, Michael D. Head Strong. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190870478.001.0001.
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Since the publication of the first edition of Head Strong: How Psychology Is Revolutionizing War in 2014, developments in military psychology have been rapid and important—so much so that this revised edition is necessary to accurately capture the vital role that psychology continues to play in twenty-first-century military success. The ideas contained in the first edition influenced emerging doctrine in the Army’s Human Dimension and informed military leaders around the globe of ways that psychological science and practice may be leveraged to improve combat effectiveness. Many of the predictions made in the first edition have come true, and new and exciting products of military psychology now offer novel ways of impacting military outcomes. This revised edition of Head Strong updates the 13 chapters included in the first edition with breaking news in military psychology and adds new material to augment those chapters. Two entirely new chapters are included in this edition. The first focuses on human performance optimization. It captures rapid developments in psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and other disciplines that may help the military optimize soldier and unit performance. The second dives deeply into character and discusses how to measure it, how to develop it, and how character plays a vital role in the performance of individual soldiers and their units. Like the other topics in Head Strong, these two new chapters have significant applicability to nonmilitary organizations including schools, corporations, and sports teams.
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Buzsáki, György. The Brain from Inside Out. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190905385.001.0001.
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The Brain from Inside Out takes a critical look at contemporary brain research and reminds us that theoretical framework does matter. Current technology-driven neuroscience is still largely fueled by an empiricist philosophy assuming that the brain’s goal is to perceive, represent the world, and learn the truth. An inevitable consequence of this framework is the assumption of a decision-making homunculus wedged between our perception and actions. In contrast, The Brain from Inside Out advocates that the brain’s fundamental function is to induce actions and predict the consequences of those actions to support the survival and prosperity of the brain’s host. Brains constantly test their hypotheses by producing actions rather than searching for the veridical objective world. Only actions can provide a second opinion about the relevance of the sensory inputs and provide meaning for and interpretation of those inputs. In this inside-out framework, it is not sensations that teach the brain and build up its circuits. Instead, the brain comes with a preconfigured and self-organized dynamics that constrains how it acts and views the world. Both its anatomical and physiological organizations are characterized by an enormous diversity which spans several orders of magnitude. The two ends of this continuous landscape give rise to apparently distinct qualitative features. A small core of strongly interconnected, highly active neurons provides fast and “good-enough” answers in needy situations by generalizations, whereas detailed and precise solutions rely on the contribution of the more isolated and sluggish majority. In this non-egalitarian organization, preexisting nonsense brain patterns become meaningful through action-based experience. The inside-out framework offers an alternative strategy to investigate how brain operations give rise to our cognitive faculties, as opposed to the outside-in approach that explores how our preconceived ideas map onto brain structures.
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Carmona, Richard H., and Mark Liponis, eds. Integrative Preventive Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190241254.001.0001.
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As the preventable disease and economic burden continues to mount for the United States and the world, it is becoming apparent that embracing prevention strategies is essential. Simply continuing on the same course and infrastructure will not suffice. The future we will leave our children is unsustainable without change. Amid all the partisan political chaos, integrative preventive medicine (IPM) practices are strongly entering the public consciousness, as many are dissatisfied with their traditional health (sick) care delivery systems and the scientific validity of IPM is increasing rapidly. This IPM textbook brings together the science of IPM so that health practitioners have a ready reference containing practices that can delay or prevent disease, decrease cost of care. and improve the quality of life. It is divided into three sections, “Public Health and Evolving Science in IPM,” “Multidisciplinary Nature of IPM.” and “The IPM Approach of Selected Clinical Problems,” providing a continuum of IPM from basic science to clinical science to practical application.
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Kumar, Abhishek, Sushanta Mallick, and Kunal Sen. Effects of productivity growth on domestic savings across countries: Disentangling the roles of trend and cycle. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/912-9.
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Resource mobilization continues to be an important policy challenge for developing economies, raising questions as to what determines differences in saving behaviour across countries. Using a panel of 47 economies with at least 40 years of continuous time series data, we causally identify, using a range of approaches, that higher productivity growth leads to greater savings, thereby contributing to higher investment. The dynamics of such productivity shocks have been disentangled into trend and cyclical shocks to uncover that cyclical productivity shocks tend to have a strong positive effect on saving rates. Comparing two countries with different levels of productivity (high and low) in a counterfactual analysis, this result remains robust, and we reconfirm that large declines in productivity shocks were associated with large decline in saving rates. Countries should focus on promoting policies to boost productivity growth and thereby achieve higher savings instead of focusing on savings-induced policies alone.
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Norrgård, Stefan. Changes in Precipitation Over West Africa During Recent Centuries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.536.
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Water, not temperature, governs life in West Africa, and the region is both temporally and spatially greatly affected by rainfall variability. Recent rainfall anomalies, for example, have greatly reduced crop productivity in the Sahel area. Rainfall indices from recent centuries show that multidecadal droughts reoccur and, furthermore, that interannual rainfall variations are high in West Africa. Current knowledge of historical rainfall patterns is, however, fairly limited. A detailed rainfall chronology of West Africa is currently only available from the beginning of the 19th century. For the 18th century and earlier, the records are still sporadic, and an interannual rainfall chronology has so far only been obtained for parts of the Guinea Coast. Thus, there is a need to extend the rainfall record to fully understand past precipitation changes in West Africa.The main challenge when investigating historical rainfall variability in West Africa is the scarcity of detailed and continuous data. Readily available meteorological data barely covers the last century, whereas in Europe and the United States for example, the data sometimes extend back two or more centuries. Data availability strongly correlates with the historical development of West Africa. The strong oral traditions that prevailed in the pre-literate societies meant that only some of the region’s history was recorded in writing before the arrival of the Europeans in the 16th century. From the 19th century onwards, there are, therefore, three types of documents available, and they are closely linked to the colonization of West Africa. These are: official records started by the colonial governments continuing to modern day; regular reporting stations started by the colonial powers; and finally, temporary nongovernmental observations of various kinds. For earlier periods, the researcher depends on noninstrumental observations found in letters, reports, or travel journals made by European slave traders, adventurers, and explorers. Spatially, these documents are confined to the coastal areas, as Europeans seldom ventured inland before the mid-1800s. Thus, the inland regions are generally poorly represented. Arabic chronicles from the Sahel provide the only source of information, but as historical documents, they include several spatiotemporal uncertainties. Climate researchers often complement historical data with proxy-data from nature’s own archives. However, the West African environment is restrictive. Reliable proxy-data, such as tree-rings, cannot be exploited effectively. Tropical trees have different growth patterns than trees in temperate regions and do not generate growth rings in the same manner. Sediment cores from Lake Bosumtwi in Ghana have provided, so far, the best centennial overview when it comes to understanding precipitation patterns during recent centuries. These reveal that there have been considerable changes in historical rainfall patterns—West Africa may have been even drier than it is today.
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Pruss, Alexander R. Discrete Time and Space. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810339.003.0008.
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There is a strong intuitive argument that if causal finitism is true, then space and time are discrete. Discreteness, especially of time, is discussed, and varieties are distinguished. The implication fromcausal finitism to discretenesswould be problematic for causal finitism asmany physical theories involve continuous space and time.However, the argument from causal finitism to discreteness is challenged, and it is argued that while causal finitism does provide intuitive support for the discreteness thesis, it does not require it. Interpretations of physics, and specifically of QuantumMechanics, are offered on which time is continuous but nonetheless causation is discrete in a way that coheres with causal finitism.
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Board, Canada Treasury, and Canadian Centre for Management Development., eds. Building on a strong foundation, the dialogue continues: A case study approach to values and ethics in the Public Service. [Ottawa]: Canadian Centre for Management Development, 2000.
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17
Kerner, Jon, Russell E. Glasgow, and Cynthia A. Vinson. A History of the National Cancer Institute’s Support for Implementation Science Across the Cancer Control Continuum. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0002.
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After a 20-year investment in growing cancer prevention and control intervention research, implementation science activities at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) were initiated from a recognition that most scientific and health intervention research findings were not being translated into programs and policies benefitting their intended audiences. Initial efforts focused on enhancing the dissemination and diffusion of evidence-based programs and policies combined with small investments in supplementing intervention research grants with dissemination and diffusion awards to build intervention researcher experience with implementation science. The focus later shifted to a greater emphasis supporting the implementation science. Throughout its history, the NCI implementation science approach has involved strategic partnerships and multilevel perspectives, along with strong stakeholder engagement. NCI has been and continues to be an important leader in and funder of implementation science, and current and future efforts should build upon this important foundation and infrastructure.
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Beninger, Richard J. Dopamine and inverse incentive learning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824091.003.0006.
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Dopamine and inverse incentive learning explains that dopamine determines an incentive–value continuum. Novel and intense stimuli innately produce rapid dopamine neurons activation followed by inhibition. The repeated presentation of novel stimuli leads to a loss of this effect. Aversive stimuli, biologically important by definition, often deactivate dopamine neurons and may produce inverse incentive learning, leading to conditioned inverse incentive stimuli with decreased ability to elicit approach and other responses. The offset of aversion may increase the firing of dopamine neurons producing incentive learning about safety-related stimuli. Habituation to stimuli enhances their ability to produce inverse incentive learning, suggesting that inverse incentive learning may occur during habituation. In the end, there may be no “neutral” stimuli, only stimuli that lie on a continuum of incentive value from strong conditioned incentive stimuli to strong conditioned inverse incentive stimuli with most of the things we encounter in day-to-day life falling in between.
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Stewart, Edmund. Tragedy outside Attica c.400–300 BC. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747260.003.0007.
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Chapter 6 seeks to counter the common assumption that tragedy was exported from Athens to the Greek world over the course of the fourth century. In the fourth century we have strong evidence for an increase in numbers of dramatic competitions across the Greek world as the area traversed by tragedians expanded. However, it is argued that this expansion is the direct result of the efforts of travelling poets and actors in the previous generations. The dissemination of tragedy is thus a continuous process that begins simultaneously with the genre’s development. By the fourth century, tragedy had become an integral and canonical part of a vibrant Panhellenic festival culture.
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Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. An equivalence of categories. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0013.
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This chapter deduces from Theorem 11.1.1 an equivalence of categories between a certain homotopy category of definable subsets of quasi-projective varieties over a given valued field and a suitable homotopy category of definable spaces over the o-minimal Γ. The chapter introduces three categories that can be viewed as ind-pro definable and admit natural functors to the category TOP of topological spaces with continuous maps. The discussion is often limited to the subcategory consisting of A-definable objects and morphisms. The morphisms are factored out by (strong) homotopy equivalence. The chapter presents the proof of the equivalence of categories before concluding with remarks on homotopies over imaginary base sets.
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Shannon, Timothy. Iroquoia. Edited by Frederick E. Hoxie. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858897.013.10.
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This chapter explores the history of the region dominated by the Iroquois League—a Native American confederacy made up of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora nations. The chapter traces the shifting identity and geographic borders of Iroquoia in the Great Lakes region, from the era of European contact to the present day. Through a deft combination of warfare and diplomacy during the colonial era, the Iroquois established the most powerful Indian confederacy in northeastern America. The political influence and territorial integrity of this confederacy was badly shaken during the revolutionary era, but the cultural identity of the Iroquois remains strongly rooted in modern New York and Canada, and for that reason Iroquoia continues to exist in the present day.
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Desbruslais, Simon. Reflection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199351411.003.0015.
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During a rehearsal of Johann Sebastian Bach’s Cantata BWV 51 in Oxford in 2008, a colleague, whom I had invited to listen and to observe, advised quite simply: more shapes. The aim, I believe, was to lift the notes further from the page to create a more nuanced and stylish performance. This suited both the contrapuntal edifice of Bach’s music and the period instruments that we were using. On this occasion I was leading the ensemble and therefore in possession of greater authority than usual. I have nonetheless had similar subsequent experiences of this piece, and of similar repertoire, where I have possessed artistic licence to create a microcosm of musical shapes not found in the notated score. Indeed, I have found that such practice continues to be strongly encouraged within this genre....
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Succi, Sauro. The Lattice Boltzmann Equation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.001.0001.
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Over the past near three decades, the Lattice Boltzmann method has gained a prominent role as an efficient computational method for the numerical simulation of a wide variety of complex states of flowing matter across a broad range of scales, from fully developed turbulence, to multiphase micro-flows, all the way down to nano-biofluidics and lately, even quantum-relativistic subnuclear fluids. After providing a self-contained introduction to the kinetic theory of fluids and a thorough account of its transcription to the lattice framework, this book presents a survey of the major developments which have led to the impressive growth of the Lattice Boltzmann across most walks of fluid dynamics and its interfaces with allied disciplines, such as statistical physics, material science, soft matter and biology. This includes recent developments of Lattice Boltzmann methods for non-ideal fluids, micro- and nanofluidic flows with suspended bodies of assorted nature and extensions to strong non-equilibrium flows beyond the realm of continuum fluid mechanics. In the final part, the book also presents the extension of the Lattice Boltzmann method to quantum and relativistic fluids, in an attempt to match the major surge of interest spurred by recent developments in the area of strongly interacting holographic fluids, such as quark-gluon plasmas and electron flows in graphene. It is hoped that this book may provide a source information and possibly inspiration to a broad audience of scientists dealing with the physics of classical and quantum flowing matter across many scales of motion.
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Webster, Michael A. Adaptation Aftereffects in the Perception of Faces. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0094.
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Most people are adept at recognizing a face they have seen previously, or inferring from the face an individual’s traits. These abilities suggest that some aspects of the visual representation of faces remain stable. Yet, face perception may also involve highly dynamic processes that are continuously recalibrated by the variety of faces to which we are exposed. In particular, the appearance of a face can be rapidly and dramatically changed after viewing—and thus adapting—to a different face. Thus tThe perceived identity or characteristics of a face appears can be strongly biased by the set of faces seen previously. For example, after viewing a narrow face, a normally proportioned face appears too wide. These face aftereffects are similar in form and dynamics to the classic adaptation effects of color, form, and motion but may depend in part on response changes at high and possibly face-specific levels of visual processing.
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Fung, C. Victor. Balance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190234461.003.0007.
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Balance is the second part of the change-balance-liberation trilogy. He (和harmony) is its key approach, which infers a condition in which each element should exert its strengths to make the bigger whole stronger or better. A dynamic flexibility is required in maintaining a continuous balance for all. A musical balance should be connected to the state of balance in broader life. In music education, the teacher needs to pay attention to the changing needs of the learner and of the society. The four complementary bipolar continua and the three musical zones presented in earlier chapters are used as a framework for discussion. Everyone should search for a state of balance to meet their changing needs throughout life. Music educators, being exemplary persons and musicians, have an added obligation to guide those who are unable to search for, and maintain, that balance.
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Voyles, Debbie, Maryann Waugh, James H. Shore, L. Charolette Lippolis, and Corey Lyon. Telehealth in an Integrated Care Environment. Edited by Robert E. Feinstein, Joseph V. Connelly, and Marilyn S. Feinstein. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276201.003.0009.
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The health care industry is evolving in response to increasing costs, poor health outcomes, and consumer dissatisfaction. Integrated care is a critical component of health care evolution, recognizing the particular burden of untreated behavioral health issues on both physical and behavioral health care outcomes and costs. Telehealth, the use of technology to provide care at a distance, is a flexible process adaptable to a variety of integrated care applications and models. Telehealth (telepsychiatry, telebehavioral health, telemental health) can help maximize limited resources and expand the reach of psychiatrists and other limited specialty providers. As evidenced in a strong and growing research base, telehealth can support integrated care, as well as forward its application in new and innovative ways across the integration continuum. This chapter provides examples of current telehealth supported care integration models along the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)’s articulated integration continuum.
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Thornicroft, Graham, and Vikram Patel. The importance of trials for global mental health. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199680467.003.0001.
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This chapter sets the scene for the book as a whole by defining key terms, giving a brief history of randomized controlled trails (RCTs) in mental health research, explaining why RCTs can produce strong forms of evidence, and by locating trials within the translational research continuum. The authors describe criteria with which to judge the quality of pragmatic RCTs. Finally the authors discuss how the results of trials can be used to inform policy, investment, and service delivery decisions in low and middle income countries.
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Dalal, Reeshad S., and Nichelle Carpenter. The Other Side of the Coin?: Similarities and Differences Between Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Counterproductive Work Behavior. Edited by Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. Mackenzie, and Nathan P. Podsakoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.4.
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This chapter examines the relationship between two important forms of job performance: organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. There are several reasons (e.g., construct definitions, relationships with antecedents) to suspect that these two constructs are strongly negatively related, perhaps even opposite ends of a single behavioral continuum. However, empirical results demonstrate a relationship that is typically weakly to moderately negative and occasionally even positive. We discuss theory and empirical results (where possible, meta-analytic) at not just the traditional between-person level of analysis but also the within-person and between-unit levels. Our review suggests several important future research opportunities at the traditional between-person level (e.g., a pressing need for more and better theory). Yet, in our view, the most exciting research opportunities exist at the within-person level. Overall, the relationship between citizenship and counterproductive behavior promises to remain a vibrant and influential area of research for the foreseeable future.
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Gibbs, Margaret. The contribution of the clinical pharmacist in palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0414.
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The inclusion of a pharmacist in the palliative care team is becoming appreciated and widespread. Effective medicines management can improve patient outcomes and have financial benefits for organizations. Most patients prefer to spend as much time as possible at home so pharmacist input in the community is especially crucial in ensuring they receive their medicines and have information to support them in taking them. Palliative care normally involves using strong opioids and the legal requirements surrounding their use can be complex. Pharmacists have detailed knowledge in this area so can advise services how to use them safely and legally. It is common practice to use medicines outside their licence in palliative care, for other indications and routes than originally designed and also when mixing them in syringes for continuous infusion. Information on these practices can be best provided by pharmacists.
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Cheng, Russell. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0001.
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This chapter provides an overview of the book. The book investigates non-standard parametric, mainly continuous univariate estimation problems. The basic difference between standard and non-standard problems is explained in this chapter. The book considers different non-standard problems that can arise. Though some of the problems are advanced, a strong emphasis is placed on providing statistical methods to analyse them that are simple to understand and implement. Maximum likelihood (ML) estimation is the main method used to estimate parameters when fitting parametric models. This chapter outlines the method, emphasizing how it can be implemented numerically. Parametric bootstrapping is used throughout the book to analyse the statistical behaviour of estimators. This chapter gives the rationale of the approach, explaining its simplicity and wide applicability. Also explained is the underlying model building theme of the book.
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Clapham, Andrew. 4. Torture. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198706168.003.0004.
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The prohibition on torture in the UN Convention against Torture is described in absolute terms, but torture continues around the world. What is the purpose of torture? How has it changed through history? ‘Torture’ focuses on three issues: torture in the ‘war on terror’; information gleaned from torture; and the prohibition on sending anyone to a country where there is a strong likelihood of them being tortured. Are some incidents of torture or ill-treatment justified to avert a terrorist attack? How can a country’s assurance that a citizen will not be tortured on their return be monitored?
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Vieillard-Baron, Antoine. Right ventricular function in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0135.
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Under normal conditions, the right ventricle (RV) virtually acts as a passive conduit. In critically-ill patients many situations induce uncoupling between the right ventricle and pulmonary circulation, leading to RV systolic dysfunction, then failure. Mechanical ventilation has a major impact by decreasing RV preload, but also significantly increasing RV afterload. RV function should thus always be interpreted and re-evaluated in the light of respiratory mechanics and ventilator settings. RV systolic function is key to the patient’s haemodynamic profile and must be monitored to achieve optimal haemodynamic management. Echocardiography is the best compromise between clinical effectiveness and invasiveness to monitor RV function. A limitation is its inability to monitor haemodynamics continuously. Acute cor pulmonale is defined by the combination of RV dilatation with paradoxical septal motion during systole. In conclusion, RV function monitoring is strongly recommended in many situations encountered in the intensive care unit, such as ARDS, septic shock, and pulmonary embolism. Many devices are available, but echocardiography constitutes the best compromise between accuracy and invasiveness.
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Glatthaar, Joseph T. American Military History: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199859252.001.0001.
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American Military History: A Very Short Introduction outlines the forces shaping the American military for the past 400 years. Since the colonial period, the United States has struggled to balance standing armed forces with citizen soldiers and sailors. Technological developments and two world wars forced the military to embrace professionalism and its increased obligations. The United States emerged from World War II in a strong position but failed to recognize the limits of its power, a legacy that some might say continues. Recent wars highlight some of the problems of a volunteer-dominated force. To succeed, the American military needs improved communication, understanding, and support.
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Podmore, Colin. Afterword. Edited by Stewart J. Brown, Peter Nockles, and James Pereiro. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199580187.013.45.
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The primary legacy of the Oxford Movement was the Catholic Movement within the Church of England. Between 1900 and 1960 that Movement grew and diversified, but remained undivided. However, the upheavals of the 1960s proved destabilizing, and from the 1970s debates over the ordination of women caused division. Some heirs of the Oxford Movement rejected the ecclesiological principles that had brought the Movement into being, but continued to identify with Anglo-Catholicism’s liturgical, spiritual, and theological traditions. Others became Roman Catholic or Orthodox or joined Continuing Anglican churches. However, within the Church of England (and to an extent in the Church in Wales), a strong and well-organized Catholic Movement continues.
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Hahn, Robert G. Intravenous fluids in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0020.
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Infusion fluids may be regarded as drugs in the perioperative setting. The therapeutic effects of crystalloid solutions are strongly related to the administered volume, while fluids of the colloid type may also improve microcirculation and have anti-inflammatory properties. The anaesthetist should be able to handle all available infusion fluids and be aware of their benefits, limitations, and risks. Fluid administration programmes for surgery are traditionally based on a balance method in which perceived and measured losses are continuously replaced. Two outcome-guided approaches—restrictive and goal-directed fluid therapy—have been added in recent years. The latter places all patients on the top of the Frank–Starling curve by titrating repeated bolus infusions of colloid fluid while observing the stroke volume response. Areas where special consideration should be given to fluid therapy include burn injury, children, day surgery, endoscopic surgery, neurosurgery, induction of spinal and epidural anaesthesia, and in septic and trauma-related shock. As volume is the key component of infusion fluids, kinetic analysis of their disposition is based on their dilution effect on components already present in the blood, usually haemoglobin.
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Howlett, Steven. The modern context of volunteering. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788270.003.0001.
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Volunteering extends into almost every facet of life but the circumstances in which it takes place are subject to almost constant change. Historical roots of altruistic, charitable, and campaigning behaviours are still evident, but the importance of different motivations maybe be altering. Organizations involving volunteers seek to understand volunteer motivations and to find better ways to manage volunteers. And yet there is still disagreement as to how far management techniques from paid work are suitable for volunteers. Meanwhile, the reach of government seems ever stronger as volunteering continues to offer ways to affirm what it means to be a participatory citizen and to provide a considerable resource to stretched welfare budgets. This chapter looks at these points with a view to introducing how these challenges shape the chapters that follow.
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Lapostolle, Frédéric, and Stephen W. Borron. Management of digoxin poisoning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0323.
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Despite a gradual decline in the clinical use of digitalis glycosides, digitalis toxicity continues to be responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly among the elderly. Digitalis poisoning may occur acutely, after intentional overdose, but is more often seen as the result of chronic intoxication among patients receiving digitalis therapy. Clinical findings in chronic digitalis poisoning are often subtle. The astute clinician will enquire about digitalis use in older patients with vague complaints and will not be dissuaded from considering digitalis toxicity in the face of a ‘therapeutic’ digitalis blood concentration. Two digitalis preparations continue to be used with frequency, depending on geography. Digoxin is the digitalis glycoside of choice in the USA, while digitoxin prevails in some parts of Europe. While the methods and half-lives of elimination differ markedly for these two substances, the approach to poisoning by either is similar. Advanced age, underlying cardiovascular disease, and severe hyperkalaemia represent poor prognostic factors in digitalis poisoning. Early administration of digitalis Fab fragments should be undertaken when life-threatening symptoms are present. Prophylactic therapy with reduced doses of Fab fragments should be strongly considered for less serious toxicity.
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Morone, James A. Political Culture. Edited by Richard Valelly, Suzanne Mettler, and Robert Lieberman. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697915.013.15.
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This chapter examines the role of culture in American politics. It begins by asking, is there a distinctive American political culture? and exploring three answers: Yes, the traditional American culture (known as the American creed) is still going strong; no, the American creed has faded; and, finally, traditional accounts of American political culture were myths conconted by the powerful. It then discusses four major, overlapping cultural traditions: individualism/liberalism, community, the ascriptive tradition, and morality. The article argues that the United States had, and still has, a vibrant political culture, courtesy of generations of immigrants who bring new perspectives and marginal groups striving for legitimacy. As a result, the American political culture is a perpetual work in progress, constantly contested and continuously evolving.
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Öztürk, Ahmet Erdi, and Jeffrey Haynes. Religion, Identity and Power. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474474689.001.0001.
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Turkey and its recent ethno-religious transformation have had a strong impact on the state identity and country’s relation to the Balkan Peninsula. This book examines Turkey’s ethno-religious activism and power-related political strategies in the Balkans between 2002 and 2020, the period under the rule of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), to determine the scopes of its activities in the region. This study illuminates an often-neglected aspect of Turkey’s relations with its Balkan neighbours that emerged as a result of the much discussed ‘authoritarian turn’ – a broader shift in Turkish domestic and foreign policy from a realist-secular to a Sunni Islamic orientation with ethno-nationalist policies. In order to understand how these concepts have been received locally, the author draws on personal testimonies given by both Turkish and non-Turkish, Muslim and non-Muslim interviewees in three country cases: Republic of Bulgaria, Republic of North Macedonia and Republic of Albania. The findings shed light on contemporary issues surrounding the continuous redefinition of Turkish secularism under the AKP rule and the emergence of a new Muslim elite in Turkey.
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Duran, Angelica. Paradise Lost in Spanish Translation and as World Literature. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754824.003.0015.
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The chapter is dedicated to the surprisingly large number—twenty—of Spanish translations of Paradise Lost that emerged from Spain from 1812 to 2005. Duran provides a frank assessment of the array of translational infelicities that helps to account in part for why these translations have neither sold widely nor sparked strong Hispanophone Milton studies. Close readings of passages from many of the Spanish translations provide at times further evidence about and at times correctives to assumptions about Spanish censorship, Spanish reader reception, and the development of world literature. Duran concludes by suggesting the most promising inroads for the creation of a collaborative, well-annotated El Paraíso perdido, exigent now when Spanish continues to increase substantially in global linguistic presence.
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Bahle, Thomas, and Peter Krause. Child Poverty during the Recession in Germany. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797968.003.0004.
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In Germany child poverty was hardly affected by the crisis, but continues to be a structural problem. The chapter describes the main trends in child poverty before and over the crisis. Furthermore it analyses why the crisis did not have a strong impact and which structural problems in the German welfare system and on the labour market have contributed to the persistence of child poverty. Structural problems are identified in particular in three areas: access to employment, low earnings and low social benefits which are not targeted at low-income families. Single-mother families and parents with low qualifications therefore continue to have a high poverty risk, even when the conditions have improved after the first years of the crisis.
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Top-Down Predictions Determine Perceptions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0009.
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While bottom-up visual processing is important, the brain integrates this information with top-down, generative expectations from very early on in the visual processing hierarchy. Indeed, our brain should not be viewed as a classification system, but rather as a generative system, which perceives something by integrating sensory evidence with the available, learned, predictive knowledge about that thing. The involved generative models continuously produce expectations over time, across space, and from abstracted encodings to more concrete encodings. Bayesian information processing is the key to understand how information integration must work computationally – at least in approximation – also in the brain. Bayesian networks in the form of graphical models allow the modularization of information and the factorization of interactions, which can strongly improve the efficiency of generative models. The resulting generative models essentially produce state estimations in the form of probability densities, which are very well-suited to integrate multiple sources of information, including top-down and bottom-up ones. A hierarchical neural visual processing architecture illustrates this point even further. Finally, some well-known visual illusions are shown and the perceptions are explained by means of generative, information integrating, perceptual processes, which in all cases combine top-down prior knowledge and expectations about objects and environments with the available, bottom-up visual information.
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Hoff, Timothy J. Saving the Doctor-Patient Relationship and Raising Expectations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626341.003.0007.
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We are moving quickly toward a corporately controlled, transactionally focused health care delivery system, one that sees patients as “consumers.” Retail thinking continues to take hold in the industry, emitting a rhetoric that promises much and places the organization at the center of the patient’s interactions with the system. Preserving strong, effective doctor-patient relationships in the midst of such change requires the medical profession to focus more on relational care in its training and advocacy; raising the importance of relational features such as trust and empathy in performance measurements and incentive plans for doctors; and trying to “monetize” relational care between doctor and patient in ways that make health care delivery organizations and the industry as a whole want to focus on it more as a source of brand-building and consumer loyalty.
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Sen, Kunal, and Matthew Tyce. The Politics of Structural (De)Transformation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801641.003.0010.
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The chapter sets out the similarities between Thailand and Malaysia’s patterns of economic growth and political settlements. Both countries have witnessed strong economic growth since the 1960s to the late 1990s, followed by a period of growth deceleration which continues to the present day. In both countries, a dualistic deal environment existed where closed deals were offered to the powerbrokers and rentiers within both economies while open deals were offered for magicians. This allowed both countries to preserve rents for economic elites which maintained political stability while accelerating economic growth. However, this type of dualistic deals approach may act as a barrier to future economic growth as well as structural transformation over time. If negative feedback loops exist within a country, it may lead to a future narrowing of the deals space.
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Lande, R. Gregory, Sawsan Ghurani, Cara N. Burton, and Kerrie Earley. Evolution of Sexual Trauma Treatment in the Military. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190461508.003.0016.
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Military sexual trauma (MST) continues to be a widespread area of concern and has received much attention across the nation over the past decade. MST is a significant risk factor for developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The military component of MST makes this trauma even more of a risk factor due to the military culture of developing strong emotional bonds of trust essential for combat operations. Due to the paucity of evidence based treatments for PTSD secondary to MST, many treatment facilities would treat PTSD secondary to MST and combat PTSD with the same therapies, however, this proved to be insufficient. The Psychiatry Continuity Service at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center recognized this gap in treatment and specifically designed an outpatient intensive day program to provide a comprehensive clinical interventions targeting MST.
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Hajj, Nadya. Protection Amid Chaos. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231180627.001.0001.
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The right to own property is something we generally take for granted. For refugees living in camps, in some cases for as long as generations, the link between citizenship and property ownership becomes strained. How do refugees protect these assets and preserve communal ties? How do they maintain a sense of identity and belonging within chaotic settings? Protection Amid Chaos follows people as they develop binding claims on assets and resources in challenging political and economic spaces. Focusing on Palestinians living in refugee camps in Lebanon and Jordan, it shows how the first to arrive developed flexible though legitimate property rights claims based on legal knowledge retained from their homeland, subsequently adapted to the restrictions of refugee life. As camps increased in complexity, refugees merged their informal institutions with the formal rules of political outsiders, devising a broader, stronger system for protecting their assets and culture from predation and state incorporation. For this book, Nadya Hajj conducted interviews with two hundred refugees. She consults memoirs, legal documents, and findings in the United Nations Relief Works Agency archives. Her work reveals the strategies Palestinian refugees have used to navigate their precarious conditions while under continuous assault and situates their struggle within the larger context of communities living in transitional spaces.
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O'Conchubhair, Brian. Twisting in the Wind. Edited by Nicholas Grene and Chris Morash. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198706137.013.17.
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Without a strong native tradition of drama, theatre in the Irish language, initially associated with the Gaelic League, has been slow to develop and has suffered from many frustrations and setbacks. One of the landmark early productions wasCasadh an tSúgáinby the League’s founder Douglas Hyde (1901). The Abbey did not do much initially to foster Irish-language theatre, which has functioned intermittently in Dublin, with An Comhar Drámaíochta in the 1920s and An Damer, which produced Máiréad Ní Ghráda’sAn Triail(1964). More central to the tradition has been An Taibhdhearc, established in Galway in 1928, which continues to be Ireland only dedicated Irish-language theatre. While there have been outstanding plays in Irish produced in the Abbey, the future of the tradition seems to depend more on small adventurous companies such as Fíbín, Setanta, and the Belfast-based Aisling Ghéar.
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Schofield, Penelope, and Michael Jefford. Discussing unproven therapies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0036.
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The use of unproven therapies, or complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) continues to evoke strong debate and diverse views within the medical community. Many doctors are concerned about the lack of scientifically credible research to support the claims of CAM proponents. However, a large and growing number of cancer patients use CAM. Evidence indicates that clinicians neglect to appropriately discuss issues surrounding CAM use with their patients. Improving CAM-related communication between clinicians and cancer patients has been widely advocated by researchers, medical practitioners, CAM practitioners, and patients. Assisting clinicians to initiate and engage patients in discussions about CAM is an essential contribution to improving health-related communication. This chapter presents a definition of CAM, explores the rationale supporting the need to improve communication about CAM, and considers evidence-based guidelines about how to discuss CAM in a conventional oncology setting.
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Lebler, Don, and Scott Harrison. Evaluating progress and setting directions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199346677.003.0006.
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The complexity of assessing musical performance as a nonverbal art form is well known within the field of professional practice. This chapter addresses key issues including the tension between assessing craftsmanship and artistry. It surveys the strong tradition of expert panel assessment that continues to be the hallmark of musical performance assessment in many contexts, in relation to both solo and ensemble performance. It also explores how such practices may intersect with the development of self-assessment and self-reflection as core professional skills for performers, as well as the processes of formative and summative assessment. Finally, it argues that the making of musicians is a lifelong process in which assessment and examination have an important role but are by no means the only factor in determining whether or not a music student’s eventual career will be successful.
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Mitchell, Colter. The Genetics of Human Behavior. Edited by Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.43.
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This chapter examines the recent massive expansion of genetic research into human behavior. Based on decades of twin research, there were high expectations of strong genetic effects for almost all behavior. Further work on candidate genes from animal research proved initially exciting. Although that research continues, it now currently receives much less attention, in contrast to whole-genome examinations. This chapter provides insight into the whole-genome era of behavioral research and the extent to which it may or may not be a profitable endeavor. Sociologists are generally unaware of this body of research, but it will likely continue to grow. The methods, strengths, and limitations of genome-wide work are discussed. A discussion of the future of this area and the extent to which this provides any leverage for social research of human behavior concludes the chapter.